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MobileGL/MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VertexInputStateFactory.cpp
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// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VertexInputStateFactory.cpp
// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
// https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
// https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
// End of Source File Header
#include "VertexInputStateFactory.h"
#include <MG_Backend/Record/ApplyRoleBackend.h>
#include "MagmaPipeArms.h"
#include "MG_Util/Converters/MGToStr/DataTypeConverter.h"
#include <MG_Backend/BackendObjects.h>
#if MOBILEGL_BUILD_DISAGGREGATED
#include <Config.h>
#include <MG_Remote/Server/ServerLoop.h>
#endif
#include <utility>
namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
namespace {
struct WireVertexInputMemo {
struct Key {
Uint64 Offset;
Uint32 Stride;
Uint32 Divisor;
};
Bool Valid = false;
Uint64 ContentSerial = 0;
Uint32 ActiveMask = 0;
Uint32 Start = 0;
Uint32 Count = 0;
Uint32 KeyCount = 0;
Array<Key, MG_Pipe::kMGPipeMaxVertexAttribs> Keys{};
VertexInputStateFactory::BackendVertexInputState State;
};
} // namespace
const VertexInputStateFactory::BackendVertexInputState* VertexInputStateFactory::ResolveWireVertexInput(
const MG_Pipe::MGPipeVertexElementsRecord& elements, const MG_Pipe::MGPipeApplierState& state,
Uint32 activeMask) const {
auto* memo = static_cast<WireVertexInputMemo*>(elements.BackendMemo.get());
if (memo == nullptr) {
auto created = std::make_shared<WireVertexInputMemo>();
memo = created.get();
elements.BackendMemo = Move(created);
}
// The window first: a location outside it is BuildWireVertexInput's refusal, and the
// keys below index the window.
Bool hit = memo->Valid && memo->ContentSerial == elements.ContentSerial && memo->ActiveMask == activeMask &&
memo->Start == state.VertexBufferStart && memo->Count == state.VertexBufferCount;
if (hit) {
Uint32 n = 0;
for (Uint32 location = 0; location < elements.AttributeCount && hit; ++location) {
if (!elements.Attributes[location].Enabled || !(activeMask & (1u << location))) continue;
const auto& buffer = state.VertexBuffers[location];
const auto& key = memo->Keys[n++];
hit = key.Offset == buffer.Offset && key.Stride == buffer.Stride && key.Divisor == buffer.Divisor;
}
if (hit) return &memo->State;
}
memo->Valid = false;
if (!BuildWireVertexInput(elements, state, activeMask, memo->State)) return nullptr;
Uint32 n = 0;
for (Uint32 location = 0; location < elements.AttributeCount; ++location) {
if (!elements.Attributes[location].Enabled || !(activeMask & (1u << location))) continue;
const auto& buffer = state.VertexBuffers[location];
memo->Keys[n++] = {buffer.Offset, buffer.Stride, buffer.Divisor};
}
memo->KeyCount = n;
memo->ContentSerial = elements.ContentSerial;
memo->ActiveMask = activeMask;
memo->Start = state.VertexBufferStart;
memo->Count = state.VertexBufferCount;
memo->Valid = true;
return &memo->State;
}
Bool VertexInputStateFactory::BuildWireVertexInput(const MG_Pipe::MGPipeVertexElementsRecord& elements,
const MG_Pipe::MGPipeApplierState& state, Uint32 activeMask, BackendVertexInputState& out) const {
// The caller's state is a per-draw scratch (WireDraw.inc): reset it without freeing.
out.ResetKeepingCapacity();
for (Uint32 location = 0; location < elements.AttributeCount; ++location) {
const auto& attr = elements.Attributes[location];
if (!attr.Enabled || !(activeMask & (1u << location))) continue;
// P7 wave 2 package C, CONTRACT-P7 §3.2 `vertex-layout`: THE ONE STRING BECAME TWO
// VERDICTS, and the split is by what the reason is ABOUT rather than by severity.
//
// Every reason here used to return false, and the single caller answered that with
// one P7-marked MagmaWireFatal - an abort, bypassing Session::Fail, invisible
// to the census gate and with no equivalent on the monolith arm at all. But the
// reasons are not one kind of thing:
//
// * `buffer-window` is a statement about the RECORD: an enabled attribute the
// program reads names a slot outside the window set_vertex_buffers published.
// Nothing about the device or the format is involved; the two halves of the
// protocol disagree about what crossed. It stays a named Fatal through the hook
// (see the caller), and it is load-bearing rather than defensive - it is what
// caught the Redmi VAO hash collision fixed in 376c04be.
//
// * every other reason is a statement about what VULKAN CAN EXPRESS on this
// device: a GL type with no VkFormat, a format without
// VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT, a component size we cannot compute, an
// offset sum that does not fit. The monolith arm has had an answer for these
// since it was written, and it is not an abort: mask the attribute out of the
// vertex input state and carry on (the `unsupportedAttribMask |= ...; continue;`
// sites in GetOrCreateVertexInputState above). The draw path then decides,
// loudly and once, whether the masked attribute was one the program actually
// reads. This arm now does exactly that, which is what "same observable as the
// monolith lane" means for this row.
//
// THE COUNT: the contract says "the other six"; there are SEVEN return sites below
// it, because `offset-overflow` was added after the audit's count and is an
// arithmetic guard rather than a shape one. It is masked with the rest: an
// attribute whose base offsets cannot be added is one Vulkan cannot fetch, the
// monolith arm never computes that sum at all, and masking is strictly safer than
// a Fatal for a number no application can reach on purpose. Recorded in
// notes/p7/magma-c.md rather than silently reconciled.
const auto describe = [&](const char* reason, VkFormat format) {
MGLOG_E_ONCE("Magma wire vertex layout: %s location=%u type=%u size=%u normalized=%u integer=%u long=%u bgra=%u stride=%d offset=%llu format=%d bufferWindow=%u+%u activeMask=0x%x",
reason, location, attr.Type, static_cast<Uint32>(attr.Size), static_cast<Uint32>(attr.Normalized),
static_cast<Uint32>(attr.IsInteger), static_cast<Uint32>(attr.IsLong), static_cast<Uint32>(attr.IsBgra),
attr.Stride, static_cast<unsigned long long>(attr.Offset), static_cast<Int>(format),
state.VertexBufferStart, state.VertexBufferCount, activeMask);
};
// The protocol verdict: the caller turns a false into the named Fatal.
const auto reject = [&](const char* reason, VkFormat format = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED) {
describe(reason, format);
return false;
};
// The device verdict: MGLOG_E_ONCE + mask + continue, the monolith arm's shape.
// MGLOG_E_ONCE and not MGLOG_E, also the monolith arm's: an unmappable attribute is
// a property of the VAO and the device, so it repeats every draw, and the per-draw
// line is what made the old abort look preferable to whoever wrote it.
const auto maskOut = [&](const char* reason, VkFormat format = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED) {
describe(reason, format);
out.unsupportedAttribMask |= 1u << location;
};
// set_vertex_buffers is flattened PER ATTRIBUTE (VertexInputEmit.h), not
// indexed by the original ARB binding point in attr.BindingIndex.
if (location < state.VertexBufferStart ||
location - state.VertexBufferStart >= state.VertexBufferCount) return reject("buffer-window");
const auto& buffer = state.VertexBuffers[location];
const auto type = static_cast<DataType>(attr.Type);
if (attr.Stride < 0 || attr.Size < 1 || attr.Size > 4) { maskOut("attribute-shape"); continue; }
VkFormat format = ToVkVertexFormat(type, attr.Size, attr.Normalized, attr.IsInteger,
attr.IsBgra, attr.IsLong);
auto conversion = VertexStreamConversion::None;
if (format == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED && type == DataType::Float64) {
const auto* backend = MG_Backend::ApplyRoleBackend();
if (backend && backend->GetDynamicParameters().SupportsFloat64VertexAttributes) {
// Exactly the monolith arm's answer for the same state: with native fp64
// the module KEPT its 64-bit inputs (DemoteFloat64Pass did not run), so
// narrowing the stream would feed float32 to a Float64 input - and the
// monolith build therefore leaves sourceVkFormat UNDEFINED and falls into
// its own mask-out below. Same place, same mask.
maskOut("native-fp64-format");
continue;
}
format = ToFloat32VertexFormat(attr.Size);
conversion = VertexStreamConversion::Float64ToFloat32;
}
if (format == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED) { maskOut("format-map"); continue; }
if (!SupportsVertexBufferFormat(format)) {
if (!IsScaledIntegerVertexFormat(format)) { maskOut("native-format-feature", format); continue; }
format = ToFloat32VertexFormat(attr.Size);
conversion = VertexStreamConversion::ScaledIntegerToFloat32;
if (!SupportsVertexBufferFormat(format)) { maskOut("converted-format-feature", format); continue; }
}
const SizeT elementSize = GetAttributeByteSize(type, attr.Size, attr.IsBgra);
if (!elementSize) { maskOut("element-size", format); continue; }
const Uint64 offset = attr.Offset + buffer.Offset;
if (offset < attr.Offset) { maskOut("offset-overflow", format); continue; }
const SizeT alignment = (type == DataType::Int2101010Rev || type == DataType::Uint2101010Rev)
? elementSize : GetComponentSize(type);
if (conversion == VertexStreamConversion::None && alignment > 1 &&
(offset % alignment || static_cast<Uint32>(attr.Stride) % alignment))
conversion = VertexStreamConversion::Repack;
Uint32 stride = static_cast<Uint32>(attr.Stride);
if (stride && conversion != VertexStreamConversion::None)
stride = conversion == VertexStreamConversion::Repack ? static_cast<Uint32>(elementSize)
: static_cast<Uint32>(attr.Size) * sizeof(Float);
const Uint32 binding = static_cast<Uint32>(out.bindings.size());
out.bindings.push_back({binding, stride,
buffer.Divisor ? VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_INSTANCE : VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX});
out.attributes.push_back({location, binding, format, 0});
out.bindingAttributeLocations.push_back(location);
out.bindingBaseOffsets.push_back(static_cast<SizeT>(offset));
out.bindingConversions.push_back(conversion);
if (buffer.Divisor > 1) out.bindingDivisors.push_back({binding, buffer.Divisor});
out.attributeLocationMask |= 1u << location;
}
// Native handles/offsets do not decide the pipeline layout. Include only the
// resolved binding/attribute/divisor values, including a legal zero stride.
Uint64 hash = XXH64(out.bindings.data(), out.bindings.size() * sizeof(out.bindings[0]), 0);
hash = XXH64(out.attributes.data(), out.attributes.size() * sizeof(out.attributes[0]), hash);
hash = XXH64(out.bindingDivisors.data(),
out.bindingDivisors.size() * sizeof(out.bindingDivisors[0]), hash);
// THE MASK IS PART OF THE LAYOUT NOW, for the same reason the monolith entry's hash
// carries it (the XXH64_update over unsupportedAttribMask in GetOrCreateVertexInputState
// above). Before this package the mask was always zero here, so leaving it out of the
// hash was free; now two VAOs can produce the SAME bindings, attributes and divisors
// and differ only in which enabled attribute was masked out, and a hash blind to that
// would serve one of them the other's pipeline.
out.layoutHash = XXH64(&out.unsupportedAttribMask, sizeof(out.unsupportedAttribMask), hash);
out.state.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = static_cast<Uint32>(out.bindings.size());
out.state.pVertexBindingDescriptions = out.bindings.data();
out.state.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast<Uint32>(out.attributes.size());
out.state.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = out.attributes.data();
if (!out.bindingDivisors.empty()) {
out.divisorState.vertexBindingDivisorCount = static_cast<Uint32>(out.bindingDivisors.size());
out.divisorState.pVertexBindingDivisors = out.bindingDivisors.data();
out.state.pNext = &out.divisorState;
}
return true;
}
VkFormat VertexInputStateFactory::ToVkVertexFormat(DataType type, Int size, Bool normalized, Bool isInteger,
Bool isBgra, Bool isLong) {
if (isBgra) {
// GL_BGRA: four reversed-order components, always normalized (enforced at validation), only
// legal with GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE or a 2_10_10_10 type. The reversed VkFormats put the
// components back into R,G,B,A order for the shader.
switch (type) {
case DataType::Uint8:
return VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;
case DataType::Uint2101010Rev:
return VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_UNORM_PACK32;
case DataType::Int2101010Rev:
return VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_SNORM_PACK32;
default:
return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
}
}
switch (type) {
case DataType::Uint2101010Rev:
// Packed 2_10_10_10 travels the float-normalizing path only; size is always 4. SNORM/UNORM
// normalize, SSCALED/USCALED cast the packed field to float.
if (isInteger || size != 4) return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
return normalized ? VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UNORM_PACK32 : VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_USCALED_PACK32;
case DataType::Int2101010Rev:
if (isInteger || size != 4) return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
return normalized ? VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_SNORM_PACK32 : VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_SSCALED_PACK32;
case DataType::Float64:
// A 64-bit attribute is fetched as its 32-bit word pair and bitcast back to double in the
// shader (PackDoubleVertexInputsPass does the shader half). That is bit-exact and, unlike
// VK_FORMAT_R64*_SFLOAT, needs no format capability: lavapipe reports bufferFeatures = 0
// for every R64 float format, so a native 64-bit vertex fetch is simply unavailable there
// while shaderFloat64 is not. Both halves key off nothing but the attribute being long,
// so they always agree without extra plumbing.
//
// ... as long as the shader half still runs. It does not when the backend has declared
// no 64-bit vertex attribute support: DemoteFloat64Pass has already narrowed every
// `dvec` input to a `vec` by then, so PackDoubleVertexInputsPass finds nothing to pack
// and a UINT-formatted attribute would be fed to a float input - garbage with no
// diagnostic anywhere. Declining here hands the attribute to the caller's
// Float64ToFloat32 fallback instead, which narrows the source doubles to match the
// demoted `vec` input - the same thing DirectGLES does for the same state. The
// frontend RECORDS the format either way, so this gate is the only thing standing
// between a legal glVertexAttribLFormat and a mismatched pipeline.
if (
#if MOBILEGL_BUILD_DISAGGREGATED
// P5c (hd, CONTRACT-P5C §3.7): see the narrowFloat64Arrays site above.
MG_Config::Transport != MG_Config::TransportMode::Monolith
? (MG_Remote::Server::ServerLoopInstance().Backend() == nullptr ||
!MG_Remote::Server::ServerLoopInstance().Backend()
->GetDynamicParameters()
.SupportsFloat64VertexAttributes)
:
#endif
MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject == nullptr ||
!MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject->GetDynamicParameters().SupportsFloat64VertexAttributes) {
return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
}
if (!isLong || isInteger || normalized) return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
switch (size) {
case 1: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32_UINT;
case 2: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_UINT;
// A dvec3/dvec4 input is 6/8 uint32 components: no single VkFormat, and GL spreads it
// over two attribute locations, which the location-per-VAO-index model here does not
// express. Declined rather than fetched wrong.
default: return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
}
case DataType::Float32:
switch (size) {
case 1: return VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT;
case 2: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
case 3: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
case 4: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT;
default: return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
}
case DataType::Float16:
// GL_HALF_FLOAT is a floating-point array type: it is never an integer attribute, and
// GL_TRUE for `normalized` is ignored for float types rather than selecting a *NORM format.
if (isInteger) return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
switch (size) {
case 1: return VK_FORMAT_R16_SFLOAT;
case 2: return VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SFLOAT;
case 3: return VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SFLOAT;
case 4: return VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT;
default: return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
}
case DataType::Int32:
if (!isInteger || normalized) return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
switch (size) {
case 1: return VK_FORMAT_R32_SINT;
case 2: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SINT;
case 3: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SINT;
case 4: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SINT;
default: return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
}
case DataType::Uint32:
if (!isInteger || normalized) return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
switch (size) {
case 1: return VK_FORMAT_R32_UINT;
case 2: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32_UINT;
case 3: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_UINT;
case 4: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_UINT;
default: return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
}
case DataType::Int16:
switch (size) {
case 1:
return isInteger ? VK_FORMAT_R16_SINT : (normalized ? VK_FORMAT_R16_SNORM : VK_FORMAT_R16_SSCALED);
case 2:
return isInteger ? VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SINT
: (normalized ? VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SNORM : VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SSCALED);
case 3:
return isInteger ? VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SINT
: (normalized ? VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SNORM : VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SSCALED);
case 4:
return isInteger ? VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SINT
: (normalized ? VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SNORM : VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SSCALED);
default: return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
}
case DataType::Uint16:
switch (size) {
case 1:
return isInteger ? VK_FORMAT_R16_UINT : (normalized ? VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM : VK_FORMAT_R16_USCALED);
case 2:
return isInteger ? VK_FORMAT_R16G16_UINT
: (normalized ? VK_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM : VK_FORMAT_R16G16_USCALED);
case 3:
return isInteger ? VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_UINT
: (normalized ? VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_UNORM : VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_USCALED);
case 4:
return isInteger ? VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UINT
: (normalized ? VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UNORM : VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_USCALED);
default: return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
}
case DataType::Int8:
switch (size) {
case 1:
return isInteger ? VK_FORMAT_R8_SINT : (normalized ? VK_FORMAT_R8_SNORM : VK_FORMAT_R8_SSCALED);
case 2:
return isInteger ? VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SINT
: (normalized ? VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SNORM : VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SSCALED);
case 3:
return isInteger ? VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SINT
: (normalized ? VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SNORM : VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SSCALED);
case 4:
return isInteger ? VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SINT
: (normalized ? VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SNORM : VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SSCALED);
default: return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
}
case DataType::Uint8:
switch (size) {
case 1:
return isInteger ? VK_FORMAT_R8_UINT : (normalized ? VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM : VK_FORMAT_R8_USCALED);
case 2:
return isInteger ? VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UINT
: (normalized ? VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM : VK_FORMAT_R8G8_USCALED);
case 3:
return isInteger ? VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_UINT
: (normalized ? VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_UNORM : VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_USCALED);
case 4:
return isInteger ? VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UINT
: (normalized ? VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM : VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_USCALED);
default: return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
}
default:
return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
}
}
SizeT VertexInputStateFactory::GetComponentSize(DataType type) {
switch (type) {
case DataType::Int8:
case DataType::Uint8:
return 1;
case DataType::Int16:
case DataType::Uint16:
case DataType::Float16:
return 2;
case DataType::Int32:
case DataType::Uint32:
case DataType::Float32:
case DataType::Fixed32:
return 4;
case DataType::Float64:
return 8;
default:
return 0;
}
}
SizeT VertexInputStateFactory::GetAttributeByteSize(DataType type, Int size, Bool isBgra) {
// The packed 2_10_10_10 types are a single 32-bit word for all 4 components; GL_BGRA is always
// 4 components (GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE x4 = 4 bytes, or a packed word = 4 bytes) -- both are 4 bytes.
if (type == DataType::Int2101010Rev || type == DataType::Uint2101010Rev || isBgra) {
return 4;
}
const SizeT componentSize = GetComponentSize(type);
return componentSize == 0 ? 0 : componentSize * static_cast<SizeT>(size);
}
Bool VertexInputStateFactory::IsScaledIntegerVertexFormat(VkFormat format) {
switch (format) {
case VK_FORMAT_R8_USCALED:
case VK_FORMAT_R8_SSCALED:
case VK_FORMAT_R8G8_USCALED:
case VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SSCALED:
case VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_USCALED:
case VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SSCALED:
case VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_USCALED:
case VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SSCALED:
case VK_FORMAT_R16_USCALED:
case VK_FORMAT_R16_SSCALED:
case VK_FORMAT_R16G16_USCALED:
case VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SSCALED:
case VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_USCALED:
case VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SSCALED:
case VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_USCALED:
case VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SSCALED:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
VkFormat VertexInputStateFactory::ToFloat32VertexFormat(Int componentCount) {
switch (componentCount) {
case 1: return VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT;
case 2: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
case 3: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
case 4: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT;
default: return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
}
}
Bool VertexInputStateFactory::SupportsVertexBufferFormat(VkFormat format) const {
if (m_physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE || format == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED) {
return false;
}
const auto found = m_wireVertexFormatSupport.find(format);
if (found != m_wireVertexFormatSupport.end()) return found->second;
VkFormatProperties properties{};
vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(m_physicalDevice, format, &properties);
const Bool supported = (properties.bufferFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT) != 0;
m_wireVertexFormatSupport.emplace(format, supported);
return supported;
}
} // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan