MobileGL/docs/Performance/glmark2-baseline.md

glmark2 baseline: MobileGL (Espryt, Magma) vs the stock kgsl driver stack on anland

Measured 2026-10-04 on the anland Plasma desktop. This is the phase-1 baseline for the performance work: approximate numbers, how they were taken, where MobileGL loses, and a ranked list of general fixes. The goal was "where does MobileGL fall short", not lab-grade accuracy, so the scores are approximate (1-3 valid runs per configuration, see n in the tables); the profiling evidence is the load-bearing part.

Headline (pinned clocks, glmark2 score; ratio to stock over the scenes all three stacks ran):

	stock	Espryt	Magma
es2, 800x600 window	~1076	~1319 (1.19x)	~778 (0.69x)
es2, fullscreen 2560x1600	~1177	~572 (0.47x)	~354 (0.29x)
desktop GL, 800x600 window	~1161	~1283 (1.12x)	~743 (0.64x)
desktop GL, fullscreen	~1152	~559 (0.49x)	~353 (0.31x)

The windowed averages hide two stories. On light scenes (one or two draws per frame) Espryt is already 1.2-1.5x the stock stack and Magma 0.7-0.9x. Every scene with many draws, client-side vertex arrays or many render-target switches, and everything at full screen, falls far behind:

es2 window, FPS	stock	Espryt	Magma
desktop (blur)	976	275 (0.28)	157 (0.16)
desktop (shadow)	1044	234 (0.22)	125 (0.12)
ideas	688	138 (0.20)	66 (0.10)
terrain	443	149 (0.34)	115 (0.26)
build use-vbo=false	1095	467 (0.43)	472 (0.43)
refract	838	981 (1.17)	331 (0.39)
texture, fullscreen	~1430	~726 (0.51)	~445 (0.31)

Stacks and environment

	stock	MobileGL
Android app	com.anland.consumer 5.22-367a523 (the original anland)	com.anland.consumer.mobilegl 5.22-yuv-video-decode (anland legacy-mobilegl-unified)
Container	arch-kde	arch-kde-mgl (a clone of it, plus /opt/mobilegl)
Display daemon	the anland module's, /data/local/tmp/display_daemon.sock	the app's, /data/local/tmp/anland-mobilegl/display.sock
Compositor	/usr/bin/kwin_wayland 6.7.4 (anland producer patch)	/opt/mobilegl/kwin/bin/kwin_wayland 6.7.4 (anland backend, renders through the server)
Client GL	the stock kgsl driver stack: Mesa 26.3.0 freedreno over kgsl (MESA_LOADER_DRIVER_OVERRIDE=kgsl, GALLIUM_DRIVER=kgsl, FD_FORCE_KGSL=1 from /etc/environment); glvnd vendor 50_mesa.json only	/opt/mobilegl/lib/libMobileGL.so via glvnd 10_mobilegl.json (sorts before 50_mesa.json); MOBILEGL_TRANSPORT=spawn, MOBILEGL_IPC_DATA=shm; run-ahead armed, present credit 1
Server	-	the app's :mobilegl service; Espryt = DirectGLES, Magma = DirectVulkan (app setting)
Window presentation	Mesa's Wayland EGL, its own dma-bufs	3 server-allocated AHB shared images per window over zwp_linux_dmabuf_v1 (client log: presented through linux-dmabuf shared images (ABGR8888))

• Both containers run byte-identical glmark2 binaries (glmark2 2023.01-2: md5 048dcd34... glmark2-es2-wayland, fde07ceb... glmark2-wayland in both rootfs images) and the same Mesa package; only the GL stack under the client changes.
• MobileGL server in the APK: built from 18a5dba0, code-identical to 3a289222 (the only commit between them is a doc). Client deployed from the same tree.
• One desktop owns the display at a time. stock -> MobileGL: am force-stop com.anland.consumer, droidspaces -C /data/local/Droidspaces/Containers/arch-kde/container.config stop, sh /data/local/tmp/anl/switch.sh DirectGLES|DirectVulkan (after a server crash switch.sh does not restart a dead :mobilegl: send the STOP intent, force-stop the app, open it). MobileGL -> stock: STOP intent + force-stop com.anland.consumer.mobilegl, droidspaces -C .../arch-kde/container.config start, monkey -p com.anland.consumer -c android.intent.category.LAUNCHER 1.
• The MobileGL app shows its extra-keys bar by default (extra_keys_mode unset = always), which shrinks the desktop to about 2560x1410; the original app has with_keyboard. For equal fullscreen sizes the MobileGL app got extra_keys_mode=with_keyboard in shared_prefs/anland_settings.xml for the measurements. Fullscreen = 2560x1600; the tablet was turned to portrait for the late stock runs (1600x2560, same pixel count; the stock app follows auto-rotate).
• The MobileGL session restores a System Settings window at login; it was closed before each batch.

Device state and clocks

Lenovo TB321FU (Snapdragon 8 Gen 3, Adreno 750), Android 15, AC power (battery 98-100%), screen on, auto brightness, Plasma idle, no Chrome. All numbers are at pinned clocks (the user allowed it; originals restored afterwards):

	original	pinned
cpufreq policy0 (cpu0-1)	walt 902400-2265600	min = max = 1804800
policy2 (cpu2-4)	walt 614400-3148800	min = max = 2246400
policy5 (cpu5-6)	walt 499200-2956800	min = max = 2246400
policy7 (cpu7)	walt 672000-3302400	min = max = 2246400
kgsl-3d0 devfreq	msm-adreno-tz, 231-903 MHz	min_freq = max_freq = 680000000

C=/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq; G=/sys/class/kgsl/kgsl-3d0/devfreq
for e in policy0:1804800 policy2:2246400 policy5:2246400 policy7:2246400; do
  p=${e%%:*}; f=${e##*:}
  echo $f > $C/$p/scaling_max_freq; echo $f > $C/$p/scaling_min_freq; echo $f > $C/$p/scaling_max_freq
done
echo 680000000 > $G/max_freq; echo 680000000 > $G/min_freq; echo 680000000 > $G/max_freq

kgsl idle collapse was left on (idle_timer 80, force_* 0); sampled cur_freq read 680 MHz in every run, the CPU clocks held, CPU/GPU zones stayed at 40-62 C, nothing throttled. Pinning is required: unpinned, the stock stack scored 425 (es2 window) with the GPU at 310 MHz and the big cores at 672 MHz, every scene stuck at 330-440 fps; the stacks' different load patterns drive DVFS differently, so unpinned numbers do not compare.

Method

• glmark2 default scene list with -b :duration=5 (5 s per scene; same list). Configurations: glmark2-es2-wayland and glmark2-wayland, each 800x600 windowed and --fullscreen.
• MobileGL runs: MGLOG=/tmp/pb-<tag>.log mgrun offscreen bash -c '<glmark2 command>' (as root in the container; mgrun is the anland-mobilegl-plasma skill's). Stock runs: sudo -u swung0x48 bash -c 'set -a; . /etc/environment; set +a; export XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/1000 WAYLAND_DISPLAY=wayland-0; <glmark2 command>'.
• Runs interleaved across stacks; before each run all CPU/GPU zones below 46 C (min 45 s wait).
• Swap interval: glmark2 sets interval 0 on Wayland (--swap-mode default). Neither stack throttles the client: Mesa's interval 0 ignores frame callbacks; MobileGL's FrameThrottle waits only after a callback has been outstanding 200 ms. Both compositors repaint at ~125 Hz on the 165 Hz panel.
• Frames shown: two screenshots 1 s apart 25 s into each run must differ, and SurfaceFlinger must latch buffers for the anland SurfaceView (64-126 per second during runs): dumpsys SurfaceFlinger --latency "<SurfaceView[com.anland.consumer...](BLAST)#N>", counting present times within the last second. The stock desktop intermittently turns black mid-run (a pure-black 21707-byte screenshot) while SurfaceFlinger keeps latching ~125 buffers/s, and its score then jumps to ~1420-1500; a powerdevil inhibit (kde-inhibit --power --screenSaver + kscreen-doctor --dpms on) did not stop it, restarting the stock container + app clears it. Stock runs were therefore probed every 15 s and every run with a black probe was discarded (3 of 8, plus a first pinned round with a black screen throughout), so stock n is 1-2 per configuration.
• Overall glmark2 score = mean scene FPS of the scenes that ran. MobileGL does not run the two buffer ... update-method=map scenes (GL_OES_mapbuffer is not in its ES extension string), whose stock FPS is low (330-408), so its raw score is flattered; the "common scenes" ratio is the fair one.
• --off-screen is not comparable: on MobileGL glFinish does not wait for the GPU (C1 below), so glmark2-wayland --off-screen reported 6846 (Espryt) and 12117 (Magma) against 791 on stock, and Magma's server crashed in it (C2); glmark2-es2-wayland --off-screen does not start on MobileGL ("Could not initialize canvas": glmark2 picks GL_RGBA4 and no depth because GL_OES_rgb8_rgba8 and GL_OES_depth24 are not advertised).

Profiling method

Single scenes, 18-30 s (-b <scene>:duration=18), after 7-9 s of warm-up: simpleperf record -e cpu-clock -f 4000 -p <client>,<server>,<kwin> --duration 8, top -H -d 8, /sys/class/kgsl/kgsl-3d0/gpubusy, and MOBILEGL_PIPE_STATS=1 on the client (P65LinkMetrics kind=frame|frame-op|frame-sent per-frame lines: wall, client CPU, transport wait, blocking replies by wire op, records by wire op). Call graphs: simpleperf record --trace-offcpu -g. The container client is an ordinary process on the same kernel, so Android's simpleperf samples it. Symbolization: the APK's server lib is stripped; a RelWithDebInfo build of the same tree (build-android.sh) has every function at +0x80 (checked on all 7970 exported functions), so a server vaddr_in_file + 0x80 goes into llvm-symbolizer. For the container client simpleperf cannot read the ELF and prints offsets from the start of the executable mapping: add 0x4fb000 (the r-x segment's page-aligned vaddr) for the deployed client lib.

Scores (approximate)

Overall scores (median of runs; min-max in brackets; n = runs)

Configuration	stock	Espryt	Magma	Espryt/stock	Magma/stock	Espryt/stock (common scenes)	Magma/stock (common scenes)
glmark2-es2-wayland, 800x600 window	1076 [1076-1076] n=1	1319 [1298-1363] n=3	778 [743-813] n=2	1.23	0.72	1.19	0.69
glmark2-es2-wayland, fullscreen	1177 [1172-1182] n=2	572 [556-577] n=3	354 [352-357] n=2	0.49	0.30	0.47	0.29
glmark2-wayland (desktop GL), 800x600 window	1161 [1156-1166] n=2	1283 [1248-1299] n=3	743 [718-768] n=2	1.11	0.64	1.12	0.64
glmark2-wayland (desktop GL), fullscreen	1152 [1152-1152] n=1	559 [558-566] n=3	353 [350-356] n=2	0.49	0.31	0.49	0.31

Per-scene FPS: glmark2-es2-wayland, 800x600 window (median of runs)

Scene	stock	Espryt	Magma	Espryt/stock	Magma/stock
build use-vbo=false	1095	467	472	0.43	0.43
build use-vbo=true	1287	1675	1062	1.30	0.83
texture texture-filter=nearest	1276	1482	948	1.16	0.74
texture texture-filter=linear	1269	1672	915	1.32	0.72
texture texture-filter=mipmap	1283	1689	860	1.32	0.67
shading shading=gouraud	1157	1433	873	1.24	0.75
shading shading=blinn-phong-inf	1143	1779	997	1.56	0.87
shading shading=phong	1137	1582	966	1.39	0.85
shading shading=cel	1237	1786	854	1.44	0.69
bump bump-render=high-poly	1265	1777	984	1.40	0.78
bump bump-render=normals	1225	1647	1018	1.34	0.83
bump bump-render=height	1232	1738	920	1.41	0.75
effect2d kernel=0,1,0;1,-4,1;0,1,0;	1270	1706	929	1.34	0.73
effect2d kernel=1,1,1,1,1;1,1,1,1,1;1,1,1,1,1;	1217	1707	908	1.40	0.75
pulsar light=false:quads=5:texture=false	1298	1531	688	1.18	0.53
desktop blur-radius=5:effect=blur:passes=1:separable=true:windows=4	976	275	157	0.28	0.16
desktop effect=shadow:windows=4	1044	234	125	0.22	0.12
buffer columns=200:interleave=false:update-dispersion=0.9:update-fraction=0.5:update-method=map	330	unsupported	unsupported	-	-
buffer columns=200:interleave=false:update-dispersion=0.9:update-fraction=0.5:update-method=subdata	441	573	482	1.30	1.09
buffer columns=200:interleave=true:update-dispersion=0.9:update-fraction=0.5:update-method=map	408	unsupported	unsupported	-	-
ideas speed=duration	688	138	66	0.20	0.10
jellyfish	1185	1438	841	1.21	0.71
terrain	443	149	115	0.34	0.26
shadow	975	1139	644	1.17	0.66
refract	838	981	331	1.17	0.39
conditionals fragment-steps=0:vertex-steps=0	1291	1671	1023	1.29	0.79
conditionals fragment-steps=5:vertex-steps=0	1173	1649	886	1.41	0.76
conditionals fragment-steps=0:vertex-steps=5	1263	1512	1042	1.20	0.83
function fragment-complexity=low:fragment-steps=5	1280	1461	993	1.14	0.78
function fragment-complexity=medium:fragment-steps=5	1175	1745	1046	1.49	0.89
loop fragment-loop=false:fragment-steps=5:vertex-steps=5	1246	1647	985	1.32	0.79
loop fragment-steps=5:fragment-uniform=false:vertex-steps=5	1178	1697	976	1.44	0.83
loop fragment-steps=5:fragment-uniform=true:vertex-steps=5	1234	1531	1046	1.24	0.85

Per-scene FPS: glmark2-es2-wayland, fullscreen (median of runs)

Scene	stock	Espryt	Magma	Espryt/stock	Magma/stock
build use-vbo=false	1355	366	322	0.27	0.24
build use-vbo=true	1518	798	491	0.53	0.32
texture texture-filter=nearest	1396	726	449	0.52	0.32
texture texture-filter=linear	1430	726	442	0.51	0.31
texture texture-filter=mipmap	1437	723	449	0.50	0.31
shading shading=gouraud	1438	679	423	0.47	0.29
shading shading=blinn-phong-inf	1495	687	259	0.46	0.17
shading shading=phong	1431	682	438	0.48	0.31
shading shading=cel	1478	679	435	0.46	0.29
bump bump-render=high-poly	1481	745	463	0.50	0.31
bump bump-render=normals	1434	780	465	0.54	0.32
bump bump-render=height	1467	790	475	0.54	0.32
effect2d kernel=0,1,0;1,-4,1;0,1,0;	1346	582	390	0.43	0.29
effect2d kernel=1,1,1,1,1;1,1,1,1,1;1,1,1,1,1;	698	468	354	0.67	0.51
pulsar light=false:quads=5:texture=false	1379	631	337	0.46	0.24
desktop blur-radius=5:effect=blur:passes=1:separable=true:windows=4	671	219	108	0.33	0.16
desktop effect=shadow:windows=4	1031	207	99	0.20	0.10
buffer columns=200:interleave=false:update-dispersion=0.9:update-fraction=0.5:update-method=map	266	unsupported	unsupported	-	-
buffer columns=200:interleave=false:update-dispersion=0.9:update-fraction=0.5:update-method=subdata	410	474	281	1.15	0.68
buffer columns=200:interleave=true:update-dispersion=0.9:update-fraction=0.5:update-method=map	351	unsupported	unsupported	-	-
ideas speed=duration	813	117	57	0.14	0.07
jellyfish	1346	616	277	0.46	0.21
terrain	141	113	92	0.80	0.65
shadow	796	656	401	0.82	0.50
refract	157	225	189	1.43	1.20
conditionals fragment-steps=0:vertex-steps=0	1457	649	421	0.45	0.29
conditionals fragment-steps=5:vertex-steps=0	1522	647	402	0.43	0.26
conditionals fragment-steps=0:vertex-steps=5	1445	649	430	0.45	0.30
function fragment-complexity=low:fragment-steps=5	1614	648	417	0.40	0.26
function fragment-complexity=medium:fragment-steps=5	1456	647	408	0.44	0.28
loop fragment-loop=false:fragment-steps=5:vertex-steps=5	1517	646	415	0.43	0.27
loop fragment-steps=5:fragment-uniform=false:vertex-steps=5	1561	651	416	0.42	0.27
loop fragment-steps=5:fragment-uniform=true:vertex-steps=5	1545	649	425	0.42	0.28

Per-scene FPS: glmark2-wayland (desktop GL), 800x600 window (median of runs)

Scene	stock	Espryt	Magma	Espryt/stock	Magma/stock
build use-vbo=false	1216	457	474	0.38	0.39
build use-vbo=true	1327	1805	1043	1.36	0.79
texture texture-filter=nearest	1360	1557	923	1.14	0.68
texture texture-filter=linear	1366	1781	1019	1.30	0.75
texture texture-filter=mipmap	1372	1700	938	1.24	0.68
shading shading=gouraud	1413	1324	990	0.94	0.70
shading shading=blinn-phong-inf	1309	1768	930	1.35	0.71
shading shading=phong	1349	1558	1021	1.15	0.76
shading shading=cel	1268	1598	1068	1.26	0.84
bump bump-render=high-poly	1319	1851	923	1.40	0.70
bump bump-render=normals	1315	1451	1004	1.10	0.76
bump bump-render=height	1363	1839	986	1.35	0.72
effect2d kernel=0,1,0;1,-4,1;0,1,0;	1376	1533	663	1.11	0.48
effect2d kernel=1,1,1,1,1;1,1,1,1,1;1,1,1,1,1;	1320	1743	603	1.32	0.46
pulsar light=false:quads=5:texture=false	1302	1488	705	1.14	0.54
desktop blur-radius=5:effect=blur:passes=1:separable=true:windows=4	966	273	127	0.28	0.13
desktop effect=shadow:windows=4	1070	233	118	0.22	0.11
buffer columns=200:interleave=false:update-dispersion=0.9:update-fraction=0.5:update-method=map	355	462	437	1.30	1.23
buffer columns=200:interleave=false:update-dispersion=0.9:update-fraction=0.5:update-method=subdata	418	596	437	1.43	1.05
buffer columns=200:interleave=true:update-dispersion=0.9:update-fraction=0.5:update-method=map	413	501	522	1.21	1.26
ideas speed=duration	747	129	67	0.17	0.09
jellyfish	1218	1434	835	1.18	0.69
terrain	448	145	112	0.32	0.25
shadow	1056	1208	607	1.14	0.57
refract	831	928	310	1.12	0.37
conditionals fragment-steps=0:vertex-steps=0	1362	1773	1008	1.30	0.74
conditionals fragment-steps=5:vertex-steps=0	1353	1527	937	1.13	0.69
conditionals fragment-steps=0:vertex-steps=5	1317	1873	1047	1.42	0.80
function fragment-complexity=low:fragment-steps=5	1369	1545	961	1.13	0.70
function fragment-complexity=medium:fragment-steps=5	1322	1701	977	1.29	0.74
loop fragment-loop=false:fragment-steps=5:vertex-steps=5	1384	1779	863	1.28	0.62
loop fragment-steps=5:fragment-uniform=false:vertex-steps=5	1370	1556	1028	1.14	0.75
loop fragment-steps=5:fragment-uniform=true:vertex-steps=5	1376	1757	877	1.28	0.64

Per-scene FPS: glmark2-wayland (desktop GL), fullscreen (median of runs)

Scene	stock	Espryt	Magma	Espryt/stock	Magma/stock
build use-vbo=false	1293	372	301	0.29	0.23
build use-vbo=true	1479	797	500	0.54	0.34
texture texture-filter=nearest	1368	725	440	0.53	0.32
texture texture-filter=linear	1387	721	449	0.52	0.32
texture texture-filter=mipmap	1411	726	446	0.51	0.32
shading shading=gouraud	1484	676	426	0.46	0.29
shading shading=blinn-phong-inf	1490	685	429	0.46	0.29
shading shading=phong	1382	677	431	0.49	0.31
shading shading=cel	1497	682	418	0.46	0.28
bump bump-render=high-poly	1533	751	458	0.49	0.30
bump bump-render=normals	1476	785	449	0.53	0.30
bump bump-render=height	1418	789	465	0.56	0.33
effect2d kernel=0,1,0;1,-4,1;0,1,0;	1340	582	389	0.43	0.29
effect2d kernel=1,1,1,1,1;1,1,1,1,1;1,1,1,1,1;	656	467	329	0.71	0.50
pulsar light=false:quads=5:texture=false	1404	627	353	0.45	0.25
desktop blur-radius=5:effect=blur:passes=1:separable=true:windows=4	673	232	108	0.34	0.16
desktop effect=shadow:windows=4	1027	196	95	0.19	0.09
buffer columns=200:interleave=false:update-dispersion=0.9:update-fraction=0.5:update-method=map	267	331	284	1.24	1.06
buffer columns=200:interleave=false:update-dispersion=0.9:update-fraction=0.5:update-method=subdata	423	494	263	1.17	0.62
buffer columns=200:interleave=true:update-dispersion=0.9:update-fraction=0.5:update-method=map	345	301	300	0.87	0.87
ideas speed=duration	818	120	67	0.15	0.08
jellyfish	1345	613	277	0.46	0.21
terrain	148	111	91	0.75	0.62
shadow	801	663	400	0.83	0.50
refract	157	223	189	1.42	1.20
conditionals fragment-steps=0:vertex-steps=0	1348	645	423	0.48	0.31
conditionals fragment-steps=5:vertex-steps=0	1480	645	417	0.44	0.28
conditionals fragment-steps=0:vertex-steps=5	1411	649	418	0.46	0.30
function fragment-complexity=low:fragment-steps=5	1425	650	431	0.46	0.30
function fragment-complexity=medium:fragment-steps=5	1398	647	411	0.46	0.29
loop fragment-loop=false:fragment-steps=5:vertex-steps=5	1446	645	418	0.45	0.29
loop fragment-steps=5:fragment-uniform=false:vertex-steps=5	1403	646	413	0.46	0.29
loop fragment-steps=5:fragment-uniform=true:vertex-steps=5	1546	648	395	0.42	0.26

Where the time goes

Per-frame profile of the scenes that lose (es2 window unless noted, pinned; client = the glmark2 thread, server = its mgl-srv-apply thread, % of one core over 8 s; waits = blocking client-to-server replies per frame; present RTT = wait for the shared-image present reply):

Espryt	fps	records/frame	waits/frame (op)	client CPU	server apply thread	GPU busy	present RTT
texture	1394	11	1 (SharedImage present)	31%	44%	40%	0.30 ms
texture fullscreen	721	11	1	24%	35%	98%	0.60 ms
desktop blur	228	299	29 (28 ResourceCreate + present)	40%	51%	13%	-
desktop shadow	173	395	53 (52 ResourceCreate + present)	40%	50%	7%	-
ideas	118	587 (305 draws)	1	30%	45%	7%	5.6 ms
terrain	130	224	1	29%	45%	36%	0.63 ms
build use-vbo=false	448	21	3 (2 ResourceCreate + present)	33%	36%	15%	-

Magma	fps	waits/frame	client CPU	server apply thread	GPU busy	present RTT
texture	916	1	28%	50%	37%	0.58 ms
texture fullscreen	418	1	17%	29%	75%	1.25 ms
desktop blur	118	29	35%	52%	9%	-
desktop shadow	115	53	38%	53%	9%	-
ideas	53	1	24%	60%	14%	15.2 ms
terrain	108	1	31%	49%	27%	0.91 ms
build use-vbo=false	498	3	42%	49%	26%	-

The common shape: nothing is saturated. Outside fullscreen the GPU is 7-40% busy, and neither the client thread nor the server apply thread is near 100%. Both sides spend most of the frame waiting for each other, and each handoff costs a wake-up. Evidence that the handoffs, not the work, set the frame time:

• With MOBILEGL_IPC_SPIN_US=1000 on the client only (Espryt; the server keeps its 50 us), the client spins through short replies instead of parking: ideas 94 -> 185 fps, terrain 132 -> 315, desktop shadow 187 -> 322, texture 1543 -> 1837 (8 s single-scene runs).
• On Espryt's server in ideas the apply thread is 50% off-CPU, almost all of it parked in SocketDoorbell::Park waiting for records, and 18% of its on-CPU time is SocketDoorbell::Notify (a socket write that wakes the client). The client is 75% off-CPU in poll. The server's own frame work is ~2 ms (P65ServerFrame apply_ms for the ~600-record frames) of an 8.5 ms frame.

Ranked bottlenecks and proposed general fixes

Gains are estimates from the evidence above, at the pinned clocks; none of the fixes is glmark2-specific.

Shared: client library and pipe (both backends)

1. Blocking ResourceCreate for client-memory vertex/index arrays. Every draw that sources a client array makes a brand-new owned buffer per array (MG_Impl/Pipe/OwnedDrawInputs.h MakeOwnedBuffer -> BufferObject ctor -> MGPipeEmitResourceCreate -> EmitCreateBlocking -> EmitAndWait): one round trip per array per draw, plus a respecify, a subdata and a destroy record. desktop blur pays 28 and shadow 52 of them per frame; 55% of the client's samples are the spin in SessionProducer::WaitForAppliedOrEventBacklog under EmitCreateBlocking. The fetch plan also sorts the referenced vertex list per draw (std::sort = 27% of the client in build use-vbo=false) even for a glDrawArrays range that is contiguous. Fix: a per-context streaming upload buffer for client arrays (one long-lived server resource, sub-allocated per draw, reused once the frames that read it retired; grows on overflow), or client-minted creates that need no reply; plus a contiguous-range fast path (one memcpy of [first, first+count) per attribute, no sort). Gain: blocking waits/frame -> ~1; desktop blur/shadow 2-3x, build use-vbo=false ~2x, on both backends; helps every GLES2-style app. Risk: sub-allocation lifetime vs in-flight draws on both backends; validate with the OwnedDrawInputs/Pipe unit tests and the retrace CI.
2. Wake-up latency of every blocking wait and every ring handoff. Doorbells are one byte on a unix socket; a parked waiter needs a socket write plus a scheduler wake-up (hundreds of us to ms at these clocks), and the server rings the client on every applied-watermark advance while the client is parked, even if the client waits for a much later sequence (18% of Espryt's apply thread is SocketDoorbell::Notify). Fix: (a) the waiter publishes the sequence it waits for and the server rings only when applied >= target; (b) a bounded adaptive spin sized from the recently measured reply latency, only while a reply is expected (never when idle); (c) optionally futex wait/wake on the shared ring page instead of socket bytes (same kernel). Gain: spin alone gave 1.2x (light) to 2.4x (terrain); expect 1.3-2x on draw-heavy scenes, both backends. Risk: lost wake-ups (keep the doorbell's two-fence protocol), CPU and power at idle; RingTest, MultiSession tests, idle CPU of the desktop.
3. Synchronous per-frame present. WindowSurface::Present -> PresentToSharedImage -> EmitSharedImage is EmitAndWait: the client waits until the server has applied the whole frame and queued the blit, and eglSwapBuffers' Present record also holds a present credit of 1. The client cannot record frame N+1 while the server finishes N (texture: 0.71 ms frame = 0.26 ms of client CPU + 0.30 ms of wait). Fix: make the shared-image present asynchronous: commit the wl_buffer from the reply on the event ring (or let the server order the compositor's acquire of that image after the producer's present record), and allow credit 2. Gain: 1.3-1.8x on light scenes. Risk: ordering with the compositor's import (Chrome flicker test, KWin, desktop-verify).
4. Fullscreen pays an extra full-frame copy and full composition. Every frame the server copies the client's default framebuffer (a server pbuffer / Magma swapchain image) into the shared image (Espryt glBlitFramebuffer, Magma vkCmdCopyImage in a second submission), and KWin composites the whole screen (85 buffers/s latched during Espryt fullscreen). At 2560x1600 the GPU is 98% busy (Espryt) on texture for 726 fps against ~1430 on stock, whose fullscreen is even faster than its windowed run. Fix: let the client render straight into the window's shared images (default framebuffer = the current back image; the row order can be expressed with linux-dmabuf's Y_INVERT flag instead of the flipping blit); separately, direct scanout of fullscreen clients in the anland KWin backend. Gain: fullscreen 1.5-2x on both backends. Risk: buffer age and damage, resize, device loss; desktop-verify and Chrome.
5. Per-record fixed cost on the server. The server is built for android-26, so every thread_local goes through emulated TLS: __emutls_get_address + pthread_getspecific are 7-12% of Espryt's and ~3% of Magma's apply thread. ServerLoop::DrainRing takes two steady_clock::now() per record for the P65ServerFrame statistics even when they are off (5% on Espryt), and MGPipeApplier() / ResolveThreadApplierKey / MGPipeApplierShareGroupKeyFor (TLS
   • mutex) run per record (~5%). Fix: resolve the applier/session once per drain and pass it down; time records only with the statistics on; consider ELF TLS (API 29+) for the anland server build. Gain: 10-15% of server CPU. Risk: low.
6. Small: a one-draw frame sends 11 records; CreateVertexElements is re-sent per draw (ideas: 76 per frame) instead of being deduplicated by content on the client.

Espryt (DirectGLES)

1. Per-draw state synchronization (DG::PrepareForDraw 28% of the apply thread in ideas: SyncCurrentProgramByHandle, BindCurrentProgramWithResources, SyncNeccessaryBuffers, VAO SyncToBackendFromApplier, ResolveVaoTwin / ResolveProgramTwin registry lookups, texture sync). The same per-draw redundancy as on Minecraft: version-gated early-outs keyed on monotonic lifetime ids. Gain: 10-20% on draw-heavy scenes once the pipe is fixed. Risk: stale caches; the retrace CI.
2. Parity: GL_OES_mapbuffer, GL_OES_rgb8_rgba8, GL_OES_depth24 missing from ES contexts (two Unsupported scenes; es2 off-screen does not start).

Magma (DirectVulkan)

1. A VkRenderPass per draw. VulkanRenderer::SetupWireDraw (WireDraw.inc) calls RetireWireDrawPass() unconditionally, which ends the active render pass, and begins a new one at the end of setup, for every draw. In ideas (305 draws/frame) SetupWireDraw is 41% of the apply thread and End/BeginRenderPass ~19%; on a tiler every pass also loads and stores its attachments. Fix: keep the pass open while the WireDrawPassKey (attachments, extent, epochs) is unchanged and nothing that must run outside a pass came in between (clear outside the pass, transfer, barrier, readback, layout change of an attachment, query); retire lazily. Gain: ideas, terrain, desktop 1.5-2x on Magma; less load/store bandwidth at full screen. Risk: attachment layout tracking and feedback loops; Magma unit tests (never the DirectVulkan integration tests), retrace CI.
2. Per-frame submission overhead. Per frame: FlushPendingCommands for the frame, a second submission for the shared-image copy, and Present() of the client's own offscreen default surface (swapchain acquire + submit through libgui). GpuProgressMarkers::SubmitBracketed (hang watch) is 12% of texture fullscreen, and FreeRetiredCommandBuffersCompletedUpTo + EndCommandRecording ~25% of ideas (command buffers freed and reallocated rather than reset and reused). Fix: one submission per frame (append the copy), skip Present for a surface whose frames only go to shared images, recycle command buffers per frame slot, coalesce markers. Gain: light scenes 1.3-1.5x on Magma.
3. Allocation churn. scudo malloc/free with lock contention (__aarch64_cas4_acq 20% + scudo ~15% of the ideas apply thread): per-draw vectors (BeginRenderPass clear values, vertex input state objects, retired wire objects). Fix: per-frame arenas / small vectors. Gain: 10-20%.
4. A VkRenderPass + VkFramebuffer created per clear (WireFramebuffer.inc ~306-311): 7% of texture fullscreen, and the objects pile up when nothing retires them (C2).

Correctness found on the way

• C1 glFinish does not wait for the GPU on the remote path: ClientSession::Finish only waits for the server to apply (WaitForApplyToCatchUp). Off-screen glmark2 then reports 6846 / 12117 and nothing bounds the GPU queue. It must reach the backend (driver finish / fence wait) and reply.
• C2 Magma server crash under glmark2-wayland --off-screen: VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY FATAL at WireFramebuffer.inc:311 (vkCreateFramebuffer in ClearWireFramebuffer), then SIGSEGV in vkCmdBeginRenderPass (two server crashes in a row); the per-clear objects accumulate when the client runs ahead with no backpressure (C1).
• C3 ES extension parity (Espryt item 2).

Next steps

In this order, each measured on the affected scenes at the pinned clocks, frames shown, Plasma / Chrome / lock-unlock checked on both backends: C1-C3, shared 1 (client arrays), shared 2 (wake-ups), shared 3/4 (present), Magma 1 (render pass), shared 5 (per-record cost), then each backend's per-draw items.