diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index aa7c791e..34955fce 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ option(MOBILEGL_BUILD_TEST        "Build MobileGL tests"
 option(MOBILEGL_BUILD_BENCHMARK   "Build MobileGL benchmarks"                        ON )
 option(MOBILEGL_FORCE_RELEASE_OPT "Enable Release optimization flags in Debug build" ON )
 option(MOBILEGL_ENABLE_TRACY      "Enable tracy for profiling"                       OFF)
-option(MOBILEGL_BUILD_TRACE_REPLAY "Build Linux apitrace replay runner"              OFF)
+option(MOBILEGL_BUILD_TRACE_REPLAY "Build desktop apitrace replay runner"            OFF)
 set(MOBILEGL_LOG_ACTIVE_LEVEL "MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_INFO" CACHE STRING "MobileGL active log level macro")
 
 if (ANDROID)
@@ -384,6 +384,19 @@ if (ANDROID)
     )
 endif()
 
+if (APPLE)
+    target_link_libraries(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} PUBLIC
+        "-framework Cocoa"
+        "-framework QuartzCore"
+        "-framework Foundation")
+    if(TARGET ${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME}_s)
+        target_link_libraries(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME}_s PUBLIC
+            "-framework Cocoa"
+            "-framework QuartzCore"
+            "-framework Foundation")
+    endif()
+endif()
+
 if (NOT ANDROID)
     find_package(Vulkan)
     if (Vulkan_FOUND)
diff --git a/MobileGL/MG_Backend/BackendObject.h b/MobileGL/MG_Backend/BackendObject.h
index adf863fd..464eff8e 100644
--- a/MobileGL/MG_Backend/BackendObject.h
+++ b/MobileGL/MG_Backend/BackendObject.h
@@ -223,7 +223,8 @@ namespace MobileGL {
         enum class WindowBackend {
             Android,
             X11,
-            // TODO: X11, Wayland, Windows, macOS, etc.
+            MetalLayer,
+            // TODO: Wayland, Windows, etc.
             WindowBackendCount,
             Unknown = -1
         };
diff --git a/MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/BackendObject_DirectVulkan.cpp b/MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/BackendObject_DirectVulkan.cpp
index 60ad0fef..deedda00 100644
--- a/MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/BackendObject_DirectVulkan.cpp
+++ b/MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/BackendObject_DirectVulkan.cpp
@@ -412,8 +412,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             MGLOG_E("DirectVulkan backend not initialized");
             return false;
         }
-        if (!handle.Handle || (handle.Backend != WindowBackend::Android && handle.Backend != WindowBackend::X11)) {
-            MGLOG_E("DirectVulkan backend only supports Android and X11 native windows");
+        if (!handle.Handle || (handle.Backend != WindowBackend::Android &&
+                               handle.Backend != WindowBackend::X11 &&
+                               handle.Backend != WindowBackend::MetalLayer)) {
+            MGLOG_E("DirectVulkan backend only supports Android, X11, and CAMetalLayer native windows");
             return false;
         }
 
diff --git a/MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VulkanRenderer.cpp b/MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VulkanRenderer.cpp
index 489780da..2bfff5ca 100644
--- a/MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VulkanRenderer.cpp
+++ b/MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VulkanRenderer.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,90 @@
 #include <cstring>
 #include <vulkan/vulkan_core.h>
 
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+#include <CoreGraphics/CoreGraphics.h>
+#include <objc/message.h>
+#include <objc/objc.h>
+#include <objc/runtime.h>
+#endif
+
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+    namespace {
+        constexpr unsigned long kNSWindowStyleMaskBorderless = 0;
+        constexpr unsigned long kNSBackingStoreBuffered = 2;
+
+        template <typename Fn>
+        Fn ObjcMsgSend() {
+            return reinterpret_cast<Fn>(objc_msgSend);
+        }
+
+        id SendId(id receiver, const char* selector) {
+            return ObjcMsgSend<id (*)(id, SEL)>()(receiver, sel_registerName(selector));
+        }
+
+        void SendVoid(id receiver, const char* selector) {
+            ObjcMsgSend<void (*)(id, SEL)>()(receiver, sel_registerName(selector));
+        }
+
+        void SendVoidBool(id receiver, const char* selector, bool value) {
+            ObjcMsgSend<void (*)(id, SEL, bool)>()(receiver, sel_registerName(selector), value);
+        }
+
+        void SendVoidId(id receiver, const char* selector, id value) {
+            ObjcMsgSend<void (*)(id, SEL, id)>()(receiver, sel_registerName(selector), value);
+        }
+
+        void SendVoidCGRect(id receiver, const char* selector, CGRect value) {
+            ObjcMsgSend<void (*)(id, SEL, CGRect)>()(receiver, sel_registerName(selector), value);
+        }
+
+        void SendVoidCGSize(id receiver, const char* selector, CGSize value) {
+            ObjcMsgSend<void (*)(id, SEL, CGSize)>()(receiver, sel_registerName(selector), value);
+        }
+
+        id Retain(id object) {
+            return object ? SendId(object, "retain") : nil;
+        }
+
+        void Release(id object) {
+            if (object) {
+                SendVoid(object, "release");
+            }
+        }
+
+        void* CreateInternalMetalLayer(Uint32 width, Uint32 height, void** outWindow) {
+            const auto surfaceWidth = static_cast<CGFloat>(std::max<Uint32>(width, 1));
+            const auto surfaceHeight = static_cast<CGFloat>(std::max<Uint32>(height, 1));
+            id windowClass = reinterpret_cast<id>(objc_getClass("NSWindow"));
+            id metalLayerClass = reinterpret_cast<id>(objc_getClass("CAMetalLayer"));
+            MOBILEGL_ASSERT(windowClass && metalLayerClass,
+                            "Failed to resolve NSWindow/CAMetalLayer for DirectVulkan pbuffer");
+
+            CGRect frame = {{0.0, 0.0}, {surfaceWidth, surfaceHeight}};
+            id window = SendId(windowClass, "alloc");
+            window = ObjcMsgSend<id (*)(id, SEL, CGRect, unsigned long, unsigned long, bool)>()(
+                window, sel_registerName("initWithContentRect:styleMask:backing:defer:"),
+                frame, kNSWindowStyleMaskBorderless, kNSBackingStoreBuffered, true);
+            MOBILEGL_ASSERT(window, "Failed to create hidden NSWindow for DirectVulkan pbuffer");
+
+            id contentView = SendId(window, "contentView");
+            MOBILEGL_ASSERT(contentView, "Failed to query hidden NSWindow contentView");
+            SendVoidBool(contentView, "setWantsLayer:", true);
+
+            id metalLayer = SendId(metalLayerClass, "layer");
+            MOBILEGL_ASSERT(metalLayer, "Failed to create hidden CAMetalLayer for DirectVulkan pbuffer");
+            Retain(metalLayer);
+            SendVoidCGRect(metalLayer, "setFrame:", frame);
+            SendVoidCGSize(metalLayer, "setDrawableSize:", frame.size);
+            SendVoidId(contentView, "setLayer:", metalLayer);
+
+            *outWindow = window;
+            return metalLayer;
+        }
+    } // namespace
+#endif
+
     static Bool IsPowerVRDevice(const VkPhysicalDeviceProperties& properties) {
         return std::strstr(properties.deviceName, "PowerVR") != nullptr;
     }
@@ -1868,6 +1951,17 @@ void main() {
             m_surface = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         }
 
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
+        if (m_platformLibrary != nullptr) {
+            Release(reinterpret_cast<id>(m_platformLibrary));
+            m_platformLibrary = nullptr;
+        }
+        if (m_platformDisplay != nullptr) {
+            Release(reinterpret_cast<id>(m_platformDisplay));
+            m_platformDisplay = nullptr;
+        }
+#endif
+
 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
         if (m_platformDisplay != nullptr) {
             using XCloseDisplayFn = int (*)(Display*);
@@ -5325,7 +5419,11 @@ void main() {
         // Extensions
         Vector<const char*> exts = {VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME};
         if (!m_window) {
+#ifdef VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT
+            exts.push_back(VK_EXT_METAL_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+#else
             exts.push_back(VK_EXT_HEADLESS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+#endif
         } else {
 #ifdef VK_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID_KHR
             exts.push_back(VK_KHR_ANDROID_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
@@ -5743,6 +5841,11 @@ void main() {
 
     void VulkanRenderer::CreateSurface() {
         if (!m_window) {
+#if defined VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT
+            m_window = reinterpret_cast<NativeWindowType>(
+                CreateInternalMetalLayer(m_config.SurfaceWidth, m_config.SurfaceHeight, &m_platformDisplay));
+            m_platformLibrary = reinterpret_cast<void*>(m_window);
+#else
             auto* createHeadlessSurface =
                 reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCreateHeadlessSurfaceEXT>(
                     vkGetInstanceProcAddr(m_instance, "vkCreateHeadlessSurfaceEXT"));
@@ -5752,6 +5855,7 @@ void main() {
             VK_VERIFY(createHeadlessSurface(m_instance, &sci, nullptr, &m_surface),
                       "vkCreateHeadlessSurfaceEXT failed");
             return;
+#endif
         }
 #if defined VK_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID_KHR
         auto* nativeWindow = static_cast<ANativeWindow*>(m_window);
diff --git a/MobileGL/MG_Impl/EGLImpl/EGLImpl.cpp b/MobileGL/MG_Impl/EGLImpl/EGLImpl.cpp
index d1a12543..5a30f930 100644
--- a/MobileGL/MG_Impl/EGLImpl/EGLImpl.cpp
+++ b/MobileGL/MG_Impl/EGLImpl/EGLImpl.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
         MG_Backend::WindowBackend DetectWindowBackend() {
 #if defined(ANDROID) || defined(__ANDROID__)
             return MG_Backend::WindowBackend::Android;
+#elif defined(__APPLE__)
+            return MG_Backend::WindowBackend::MetalLayer;
 #elif defined(__linux__)
             return MG_Backend::WindowBackend::X11;
 #else
diff --git a/android-plugin/app/src/trace/cpp/trace_replay_core.cpp b/android-plugin/app/src/trace/cpp/trace_replay_core.cpp
index 04edea5f..2d29d88a 100644
--- a/android-plugin/app/src/trace/cpp/trace_replay_core.cpp
+++ b/android-plugin/app/src/trace/cpp/trace_replay_core.cpp
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ bool LoadMobileGL(const Request& request, std::string& error) {
     setenv("MOBILEGL_BACKEND_TYPE", request.backend.c_str(), 1);
     setenv("MOBILEGL_TRACE_LIBRARY", request.mobileGlLibrary.c_str(), 1);
     setenv("MOBILEGL_TRACE_SKIP_AUTODESTROY", "1", 1);
+    setenv("MOBILEGL_TRACE_SURFACE", request.usePbuffer ? "pbuffer" : "window", 1);
     if (UseAngleForRequest(request)) {
         setenv("MOBILEGL_RETRACE_USE_ANGLE", "1", 1);
         if (!request.angleLibraryDir.empty()) {
diff --git a/android-plugin/app/src/trace/cpp/trace_replay_core.hpp b/android-plugin/app/src/trace/cpp/trace_replay_core.hpp
index 1b48dbf6..883bc8a4 100644
--- a/android-plugin/app/src/trace/cpp/trace_replay_core.hpp
+++ b/android-plugin/app/src/trace/cpp/trace_replay_core.hpp
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ struct Request {
     int cropHeight = 0;
     double ssimThreshold = 0.99;
     bool useAngle = false;
-    bool usePbuffer = false;
+    bool usePbuffer = true;
 };
 
 struct Result {
diff --git a/tools/trace_replay/CMakeLists.txt b/tools/trace_replay/CMakeLists.txt
index 15d02fa2..1e103b5a 100644
--- a/tools/trace_replay/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tools/trace_replay/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.22.1)
 
-if(NOT UNIX OR APPLE OR ANDROID)
-    message(STATUS "MobileGL trace replay runner is only enabled on Linux")
+if(NOT UNIX OR ANDROID)
+    message(STATUS "MobileGL trace replay runner is only enabled on desktop Unix")
     return()
 endif()
 
@@ -140,12 +140,16 @@ target_link_libraries(mobilegl_trace_common PUBLIC
 add_library(mobilegl_trace_glproc STATIC
         "${APITRACE_GENERATED_DIR}/glproc.cpp"
         "${MOBILEGL_TRACE_ROOT}/apitrace_glproc_mobilegl.cpp")
+if(APPLE)
+    target_compile_definitions(mobilegl_trace_glproc PRIVATE GL_SILENCE_DEPRECATION)
+endif()
 target_include_directories(mobilegl_trace_glproc PUBLIC
+        "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/include"
         "${APITRACE_GENERATED_DIR}"
         "${APITRACE_ROOT}/dispatch"
         "${APITRACE_ROOT}/lib/os"
         "${APITRACE_ROOT}/thirdparty/khronos")
-target_link_libraries(mobilegl_trace_glproc PUBLIC mobilegl_trace_apitrace_os dl)
+target_link_libraries(mobilegl_trace_glproc PUBLIC mobilegl_trace_apitrace_os ${CMAKE_DL_LIBS})
 
 execute_process(
         COMMAND ${Python3_EXECUTABLE} "${APITRACE_ROOT}/retrace/glretrace.py"
@@ -221,6 +225,15 @@ add_library(mobilegl_trace_glretrace_common STATIC
         "${APITRACE_ROOT}/retrace/metric_helper.cpp"
         "${APITRACE_ROOT}/retrace/metric_writer.cpp"
         "${MOBILEGL_TRACE_ROOT}/apitrace_glws_egl.cpp")
+if(APPLE)
+    set(MOBILEGL_TRACE_APPLE_FRAMEWORKS
+            "-framework Cocoa"
+            "-framework QuartzCore"
+            "-framework Foundation")
+    target_sources(mobilegl_trace_glretrace_common PRIVATE
+            "${MOBILEGL_TRACE_ROOT}/macos_cgs_surface_bounds.cpp")
+    target_compile_definitions(mobilegl_trace_glretrace_common PRIVATE GL_SILENCE_DEPRECATION)
+endif()
 target_include_directories(mobilegl_trace_glretrace_common PUBLIC
         "${APITRACE_GENERATED_DIR}"
         "${APITRACE_ROOT}/dispatch"
@@ -244,8 +257,7 @@ target_compile_definitions(mobilegl_trace_replay PRIVATE
 target_include_directories(mobilegl_trace_replay PRIVATE
         "${MOBILEGL_TRACE_SHARED_CPP_DIR}"
         "${APITRACE_ROOT}/lib/image")
-target_link_libraries(mobilegl_trace_replay PRIVATE
-        "-Wl,--start-group"
+set(MOBILEGL_TRACE_REPLAY_LINK_LIBRARIES
         mobilegl_trace_glretrace_common
         mobilegl_trace_retrace_common
         mobilegl_trace_image
@@ -253,8 +265,18 @@ target_link_libraries(mobilegl_trace_replay PRIVATE
         mobilegl_trace_glhelpers
         mobilegl_trace_glproc
         mobilegl_trace_apitrace_os
-        "-Wl,--end-group"
-        dl)
+        ${CMAKE_DL_LIBS})
+
+if(APPLE)
+    target_link_libraries(mobilegl_trace_replay PRIVATE
+            ${MOBILEGL_TRACE_REPLAY_LINK_LIBRARIES}
+            ${MOBILEGL_TRACE_APPLE_FRAMEWORKS})
+else()
+    target_link_libraries(mobilegl_trace_replay PRIVATE
+            "-Wl,--start-group"
+            ${MOBILEGL_TRACE_REPLAY_LINK_LIBRARIES}
+            "-Wl,--end-group")
+endif()
 
 if(MOBILEGL_TRACE_REPLAY_MOBILEGL_LIBRARY)
     set(mobilegl_trace_replay_mobilegl_library "${MOBILEGL_TRACE_REPLAY_MOBILEGL_LIBRARY}")
diff --git a/tools/trace_replay/apitrace_glproc_mobilegl.cpp b/tools/trace_replay/apitrace_glproc_mobilegl.cpp
index 20ca3534..0d6e0e0f 100644
--- a/tools/trace_replay/apitrace_glproc_mobilegl.cpp
+++ b/tools/trace_replay/apitrace_glproc_mobilegl.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,16 @@
 #include "glproc.hpp"
 
+#if defined(__has_include)
+#if __has_include(<GLES3/gl3.h>)
 #include <GLES3/gl3.h>
+#elif __has_include(<GLES3/gl32.h>)
+#include <GLES3/gl32.h>
+#else
+#error "OpenGL ES 3 headers are required"
+#endif
+#else
+#include <GLES3/gl3.h>
+#endif
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <cstring>
diff --git a/tools/trace_replay/apitrace_glws_egl.cpp b/tools/trace_replay/apitrace_glws_egl.cpp
index d189de26..76096862 100644
--- a/tools/trace_replay/apitrace_glws_egl.cpp
+++ b/tools/trace_replay/apitrace_glws_egl.cpp
@@ -10,12 +10,20 @@
 #include <dlfcn.h>
 #include <iostream>
 
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+#include <CoreGraphics/CoreGraphics.h>
+#include <objc/message.h>
+#include <objc/objc.h>
+#include <objc/runtime.h>
+#endif
+
 namespace {
 
 using PfnEglBindApi = EGLBoolean (*)(EGLenum);
 using PfnEglChooseConfig = EGLBoolean (*)(EGLDisplay, const EGLint *, EGLConfig *, EGLint, EGLint *);
 using PfnEglCreateContext = EGLContext (*)(EGLDisplay, EGLConfig, EGLContext, const EGLint *);
 using PfnEglCreatePbufferSurface = EGLSurface (*)(EGLDisplay, EGLConfig, const EGLint *);
+using PfnEglCreateWindowSurface = EGLSurface (*)(EGLDisplay, EGLConfig, EGLNativeWindowType, const EGLint *);
 using PfnEglDestroyContext = EGLBoolean (*)(EGLDisplay, EGLContext);
 using PfnEglDestroySurface = EGLBoolean (*)(EGLDisplay, EGLSurface);
 using PfnEglGetConfigAttrib = EGLBoolean (*)(EGLDisplay, EGLConfig, EGLint, EGLint *);
@@ -33,6 +41,7 @@ struct EglFns {
     PfnEglChooseConfig chooseConfig = nullptr;
     PfnEglCreateContext createContext = nullptr;
     PfnEglCreatePbufferSurface createPbufferSurface = nullptr;
+    PfnEglCreateWindowSurface createWindowSurface = nullptr;
     PfnEglDestroyContext destroyContext = nullptr;
     PfnEglDestroySurface destroySurface = nullptr;
     PfnEglGetConfigAttrib getConfigAttrib = nullptr;
@@ -54,6 +63,136 @@ int gRequestedWidth = 0;
 int gRequestedHeight = 0;
 bool gPrintedGlIdentity = false;
 
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+constexpr unsigned long kNSWindowStyleMaskTitled = 1ul << 0;
+constexpr unsigned long kNSWindowStyleMaskClosable = 1ul << 1;
+constexpr unsigned long kNSWindowStyleMaskMiniaturizable = 1ul << 2;
+constexpr unsigned long kNSWindowStyleMaskResizable = 1ul << 3;
+constexpr unsigned long kNSBackingStoreBuffered = 2;
+constexpr long kNSApplicationActivationPolicyRegular = 0;
+constexpr unsigned long long kNSEventMaskAny = ~0ull;
+
+template <typename Fn>
+Fn ObjcMsgSend() {
+    return reinterpret_cast<Fn>(objc_msgSend);
+}
+
+id SendId(id receiver, const char *selector) {
+    return ObjcMsgSend<id (*)(id, SEL)>()(receiver, sel_registerName(selector));
+}
+
+void SendVoid(id receiver, const char *selector) {
+    ObjcMsgSend<void (*)(id, SEL)>()(receiver, sel_registerName(selector));
+}
+
+void SendVoidId(id receiver, const char *selector, id value) {
+    ObjcMsgSend<void (*)(id, SEL, id)>()(receiver, sel_registerName(selector), value);
+}
+
+void SendVoidBool(id receiver, const char *selector, bool value) {
+    ObjcMsgSend<void (*)(id, SEL, bool)>()(receiver, sel_registerName(selector), value);
+}
+
+void SendVoidLong(id receiver, const char *selector, long value) {
+    ObjcMsgSend<void (*)(id, SEL, long)>()(receiver, sel_registerName(selector), value);
+}
+
+void SendVoidCGRect(id receiver, const char *selector, CGRect value) {
+    ObjcMsgSend<void (*)(id, SEL, CGRect)>()(receiver, sel_registerName(selector), value);
+}
+
+void SendVoidCGSize(id receiver, const char *selector, CGSize value) {
+    ObjcMsgSend<void (*)(id, SEL, CGSize)>()(receiver, sel_registerName(selector), value);
+}
+
+id Retain(id object) {
+    return object ? SendId(object, "retain") : nil;
+}
+
+void Release(id object) {
+    if (object) {
+        SendVoid(object, "release");
+    }
+}
+
+id SharedApplication() {
+    id appClass = reinterpret_cast<id>(objc_getClass("NSApplication"));
+    return appClass ? SendId(appClass, "sharedApplication") : nil;
+}
+
+void PumpMacOSEvents() {
+    id app = SharedApplication();
+    if (!app) {
+        return;
+    }
+    id distantPast = SendId(reinterpret_cast<id>(objc_getClass("NSDate")), "distantPast");
+    id stringClass = reinterpret_cast<id>(objc_getClass("NSString"));
+    id defaultRunLoopMode = ObjcMsgSend<id (*)(id, SEL, const char *)>()(
+        stringClass, sel_registerName("stringWithUTF8String:"), "kCFRunLoopDefaultMode");
+    while (true) {
+        id event = ObjcMsgSend<id (*)(id, SEL, unsigned long long, id, id, bool)>()(
+            app, sel_registerName("nextEventMatchingMask:untilDate:inMode:dequeue:"),
+            kNSEventMaskAny, distantPast, defaultRunLoopMode, true);
+        if (!event) {
+            break;
+        }
+        SendVoidId(app, "sendEvent:", event);
+    }
+    SendVoid(app, "updateWindows");
+}
+
+void EnsureApplicationActive() {
+    id app = SharedApplication();
+    if (!app) {
+        return;
+    }
+    SendVoidLong(app, "setActivationPolicy:", kNSApplicationActivationPolicyRegular);
+    SendVoidBool(app, "activateIgnoringOtherApps:", true);
+}
+
+id CreateMetalWindow(int width, int height, id *outLayer) {
+    EnsureApplicationActive();
+    id windowClass = reinterpret_cast<id>(objc_getClass("NSWindow"));
+    id metalLayerClass = reinterpret_cast<id>(objc_getClass("CAMetalLayer"));
+    if (!windowClass || !metalLayerClass) {
+        std::cerr << "error: failed to resolve NSWindow/CAMetalLayer\n";
+        return nil;
+    }
+
+    const auto surfaceWidth = static_cast<CGFloat>(std::max(width, 1));
+    const auto surfaceHeight = static_cast<CGFloat>(std::max(height, 1));
+    const CGRect frame = {{80.0, 80.0}, {surfaceWidth, surfaceHeight}};
+    constexpr unsigned long style = kNSWindowStyleMaskTitled | kNSWindowStyleMaskClosable |
+                                    kNSWindowStyleMaskMiniaturizable | kNSWindowStyleMaskResizable;
+    id window = SendId(windowClass, "alloc");
+    window = ObjcMsgSend<id (*)(id, SEL, CGRect, unsigned long, unsigned long, bool)>()(
+        window, sel_registerName("initWithContentRect:styleMask:backing:defer:"),
+        frame, style, kNSBackingStoreBuffered, false);
+    if (!window) {
+        std::cerr << "error: failed to create NSWindow\n";
+        return nil;
+    }
+
+    id contentView = SendId(window, "contentView");
+    id layer = SendId(metalLayerClass, "layer");
+    if (!contentView || !layer) {
+        Release(window);
+        std::cerr << "error: failed to create CAMetalLayer\n";
+        return nil;
+    }
+    Retain(layer);
+    SendVoidBool(contentView, "setWantsLayer:", true);
+    SendVoidCGRect(layer, "setFrame:", {{0.0, 0.0}, {surfaceWidth, surfaceHeight}});
+    SendVoidCGSize(layer, "setDrawableSize:", {surfaceWidth, surfaceHeight});
+    SendVoidId(contentView, "setLayer:", layer);
+    ObjcMsgSend<void (*)(id, SEL, id)>()(window, sel_registerName("makeKeyAndOrderFront:"), nil);
+    PumpMacOSEvents();
+
+    *outLayer = layer;
+    return window;
+}
+#endif
+
 int ResolveWidth(int width) {
     if (gRequestedWidth > 0) {
         return gRequestedWidth;
@@ -108,6 +247,7 @@ bool LoadEgl() {
            Load(gEgl.chooseConfig, "eglChooseConfig") &&
            Load(gEgl.createContext, "eglCreateContext") &&
            Load(gEgl.createPbufferSurface, "eglCreatePbufferSurface") &&
+           Load(gEgl.createWindowSurface, "eglCreateWindowSurface") &&
            Load(gEgl.destroyContext, "eglDestroyContext") &&
            Load(gEgl.destroySurface, "eglDestroySurface") &&
            Load(gEgl.getConfigAttrib, "eglGetConfigAttrib") &&
@@ -120,6 +260,11 @@ bool LoadEgl() {
            Load(gEgl.terminate, "eglTerminate");
 }
 
+bool TraceReplayWantsWindowSurface() {
+    const char *mode = std::getenv("MOBILEGL_TRACE_SURFACE");
+    return mode != nullptr && std::strcmp(mode, "window") == 0;
+}
+
 void PrintGlIdentityOnce() {
     if (gPrintedGlIdentity) {
         return;
@@ -160,6 +305,10 @@ public:
 class EglDrawable final : public glws::Drawable {
 public:
     EGLSurface surface = EGL_NO_SURFACE;
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+    id window = nil;
+    id metalLayer = nil;
+#endif
 
     EglDrawable(const EglVisual *visual, int width, int height, bool pbuffer)
         : Drawable(visual, width, height, pbuffer) {
@@ -168,6 +317,12 @@ public:
 
     ~EglDrawable() override {
         destroySurface();
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+        Release(metalLayer);
+        metalLayer = nil;
+        Release(window);
+        window = nil;
+#endif
     }
 
     void resize(int w, int h) override {
@@ -187,6 +342,12 @@ public:
 
     void show() override {
         visible = true;
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+        if (window) {
+            ObjcMsgSend<void (*)(id, SEL, id)>()(window, sel_registerName("makeKeyAndOrderFront:"), nil);
+            PumpMacOSEvents();
+        }
+#endif
     }
 
     void swapBuffers() override {
@@ -203,13 +364,50 @@ public:
         setenv("MOBILEGL_PRESENT_CURRENT_CALL", callNo, 1);
         gEgl.swapBuffers(gDisplay, surface);
         unsetenv("MOBILEGL_PRESENT_CURRENT_CALL");
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+        PumpMacOSEvents();
+#endif
     }
 
 private:
+    bool shouldCreateWindowSurface() const {
+        if (pbuffer) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        const char *mode = std::getenv("MOBILEGL_TRACE_SURFACE");
+        return mode != nullptr && std::strcmp(mode, "window") == 0;
+    }
+
     void createSurface() {
+        const int surfaceWidth = ResolveWidth(width);
+        const int surfaceHeight = ResolveHeight(height);
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+        if (shouldCreateWindowSurface()) {
+            if (!window) {
+                window = CreateMetalWindow(surfaceWidth, surfaceHeight, &metalLayer);
+            } else if (metalLayer) {
+                const auto w = static_cast<CGFloat>(std::max(surfaceWidth, 1));
+                const auto h = static_cast<CGFloat>(std::max(surfaceHeight, 1));
+                SendVoidCGSize(metalLayer, "setDrawableSize:", {w, h});
+                SendVoidCGRect(metalLayer, "setFrame:", {{0.0, 0.0}, {w, h}});
+            }
+            if (metalLayer) {
+                surface = gEgl.createWindowSurface(
+                        gDisplay,
+                        static_cast<const EglVisual *>(visual)->config,
+                        reinterpret_cast<EGLNativeWindowType>(metalLayer),
+                        nullptr);
+            }
+            if (surface == EGL_NO_SURFACE) {
+                std::cerr << "error: EGL window surface creation failed: 0x" << std::hex
+                          << gEgl.getError() << std::dec << "\n";
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+#endif
         const EGLint attribs[] = {
-                EGL_WIDTH, ResolveWidth(width),
-                EGL_HEIGHT, ResolveHeight(height),
+                EGL_WIDTH, surfaceWidth,
+                EGL_HEIGHT, surfaceHeight,
                 EGL_NONE,
         };
         surface = gEgl.createPbufferSurface(gDisplay, static_cast<const EglVisual *>(visual)->config, attribs);
@@ -224,6 +422,14 @@ private:
             gEgl.destroySurface(gDisplay, surface);
             surface = EGL_NO_SURFACE;
         }
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+        if (!shouldCreateWindowSurface()) {
+            Release(metalLayer);
+            metalLayer = nil;
+            Release(window);
+            window = nil;
+        }
+#endif
     }
 };
 
@@ -323,8 +529,9 @@ Visual *createVisual(bool doubleBuffer, unsigned samples, Profile profile) {
         return nullptr;
     }
 
+    const EGLint surfaceType = TraceReplayWantsWindowSurface() ? EGL_WINDOW_BIT : EGL_PBUFFER_BIT;
     const EGLint attribs[] = {
-            EGL_SURFACE_TYPE, EGL_PBUFFER_BIT,
+            EGL_SURFACE_TYPE, surfaceType,
             EGL_RENDERABLE_TYPE, visual->api == EGL_OPENGL_ES_API ? EGL_OPENGL_ES3_BIT : EGL_OPENGL_BIT,
             EGL_RED_SIZE, 8,
             EGL_GREEN_SIZE, 8,
@@ -373,6 +580,9 @@ bool makeCurrentInternal(Drawable *drawable, Drawable *readable, Context *contex
 }
 
 bool processEvents() {
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+    PumpMacOSEvents();
+#endif
     return false;
 }
 
diff --git a/tools/trace_replay/macos_cgs_surface_bounds.cpp b/tools/trace_replay/macos_cgs_surface_bounds.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a8ec5bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/trace_replay/macos_cgs_surface_bounds.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#include <Carbon/Carbon.h>
+
+using CGSConnectionID = void*;
+using CGSSurfaceID = int;
+
+extern "C" bool mobilegl_trace_get_drawable_bounds(int* width, int* height);
+
+extern "C" OSStatus CGSGetSurfaceBounds(CGSConnectionID, CGWindowID, CGSSurfaceID, CGRect* rect) {
+    if (rect == nullptr) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    int width = 0;
+    int height = 0;
+    if (!mobilegl_trace_get_drawable_bounds(&width, &height) || width <= 0 || height <= 0) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    rect->origin.x = 0.0;
+    rect->origin.y = 0.0;
+    rect->size.width = static_cast<CGFloat>(width);
+    rect->size.height = static_cast<CGFloat>(height);
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/tools/trace_replay/trace_replay_cli.cpp b/tools/trace_replay/trace_replay_cli.cpp
index 36da7714..e79dcada 100644
--- a/tools/trace_replay/trace_replay_cli.cpp
+++ b/tools/trace_replay/trace_replay_cli.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ void PrintUsage(const char *argv0) {
             << "  --mobilegl-library PATH   libMobileGL.so path (default: libMobileGL.so)\n"
             << "  --width N                 Replay surface width override\n"
             << "  --height N                Replay surface height override\n"
+            << "  --window-surface          Replay to a native window surface\n"
+            << "  --pbuffer-surface         Replay to an EGL pbuffer surface (default)\n"
             << "  --ssim-threshold N        Minimum SSIM required to pass (default: 0.99)\n"
             << "  --crop-x N                Compare crop x\n"
             << "  --crop-y N                Compare crop y\n"
@@ -94,6 +96,10 @@ bool ParseArgs(int argc, char **argv, mobilegl_trace::Request &request) {
             if (!ReadInt(argc, argv, i, request.width)) return false;
         } else if (arg == "--height") {
             if (!ReadInt(argc, argv, i, request.height)) return false;
+        } else if (arg == "--window-surface") {
+            request.usePbuffer = false;
+        } else if (arg == "--pbuffer-surface") {
+            request.usePbuffer = true;
         } else if (arg == "--ssim-threshold") {
             if (!ReadDouble(argc, argv, i, request.ssimThreshold)) return false;
         } else if (arg == "--crop-x") {