[Fix] (DirectGLES): lower gl_ClipDistance for Adreno's ESSL compiler - shadow the builtin in a Private array with constant-index flushes before EmitVertex/return, loop-copy gl_in clip distances through dynamic indices (whole-array reads segfault the Qualcomm compiler, constant-index element reads miscompile), strip the SPIRV-Cross redeclaration Adreno rejects, and split const struct-array LUT initializers so they stay dynamically indexable; quirk-gated to Qualcomm with MOBILEGL_QUIRK_CLIP_DISTANCE override

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -194,6 +194,9 @@ set(SOURCE_FILES
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/StripUboMemberRelaxedPrecisionPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/StripNoPerspectivePass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/EmulateNoPerspectivePass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/FoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/LowerClipDistanceForEsslPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DefeatConstStructArrayLutPass.cpp
 
     MobileGL/MG_Util/BackendLoaders/OpenGL/Loader.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/BackendLoaders/Vulkan/Loader.cpp
@@ -303,6 +306,13 @@ if (ANDROID)
     )
 endif()
 
+if (WIN32)
+    list(APPEND SOURCE_FILES
+        MobileGL/MG_Impl/WGLImpl/WGLImpl.cpp
+        MobileGL/MG_Impl/WGLImpl/Exporting/Definitions.cpp
+    )
+endif()
+
 set(MOBILEGL_LINK_LIBRARIES
         glslang::glslang
         spirv-cross-c
@@ -335,6 +345,14 @@ add_library(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} SHARED
     ${SOURCE_FILES}
 )
 
+if (WIN32)
+    # The wgl* entry points are exported via .def (see the comment in wgl.def);
+    # only the shared library links it.
+    target_sources(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE
+        MobileGL/MG_Impl/WGLImpl/Exporting/wgl.def
+    )
+endif()
+
 if (CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
     set_target_properties(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} PROPERTIES
         C_VISIBILITY_PRESET default
@@ -377,6 +395,18 @@ if(UNIX AND NOT APPLE AND NOT ANDROID)
     endforeach()
 endif()
 
+if(WIN32)
+    # Drop-in for the classic GL loader path: a copy named opengl32.dll placed
+    # next to a host executable is what LoadLibrary("opengl32.dll") and gdi32's
+    # pixel-format forwarding will resolve.
+    add_custom_command(TARGET ${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} POST_BUILD
+        COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different
+                "$<TARGET_FILE:${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME}>"
+                "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME}>/opengl32.dll"
+        COMMENT "Creating opengl32.dll drop-in copy"
+    )
+endif()
+
 if(NOT ANDROID)
     add_library(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME}_s STATIC 
         ${SOURCE_FILES}

MobileGL/Config.h

@@ -80,6 +80,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Config {
         // rewrites the recognized workgroup prefix-scan template on Qualcomm devices with
         // subgroups wider than 32 lanes (see ShaderSourceProcessor's quirk registry).
         QuirkOverride SubgroupPrefixScanQuirk = QuirkOverride::Auto;
+        // MOBILEGL_QUIRK_CLIP_DISTANCE: overrides the DirectGLES quirk that lowers
+        // gl_ClipDistance for Adreno's ESSL compiler (shadow Private arrays with
+        // constant-index builtin flushes, dynamic-index gl_in copy loop, redeclaration
+        // strip, and const struct-array LUT splitting). Auto detects Qualcomm.
+        QuirkOverride ClipDistanceQuirk = QuirkOverride::Auto;
         // MOBILEGL_MAGMA_DISABLE_BLENDED_DEPTH_WRITE: overrides the DirectVulkan quirk that
         // strips depth writes from accumulation-blended pipelines (MIN/MAX or additive
         // ONE+ONE - the multi-pass depth-equality signature) on drivers without

MobileGL/ConfigLoader.cpp

@@ -135,6 +135,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_ConfigLoader {
         features.DisableUboRing = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_DISABLE_UBO_RING");
         features.RelaxedSemantics = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_RELAXED_SEMANTICS");
         features.SubgroupPrefixScanQuirk = QueryEnvQuirkOverride("MOBILEGL_QUIRK_SUBGROUP_PREFIX_SCAN");
+        features.ClipDistanceQuirk = QueryEnvQuirkOverride("MOBILEGL_QUIRK_CLIP_DISTANCE");
         features.MagmaDisableBlendedDepthWriteQuirk =
             QueryEnvQuirkOverride("MOBILEGL_MAGMA_DISABLE_BLENDED_DEPTH_WRITE");
         features.DisableRobustBufferAccess = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_DISABLE_ROBUST_BUFFER_ACCESS");

MobileGL/Defines.h

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #define MOBILEGL_EGL_API MOBILEGL_API
 #define MOBILEGL_CGL_API MOBILEGL_API
 #define MOBILEGL_NSOPENGL_API MOBILEGL_API
+#define MOBILEGL_WGL_API MOBILEGL_API
 
 // ====================== MobileGL configurations ======================= //
 #ifndef MOBILEGL_LOG_ACTIVE_LEVEL

MobileGL/GlobalObjects.cpp

@@ -14,7 +14,13 @@ namespace MobileGL {
     } // namespace MG_Config
 
     namespace MG_Backend {
-        UniquePtr<BackendObject> pActiveBackendObject;
+        // Leak-at-exit storage: the UniquePtr itself lives on the heap and is
+        // never destroyed by the runtime, so process exit runs no backend
+        // destructors (static destruction order across TUs is undefined).
+        // Deterministic teardown happens inside the EGL lifecycle instead:
+        // the last eglTerminate calls MobileGL::Destroy(), which .reset()s
+        // these singletons while the process is still healthy.
+        UniquePtr<BackendObject>& pActiveBackendObject = *new UniquePtr<BackendObject>();
         GlobalBackendFunctionsTable gBackendFunctionsTable;
     } // namespace MG_Backend
 } // namespace MobileGL

MobileGL/Init.cpp

@@ -9,14 +9,24 @@
 #include "Init.h"
 #include "Config.h"
 #include <MG_Backend/BackendObjects.h>
+#include <MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/DirectVulkan.h>
 #include <MG_State/GLState/Core.h>
 #include <MG_State/EGLState/Core.h>
 #include <MG_Impl/GLImpl/Texture/ProxyTexture.h>
 #include <MG_Impl/GLImpl/Framebuffer/GL_Framebuffer.h>
 
+#include <atomic>
+#include <mutex>
+
 namespace MobileGL {
     namespace {
-        Bool g_isInitialized = false;
+        std::atomic<Bool> g_isInitialized = false;
+        thread_local Bool tl_initializing = false;
+
+        std::mutex& InitMutex() {
+            static std::mutex mutex;
+            return mutex;
+        }
 
         void DestroyImpl(Bool logLifecycle) {
             if (!g_isInitialized) {
@@ -64,40 +74,35 @@ namespace MobileGL {
         MGLOG_I("MobileGL initialized");
     }
 
+    void EnsureInitialized() {
+        if (g_isInitialized.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // Re-entrant call while this thread is already inside Initialize()
+        // (e.g. an init step routing back through a public entry point).
+        if (tl_initializing) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(InitMutex());
+        if (g_isInitialized.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        tl_initializing = true;
+        Initialize();
+        tl_initializing = false;
+    }
+
     void Destroy() {
         DestroyImpl(true);
     }
 
-#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__APPLE__)
+    // MobileGL's lifecycle is owned entirely by the host-API layers
-    __attribute__((constructor)) static void AutoInit() {
+    // (EGL/WGL/CGL): initialization happens lazily on the first entry point
-        Initialize();
+    // via EnsureInitialized(), and full teardown happens deterministically
-    }
+    // when the last EGL display is terminated with nothing current (EGLImpl
-
+    // calls Destroy()). There is intentionally no static constructor, no
-    __attribute__((destructor)) static void AutoDestroy() {
+    // static destructor, and no DllMain: the global singletons use
-        if (MG_Config::Features.TraceSkipAutodestroy) {
+    // leak-at-exit storage (see GlobalObjects.cpp), so a process that exits
-            return;
+    // without eglTerminate simply leaks them to the OS instead of running
-        }
+    // backend destructors during static teardown.
-#if defined(__APPLE__)
-        // macOS injected dylibs can run destructors after logging/backend static state is already torn down.
-        return;
-#else
-        DestroyImpl(false);
-#endif
-    }
-#endif
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    BOOL WINAPI DllMain(HMODULE hModule, DWORD ul_reason_for_call, LPVOID lpReserved) {
-        switch (ul_reason_for_call) {
-        case DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH:
-            Initialize();
-            break;
-
-        case DLL_PROCESS_DETACH:
-            Destroy();
-            break;
-        }
-        return TRUE;
-    }
-#endif
 } // namespace MobileGL

MobileGL/Init.h

@@ -11,6 +11,12 @@
 
 namespace MobileGL {
     void Initialize();
+    // Thread-safe, idempotent, and re-entrant wrapper around Initialize().
+    // Host layers (EGL/WGL/CGL entry points) call this lazily on first use so
+    // MobileGL's lifecycle never depends on ELF/DLL static constructors, and
+    // so a fresh init can follow a full Destroy() (e.g. after the last
+    // eglTerminate).
+    void EnsureInitialized();
     void Destroy();
 
     namespace MG_Util::Debug {

MobileGL/MG_Backend/BackendObject.h

@@ -313,7 +313,8 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             Android,
             X11,
             MetalLayer,
-            // TODO: Wayland, Windows, etc.
+            Win32, // Handle is an HWND
+            // TODO: Wayland, etc.
             WindowBackendCount,
             Unknown = -1
         };

MobileGL/MG_Backend/BackendObjects.h

@@ -13,6 +13,6 @@
 #include "DirectVulkan/BackendObject_DirectVulkan.h"
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend {
-    extern UniquePtr<BackendObject> pActiveBackendObject;
+    extern UniquePtr<BackendObject>& pActiveBackendObject;
     extern GlobalBackendFunctionsTable gBackendFunctionsTable;
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/BackendObject_DirectGLES.cpp

@@ -701,9 +701,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
 
         if ((handle.Backend != WindowBackend::Android &&
              handle.Backend != WindowBackend::X11 &&
-             handle.Backend != WindowBackend::MetalLayer) ||
+             handle.Backend != WindowBackend::MetalLayer &&
+             handle.Backend != WindowBackend::Win32) ||
             !handle.Handle) {
-            MGLOG_E("DirectGLES backend only supports Android, X11, and CAMetalLayer native windows");
+            MGLOG_E("DirectGLES backend only supports Android, X11, CAMetalLayer, and Win32 native windows");
             return false;
         }
 

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/DirectGLES.cpp

@@ -449,6 +449,20 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                     }
                 }
             }
+
+            // Textures attached only to the READ framebuffer (blit / ReadPixels sources) need
+            // their content synced too, or the backend reads stale texel data.
+            const auto& readFBO =
+                MG_State::pGLContext->GetFramebufferBindingSlot(FramebufferTarget::Read).GetBoundObject();
+            if (readFBO && readFBO != currentFBO) {
+                for (const auto& attachment : readFBO->GetAllAttachmentObjects()) {
+                    if (!attachment.IsTexture()) continue;
+                    auto& textureObject = attachment.GetTexture();
+                    if (textureObject) {
+                        SyncTextureObjectToBackend(textureObject);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         static Bool SupportsLayeredImageBinding(TextureTarget target) {
@@ -4223,9 +4237,23 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
 
         if (!ChooseConfigForSurface(surfaceBit, g_Config, window)) return false;
 
-        const EGLint contextAttribs[] = {EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION, 3, EGL_NONE};
+        // Negotiate the highest ES 3.x context. Version-strict EGL implementations
+        // (ANGLE) return exactly the requested minor, and a bare CLIENT_VERSION 3
+        // request yields a 3.0 context that lacks the 3.1/3.2 texture targets the
+        // capability probes exercise; mobile drivers ignore the minor and hand out
+        // their maximum either way.
+        for (const EGLint minorVersion : {2, 1, 0}) {
+            const EGLint contextAttribs[] = {EGL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, 3,
+                                             EGL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, minorVersion,
+                                             EGL_NONE};
+            g_Context = g_EGLFuncs.eglCreateContext(g_Display, g_Config, EGL_NO_CONTEXT, contextAttribs);
+            if (g_Context != EGL_NO_CONTEXT) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
 
-        g_Context = g_EGLFuncs.eglCreateContext(g_Display, g_Config, EGL_NO_CONTEXT, contextAttribs);
+        const EGLint legacyContextAttribs[] = {EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION, 3, EGL_NONE};
+        g_Context = g_EGLFuncs.eglCreateContext(g_Display, g_Config, EGL_NO_CONTEXT, legacyContextAttribs);
         return g_Context != EGL_NO_CONTEXT;
     }
 

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Managers.cpp

@@ -1262,15 +1262,31 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             const auto& allAttributes = stateVAOObject->GetAllAttributes();
             for (Uint attribIndex = 0; attribIndex < allAttributes.size(); ++attribIndex) {
                 const auto& attrib = allAttributes[attribIndex];
+                const Uint32 attribBit = 1u << attribIndex;
+
+                // An enabled attrib with neither a buffer object nor a client pointer has no
+                // source; GL tolerates the state (only draws consuming it are undefined), but
+                // Adreno's ES driver memcpys the "client array" from address 0 at draw time
+                // (SIGSEGV). Keep such attribs disabled on the backend VAO and re-enable them
+                // the moment they gain a source - the mask-vs-current compare below triggers
+                // the enable even when only the Buffer/Format versions changed.
+                const Bool unsourceable = attrib.Enabled && !attrib.Buffer && attrib.Offset == 0;
+                const Bool wasForceDisabled = (m_forceDisabledAttribsMask & attribBit) != 0;
+
                 Bool needsSyncSwitch = allAttributeVersions[attribIndex].SwitchVersion !=
                                        m_syncedAttributeVersions[attribIndex].SwitchVersion;
-                if (needsSyncSwitch) {
+                if (needsSyncSwitch || unsourceable != wasForceDisabled) {
-                    if (attrib.Enabled) {
+                    if (attrib.Enabled && !unsourceable) {
                         g_GLESFuncs.glEnableVertexAttribArray(attribIndex);
                     } else {
                         g_GLESFuncs.glDisableVertexAttribArray(attribIndex);
                     }
                 }
+                if (unsourceable) {
+                    m_forceDisabledAttribsMask |= attribBit;
+                } else {
+                    m_forceDisabledAttribsMask &= ~attribBit;
+                }
 
                 Bool needsSyncFormat = allAttributeVersions[attribIndex].FormatVersion !=
                                        m_syncedAttributeVersions[attribIndex].FormatVersion;
@@ -1278,7 +1294,17 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                                        m_syncedAttributeVersions[attribIndex].BufferVersion;
                 if (!needsSyncFormat && !needsSyncBuffer) continue;
 
+                if (unsourceable) continue;
+
+                // Client-side array with a non-null pointer: the pointer is uploaded and applied
+                // per draw by SyncClientSideAttributesForDrawArrays.
+                if (!attrib.Buffer) continue;
+
                 if (!BindAttributeBuffer(attrib)) {
+                    if (attrib.Enabled) {
+                        g_GLESFuncs.glDisableVertexAttribArray(attribIndex);
+                        m_forceDisabledAttribsMask |= attribBit;
+                    }
                     continue;
                 }
 
@@ -3265,6 +3291,19 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             }
             auto& shaderSpirvs = stateProgramObject->GetGeneratedSpirv();
 
+            // Adreno's ESSL compiler mishandles gl_ClipDistance (rejects redeclarations,
+            // miscompiles non-constant-index writes and constant-index gl_in element reads,
+            // crashes on whole-array gl_in reads) and cannot dynamically index the global
+            // const struct[] LUTs SPIRV-Cross likes to emit. Gate the workarounds to
+            // Qualcomm; MOBILEGL_QUIRK_CLIP_DISTANCE overrides the device detection.
+            const MG_Config::QuirkOverride clipDistanceQuirkOverride =
+                MG_Config::Features.ClipDistanceQuirk;
+            const Bool applyClipDistanceQuirk =
+                clipDistanceQuirkOverride == MG_Config::QuirkOverride::ForceOn ||
+                (clipDistanceQuirkOverride == MG_Config::QuirkOverride::Auto &&
+                 pActiveBackendObject &&
+                 pActiveBackendObject->GetDynamicParameters().GpuVendor == GpuVendorKind::Qualcomm);
+
             for (int index = 0; index < attachedShaders.size(); ++index) {
                 auto& shader = attachedShaders[index];
                 GLenum glShaderType = MG_Util::ConvertShaderStageToGLEnum(shader->GetShaderStage());
@@ -3287,6 +3326,63 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                     effectiveSpirv = &loweredSpirv;
                 }
 
+                // GL 3.3 only promises undefined *values* for out-of-bounds array indexing, but
+                // Adreno's ESSL compiler constant-folds a provably out-of-bounds local-array
+                // index into poison that corrupts the whole shader's output. Clamp every
+                // access-chain index to its declared bounds before transpiling.
+                Vector<unsigned int> clampedSpirv;
+                if (MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::ClampAccessChainIndicesForEssl(*effectiveSpirv,
+                                                                                              clampedSpirv) &&
+                    !clampedSpirv.empty()) {
+                    effectiveSpirv = &clampedSpirv;
+                } else {
+                    MGLOG_W("ClampAccessChainIndicesForEssl failed, continuing with unclamped SPIR-V.");
+                }
+
+                // SPIRV-Cross emulates 1D samplers as 2D for ES: it widens texelFetch coordinates
+                // to ivec2 but keeps the ConstOffset operand scalar, which is not a valid ESSL
+                // texelFetchOffset overload (Adreno rejects it). Fold the constant offset into the
+                // coordinate instead (texelFetchOffset(t,P,l,o) == texelFetch(t,P+o,l)).
+                Vector<unsigned int> foldedOffsetSpirv;
+                if (MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::FoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchForEssl(
+                        *effectiveSpirv, foldedOffsetSpirv) &&
+                    !foldedOffsetSpirv.empty()) {
+                    effectiveSpirv = &foldedOffsetSpirv;
+                } else {
+                    MGLOG_W("FoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchForEssl failed, continuing with unfolded SPIR-V.");
+                }
+
+                // Adreno quirk: shadow gl_ClipDistance in Private arrays so the transpiled
+                // ESSL only writes the builtin with literal constant indices (flushed before
+                // EmitVertex/return) and only reads gl_in clip distances through dynamic loop
+                // indices - the shapes this driver compiles correctly. Must run after the
+                // access-chain clamp above so the flush indices stay literal constants.
+                Vector<unsigned int> clipDistanceSpirv;
+                if (applyClipDistanceQuirk &&
+                    (glShaderType == GL_VERTEX_SHADER || glShaderType == GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER)) {
+                    if (MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::LowerClipDistanceForEssl(
+                            *effectiveSpirv, clipDistanceSpirv) &&
+                        !clipDistanceSpirv.empty()) {
+                        effectiveSpirv = &clipDistanceSpirv;
+                    } else {
+                        MGLOG_W("LowerClipDistanceForEssl failed, continuing with unlowered SPIR-V.");
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Adreno quirk: split single constant-composite stores of struct arrays so
+                // SPIRV-Cross does not promote them to global const struct[] LUTs, which this
+                // driver cannot dynamically index ("Cannot offset into the structure").
+                Vector<unsigned int> structLutSpirv;
+                if (applyClipDistanceQuirk) {
+                    if (MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::DefeatConstStructArrayLutForEssl(
+                            *effectiveSpirv, structLutSpirv) &&
+                        !structLutSpirv.empty()) {
+                        effectiveSpirv = &structLutSpirv;
+                    } else {
+                        MGLOG_W("DefeatConstStructArrayLutForEssl failed, continuing with unsplit SPIR-V.");
+                    }
+                }
+
                 // ESSL stage-matches uniform blocks by member precision, but SPIRV-Cross prints
                 // a RelaxedPrecision member as explicit "mediump" in the vertex stage and as
                 // UNQUALIFIED (mediump-by-default) in the fragment stage; after
@@ -3345,6 +3441,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
 
                 source = RebindImageUniformsToFrontendUnits(std::move(source), stateProgramObject);
                 source = RemoveLayoutBinding(source);
+                if (applyClipDistanceQuirk) {
+                    // Adreno rejects the gl_ClipDistance redeclaration SPIRV-Cross still emits
+                    // ("reserved built-in name") but accepts plain usage with
+                    // GL_EXT_clip_cull_distance required; drop the line, keep the #extension.
+                    source = RemoveClipDistanceRedeclaration(source);
+                }
                 source = ProcessOutColorLocations(source);
                 source = ForceFlatIntegerVaryings(source, glShaderType);
                 source = EmulateBaseInstanceInVertexShader(std::move(source), glShaderType);

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Managers.h

@@ -258,6 +258,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         private:
             Uint m_backendVAOId = 0;
             Array<Uint, MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS> m_clientAttributeBufferIds;
+            // Attribs the frontend has Enabled but that have no source at all (no buffer object
+            // and NULL client pointer). GL keeps such attribs latently enabled, but Adreno's ES
+            // driver treats them as client arrays and memcpys from address 0 at draw time
+            // (SIGSEGV), so they are kept disabled on the backend VAO until they gain a source.
+            Uint32 m_forceDisabledAttribsMask = 0;
             Bool m_isInitialized = false;
             Uint16 m_syncedIndexBufferVersion = 0;
             Array<MG_State::GLState::VertexAttributeVersion, MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS>

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Utils.cpp

@@ -342,6 +342,41 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             }
             return result;
         }
+
+        String RemoveClipDistanceRedeclaration(const String& glslCode) {
+#ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
+            ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
+#endif
+            // Adreno rejects any redeclaration of gl_ClipDistance/gl_CullDistance ("reserved
+            // built-in name") even with GL_EXT_clip_cull_distance required, but accepts plain
+            // usage of the builtin. Drop the desktop-style redeclaration line SPIRV-Cross
+            // prints; the "#extension GL_EXT_clip_cull_distance : require" line stays.
+            static const std::regex redeclarationRegex(
+                R"(^\s*(?:out|in)\s+(?:(?:high|medium|low)p\s+)?float\s+gl_(?:Clip|Cull)Distance\[[0-9]+\];\s*$)");
+
+            String result;
+            result.reserve(glslCode.size());
+            SizeT lineStart = 0;
+            Bool firstLine = true;
+            while (lineStart <= glslCode.size()) {
+                SizeT lineEnd = glslCode.find('\n', lineStart);
+                const Bool lastLine = lineEnd == String::npos;
+                String line = glslCode.substr(lineStart, lastLine ? String::npos : lineEnd - lineStart);
+
+                if (!std::regex_match(line, redeclarationRegex)) {
+                    if (!firstLine) {
+                        result += '\n';
+                    }
+                    result += line;
+                    firstLine = false;
+                }
+                if (lastLine) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                lineStart = lineEnd + 1;
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
     } // namespace PrgramImpl
 
     namespace Utils {

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Utils.h

@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                                         Uint32 unormOutputMask);
         String ForceFlatIntegerVaryings(const String& glslCode, GLenum shaderType);
         String RemoveLayoutBinding(const String& glslCode);
+        String RemoveClipDistanceRedeclaration(const String& glslCode);
     } // namespace PrgramImpl
 
     namespace Utils {

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/BackendObject_DirectVulkan.cpp

@@ -411,8 +411,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         }
         if (!handle.Handle || (handle.Backend != WindowBackend::Android &&
                                handle.Backend != WindowBackend::X11 &&
-                               handle.Backend != WindowBackend::MetalLayer)) {
+                               handle.Backend != WindowBackend::MetalLayer &&
-            MGLOG_E("DirectVulkan backend only supports Android, X11, and CAMetalLayer native windows");
+                               handle.Backend != WindowBackend::Win32)) {
+            MGLOG_E("DirectVulkan backend only supports Android, X11, CAMetalLayer, and Win32 native windows");
             return false;
         }
 

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/DirectVulkan.cpp

@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@
 #include <spirv_reflect.h>
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
-    UniquePtr<VulkanRenderer> pVulkanRenderer = nullptr;
+    // Leak-at-exit storage; see GlobalObjects.cpp.
+    UniquePtr<VulkanRenderer>& pVulkanRenderer = *new UniquePtr<VulkanRenderer>();
 
     namespace {
         // Generation of the live VulkanRenderer instance, mirroring

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/DirectVulkan.h

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 #include "Renderer/VulkanRenderer.h"
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
-    extern UniquePtr<VulkanRenderer> pVulkanRenderer;
+    extern UniquePtr<VulkanRenderer>& pVulkanRenderer;
 
     // Generation of the live VulkanRenderer instance, mirroring DirectGLES's
     // g_syncContextGeneration. BackendObject_DirectVulkan bumps it wherever

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VulkanRenderer.cpp

@@ -2528,15 +2528,23 @@ void main() {
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(m_vertexInputStateFactory != nullptr, "VertexInputStateFactory creation failed.");
 
         // Prime the first frame so Render() always targets an acquired swapchain image.
-        VkResult acquireResult =
+        // A zero-area window (GLFW's hidden helper window during the WGL bootstrap, or a
-            m_frameContext.WaitAndAcquireNextImage(m_device, m_swapchainObject.GetHandle(), m_imageIndexAcquired);
+        // window that is already minimized) legitimately yields no swapchain here; defer
-        if (acquireResult == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || acquireResult == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
+        // the first acquire to Present in that case instead of acquiring from a null
-            MGLOG_D("Initialize, vkAcquireNextImageKHR got %d, recreating swapchain", acquireResult);
+        // swapchain handle.
-            RecreateSwapchain();
+        if (m_swapchainObject.GetHandle() != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-            acquireResult =
+            VkResult acquireResult =
                 m_frameContext.WaitAndAcquireNextImage(m_device, m_swapchainObject.GetHandle(), m_imageIndexAcquired);
+            if (acquireResult == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || acquireResult == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
+                MGLOG_D("Initialize, vkAcquireNextImageKHR got %d, recreating swapchain", acquireResult);
+                RecreateSwapchain();
+                acquireResult =
+                    m_frameContext.WaitAndAcquireNextImage(m_device, m_swapchainObject.GetHandle(), m_imageIndexAcquired);
+            }
+            VK_VERIFY(acquireResult, "Initialize, WaitAndAcquireNextImage");
+        } else {
+            MGLOG_W("DirectVulkan: no swapchain at initialization (zero-area window); deferring first acquire");
         }
-        VK_VERIFY(acquireResult, "Initialize, WaitAndAcquireNextImage");
         m_textureManager->BeginFrame(m_frameContext.GetCurrentFrameIndex());
         m_bufferManager.BeginFrame(m_frameContext.GetCurrentFrameIndex());
         m_convertedVertexStreams.clear();
@@ -7353,6 +7361,33 @@ void main() {
     }
 
     void VulkanRenderer::Present() {
+        if (m_swapchainObject.GetHandle() == VK_NULL_HANDLE || m_presentSuspended) {
+            // No usable swapchain: the window was zero-area at initialization, or
+            // presentation was suspended when the window minimized. Try to bring a
+            // swapchain up now that the window may have a real size; until then, drop
+            // this frame's recording instead of submitting - a submit would wait on a
+            // never-signaled acquire semaphore and reuse a still-signaled fence.
+            if (!RecreateSwapchain()) {
+                auto& suspendedFrame = m_frameContext.GetCurrent();
+                if (VkRenderPassManager::GetActiveRenderPass()) {
+                    VkRenderPassManager::EndRenderPass(suspendedFrame.commandBuffer);
+                }
+                if (suspendedFrame.isCommandRecording) {
+                    m_frameContext.EndCommandRecording();
+                }
+                suspendedFrame.isCommandRecording = false;
+                suspendedFrame.hasCommandBufferRecorded = false;
+                m_lastPipelineValid = false;
+                MGLOG_D("Present skipped: no usable swapchain (zero-area window)");
+                return;
+            }
+            m_presentSuspended = false;
+            const VkResult acquireResult =
+                m_frameContext.WaitAndAcquireNextImage(m_device, m_swapchainObject.GetHandle(), m_imageIndexAcquired);
+            if (acquireResult != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
+                VK_VERIFY(acquireResult, "Present, deferred first WaitAndAcquireNextImage");
+            }
+        }
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(m_imageIndexAcquired < m_swapchainObject.GetImageCount(),
                         "Present, acquired image index out of range");
         m_renderPassManager->OnPresent();
@@ -7386,14 +7421,26 @@ void main() {
         auto result = vkQueuePresentKHR(m_presentQueue, &presentPacket.presentInfo);
         if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
             MGLOG_D("Present, vkQueuePresentKHR got %d, recreating swapchain", result);
-            RecreateSwapchain();
+            if (!RecreateSwapchain()) {
+                // Window went zero-area (minimize) with the swapchain out of date:
+                // stop submitting/acquiring until it has a size again.
+                m_presentSuspended = true;
+                m_swapchainResizeRequested = false;
+                MGLOG_D("Present, zero-area window with out-of-date swapchain; suspending presentation");
+                return;
+            }
             m_swapchainResizeRequested = false;
             result = VK_SUCCESS;
         }
         VK_VERIFY(result, "Present, vkQueuePresentKHR");
         if (m_swapchainResizeRequested) {
             MGLOG_D("Present, processing requested swapchain resize");
-            RecreateSwapchain();
+            if (!RecreateSwapchain()) {
+                m_presentSuspended = true;
+                m_swapchainResizeRequested = false;
+                MGLOG_D("Present, zero-area window on requested resize; suspending presentation");
+                return;
+            }
             m_swapchainResizeRequested = false;
         }
 
@@ -7404,7 +7451,12 @@ void main() {
         result = m_frameContext.WaitAndAcquireNextImage(m_device, m_swapchainObject.GetHandle(), m_imageIndexAcquired);
         if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
             MGLOG_D("Present, vkAcquireNextImageKHR got %d, recreating swapchain", result);
-            RecreateSwapchain();
+            if (!RecreateSwapchain()) {
+                m_presentSuspended = true;
+                m_swapchainResizeRequested = false;
+                MGLOG_D("Present, zero-area window on next-frame acquire; suspending presentation");
+                return;
+            }
             m_swapchainResizeRequested = false;
             result =
                 m_frameContext.WaitAndAcquireNextImage(m_device, m_swapchainObject.GetHandle(), m_imageIndexAcquired);
@@ -8056,6 +8108,7 @@ void main() {
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(hwnd, "HWND is null");
 
         VkWin32SurfaceCreateInfoKHR sci{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WIN32_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR};
+        sci.hinstance = GetModuleHandleW(nullptr);
         sci.hwnd = hwnd;
         VK_VERIFY(vkCreateWin32SurfaceKHR(m_instance, &sci, nullptr, &m_surface), "vkCreateWin32SurfaceKHR failed");
 #elif defined VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT
@@ -8217,13 +8270,13 @@ void main() {
         m_swapchainObject.Shutdown(m_device);
     }
 
-    void VulkanRenderer::RecreateSwapchain() {
+    Bool VulkanRenderer::RecreateSwapchain() {
         // Handle cases like minimize on Windows, where swapchain could return a 0x0 extent
         const auto swapchainCapabilities =
             SwapchainObject::GetSwapchainCapabilities(m_physicalDevice.handle, m_surface);
         if (swapchainCapabilities.capabilities.currentExtent.width == 0 ||
             swapchainCapabilities.capabilities.currentExtent.height == 0) {
-            return;
+            return false;
         }
 
         vkDeviceWaitIdle(m_device);
@@ -8267,6 +8320,7 @@ void main() {
             m_bufferManager.BeginFrame(m_frameContext.GetCurrentFrameIndex());
             m_convertedVertexStreams.clear();
         }
+        return true;
     }
 
     const PhysicalDevice& VulkanRenderer::GetPhysicalDevice() const {

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VulkanRenderer.h

@@ -257,7 +257,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         Uint64 GetTimerQueryTimestampNs(const VkTimerQueryManager::TimestampRecord& record) const;
 
         void RequestSwapchainResize(Uint32 width, Uint32 height);
-        void RecreateSwapchain();
+        // Returns false when the surface is zero-area (minimized/hidden window):
+        // no new swapchain is installed and presentation must stay suspended.
+        Bool RecreateSwapchain();
 
     private:
         struct BlitUniformData {
@@ -355,6 +357,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         void* m_platformCloseDisplay = nullptr;
         VulkanRendererConfig m_config;
         Bool m_swapchainResizeRequested = false;
+        // Presentation is suspended while the window is zero-area (minimized): the
+        // swapchain is unusable/out of date, so Present drops frames instead of
+        // submitting on a signaled fence / presenting never-acquired images.
+        Bool m_presentSuspended = false;
 
         // Vulkan objects
         Bool m_validationLayersEnabled = false;

MobileGL/MG_Impl/EGLImpl/EGLImpl.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 #include "EGLImpl.h"
 #include "../GetProcAddress.h"
+#include <Init.h>
 #include <MG_Backend/BackendObjects.h>
 #include <MG_State/EGLState/Core.h>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -25,6 +26,17 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
             return MG_State::pEGLContext.get();
         }
 
+        // Entry points that can legitimately be an application's FIRST EGL
+        // call (display/proc-address/string queries) lazily bring MobileGL
+        // up here, so the library needs no static constructor and can
+        // re-initialize after the last eglTerminate tore everything down.
+        // Teardown-ish entry points keep using GetState() and fail benignly
+        // when MobileGL is not initialized.
+        EGLStateContext* GetStateEnsureInitialized() {
+            MobileGL::EnsureInitialized();
+            return GetState();
+        }
+
         MG_Backend::BackendObject* GetBackendObject(EGLStateContext* state) {
             auto* backendObject = MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject.get();
             if (!backendObject && state) {
@@ -49,6 +61,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
             return MG_Backend::WindowBackend::Android;
 #elif defined(__APPLE__)
             return MG_Backend::WindowBackend::MetalLayer;
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+            return MG_Backend::WindowBackend::Win32;
 #elif defined(__linux__)
             return MG_Backend::WindowBackend::X11;
 #else
@@ -187,7 +201,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
     }
 
     EGLBoolean Initialize(EGLDisplay dpy, EGLint* major, EGLint* minor) {
-        auto* state = GetState();
+        auto* state = GetStateEnsureInitialized();
         if (!state) {
             return EGL_FALSE;
         }
@@ -208,7 +222,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
     }
 
     EGLDisplay GetDisplay(NativeDisplayType display) {
-        auto* state = GetState();
+        auto* state = GetStateEnsureInitialized();
         if (!state) {
             return EGL_NO_DISPLAY;
         }
@@ -313,6 +327,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
         if (auto* backendObject = MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject.get()) {
             backendObject->ReleaseEGLResources();
         }
+        // The last initialized display is gone and nothing is current on any
+        // thread: tear the whole library down deterministically inside the
+        // EGL lifecycle (backend, GL/EGL state, glslang). A later EGL call
+        // re-initializes lazily via GetStateEnsureInitialized(); process exit
+        // then has nothing left to destroy.
+        if (!state->HasAnyInitializedDisplay() && !state->HasAnyCurrentContext()) {
+            MobileGL::Destroy();
+        }
         return EGL_TRUE;
     }
 
@@ -345,7 +367,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
     }
 
     EGLBoolean BindAPI(EGLenum api) {
-        auto* state = GetState();
+        auto* state = GetStateEnsureInitialized();
         if (!state) {
             return EGL_FALSE;
         }
@@ -378,7 +400,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
     }
 
     char const* QueryString(EGLDisplay display, EGLint name) {
-        auto* state = GetState();
+        auto* state = GetStateEnsureInitialized();
         if (!state) {
             return nullptr;
         }
@@ -641,7 +663,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
     EGLDisplay GetPlatformDisplay(EGLenum platform, void* native_display, const EGLAttrib* attrib_list) {
         (void)attrib_list;
 
-        auto* state = GetState();
+        auto* state = GetStateEnsureInitialized();
         if (!state) {
             return EGL_NO_DISPLAY;
         }
@@ -737,6 +759,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
         if (!name) {
             return nullptr;
         }
+        MobileGL::EnsureInitialized();
 
         MGLOG_D("eglGetProcAddress(%s)", name);
         void* proc = MG_Impl::GetProcAddress(name);

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Framebuffer/GL_Framebuffer.cpp

@@ -2144,6 +2144,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     }
 
     namespace FramebufferImpl {
-        UniquePtr<DefaultFramebufferInfo> pDefaultFramebufferInfo;
+        // Leak-at-exit storage; see GlobalObjects.cpp.
+        UniquePtr<DefaultFramebufferInfo>& pDefaultFramebufferInfo = *new UniquePtr<DefaultFramebufferInfo>();
     } // namespace FramebufferImpl
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Framebuffer/GL_Framebuffer.h

@@ -78,6 +78,6 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject> stencilAttachment;
         };
 
-        extern UniquePtr<DefaultFramebufferInfo> pDefaultFramebufferInfo;
+        extern UniquePtr<DefaultFramebufferInfo>& pDefaultFramebufferInfo;
     } // namespace FramebufferImpl
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Texture/ProxyTexture.cpp

@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@
 #include <MG_State/GLState/TextureState/TextureObjectStubs.h>
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::TextureImpl {
-    UniquePtr<ProxyTextureManager> pProxyTextureManager;
+    // Leak-at-exit storage; see GlobalObjects.cpp.
+    UniquePtr<ProxyTextureManager>& pProxyTextureManager = *new UniquePtr<ProxyTextureManager>();
 
     Bool IsProxyTextureTarget(TextureUploadTarget target) {
         switch (target) {

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Texture/ProxyTexture.h

@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::TextureImpl {
         UnorderedMap<TextureUploadTarget, SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>> m_proxyTexturesMap;
     };
 
-    extern UniquePtr<ProxyTextureManager> pProxyTextureManager;
+    extern UniquePtr<ProxyTextureManager>& pProxyTextureManager;
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::TextureImpl

MobileGL/MG_Impl/WGLImpl/Exporting/Definitions.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Impl/WGLImpl/Exporting/Definitions.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+// wingdi.h declares most wgl* entry points as WINGDIAPI (__declspec(dllimport)),
+// which would reject our definitions. _GDI32_ is the SDK's "I am the module that
+// implements these" switch: it turns WINGDIAPI into a plain declaration. It must
+// be defined before the first windows.h inclusion in this translation unit.
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_GDI32_)
+#define _GDI32_ 1
+#endif
+
+#include <Includes.h>
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#include "../WGLImpl.h"
+
+namespace WGL = MobileGL::MG_Impl::WGLImpl;
+
+// ---- Pixel-format entry points (gdi32 forwards ChoosePixelFormat/SetPixelFormat/
+// ---- DescribePixelFormat/GetPixelFormat/SwapBuffers into these exports) ----
+
+extern "C" int WINAPI wglChoosePixelFormat(HDC hdc, CONST PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR* ppfd) {
+    return WGL::ChoosePixelFormat(hdc, ppfd);
+}
+
+extern "C" int WINAPI wglDescribePixelFormat(HDC hdc, int iPixelFormat, UINT nBytes,
+                                                   LPPIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR ppfd) {
+    return WGL::DescribePixelFormat(hdc, iPixelFormat, nBytes, ppfd);
+}
+
+extern "C" int WINAPI wglGetPixelFormat(HDC hdc) {
+    return WGL::GetPixelFormat(hdc);
+}
+
+extern "C" BOOL WINAPI wglSetPixelFormat(HDC hdc, int iPixelFormat, CONST PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR* ppfd) {
+    return WGL::SetPixelFormat(hdc, iPixelFormat, ppfd);
+}
+
+extern "C" BOOL WINAPI wglSwapBuffers(HDC hdc) {
+    return WGL::SwapBuffers(hdc);
+}
+
+// ---- Context management ----
+
+extern "C" HGLRC WINAPI wglCreateContext(HDC hdc) {
+    return WGL::CreateContext(hdc);
+}
+
+extern "C" HGLRC WINAPI wglCreateLayerContext(HDC hdc, int iLayerPlane) {
+    return iLayerPlane == 0 ? WGL::CreateContext(hdc) : nullptr;
+}
+
+extern "C" BOOL WINAPI wglCopyContext(HGLRC, HGLRC, UINT) {
+    MGLOG_W("wglCopyContext is not supported");
+    SetLastError(ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED);
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+extern "C" BOOL WINAPI wglDeleteContext(HGLRC hglrc) {
+    return WGL::DeleteContext(hglrc);
+}
+
+extern "C" HGLRC WINAPI wglGetCurrentContext(VOID) {
+    return WGL::GetCurrentContext();
+}
+
+extern "C" HDC WINAPI wglGetCurrentDC(VOID) {
+    return WGL::GetCurrentDC();
+}
+
+extern "C" BOOL WINAPI wglMakeCurrent(HDC hdc, HGLRC hglrc) {
+    return WGL::MakeCurrent(hdc, hglrc);
+}
+
+extern "C" BOOL WINAPI wglShareLists(HGLRC hglrcShare, HGLRC hglrcDest) {
+    return WGL::ShareLists(hglrcShare, hglrcDest);
+}
+
+// ---- Proc address ----
+
+extern "C" PROC WINAPI wglGetProcAddress(LPCSTR lpszProc) {
+    return WGL::GetProcAddress(lpszProc);
+}
+
+extern "C" PROC WINAPI wglGetDefaultProcAddress(LPCSTR lpszProc) {
+    return WGL::GetProcAddress(lpszProc);
+}
+
+// ---- Layer planes and palettes (unsupported; overlay planes do not exist here) ----
+
+extern "C" BOOL WINAPI wglDescribeLayerPlane(HDC, int, int, UINT, LPLAYERPLANEDESCRIPTOR) {
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+extern "C" int WINAPI wglSetLayerPaletteEntries(HDC, int, int, int, CONST COLORREF*) {
+    return 0;
+}
+
+extern "C" int WINAPI wglGetLayerPaletteEntries(HDC, int, int, int, COLORREF*) {
+    return 0;
+}
+
+extern "C" BOOL WINAPI wglRealizeLayerPalette(HDC, int, BOOL) {
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+extern "C" BOOL WINAPI wglSwapLayerBuffers(HDC hdc, UINT fuPlanes) {
+    if (fuPlanes & WGL_SWAP_MAIN_PLANE) {
+        return WGL::SwapBuffers(hdc);
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+extern "C" DWORD WINAPI wglSwapMultipleBuffers(UINT n, CONST WGLSWAP* ps) {
+    if (!ps) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    DWORD swapped = 0;
+    for (UINT i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+        if (WGL::SwapBuffers(ps[i].hdc)) {
+            ++swapped;
+        }
+    }
+    return swapped;
+}
+
+// ---- Font rendering (legacy immediate-mode feature; not supported) ----
+
+extern "C" BOOL WINAPI wglUseFontBitmapsA(HDC, DWORD, DWORD, DWORD) {
+    MGLOG_W("wglUseFontBitmapsA is not supported");
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+extern "C" BOOL WINAPI wglUseFontBitmapsW(HDC, DWORD, DWORD, DWORD) {
+    MGLOG_W("wglUseFontBitmapsW is not supported");
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+extern "C" BOOL WINAPI wglUseFontOutlinesA(HDC, DWORD, DWORD, DWORD, FLOAT, FLOAT, int,
+                                                 LPGLYPHMETRICSFLOAT) {
+    MGLOG_W("wglUseFontOutlinesA is not supported");
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+extern "C" BOOL WINAPI wglUseFontOutlinesW(HDC, DWORD, DWORD, DWORD, FLOAT, FLOAT, int,
+                                                 LPGLYPHMETRICSFLOAT) {
+    MGLOG_W("wglUseFontOutlinesW is not supported");
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+#endif // _WIN32

MobileGL/MG_Impl/WGLImpl/Exporting/wgl.def

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+; MobileGL WGL exports. The wgl* entry points are defined without
+; __declspec(dllexport) because wingdi.h pre-declares them (with _GDI32_ they
+; become plain declarations, and MSVC rejects adding dllexport afterwards),
+; so this .def file is what actually exports them from the DLL.
+EXPORTS
+    wglChoosePixelFormat
+    wglCopyContext
+    wglCreateContext
+    wglCreateLayerContext
+    wglDeleteContext
+    wglDescribeLayerPlane
+    wglDescribePixelFormat
+    wglGetCurrentContext
+    wglGetCurrentDC
+    wglGetDefaultProcAddress
+    wglGetLayerPaletteEntries
+    wglGetPixelFormat
+    wglGetProcAddress
+    wglMakeCurrent
+    wglRealizeLayerPalette
+    wglSetLayerPaletteEntries
+    wglSetPixelFormat
+    wglShareLists
+    wglSwapBuffers
+    wglSwapLayerBuffers
+    wglSwapMultipleBuffers
+    wglUseFontBitmapsA
+    wglUseFontBitmapsW
+    wglUseFontOutlinesA
+    wglUseFontOutlinesW

MobileGL/MG_Impl/WGLImpl/WGLImpl.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,732 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Impl/WGLImpl/WGLImpl.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#include "WGLImpl.h"
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#include "../EGLImpl/EGLImpl.h"
+#include "../GetProcAddress.h"
+#include <Init.h>
+
+namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::WGLImpl {
+    namespace {
+        // WGL_ARB_pixel_format
+        constexpr int WGL_NUMBER_PIXEL_FORMATS_ARB = 0x2000;
+        constexpr int WGL_DRAW_TO_WINDOW_ARB = 0x2001;
+        constexpr int WGL_DRAW_TO_BITMAP_ARB = 0x2002;
+        constexpr int WGL_ACCELERATION_ARB = 0x2003;
+        constexpr int WGL_NEED_PALETTE_ARB = 0x2004;
+        constexpr int WGL_NEED_SYSTEM_PALETTE_ARB = 0x2005;
+        constexpr int WGL_SWAP_LAYER_BUFFERS_ARB = 0x2006;
+        constexpr int WGL_SWAP_METHOD_ARB = 0x2007;
+        constexpr int WGL_NUMBER_OVERLAYS_ARB = 0x2008;
+        constexpr int WGL_NUMBER_UNDERLAYS_ARB = 0x2009;
+        constexpr int WGL_TRANSPARENT_ARB = 0x200A;
+        constexpr int WGL_SHARE_DEPTH_ARB = 0x200C;
+        constexpr int WGL_SHARE_STENCIL_ARB = 0x200D;
+        constexpr int WGL_SHARE_ACCUM_ARB = 0x200E;
+        constexpr int WGL_SUPPORT_GDI_ARB = 0x200F;
+        constexpr int WGL_SUPPORT_OPENGL_ARB = 0x2010;
+        constexpr int WGL_DOUBLE_BUFFER_ARB = 0x2011;
+        constexpr int WGL_STEREO_ARB = 0x2012;
+        constexpr int WGL_PIXEL_TYPE_ARB = 0x2013;
+        constexpr int WGL_COLOR_BITS_ARB = 0x2014;
+        constexpr int WGL_RED_BITS_ARB = 0x2015;
+        constexpr int WGL_RED_SHIFT_ARB = 0x2016;
+        constexpr int WGL_GREEN_BITS_ARB = 0x2017;
+        constexpr int WGL_GREEN_SHIFT_ARB = 0x2018;
+        constexpr int WGL_BLUE_BITS_ARB = 0x2019;
+        constexpr int WGL_BLUE_SHIFT_ARB = 0x201A;
+        constexpr int WGL_ALPHA_BITS_ARB = 0x201B;
+        constexpr int WGL_ALPHA_SHIFT_ARB = 0x201C;
+        constexpr int WGL_ACCUM_BITS_ARB = 0x201D;
+        constexpr int WGL_ACCUM_RED_BITS_ARB = 0x201E;
+        constexpr int WGL_ACCUM_GREEN_BITS_ARB = 0x201F;
+        constexpr int WGL_ACCUM_BLUE_BITS_ARB = 0x2020;
+        constexpr int WGL_ACCUM_ALPHA_BITS_ARB = 0x2021;
+        constexpr int WGL_DEPTH_BITS_ARB = 0x2022;
+        constexpr int WGL_STENCIL_BITS_ARB = 0x2023;
+        constexpr int WGL_AUX_BUFFERS_ARB = 0x2024;
+        constexpr int WGL_NO_ACCELERATION_ARB = 0x2025;
+        constexpr int WGL_FULL_ACCELERATION_ARB = 0x2027;
+        constexpr int WGL_SWAP_EXCHANGE_ARB = 0x2028;
+        constexpr int WGL_TYPE_RGBA_ARB = 0x202B;
+        // WGL_ARB_multisample
+        constexpr int WGL_SAMPLE_BUFFERS_ARB = 0x2041;
+        constexpr int WGL_SAMPLES_ARB = 0x2042;
+        // WGL_ARB_create_context / _profile / _no_error
+        constexpr int WGL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB = 0x2091;
+        constexpr int WGL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB = 0x2092;
+        constexpr int WGL_CONTEXT_LAYER_PLANE_ARB = 0x2093;
+        constexpr int WGL_CONTEXT_FLAGS_ARB = 0x2094;
+        constexpr int WGL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK_ARB = 0x9126;
+        constexpr int WGL_CONTEXT_DEBUG_BIT_ARB = 0x0001;
+        constexpr int WGL_CONTEXT_FORWARD_COMPATIBLE_BIT_ARB = 0x0002;
+        constexpr int WGL_CONTEXT_CORE_PROFILE_BIT_ARB = 0x00000001;
+        constexpr int WGL_CONTEXT_COMPATIBILITY_PROFILE_BIT_ARB = 0x00000002;
+        constexpr int WGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_NO_ERROR_ARB = 0x31B3;
+        constexpr DWORD ERROR_INVALID_VERSION_ARB = 0x2095;
+        constexpr DWORD ERROR_INVALID_PROFILE_ARB = 0x2096;
+
+        struct PixelFormatInfo {
+            GLint AlphaBits;
+            GLint DepthBits;
+            GLint StencilBits;
+        };
+
+        // Mirrors the two EGLState configs (RGBA8 + depth24, stencil 8 / stencil 0).
+        constexpr PixelFormatInfo kPixelFormats[] = {
+            {8, 24, 8},
+            {8, 24, 0},
+        };
+        constexpr int kPixelFormatCount = static_cast<int>(std::size(kPixelFormats));
+
+        struct ContextObject {
+            EGLDisplay Display = EGL_NO_DISPLAY;
+            EGLConfig Config = nullptr;
+            EGLContext Context = EGL_NO_CONTEXT;
+        };
+
+        struct WindowSurface {
+            EGLDisplay Display = EGL_NO_DISPLAY;
+            EGLSurface Surface = EGL_NO_SURFACE;
+            Uint32 Width = 0;
+            Uint32 Height = 0;
+        };
+
+        std::recursive_mutex& RegistryMutex() {
+            static auto* mutex = new std::recursive_mutex();
+            return *mutex;
+        }
+
+        UnorderedMap<HGLRC, ContextObject>& Contexts() {
+            static auto* contexts = new UnorderedMap<HGLRC, ContextObject>();
+            return *contexts;
+        }
+
+        UnorderedMap<HWND, WindowSurface>& WindowSurfaces() {
+            static auto* surfaces = new UnorderedMap<HWND, WindowSurface>();
+            return *surfaces;
+        }
+
+        UnorderedMap<HWND, int>& WindowPixelFormats() {
+            static auto* formats = new UnorderedMap<HWND, int>();
+            return *formats;
+        }
+
+        Uint64& NextContextHandle() {
+            static auto* handle = new Uint64(0x10000);
+            return *handle;
+        }
+
+        struct ThreadCurrent {
+            HDC DC = nullptr;
+            HGLRC Context = nullptr;
+        };
+        thread_local ThreadCurrent t_current;
+
+        Int& SwapIntervalShadow() {
+            static auto* interval = new Int(1);
+            return *interval;
+        }
+
+        void EnsureInitialized() {
+            // Initialize() loads backend libraries and glslang, which must not run
+            // under the loader lock; first WGL call is the earliest safe moment.
+            // MobileGL::EnsureInitialized (not a local once_flag) so a fresh init
+            // can follow a full teardown from the last eglTerminate.
+            MobileGL::EnsureInitialized();
+        }
+
+        EGLDisplay EnsureDisplay() {
+            EnsureInitialized();
+            EGLDisplay display = EGLImpl::GetDisplay(EGL_DEFAULT_DISPLAY);
+            if (display == EGL_NO_DISPLAY) {
+                return EGL_NO_DISPLAY;
+            }
+            if (!EGLImpl::Initialize(display, nullptr, nullptr)) {
+                return EGL_NO_DISPLAY;
+            }
+            return display;
+        }
+
+        HGLRC EncodeContext(Uint64 handle) {
+            return reinterpret_cast<HGLRC>(static_cast<SizeT>(handle));
+        }
+
+        ContextObject* TryGetContext(HGLRC hglrc) {
+            auto& contexts = Contexts();
+            auto it = contexts.find(hglrc);
+            return it == contexts.end() ? nullptr : &it->second;
+        }
+
+        const PixelFormatInfo& PixelFormatForWindow(HWND hwnd) {
+            auto& formats = WindowPixelFormats();
+            auto it = formats.find(hwnd);
+            int index = it == formats.end() ? 1 : it->second;
+            if (index < 1 || index > kPixelFormatCount) {
+                index = 1;
+            }
+            return kPixelFormats[index - 1];
+        }
+
+        Bool QueryClientSize(HWND hwnd, Uint32& width, Uint32& height) {
+            RECT rect{};
+            if (!GetClientRect(hwnd, &rect)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            width = static_cast<Uint32>(std::max<LONG>(rect.right - rect.left, 1));
+            height = static_cast<Uint32>(std::max<LONG>(rect.bottom - rect.top, 1));
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // The backends never query the HWND client size themselves; the WGL layer
+        // owns size discovery and pushes changes through the internal resize hook
+        // (same contract as the macOS CGL layer).
+        void SyncSurfaceSize(HWND hwnd, WindowSurface& surface) {
+            Uint32 width = 0;
+            Uint32 height = 0;
+            if (!QueryClientSize(hwnd, width, height)) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (width == surface.Width && height == surface.Height) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (EGLImpl::ResizePlatformWindowSurface(surface.Display, surface.Surface,
+                                                     static_cast<EGLint>(width), static_cast<EGLint>(height))) {
+                surface.Width = width;
+                surface.Height = height;
+            }
+        }
+
+        WindowSurface* EnsureWindowSurface(HWND hwnd, const ContextObject& context) {
+            auto& surfaces = WindowSurfaces();
+            auto it = surfaces.find(hwnd);
+            if (it != surfaces.end()) {
+                SyncSurfaceSize(hwnd, it->second);
+                return &it->second;
+            }
+
+            Uint32 width = 0;
+            Uint32 height = 0;
+            if (!QueryClientSize(hwnd, width, height)) {
+                MGLOG_E("wgl: GetClientRect failed for HWND %p", hwnd);
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+
+            const EGLAttrib attribs[] = {
+                EGL_WIDTH, static_cast<EGLAttrib>(width),
+                EGL_HEIGHT, static_cast<EGLAttrib>(height),
+                EGL_NONE,
+            };
+            EGLSurface surface =
+                EGLImpl::CreatePlatformWindowSurface(context.Display, context.Config, hwnd, attribs);
+            if (surface == EGL_NO_SURFACE) {
+                MGLOG_E("wgl: failed to create window surface for HWND %p (%ux%u)", hwnd, width, height);
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+
+            WindowSurface record;
+            record.Display = context.Display;
+            record.Surface = surface;
+            record.Width = width;
+            record.Height = height;
+            auto [inserted, _] = surfaces.emplace(hwnd, record);
+            return &inserted->second;
+        }
+
+        HGLRC CreateContextFromEGLAttribs(HDC hdc, HGLRC share, const EGLint* contextAttribs) {
+            const std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(RegistryMutex());
+            EGLDisplay display = EnsureDisplay();
+            if (display == EGL_NO_DISPLAY) {
+                MGLOG_E("wgl: no EGL display");
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            EGLImpl::BindAPI(EGL_OPENGL_API);
+
+            EGLContext shareContext = EGL_NO_CONTEXT;
+            if (share) {
+                auto* shareObject = TryGetContext(share);
+                if (!shareObject) {
+                    SetLastError(ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE);
+                    return nullptr;
+                }
+                shareContext = shareObject->Context;
+            }
+
+            HWND hwnd = WindowFromDC(hdc);
+            const PixelFormatInfo& pixelFormat = PixelFormatForWindow(hwnd);
+            const EGLint configAttribs[] = {
+                EGL_RED_SIZE, 8,
+                EGL_GREEN_SIZE, 8,
+                EGL_BLUE_SIZE, 8,
+                EGL_ALPHA_SIZE, pixelFormat.AlphaBits,
+                EGL_DEPTH_SIZE, pixelFormat.DepthBits,
+                EGL_STENCIL_SIZE, pixelFormat.StencilBits,
+                EGL_SURFACE_TYPE, EGL_WINDOW_BIT | EGL_PBUFFER_BIT,
+                EGL_RENDERABLE_TYPE, EGL_OPENGL_BIT,
+                EGL_NONE,
+            };
+            EGLConfig config = nullptr;
+            EGLint configCount = 0;
+            if (!EGLImpl::ChooseConfig(display, configAttribs, &config, 1, &configCount) || configCount <= 0) {
+                MGLOG_E("wgl: eglChooseConfig failed");
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+
+            EGLContext eglContext = EGLImpl::CreateContext(display, config, shareContext, contextAttribs);
+            if (eglContext == EGL_NO_CONTEXT) {
+                MGLOG_E("wgl: eglCreateContext failed");
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+
+            ContextObject object;
+            object.Display = display;
+            object.Config = config;
+            object.Context = eglContext;
+            const auto handle = EncodeContext(NextContextHandle()++);
+            Contexts()[handle] = object;
+            MGLOG_I("wgl: created context %p (EGL context %p)", handle, eglContext);
+            return handle;
+        }
+
+        // ---- WGL extension entry points (resolved via wglGetProcAddress only) ----
+
+        const char* WINAPI Ext_GetExtensionsStringARB(HDC) {
+            return "WGL_ARB_create_context WGL_ARB_create_context_no_error WGL_ARB_create_context_profile "
+                   "WGL_ARB_extensions_string WGL_ARB_pixel_format WGL_EXT_extensions_string WGL_EXT_swap_control";
+        }
+
+        const char* WINAPI Ext_GetExtensionsStringEXT() {
+            return Ext_GetExtensionsStringARB(nullptr);
+        }
+
+        HGLRC WINAPI Ext_CreateContextAttribsARB(HDC hdc, HGLRC hShareContext, const int* attribList) {
+            EnsureInitialized();
+            int major = 1;
+            int minor = 0;
+            int profileMask = 0;
+            int flags = 0;
+            if (attribList) {
+                for (SizeT i = 0; attribList[i] != 0; i += 2) {
+                    const int attrib = attribList[i];
+                    const int value = attribList[i + 1];
+                    switch (attrib) {
+                    case WGL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB:
+                        major = value;
+                        break;
+                    case WGL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB:
+                        minor = value;
+                        break;
+                    case WGL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK_ARB:
+                        profileMask = value;
+                        break;
+                    case WGL_CONTEXT_FLAGS_ARB:
+                        flags = value;
+                        break;
+                    case WGL_CONTEXT_LAYER_PLANE_ARB:
+                        if (value != 0) {
+                            SetLastError(ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
+                            return nullptr;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case WGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_NO_ERROR_ARB:
+                        // Accepted and ignored: MobileGL always validates.
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        MGLOG_D("wglCreateContextAttribsARB: ignoring attrib 0x%04x = 0x%x", attrib, value);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (major < 1 || (profileMask & ~(WGL_CONTEXT_CORE_PROFILE_BIT_ARB |
+                                              WGL_CONTEXT_COMPATIBILITY_PROFILE_BIT_ARB))) {
+                SetLastError(profileMask ? ERROR_INVALID_PROFILE_ARB : ERROR_INVALID_VERSION_ARB);
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+
+            Vector<EGLint> attribs = {
+                EGL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, major,
+                EGL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, minor,
+            };
+            const Bool wantsCompat = (profileMask & WGL_CONTEXT_COMPATIBILITY_PROFILE_BIT_ARB) != 0;
+            if (major > 3 || (major == 3 && minor >= 2) || profileMask != 0) {
+                attribs.push_back(EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_PROFILE_MASK);
+                attribs.push_back(wantsCompat ? EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_COMPATIBILITY_PROFILE_BIT
+                                              : EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE_BIT);
+            }
+            if (flags & WGL_CONTEXT_FORWARD_COMPATIBLE_BIT_ARB) {
+                attribs.push_back(EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPATIBLE);
+                attribs.push_back(EGL_TRUE);
+            }
+            if (flags & WGL_CONTEXT_DEBUG_BIT_ARB) {
+                attribs.push_back(EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_DEBUG);
+                attribs.push_back(EGL_TRUE);
+            }
+            attribs.push_back(EGL_NONE);
+
+            return CreateContextFromEGLAttribs(hdc, hShareContext, attribs.data());
+        }
+
+        BOOL WINAPI Ext_SwapIntervalEXT(int interval) {
+            const std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(RegistryMutex());
+            EGLDisplay display = EnsureDisplay();
+            if (display == EGL_NO_DISPLAY) {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            if (interval < 0) {
+                // Adaptive vsync is not supported; clamp to regular vsync.
+                interval = 1;
+            }
+            EGLImpl::SwapInterval(display, interval);
+            SwapIntervalShadow() = interval;
+            return TRUE;
+        }
+
+        int WINAPI Ext_GetSwapIntervalEXT() {
+            const std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(RegistryMutex());
+            return SwapIntervalShadow();
+        }
+
+        int PixelFormatAttribValue(int format, int attrib) {
+            const PixelFormatInfo& info = kPixelFormats[format - 1];
+            switch (attrib) {
+            case WGL_NUMBER_PIXEL_FORMATS_ARB:
+                return kPixelFormatCount;
+            case WGL_SUPPORT_OPENGL_ARB:
+            case WGL_DRAW_TO_WINDOW_ARB:
+            case WGL_DOUBLE_BUFFER_ARB:
+                return 1;
+            case WGL_ACCELERATION_ARB:
+                return WGL_FULL_ACCELERATION_ARB;
+            case WGL_PIXEL_TYPE_ARB:
+                return WGL_TYPE_RGBA_ARB;
+            case WGL_COLOR_BITS_ARB:
+                return 32;
+            case WGL_RED_BITS_ARB:
+            case WGL_GREEN_BITS_ARB:
+            case WGL_BLUE_BITS_ARB:
+                return 8;
+            case WGL_RED_SHIFT_ARB:
+                return 16;
+            case WGL_GREEN_SHIFT_ARB:
+                return 8;
+            case WGL_BLUE_SHIFT_ARB:
+                return 0;
+            case WGL_ALPHA_BITS_ARB:
+                return info.AlphaBits;
+            case WGL_ALPHA_SHIFT_ARB:
+                return 24;
+            case WGL_DEPTH_BITS_ARB:
+                return info.DepthBits;
+            case WGL_STENCIL_BITS_ARB:
+                return info.StencilBits;
+            case WGL_SWAP_METHOD_ARB:
+                return WGL_SWAP_EXCHANGE_ARB;
+            case WGL_DRAW_TO_BITMAP_ARB:
+            case WGL_NEED_PALETTE_ARB:
+            case WGL_NEED_SYSTEM_PALETTE_ARB:
+            case WGL_SWAP_LAYER_BUFFERS_ARB:
+            case WGL_NUMBER_OVERLAYS_ARB:
+            case WGL_NUMBER_UNDERLAYS_ARB:
+            case WGL_TRANSPARENT_ARB:
+            case WGL_SHARE_DEPTH_ARB:
+            case WGL_SHARE_STENCIL_ARB:
+            case WGL_SHARE_ACCUM_ARB:
+            case WGL_SUPPORT_GDI_ARB:
+            case WGL_STEREO_ARB:
+            case WGL_ACCUM_BITS_ARB:
+            case WGL_ACCUM_RED_BITS_ARB:
+            case WGL_ACCUM_GREEN_BITS_ARB:
+            case WGL_ACCUM_BLUE_BITS_ARB:
+            case WGL_ACCUM_ALPHA_BITS_ARB:
+            case WGL_AUX_BUFFERS_ARB:
+            case WGL_SAMPLE_BUFFERS_ARB:
+            case WGL_SAMPLES_ARB:
+            default:
+                return 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        BOOL WINAPI Ext_GetPixelFormatAttribivARB(HDC, int iPixelFormat, int iLayerPlane, UINT nAttributes,
+                                                  const int* piAttributes, int* piValues) {
+            if (iLayerPlane != 0 || !piAttributes || !piValues) {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            // Format 0 is only valid for WGL_NUMBER_PIXEL_FORMATS_ARB queries.
+            if (iPixelFormat < 0 || iPixelFormat > kPixelFormatCount) {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            const int format = iPixelFormat == 0 ? 1 : iPixelFormat;
+            for (UINT i = 0; i < nAttributes; ++i) {
+                piValues[i] = PixelFormatAttribValue(format, piAttributes[i]);
+            }
+            return TRUE;
+        }
+
+        BOOL WINAPI Ext_GetPixelFormatAttribfvARB(HDC hdc, int iPixelFormat, int iLayerPlane, UINT nAttributes,
+                                                  const int* piAttributes, FLOAT* pfValues) {
+            if (!pfValues) {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            Vector<int> values(nAttributes);
+            if (!Ext_GetPixelFormatAttribivARB(hdc, iPixelFormat, iLayerPlane, nAttributes, piAttributes,
+                                               values.data())) {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            for (UINT i = 0; i < nAttributes; ++i) {
+                pfValues[i] = static_cast<FLOAT>(values[i]);
+            }
+            return TRUE;
+        }
+
+        BOOL WINAPI Ext_ChoosePixelFormatARB(HDC, const int* piAttribIList, const FLOAT*, UINT nMaxFormats,
+                                             int* piFormats, UINT* nNumFormats) {
+            if (!piFormats || !nNumFormats) {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            int wantedStencil = 0;
+            if (piAttribIList) {
+                for (SizeT i = 0; piAttribIList[i] != 0; i += 2) {
+                    if (piAttribIList[i] == WGL_STENCIL_BITS_ARB) {
+                        wantedStencil = piAttribIList[i + 1];
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            UINT count = 0;
+            const int preferred = wantedStencil > 0 ? 1 : 2;
+            const int fallback = wantedStencil > 0 ? 2 : 1;
+            if (count < nMaxFormats) {
+                piFormats[count++] = preferred;
+            }
+            if (count < nMaxFormats) {
+                piFormats[count++] = fallback;
+            }
+            *nNumFormats = count;
+            return TRUE;
+        }
+
+        struct WGLExtensionProc {
+            const char* Name;
+            PROC Proc;
+        };
+
+        const WGLExtensionProc kWGLExtensionProcs[] = {
+            {"wglGetExtensionsStringARB", reinterpret_cast<PROC>(Ext_GetExtensionsStringARB)},
+            {"wglGetExtensionsStringEXT", reinterpret_cast<PROC>(Ext_GetExtensionsStringEXT)},
+            {"wglCreateContextAttribsARB", reinterpret_cast<PROC>(Ext_CreateContextAttribsARB)},
+            {"wglSwapIntervalEXT", reinterpret_cast<PROC>(Ext_SwapIntervalEXT)},
+            {"wglGetSwapIntervalEXT", reinterpret_cast<PROC>(Ext_GetSwapIntervalEXT)},
+            {"wglGetPixelFormatAttribivARB", reinterpret_cast<PROC>(Ext_GetPixelFormatAttribivARB)},
+            {"wglGetPixelFormatAttribfvARB", reinterpret_cast<PROC>(Ext_GetPixelFormatAttribfvARB)},
+            {"wglChoosePixelFormatARB", reinterpret_cast<PROC>(Ext_ChoosePixelFormatARB)},
+        };
+    } // namespace
+
+    int ChoosePixelFormat(HDC hdc, const PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR* pfd) {
+        EnsureInitialized();
+        MGLOG_D("wglChoosePixelFormat(hdc=%p)", hdc);
+        // Format 1 (RGBA8 + depth24/stencil8) satisfies every request; a format
+        // exceeding the asked-for capabilities is a legal ChoosePixelFormat answer.
+        (void)pfd;
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    int DescribePixelFormat(HDC hdc, int format, UINT size, PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR* pfd) {
+        EnsureInitialized();
+        MGLOG_D("wglDescribePixelFormat(hdc=%p, format=%d)", hdc, format);
+        if (!pfd) {
+            return kPixelFormatCount;
+        }
+        if (size < sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR) || format < 1 || format > kPixelFormatCount) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        const PixelFormatInfo& info = kPixelFormats[format - 1];
+        std::memset(pfd, 0, sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR));
+        pfd->nSize = sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR);
+        pfd->nVersion = 1;
+        pfd->dwFlags = PFD_DRAW_TO_WINDOW | PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL | PFD_DOUBLEBUFFER | PFD_SWAP_EXCHANGE
+#if defined(PFD_SUPPORT_COMPOSITION)
+                       | PFD_SUPPORT_COMPOSITION
+#endif
+            ;
+        pfd->iPixelType = PFD_TYPE_RGBA;
+        pfd->cColorBits = 32;
+        pfd->cRedBits = 8;
+        pfd->cRedShift = 16;
+        pfd->cGreenBits = 8;
+        pfd->cGreenShift = 8;
+        pfd->cBlueBits = 8;
+        pfd->cBlueShift = 0;
+        pfd->cAlphaBits = static_cast<BYTE>(info.AlphaBits);
+        pfd->cAlphaShift = 24;
+        pfd->cDepthBits = static_cast<BYTE>(info.DepthBits);
+        pfd->cStencilBits = static_cast<BYTE>(info.StencilBits);
+        pfd->iLayerType = PFD_MAIN_PLANE;
+        return kPixelFormatCount;
+    }
+
+    int GetPixelFormat(HDC hdc) {
+        EnsureInitialized();
+        HWND hwnd = WindowFromDC(hdc);
+        if (!hwnd) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        const std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(RegistryMutex());
+        auto& formats = WindowPixelFormats();
+        auto it = formats.find(hwnd);
+        return it == formats.end() ? 0 : it->second;
+    }
+
+    BOOL SetPixelFormat(HDC hdc, int format, const PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR*) {
+        EnsureInitialized();
+        MGLOG_D("wglSetPixelFormat(hdc=%p, format=%d)", hdc, format);
+        if (format < 1 || format > kPixelFormatCount) {
+            SetLastError(ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        HWND hwnd = WindowFromDC(hdc);
+        if (!hwnd) {
+            SetLastError(ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE);
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        const std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(RegistryMutex());
+        WindowPixelFormats()[hwnd] = format;
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    BOOL SwapBuffers(HDC hdc) {
+        HWND hwnd = WindowFromDC(hdc);
+        if (!hwnd) {
+            SetLastError(ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE);
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        const std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(RegistryMutex());
+        auto& surfaces = WindowSurfaces();
+        auto it = surfaces.find(hwnd);
+        if (it == surfaces.end()) {
+            MGLOG_W("wglSwapBuffers: no surface for HWND %p", hwnd);
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        SyncSurfaceSize(hwnd, it->second);
+        return EGLImpl::SwapBuffers(it->second.Display, it->second.Surface) == EGL_TRUE ? TRUE : FALSE;
+    }
+
+    HGLRC CreateContext(HDC hdc) {
+        EnsureInitialized();
+        MGLOG_I("wglCreateContext(hdc=%p)", hdc);
+        // A legacy WGL context is a compatibility-profile context; MobileGL keys
+        // its relaxed-semantics mode off the explicit compatibility bit.
+        const EGLint attribs[] = {
+            EGL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, 3,
+            EGL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, 3,
+            EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_PROFILE_MASK, EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_COMPATIBILITY_PROFILE_BIT,
+            EGL_NONE,
+        };
+        return CreateContextFromEGLAttribs(hdc, nullptr, attribs);
+    }
+
+    BOOL DeleteContext(HGLRC hglrc) {
+        EnsureInitialized();
+        MGLOG_I("wglDeleteContext(%p)", hglrc);
+        if (t_current.Context == hglrc) {
+            MakeCurrent(nullptr, nullptr);
+        }
+        const std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(RegistryMutex());
+        auto* object = TryGetContext(hglrc);
+        if (!object) {
+            SetLastError(ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE);
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        if (object->Context != EGL_NO_CONTEXT) {
+            EGLImpl::DestroyContext(object->Display, object->Context);
+        }
+        Contexts().erase(hglrc);
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    BOOL MakeCurrent(HDC hdc, HGLRC hglrc) {
+        EnsureInitialized();
+        MGLOG_D("wglMakeCurrent(hdc=%p, hglrc=%p)", hdc, hglrc);
+        if (!hglrc) {
+            if (!t_current.Context) {
+                t_current = {};
+                return TRUE;
+            }
+            const EGLBoolean released =
+                EGLImpl::MakeCurrent(EGL_NO_DISPLAY, EGL_NO_SURFACE, EGL_NO_SURFACE, EGL_NO_CONTEXT);
+            t_current = {};
+            return released == EGL_TRUE ? TRUE : FALSE;
+        }
+
+        HWND hwnd = WindowFromDC(hdc);
+        if (!hwnd) {
+            SetLastError(ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE);
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+
+        const std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(RegistryMutex());
+        auto* object = TryGetContext(hglrc);
+        if (!object) {
+            SetLastError(ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE);
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+
+        WindowSurface* surface = EnsureWindowSurface(hwnd, *object);
+        if (!surface) {
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+
+        if (!EGLImpl::MakeCurrent(object->Display, surface->Surface, surface->Surface, object->Context)) {
+            MGLOG_E("wglMakeCurrent: eglMakeCurrent failed (hdc=%p, hglrc=%p)", hdc, hglrc);
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        t_current = {hdc, hglrc};
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    HGLRC GetCurrentContext() {
+        return t_current.Context;
+    }
+
+    HDC GetCurrentDC() {
+        return t_current.DC;
+    }
+
+    BOOL ShareLists(HGLRC hglrcShare, HGLRC hglrcDest) {
+        // All MobileGL contexts alias one global GL object namespace, so every
+        // pair of contexts already shares.
+        const std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(RegistryMutex());
+        if (!TryGetContext(hglrcShare) || !TryGetContext(hglrcDest)) {
+            SetLastError(ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE);
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    PROC GetProcAddress(const char* name) {
+        EnsureInitialized();
+        if (!name) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        if (name[0] == 'w' && name[1] == 'g' && name[2] == 'l') {
+            for (const auto& entry : kWGLExtensionProcs) {
+                if (std::strcmp(entry.Name, name) == 0) {
+                    return entry.Proc;
+                }
+            }
+            MGLOG_D("wglGetProcAddress: unknown wgl entry point %s", name);
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        return reinterpret_cast<PROC>(MG_Impl::GetProcAddress(name));
+    }
+} // namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::WGLImpl
+
+#endif // _WIN32

MobileGL/MG_Impl/WGLImpl/WGLImpl.h

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Impl/WGLImpl/WGLImpl.h
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#pragma once
+#include <Includes.h>
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+
+namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::WGLImpl {
+    // Classic opengl32.dll surface. gdi32's ChoosePixelFormat/SetPixelFormat/
+    // DescribePixelFormat/GetPixelFormat/SwapBuffers forward into the loaded
+    // opengl32.dll's wgl* exports, so these back both call paths.
+    int ChoosePixelFormat(HDC hdc, const PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR* pfd);
+    int DescribePixelFormat(HDC hdc, int format, UINT size, PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR* pfd);
+    int GetPixelFormat(HDC hdc);
+    BOOL SetPixelFormat(HDC hdc, int format, const PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR* pfd);
+    BOOL SwapBuffers(HDC hdc);
+
+    HGLRC CreateContext(HDC hdc);
+    BOOL DeleteContext(HGLRC hglrc);
+    BOOL MakeCurrent(HDC hdc, HGLRC hglrc);
+    HGLRC GetCurrentContext();
+    HDC GetCurrentDC();
+    BOOL ShareLists(HGLRC hglrcShare, HGLRC hglrcDest);
+
+    PROC GetProcAddress(const char* name);
+} // namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::WGLImpl
+
+#endif // _WIN32

MobileGL/MG_State/EGLState/Core.cpp

@@ -368,6 +368,26 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 return true;
             }
 
+            Bool EGLContext::HasAnyInitializedDisplay() const {
+                const std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(m_mutex);
+                for (const auto& [handle, displayObject] : m_displays) {
+                    if (displayObject.Initialized) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            Bool EGLContext::HasAnyCurrentContext() const {
+                const std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(m_mutex);
+                for (const auto& [threadId, current] : m_threadCurrents) {
+                    if (current.Context != nullptr) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+                return false;
+            }
+
             Bool EGLContext::ChooseConfig(EGLDisplayHandle display, const EGLint* attribList, EGLConfigHandle* configs,
                                           EGLint configSize, EGLint* numConfig) {
                 const std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(m_mutex);
@@ -1415,6 +1435,7 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             }
         } // namespace EGLState
 
-        UniquePtr<EGLState::EGLContext> pEGLContext;
+        // Leak-at-exit storage; see GlobalObjects.cpp.
+        UniquePtr<EGLState::EGLContext>& pEGLContext = *new UniquePtr<EGLState::EGLContext>();
     } // namespace MG_State
 } // namespace MobileGL

MobileGL/MG_State/EGLState/Core.h

@@ -39,6 +39,10 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 Bool IsDisplayInitialized(EGLDisplayHandle display) const;
                 Bool InitializeDisplay(EGLDisplayHandle display, EGLint* major, EGLint* minor);
                 Bool TerminateDisplay(EGLDisplayHandle display);
+                // Whole-library idle checks used by EGLImpl::Terminate to decide
+                // when the last eglTerminate may tear MobileGL down entirely.
+                Bool HasAnyInitializedDisplay() const;
+                Bool HasAnyCurrentContext() const;
 
                 // Config
                 Bool ChooseConfig(EGLDisplayHandle display, const EGLint* attribList, EGLConfigHandle* configs,
@@ -262,6 +266,6 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             };
         } // namespace EGLState
 
-        extern UniquePtr<EGLState::EGLContext> pEGLContext;
+        extern UniquePtr<EGLState::EGLContext>& pEGLContext;
     } // namespace MG_State
 } // namespace MobileGL

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/Core.cpp

@@ -721,5 +721,6 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State {
         }
     } // namespace GLState
 
-    UniquePtr<GLState::GLContext> pGLContext;
+    // Leak-at-exit storage; see GlobalObjects.cpp.
+    UniquePtr<GLState::GLContext>& pGLContext = *new UniquePtr<GLState::GLContext>();
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_State

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/Core.h

@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             };
         } // namespace GLState
 
-        extern UniquePtr<GLState::GLContext> pGLContext;
+        extern UniquePtr<GLState::GLContext>& pGLContext;
 
         // True when relaxed GL semantics apply. Strict core rules are enforced only when the
         // current EGL context explicitly requested a core profile (core bit in

MobileGL/MG_Util/BackendLoaders/OpenGL/Loader.cpp

@@ -9,7 +9,12 @@
 #include "Loader.h"
 #include "MG_Util/Types.h"
 #include <Config.h>
-#if !defined(__WIN32) && !defined(_WIN32)
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN 1
+#endif
+#include <windows.h>
+#else
 #include <dlfcn.h>
 #endif
 
@@ -60,7 +65,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Util::BackendLoader {
 #endif
 
     static void* OpenLib(const Vector<String>& names) {
-#if !defined(__WIN32) && !defined(_WIN32) && (!defined(__APPLE__) || defined(MOBILEGL_IOS))
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+        for (const auto& name : names) {
+            if (HMODULE lib = LoadLibraryA(name.c_str())) {
+                MGLOG_I("Loaded GL backend library: %s", name.c_str());
+                return reinterpret_cast<void*>(lib);
+            }
+        }
+#elif !defined(__APPLE__) || defined(MOBILEGL_IOS)
         static const String LibPathPrefixes[] = {
 #if defined(MOBILEGL_IOS)
             "@rpath/", "@executable_path/Frameworks/", "@loader_path/Frameworks/",
@@ -104,7 +116,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Util::BackendLoader {
     }
 
     inline void* ProcAddress(void* lib, const char* name) {
-#if !defined(__WIN32) && !defined(_WIN32) && (!defined(__APPLE__) || defined(MOBILEGL_IOS))
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+        return reinterpret_cast<void*>(::GetProcAddress(reinterpret_cast<HMODULE>(lib), name));
+#elif !defined(__APPLE__) || defined(MOBILEGL_IOS)
         return dlsym(lib, name);
 #else
         return nullptr;
@@ -520,6 +534,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Util::BackendLoader {
 #if defined(MOBILEGL_TRACE_ANGLE_VARIANTS) && defined(__ANDROID__)
         void* angleGlesLib = nullptr;
 #endif
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+        // ANGLE is the GLES provider on Windows regardless of UseAngle(). Preload
+        // libGLESv2.dll so libEGL.dll resolves its dependency from the same directory.
+        if (!OpenLib({"libGLESv2.dll"})) {
+            MGLOG_E("Failed to open ANGLE libGLESv2.dll");
+            return;
+        }
+        eglLib = OpenLib({"libEGL.dll"});
+#else
         if (UseAngle()) {
             void* glesLib = OpenLib({"libGLESv2_angle.so"});
             if (!glesLib) {
@@ -541,6 +564,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Util::BackendLoader {
             eglLib = OpenLib({"libEGL.so"});
 #endif
         }
+#endif // !_WIN32
 
         if (!eglLib) {
             MGLOG_E("Failed to open EGL library");

MobileGL/MG_Util/Debug/Log.h

@@ -9,10 +9,14 @@
 #pragma once
 #include <Includes.h>
 
+// Severity-ordered: a build compiled at level X keeps X and everything MORE
+// severe. INFO builds must keep WARN/ERROR/FATAL — the old ordering
+// (WARN=1/ERROR=2 below INFO=3) compiled every warning and error out of
+// release builds and hid real backend failures.
 #define MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG 0
-#define MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_WARN 1
+#define MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_INFO 1
-#define MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR 2
+#define MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_WARN 2
-#define MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_INFO 3
+#define MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR 3
 #define MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_FATAL 4
 
 #define MOBILEGL_LOG_INTERNAL(levelTag, androidLogLevel, fmt, ...)                                                     \

MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/ShaderCompiler.cpp

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 #include "SpirvPasses/StripUboMemberRelaxedPrecisionPass.h"
 #include "SpirvPasses/StripNoPerspectivePass.h"
 #include "SpirvPasses/EmulateNoPerspectivePass.h"
+#include "SpirvPasses/FoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchPass.h"
+#include "SpirvPasses/LowerClipDistanceForEsslPass.h"
+#include "SpirvPasses/DefeatConstStructArrayLutPass.h"
 #include "spirv-tools/libspirv.h"
 #include "spirv-tools/optimizer.hpp"
 
@@ -323,6 +326,55 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 return optimizer.Run(inputBinary.data(), inputBinary.size(), &outputBinary, options);
             }
 
+            bool ShaderCompiler::ClampAccessChainIndicesForEssl(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
+                                                                Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary) {
+                using namespace spvtools;
+                OptimizerOptions options;
+                options.set_run_validator(false);
+
+                Optimizer optimizer(SPV_ENV_VULKAN_1_1);
+                optimizer.RegisterPass(CreateGraphicsRobustAccessPass());
+
+                return optimizer.Run(inputBinary.data(), inputBinary.size(), &outputBinary, options);
+            }
+
+            bool ShaderCompiler::FoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchForEssl(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
+                                                                  Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary) {
+                using namespace spvtools;
+                OptimizerOptions options;
+                options.set_run_validator(false);
+
+                Optimizer optimizer(SPV_ENV_VULKAN_1_1);
+                optimizer.RegisterPass(FoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchPass::CreateFoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchPass());
+
+                return optimizer.Run(inputBinary.data(), inputBinary.size(), &outputBinary, options);
+            }
+
+            bool ShaderCompiler::LowerClipDistanceForEssl(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
+                                                          Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary) {
+                using namespace spvtools;
+                OptimizerOptions options;
+                options.set_run_validator(false);
+
+                Optimizer optimizer(SPV_ENV_VULKAN_1_1);
+                optimizer.RegisterPass(LowerClipDistanceForEsslPass::CreateLowerClipDistanceForEsslPass());
+
+                return optimizer.Run(inputBinary.data(), inputBinary.size(), &outputBinary, options);
+            }
+
+            bool ShaderCompiler::DefeatConstStructArrayLutForEssl(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
+                                                                  Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary) {
+                using namespace spvtools;
+                OptimizerOptions options;
+                options.set_run_validator(false);
+
+                Optimizer optimizer(SPV_ENV_VULKAN_1_1);
+                optimizer.RegisterPass(
+                    DefeatConstStructArrayLutPass::CreateDefeatConstStructArrayLutPass());
+
+                return optimizer.Run(inputBinary.data(), inputBinary.size(), &outputBinary, options);
+            }
+
             bool ShaderCompiler::StripUboMemberRelaxedPrecisionForEssl(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
                                                                        Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary) {
                 using namespace spvtools;

MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/ShaderCompiler.h

@@ -27,6 +27,36 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 // Only for backends without native draw-parameter support (DirectGLES).
                 static bool LowerDrawParametersForEssl(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
                                                        Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary);
+                // Clamps every access-chain index to its declared bounds (spirv-tools
+                // GraphicsRobustAccessPass). GL 3.3 only promises undefined *values* for
+                // out-of-bounds indexing, but Adreno's ESSL compiler constant-folds a provably
+                // out-of-bounds local-array index into poison that corrupts the whole shader's
+                // output; clamping restores the "some value from the array" contract. Only for
+                // the DirectGLES transpile path.
+                static bool ClampAccessChainIndicesForEssl(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
+                                                           Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary);
+                // Folds the ConstOffset image operand of Dim1D OpImageFetch into the integer
+                // coordinate (texelFetchOffset(t,P,l,o) == texelFetch(t,P+o,l)). SPIRV-Cross
+                // emulates 1D samplers as 2D for ES: it widens the coordinate to ivec2 but keeps
+                // the scalar offset, and ESSL has no texelFetchOffset(sampler2D, ivec2, int,
+                // scalar) overload, so Adreno rejects the shader. Only for the DirectGLES
+                // transpile path.
+                static bool FoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchForEssl(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
+                                                             Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary);
+                // Shadows gl_ClipDistance in Private mg_ClipDistance/mg_ClipDistanceIn arrays so
+                // the decompiled ESSL only writes the builtin with literal constant indices
+                // (flush before EmitVertex/return) and only reads gl_in clip distances with
+                // dynamic loop indices (copy loop): the other shapes miscompile or crash
+                // Adreno's ESSL compiler. Vertex/geometry stages; DirectGLES transpile path on
+                // Qualcomm only (quirk-gated). See LowerClipDistanceForEsslPass.
+                static bool LowerClipDistanceForEssl(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
+                                                     Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary);
+                // Splits a Function-storage array-of-structs variable's single constant-composite
+                // store into per-element stores so SPIRV-Cross does not hoist it into a global
+                // const struct[] LUT, which Adreno cannot dynamically index. DirectGLES
+                // transpile path on Qualcomm only (quirk-gated). See DefeatConstStructArrayLutPass.
+                static bool DefeatConstStructArrayLutForEssl(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
+                                                             Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary);
                 // Drops RelaxedPrecision member decorations from uniform-block structs so
                 // SPIRV-Cross prints the same (highp) member precision in every stage; ES
                 // drivers reject cross-stage uniform blocks whose member precisions differ.

MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DefeatConstStructArrayLutPass.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DefeatConstStructArrayLutPass.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#include "DefeatConstStructArrayLutPass.h"
+
+#include "spirv.hpp"
+#include "source/opt/constants.h"
+#include "source/opt/def_use_manager.h"
+#include "source/opt/instruction.h"
+#include "source/opt/ir_context.h"
+#include "source/opt/module.h"
+#include "source/opt/type_manager.h"
+#include "source/opt/types.h"
+#include "source/util/make_unique.h"
+
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace MobileGL {
+    namespace MG_Util {
+        namespace ShaderTranspiler {
+            namespace {
+                using spvtools::opt::BasicBlock;
+                using spvtools::opt::Function;
+                using spvtools::opt::Instruction;
+                using spvtools::opt::IRContext;
+                using spvtools::opt::Operand;
+                namespace analysis = spvtools::opt::analysis;
+
+                uint32_t PointerTypeTo(IRContext* ctx, uint32_t pointeeId, spv::StorageClass sc) {
+                    analysis::Type* pointee = ctx->get_type_mgr()->GetType(pointeeId);
+                    analysis::Pointer ptr(pointee, sc);
+                    return ctx->get_type_mgr()->GetTypeInstruction(&ptr);
+                }
+
+                uint32_t SignedIntConstant(IRContext* ctx, uint32_t value) {
+                    analysis::Integer i(32, true);
+                    analysis::Type* reg = ctx->get_type_mgr()->GetRegisteredType(&i);
+                    const analysis::Constant* c = ctx->get_constant_mgr()->GetConstant(reg, {value});
+                    return ctx->get_constant_mgr()->GetDefiningInstruction(c)->result_id();
+                }
+
+                // True when |var| (a Function-storage OpVariable) points to an array of structs.
+                // Reports the struct type id on success.
+                bool IsArrayOfStructsVariable(IRContext* ctx, Instruction* var, uint32_t& structTypeId) {
+                    auto* defUse = ctx->get_def_use_mgr();
+                    Instruction* ptrType = defUse->GetDef(var->type_id());
+                    if (ptrType == nullptr || ptrType->opcode() != spv::Op::OpTypePointer) return false;
+                    Instruction* pointee = defUse->GetDef(ptrType->GetSingleWordInOperand(1));
+                    if (pointee == nullptr || pointee->opcode() != spv::Op::OpTypeArray) return false;
+                    Instruction* element = defUse->GetDef(pointee->GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
+                    if (element == nullptr || element->opcode() != spv::Op::OpTypeStruct) return false;
+                    structTypeId = element->result_id();
+                    return true;
+                }
+            } // namespace
+
+            spvtools::opt::Pass::Status DefeatConstStructArrayLutPass::Process() {
+                auto* ctx = context();
+                auto* defUse = ctx->get_def_use_mgr();
+                bool modified = false;
+
+                for (Function& function : *get_module()) {
+                    if (function.begin() == function.end()) continue;
+                    BasicBlock* entryBlock = &*function.begin();
+
+                    // Candidate variables: Function-storage arrays of structs declared in this
+                    // function's entry block (where OpVariables must live).
+                    struct Candidate {
+                        Instruction* var;
+                        uint32_t structTypeId;
+                    };
+                    std::vector<Candidate> candidates;
+                    for (Instruction& inst : *entryBlock) {
+                        if (inst.opcode() != spv::Op::OpVariable) break;
+                        // Variables with initializers keep SPIRV-Cross's initializer path; the
+                        // glslang pattern under attack is initializer-free with one OpStore.
+                        if (inst.NumInOperands() > 1) continue;
+                        uint32_t structTypeId = 0;
+                        if (IsArrayOfStructsVariable(ctx, &inst, structTypeId)) {
+                            candidates.push_back({&inst, structTypeId});
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    for (const Candidate& candidate : candidates) {
+                        Instruction* var = candidate.var;
+
+                        // The variable qualifies only when its single write is one direct
+                        // OpStore of an OpConstantComposite; any other write shape already
+                        // defeats SPIRV-Cross's LUT promotion, so it is left untouched.
+                        Instruction* singleStore = nullptr;
+                        bool disqualified = false;
+                        defUse->ForEachUser(var, [&](Instruction* user) {
+                            if (user->opcode() == spv::Op::OpStore &&
+                                user->GetSingleWordInOperand(0) == var->result_id()) {
+                                if (singleStore != nullptr) {
+                                    disqualified = true;
+                                } else {
+                                    singleStore = user;
+                                }
+                            } else if (user->opcode() == spv::Op::OpCopyMemory) {
+                                disqualified = true;
+                            } else if (user->opcode() == spv::Op::OpAccessChain ||
+                                       user->opcode() == spv::Op::OpInBoundsAccessChain) {
+                                defUse->ForEachUser(user, [&](Instruction* chainUser) {
+                                    if (chainUser->opcode() == spv::Op::OpStore ||
+                                        chainUser->opcode() == spv::Op::OpCopyMemory) {
+                                        disqualified = true;
+                                    }
+                                });
+                            }
+                        });
+                        if (disqualified || singleStore == nullptr) continue;
+
+                        Instruction* composite = defUse->GetDef(singleStore->GetSingleWordInOperand(1));
+                        if (composite == nullptr ||
+                            composite->opcode() != spv::Op::OpConstantComposite) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        // The store must sit in the entry block: that is the only placement
+                        // SPIRV-Cross treats as a LUT initializer.
+                        bool storeInEntryBlock = false;
+                        for (Instruction& inst : *entryBlock) {
+                            if (&inst == singleStore) {
+                                storeInEntryBlock = true;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (!storeInEntryBlock) continue;
+
+                        // Split the composite store into one constant-index store per element.
+                        const uint32_t ptrFnStruct =
+                            PointerTypeTo(ctx, candidate.structTypeId, spv::StorageClass::Function);
+                        for (uint32_t element = 0; element < composite->NumInOperands(); ++element) {
+                            const uint32_t elementConstId = composite->GetSingleWordInOperand(element);
+                            const uint32_t chainId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                            Instruction* chain =
+                                singleStore->InsertBefore(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                                    ctx, spv::Op::OpAccessChain, ptrFnStruct, chainId,
+                                    std::initializer_list<Operand>{
+                                        {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {var->result_id()}},
+                                        {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {SignedIntConstant(ctx, element)}}}));
+                            ctx->AnalyzeDefUse(chain);
+                            Instruction* store =
+                                singleStore->InsertBefore(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                                    ctx, spv::Op::OpStore, 0, 0,
+                                    std::initializer_list<Operand>{
+                                        {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {chainId}},
+                                        {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {elementConstId}}}));
+                            ctx->AnalyzeDefUse(store);
+                        }
+                        ctx->KillInst(singleStore);
+                        modified = true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (!modified) {
+                    return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+                }
+                ctx->InvalidateAnalysesExceptFor(spvtools::opt::IRContext::kAnalysisNone);
+                return Status::SuccessWithChange;
+            }
+
+            spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken
+            DefeatConstStructArrayLutPass::CreateDefeatConstStructArrayLutPass() {
+                return spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken(MakeUnique<DefeatConstStructArrayLutPass>());
+            }
+        } // namespace ShaderTranspiler
+    } // namespace MG_Util
+} // namespace MobileGL

MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DefeatConstStructArrayLutPass.h

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DefeatConstStructArrayLutPass.h
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#pragma once
+#include "source/opt/pass.h"
+#include "spirv-tools/optimizer.hpp"
+
+#include <Includes.h>
+
+namespace MobileGL {
+    namespace MG_Util {
+        namespace ShaderTranspiler {
+            // SPIRV-Cross hoists a Function-storage array variable whose only write is a single
+            // constant-composite store into a global `const struct[]` LUT (variable_is_lut).
+            // Adreno's ESSL compiler cannot dynamically index such a global const struct array
+            // ("Cannot offset into the structure" - device-verified on Adreno 750). Splitting
+            // the one composite store into per-element constant-index stores makes
+            // variable_is_lut fail, so SPIRV-Cross keeps the array as an ordinary local that
+            // Adreno indexes fine. Scalar/vector const arrays are unaffected on Adreno and are
+            // left alone - only arrays OF STRUCTS are rewritten. Only meant for the DirectGLES
+            // transpile path on Qualcomm devices.
+            class DefeatConstStructArrayLutPass : public spvtools::opt::Pass {
+            public:
+                const char* name() const override { return "defeat-const-struct-array-lut"; }
+                Status Process() override;
+
+                static spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken CreateDefeatConstStructArrayLutPass();
+            };
+        } // namespace ShaderTranspiler
+    } // namespace MG_Util
+} // namespace MobileGL

MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/FoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchPass.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/FoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchPass.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#include "FoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchPass.h"
+
+#include "spirv.hpp"
+#include "source/opt/def_use_manager.h"
+#include "source/opt/instruction.h"
+#include "source/opt/ir_builder.h"
+#include "source/opt/ir_context.h"
+#include "source/opt/module.h"
+#include "source/util/make_unique.h"
+
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace MobileGL {
+    namespace MG_Util {
+        namespace ShaderTranspiler {
+            namespace {
+                using spvtools::opt::Instruction;
+                using spvtools::opt::InstructionBuilder;
+                using spvtools::opt::IRContext;
+                using spvtools::opt::Operand;
+
+                // Number of ImageOperands ids that precede the ConstOffset id: one per
+                // lower-order bit set in the mask, except Grad which carries two ids.
+                uint32_t CountIdsBeforeConstOffset(uint32_t mask) {
+                    uint32_t count = 0;
+                    if (mask & static_cast<uint32_t>(spv::ImageOperandsMask::Bias)) count += 1;
+                    if (mask & static_cast<uint32_t>(spv::ImageOperandsMask::Lod)) count += 1;
+                    if (mask & static_cast<uint32_t>(spv::ImageOperandsMask::Grad)) count += 2;
+                    return count;
+                }
+            } // namespace
+
+            spvtools::opt::Pass::Status FoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchPass::Process() {
+                auto* irContext = context();
+                auto* defUseMgr = irContext->get_def_use_mgr();
+                Bool modified = false;
+
+                constexpr uint32_t kConstOffsetBit =
+                    static_cast<uint32_t>(spv::ImageOperandsMask::ConstOffset);
+
+                for (auto& function : *get_module()) {
+                    for (auto& block : function) {
+                        for (auto& inst : block) {
+                            if (inst.opcode() != spv::Op::OpImageFetch) continue;
+                            // In-operands: image, coordinate, [ImageOperands mask, ids...].
+                            if (inst.NumInOperands() < 3) continue;
+                            const uint32_t operandsMask = inst.GetSingleWordInOperand(2);
+                            if ((operandsMask & kConstOffsetBit) == 0) continue;
+
+                            Instruction* imageInst = defUseMgr->GetDef(inst.GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
+                            if (imageInst == nullptr) continue;
+                            Instruction* imageType = defUseMgr->GetDef(imageInst->type_id());
+                            if (imageType == nullptr || imageType->opcode() != spv::Op::OpTypeImage ||
+                                static_cast<spv::Dim>(imageType->GetSingleWordInOperand(1)) != spv::Dim::Dim1D) {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+
+                            const uint32_t offsetOperandIndex = 3 + CountIdsBeforeConstOffset(operandsMask);
+                            const uint32_t offsetId = inst.GetSingleWordInOperand(offsetOperandIndex);
+
+                            const uint32_t coordId = inst.GetSingleWordInOperand(1);
+                            Instruction* coordType = defUseMgr->GetDef(defUseMgr->GetDef(coordId)->type_id());
+
+                            InstructionBuilder builder(
+                                irContext, &inst,
+                                IRContext::kAnalysisDefUse | IRContext::kAnalysisInstrToBlockMapping);
+
+                            uint32_t newCoordId = 0;
+                            if (coordType->opcode() == spv::Op::OpTypeVector) {
+                                // Arrayed 1D fetch: component 0 is the texel coordinate,
+                                // component 1 the layer - only component 0 takes the offset.
+                                const uint32_t componentTypeId = coordType->GetSingleWordInOperand(0);
+                                Instruction* extracted = builder.AddCompositeExtract(componentTypeId, coordId, {0});
+                                Instruction* sum =
+                                    builder.AddIAdd(componentTypeId, extracted->result_id(), offsetId);
+                                Instruction* inserted = builder.AddInstruction(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                                    irContext, spv::Op::OpCompositeInsert, coordType->result_id(),
+                                    irContext->TakeNextId(),
+                                    std::initializer_list<Operand>{
+                                        {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {sum->result_id()}},
+                                        {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {coordId}},
+                                        {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_LITERAL_INTEGER, {0}}}));
+                                newCoordId = inserted->result_id();
+                            } else {
+                                Instruction* sum = builder.AddIAdd(coordType->result_id(), coordId, offsetId);
+                                newCoordId = sum->result_id();
+                            }
+
+                            const uint32_t newMask = operandsMask & ~kConstOffsetBit;
+                            // 3 fixed operands + the offset id: anything beyond that is another
+                            // image-operand id that must keep the mask word alive.
+                            const Bool otherOperandIdsRemain = inst.NumInOperands() > 4;
+
+                            irContext->ForgetUses(&inst);
+                            std::vector<Operand> newOperands;
+                            newOperands.push_back(inst.GetInOperand(0));
+                            newOperands.push_back({SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {newCoordId}});
+                            if (newMask != 0 || otherOperandIdsRemain) {
+                                Operand maskOperand = inst.GetInOperand(2);
+                                maskOperand.words[0] = newMask;
+                                newOperands.push_back(maskOperand);
+                                for (uint32_t i = 3; i < inst.NumInOperands(); ++i) {
+                                    if (i == offsetOperandIndex) continue;
+                                    newOperands.push_back(inst.GetInOperand(i));
+                                }
+                            }
+                            inst.SetInOperands(std::move(newOperands));
+                            irContext->AnalyzeUses(&inst);
+
+                            modified = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return modified ? Status::SuccessWithChange : Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+            }
+
+            spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken FoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchPass::CreateFoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchPass() {
+                return spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken(MakeUnique<FoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchPass>());
+            }
+        } // namespace ShaderTranspiler
+    } // namespace MG_Util
+} // namespace MobileGL

MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/FoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchPass.h

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/FoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchPass.h
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#pragma once
+#include "source/opt/pass.h"
+#include "spirv-tools/optimizer.hpp"
+
+#include <Includes.h>
+
+namespace MobileGL {
+    namespace MG_Util {
+        namespace ShaderTranspiler {
+            // SPIRV-Cross emulates 1D textures as 2D for ES targets: it widens the texelFetch
+            // coordinate to ivec2 but keeps the ConstOffset image operand scalar, and ESSL has
+            // no texelFetchOffset(sampler2D, ivec2, int, scalar-offset) overload, so drivers
+            // (Adreno) reject the transpiled shader. This pass folds the constant offset into
+            // the integer coordinate before the fetch - texelFetchOffset(t, P, l, o) ==
+            // texelFetch(t, P + o, l) per the GLSL spec - and drops the ConstOffset operand,
+            // so SPIRV-Cross emits a plain texelFetch. For arrayed 1D fetches only coordinate
+            // component 0 is offset (component 1 is the layer). Only meant for the DirectGLES
+            // transpile path.
+            class FoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchPass : public spvtools::opt::Pass {
+            public:
+                const char* name() const override { return "fold-const-offset-for-1d-fetch"; }
+                Status Process() override;
+
+                static spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken CreateFoldConstOffsetFor1DFetchPass();
+            };
+        } // namespace ShaderTranspiler
+    } // namespace MG_Util
+} // namespace MobileGL

MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/LowerClipDistanceForEsslPass.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,613 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/LowerClipDistanceForEsslPass.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#include "LowerClipDistanceForEsslPass.h"
+
+#include "spirv.hpp"
+#include "source/opt/basic_block.h"
+#include "source/opt/constants.h"
+#include "source/opt/def_use_manager.h"
+#include "source/opt/instruction.h"
+#include "source/opt/ir_context.h"
+#include "source/opt/module.h"
+#include "source/opt/type_manager.h"
+#include "source/opt/types.h"
+#include "source/util/make_unique.h"
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace MobileGL {
+    namespace MG_Util {
+        namespace ShaderTranspiler {
+            namespace {
+                using spvtools::opt::BasicBlock;
+                using spvtools::opt::Function;
+                using spvtools::opt::Instruction;
+                using spvtools::opt::IRContext;
+                using spvtools::opt::Operand;
+                namespace analysis = spvtools::opt::analysis;
+
+                spv::ExecutionModel EntryExecutionModel(IRContext* ctx) {
+                    for (Instruction& ep : ctx->module()->entry_points()) {
+                        return static_cast<spv::ExecutionModel>(ep.GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
+                    }
+                    return spv::ExecutionModel::Max;
+                }
+
+                uint32_t EntryFunctionId(IRContext* ctx) {
+                    for (Instruction& ep : ctx->module()->entry_points()) {
+                        // OpEntryPoint <model> <function> "name" <interface...>
+                        return ep.GetSingleWordInOperand(1);
+                    }
+                    return 0;
+                }
+
+                uint32_t VariablePointeeType(IRContext* ctx, Instruction* var) {
+                    Instruction* ptrType = ctx->get_def_use_mgr()->GetDef(var->type_id());
+                    // OpTypePointer <storage-class> <pointee>
+                    return ptrType->GetSingleWordInOperand(1);
+                }
+
+                uint32_t PointerTypeTo(IRContext* ctx, uint32_t pointeeId, spv::StorageClass sc) {
+                    analysis::Type* pointee = ctx->get_type_mgr()->GetType(pointeeId);
+                    analysis::Pointer ptr(pointee, sc);
+                    return ctx->get_type_mgr()->GetTypeInstruction(&ptr);
+                }
+
+                uint32_t IntConstant(IRContext* ctx, bool isSigned, uint32_t value) {
+                    analysis::Integer i(32, isSigned);
+                    analysis::Type* reg = ctx->get_type_mgr()->GetRegisteredType(&i);
+                    const analysis::Constant* c = ctx->get_constant_mgr()->GetConstant(reg, {value});
+                    return ctx->get_constant_mgr()->GetDefiningInstruction(c)->result_id();
+                }
+
+                uint32_t UintType(IRContext* ctx) {
+                    analysis::Integer i(32, false);
+                    return ctx->get_type_mgr()->GetTypeInstruction(&i);
+                }
+
+                uint32_t BoolType(IRContext* ctx) {
+                    analysis::Bool b;
+                    return ctx->get_type_mgr()->GetTypeInstruction(&b);
+                }
+
+                // Constant length of OpTypeArray |arrayTypeId| (0 when not a sized constant).
+                uint32_t ArrayLength(IRContext* ctx, uint32_t arrayTypeId) {
+                    Instruction* arrayType = ctx->get_def_use_mgr()->GetDef(arrayTypeId);
+                    if (arrayType == nullptr || arrayType->opcode() != spv::Op::OpTypeArray) {
+                        return 0;
+                    }
+                    Instruction* length = ctx->get_def_use_mgr()->GetDef(arrayType->GetSingleWordInOperand(1));
+                    if (length == nullptr || length->opcode() != spv::Op::OpConstant) {
+                        return 0;
+                    }
+                    return length->GetSingleWordInOperand(0);
+                }
+
+                bool IsConstantWithValue(IRContext* ctx, uint32_t id, uint32_t value) {
+                    Instruction* def = ctx->get_def_use_mgr()->GetDef(id);
+                    return def != nullptr && def->opcode() == spv::Op::OpConstant &&
+                           def->GetSingleWordInOperand(0) == value;
+                }
+
+                bool IsAccessChain(const Instruction* inst) {
+                    return inst->opcode() == spv::Op::OpAccessChain ||
+                           inst->opcode() == spv::Op::OpInBoundsAccessChain;
+                }
+
+                Instruction* AddPrivateVariable(IRContext* ctx, uint32_t pointeeTypeId, const char* name) {
+                    const uint32_t ptrType = PointerTypeTo(ctx, pointeeTypeId, spv::StorageClass::Private);
+                    const uint32_t varId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                    ctx->AddGlobalValue(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                        ctx, spv::Op::OpVariable, ptrType, varId,
+                        std::initializer_list<Operand>{
+                            {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_STORAGE_CLASS,
+                             {static_cast<uint32_t>(spv::StorageClass::Private)}}}));
+                    ctx->AddDebug2Inst(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                        ctx, spv::Op::OpName, 0, 0,
+                        std::initializer_list<Operand>{
+                            {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {varId}},
+                            {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_LITERAL_STRING, spvtools::utils::MakeVector(name)}}));
+                    return ctx->get_def_use_mgr()->GetDef(varId);
+                }
+
+                // Retargets |chain| onto |newBaseId|, dropping the first |dropIndexCount| index
+                // operands and switching the result pointer's storage class to Private.
+                void RetargetChainToPrivate(IRContext* ctx, Instruction* chain, uint32_t newBaseId,
+                                            uint32_t dropIndexCount) {
+                    Instruction* chainPtrType = ctx->get_def_use_mgr()->GetDef(chain->type_id());
+                    const uint32_t pointeeId = chainPtrType->GetSingleWordInOperand(1);
+                    const uint32_t newPtrType = PointerTypeTo(ctx, pointeeId, spv::StorageClass::Private);
+
+                    ctx->ForgetUses(chain);
+                    std::vector<Operand> newOperands;
+                    newOperands.push_back({SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {newBaseId}});
+                    for (uint32_t i = 1 + dropIndexCount; i < chain->NumInOperands(); ++i) {
+                        newOperands.push_back(chain->GetInOperand(i));
+                    }
+                    chain->SetResultType(newPtrType);
+                    chain->SetInOperands(std::move(newOperands));
+                    ctx->AnalyzeUses(chain);
+                }
+
+                // ---- Output side --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+                struct OutputTarget {
+                    Instruction* var = nullptr;   // Output gl_PerVertex block or standalone builtin
+                    bool isBlockMember = false;
+                    uint32_t memberIndex = 0;     // valid when isBlockMember
+                    uint32_t arrayTypeId = 0;     // float[N]
+                    uint32_t elemTypeId = 0;      // float
+                    uint32_t arrayLen = 0;        // N
+                };
+
+                // Inserts "gl_ClipDistance[k] = mg_ClipDistance[k]" for every literal k before
+                // |before|. Constant-index writes are the only write shape Adreno links correctly.
+                void InsertFlushBefore(IRContext* ctx, Instruction* before, const OutputTarget& target,
+                                       uint32_t mgVarId) {
+                    const uint32_t ptrPrivElem =
+                        PointerTypeTo(ctx, target.elemTypeId, spv::StorageClass::Private);
+                    const uint32_t ptrOutElem =
+                        PointerTypeTo(ctx, target.elemTypeId, spv::StorageClass::Output);
+                    for (uint32_t k = 0; k < target.arrayLen; ++k) {
+                        const uint32_t kConst = IntConstant(ctx, true, k);
+                        const uint32_t srcChainId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                        before->InsertBefore(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                            ctx, spv::Op::OpAccessChain, ptrPrivElem, srcChainId,
+                            std::initializer_list<Operand>{{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {mgVarId}},
+                                                           {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {kConst}}}));
+                        const uint32_t valId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                        before->InsertBefore(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                            ctx, spv::Op::OpLoad, target.elemTypeId, valId,
+                            std::initializer_list<Operand>{{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {srcChainId}}}));
+                        const uint32_t dstChainId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                        std::vector<Operand> dstOperands;
+                        dstOperands.push_back({SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {target.var->result_id()}});
+                        if (target.isBlockMember) {
+                            dstOperands.push_back(
+                                {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {IntConstant(ctx, true, target.memberIndex)}});
+                        }
+                        dstOperands.push_back({SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {kConst}});
+                        before->InsertBefore(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                            ctx, spv::Op::OpAccessChain, ptrOutElem, dstChainId, dstOperands));
+                        before->InsertBefore(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                            ctx, spv::Op::OpStore, 0, 0,
+                            std::initializer_list<Operand>{{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {dstChainId}},
+                                                           {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {valId}}}));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                bool LowerOutputClipDistance(IRContext* ctx, bool isGeometry) {
+                    auto* defUse = ctx->get_def_use_mgr();
+
+                    // Collect (struct type, member) pairs decorated BuiltIn ClipDistance and
+                    // standalone variables decorated BuiltIn ClipDistance.
+                    std::vector<std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>> memberTargets; // (structId, member)
+                    std::vector<uint32_t> plainTargets;                       // variable ids
+                    for (Instruction& ann : ctx->annotations()) {
+                        if (ann.opcode() == spv::Op::OpMemberDecorate && ann.NumInOperands() >= 4 &&
+                            static_cast<spv::Decoration>(ann.GetSingleWordInOperand(2)) ==
+                                spv::Decoration::BuiltIn &&
+                            static_cast<spv::BuiltIn>(ann.GetSingleWordInOperand(3)) ==
+                                spv::BuiltIn::ClipDistance) {
+                            memberTargets.emplace_back(ann.GetSingleWordInOperand(0),
+                                                       ann.GetSingleWordInOperand(1));
+                        } else if (ann.opcode() == spv::Op::OpDecorate && ann.NumInOperands() >= 3 &&
+                                   static_cast<spv::Decoration>(ann.GetSingleWordInOperand(1)) ==
+                                       spv::Decoration::BuiltIn &&
+                                   static_cast<spv::BuiltIn>(ann.GetSingleWordInOperand(2)) ==
+                                       spv::BuiltIn::ClipDistance) {
+                            plainTargets.push_back(ann.GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    std::vector<OutputTarget> targets;
+                    for (Instruction& inst : ctx->module()->types_values()) {
+                        if (inst.opcode() != spv::Op::OpVariable ||
+                            static_cast<spv::StorageClass>(inst.GetSingleWordInOperand(0)) !=
+                                spv::StorageClass::Output) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        const uint32_t pointee = VariablePointeeType(ctx, &inst);
+                        for (const auto& [structId, member] : memberTargets) {
+                            if (pointee != structId) continue;
+                            Instruction* structType = defUse->GetDef(structId);
+                            if (structType == nullptr || member >= structType->NumInOperands()) continue;
+                            OutputTarget target;
+                            target.var = &inst;
+                            target.isBlockMember = true;
+                            target.memberIndex = member;
+                            target.arrayTypeId = structType->GetSingleWordInOperand(member);
+                            target.arrayLen = ArrayLength(ctx, target.arrayTypeId);
+                            targets.push_back(target);
+                        }
+                        for (const uint32_t varId : plainTargets) {
+                            if (inst.result_id() != varId) continue;
+                            OutputTarget target;
+                            target.var = &inst;
+                            target.isBlockMember = false;
+                            target.arrayTypeId = pointee;
+                            target.arrayLen = ArrayLength(ctx, target.arrayTypeId);
+                            targets.push_back(target);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    bool changed = false;
+                    for (OutputTarget& target : targets) {
+                        if (target.arrayLen == 0) continue;
+                        Instruction* arrayType = defUse->GetDef(target.arrayTypeId);
+                        target.elemTypeId = arrayType->GetSingleWordInOperand(0);
+
+                        // Collect the accesses to redirect. For the block form only chains whose
+                        // leading index selects the ClipDistance member count; for the standalone
+                        // form every chain plus whole-variable loads/stores.
+                        std::vector<Instruction*> chains;
+                        std::vector<Instruction*> directAccesses;
+                        bool unsupportedUse = false;
+                        defUse->ForEachUser(target.var, [&](Instruction* user) {
+                            if (IsAccessChain(user) &&
+                                user->GetSingleWordInOperand(0) == target.var->result_id()) {
+                                if (target.isBlockMember) {
+                                    if (user->NumInOperands() >= 2 &&
+                                        IsConstantWithValue(ctx, user->GetSingleWordInOperand(1),
+                                                            target.memberIndex)) {
+                                        chains.push_back(user);
+                                    }
+                                } else {
+                                    chains.push_back(user);
+                                }
+                            } else if (!target.isBlockMember) {
+                                if (user->opcode() == spv::Op::OpLoad ||
+                                    (user->opcode() == spv::Op::OpStore &&
+                                     user->GetSingleWordInOperand(0) == target.var->result_id())) {
+                                    directAccesses.push_back(user);
+                                } else if (user->opcode() == spv::Op::OpCopyMemory) {
+                                    unsupportedUse = true;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        });
+                        if (unsupportedUse || (chains.empty() && directAccesses.empty())) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        Instruction* mgVar = AddPrivateVariable(ctx, target.arrayTypeId, "mg_ClipDistance");
+                        const uint32_t mgVarId = mgVar->result_id();
+
+                        for (Instruction* chain : chains) {
+                            const uint32_t dropCount = target.isBlockMember ? 1u : 0u;
+                            if (chain->NumInOperands() == 1 + dropCount) {
+                                // Pointer to the whole float[N]: reuse the private variable itself.
+                                ctx->ReplaceAllUsesWith(chain->result_id(), mgVarId);
+                                ctx->KillInst(chain);
+                            } else {
+                                RetargetChainToPrivate(ctx, chain, mgVarId, dropCount);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        for (Instruction* access : directAccesses) {
+                            ctx->ForgetUses(access);
+                            access->SetInOperand(0, {mgVarId});
+                            ctx->AnalyzeUses(access);
+                        }
+
+                        // Flush the shadow into the real builtin: geometry right before every
+                        // EmitVertex, vertex before every return of the entry point. The flush is
+                        // also what keeps the builtin statically used for cross-stage IO matching.
+                        std::vector<Instruction*> flushSites;
+                        if (isGeometry) {
+                            for (Function& function : *ctx->module()) {
+                                function.ForEachInst([&](Instruction* inst) {
+                                    if (inst->opcode() == spv::Op::OpEmitVertex) {
+                                        flushSites.push_back(inst);
+                                    }
+                                });
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            const uint32_t entryFuncId = EntryFunctionId(ctx);
+                            for (Function& function : *ctx->module()) {
+                                if (function.result_id() != entryFuncId) continue;
+                                function.ForEachInst([&](Instruction* inst) {
+                                    if (inst->opcode() == spv::Op::OpReturn ||
+                                        inst->opcode() == spv::Op::OpReturnValue) {
+                                        flushSites.push_back(inst);
+                                    }
+                                });
+                            }
+                        }
+                        for (Instruction* site : flushSites) {
+                            InsertFlushBefore(ctx, site, target, mgVarId);
+                        }
+
+                        changed = true;
+                    }
+                    return changed;
+                }
+
+                // ---- Input side (geometry gl_in) ----------------------------------------------
+
+                bool LowerInputClipDistance(IRContext* ctx) {
+                    auto* defUse = ctx->get_def_use_mgr();
+                    auto* typeMgr = ctx->get_type_mgr();
+
+                    // Locate the gl_in block member decorated ClipDistance.
+                    Instruction* glInVar = nullptr;
+                    uint32_t memberIndex = 0;
+                    uint32_t arrayTypeId = 0; // float[N]
+                    for (Instruction& ann : ctx->annotations()) {
+                        if (ann.opcode() != spv::Op::OpMemberDecorate || ann.NumInOperands() < 4 ||
+                            static_cast<spv::Decoration>(ann.GetSingleWordInOperand(2)) !=
+                                spv::Decoration::BuiltIn ||
+                            static_cast<spv::BuiltIn>(ann.GetSingleWordInOperand(3)) !=
+                                spv::BuiltIn::ClipDistance) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        const uint32_t structId = ann.GetSingleWordInOperand(0);
+                        const uint32_t member = ann.GetSingleWordInOperand(1);
+                        for (Instruction& inst : ctx->module()->types_values()) {
+                            if (inst.opcode() != spv::Op::OpVariable ||
+                                static_cast<spv::StorageClass>(inst.GetSingleWordInOperand(0)) !=
+                                    spv::StorageClass::Input) {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            const uint32_t pointee = VariablePointeeType(ctx, &inst);
+                            Instruction* pointeeType = defUse->GetDef(pointee);
+                            if (pointeeType == nullptr || pointeeType->opcode() != spv::Op::OpTypeArray ||
+                                pointeeType->GetSingleWordInOperand(0) != structId) {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            Instruction* structType = defUse->GetDef(structId);
+                            if (structType == nullptr || member >= structType->NumInOperands()) continue;
+                            glInVar = &inst;
+                            memberIndex = member;
+                            arrayTypeId = structType->GetSingleWordInOperand(member);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        if (glInVar != nullptr) break;
+                    }
+                    if (glInVar == nullptr) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    const uint32_t clipCount = ArrayLength(ctx, arrayTypeId);
+                    const uint32_t vertexCount = ArrayLength(ctx, VariablePointeeType(ctx, glInVar));
+                    if (clipCount == 0 || vertexCount == 0) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    // Every gl_in chain that selects the ClipDistance member:
+                    // (vertex, member) yields a whole float[N], (vertex, member, k) an element.
+                    std::vector<Instruction*> chains;
+                    defUse->ForEachUser(glInVar, [&](Instruction* user) {
+                        if (IsAccessChain(user) && user->GetSingleWordInOperand(0) == glInVar->result_id() &&
+                            user->NumInOperands() >= 3 &&
+                            IsConstantWithValue(ctx, user->GetSingleWordInOperand(2), memberIndex)) {
+                            chains.push_back(user);
+                        }
+                    });
+                    if (chains.empty()) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    Instruction* arrayTypeInst = defUse->GetDef(arrayTypeId);
+                    const uint32_t elemTypeId = arrayTypeInst->GetSingleWordInOperand(0);
+
+                    // Private mg_ClipDistanceIn = float[vertexCount][clipCount].
+                    const uint32_t vertexCountConst = IntConstant(ctx, false, vertexCount);
+                    analysis::Type* innerType = typeMgr->GetType(arrayTypeId);
+                    analysis::Array outerArray(
+                        innerType, analysis::Array::LengthInfo{
+                                       vertexCountConst,
+                                       {analysis::Array::LengthInfo::kConstant, vertexCount}});
+                    const uint32_t outerArrayTypeId = typeMgr->GetTypeInstruction(&outerArray);
+                    Instruction* mgInVar = AddPrivateVariable(ctx, outerArrayTypeId, "mg_ClipDistanceIn");
+                    const uint32_t mgInVarId = mgInVar->result_id();
+
+                    // Copy loop at the top of the entry point:
+                    //   for (uint t = 0; t < vertexCount * clipCount; ++t)
+                    //       mg_ClipDistanceIn[t / clipCount][t % clipCount] =
+                    //           gl_in[t / clipCount].gl_ClipDistance[t % clipCount];
+                    // Both gl_in indices are loop-derived (dynamic): constant-index element reads
+                    // miscompile and whole-array reads crash the Adreno compiler.
+                    const uint32_t entryFuncId = EntryFunctionId(ctx);
+                    Function* entryFn = nullptr;
+                    for (Function& function : *ctx->module()) {
+                        if (function.result_id() == entryFuncId) {
+                            entryFn = &function;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (entryFn == nullptr || entryFn->begin() == entryFn->end()) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    const uint32_t uintTypeId = UintType(ctx);
+                    const uint32_t boolTypeId = BoolType(ctx);
+                    const uint32_t ptrFnUint = PointerTypeTo(ctx, uintTypeId, spv::StorageClass::Function);
+                    const uint32_t ptrInElem = PointerTypeTo(ctx, elemTypeId, spv::StorageClass::Input);
+                    const uint32_t ptrPrivElem = PointerTypeTo(ctx, elemTypeId, spv::StorageClass::Private);
+                    const uint32_t uint0 = IntConstant(ctx, false, 0);
+                    const uint32_t uint1 = IntConstant(ctx, false, 1);
+                    const uint32_t uintN = IntConstant(ctx, false, clipCount);
+                    const uint32_t uintTotal = IntConstant(ctx, false, vertexCount * clipCount);
+                    const uint32_t memberConst = IntConstant(ctx, true, memberIndex);
+
+                    BasicBlock* entryBlock = &*entryFn->begin();
+                    auto splitPoint = entryBlock->begin();
+                    while (splitPoint != entryBlock->end() &&
+                           splitPoint->opcode() == spv::Op::OpVariable) {
+                        ++splitPoint;
+                    }
+
+                    // Loop counter lives with the other function-local variables.
+                    const uint32_t counterVarId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                    splitPoint->InsertBefore(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                        ctx, spv::Op::OpVariable, ptrFnUint, counterVarId,
+                        std::initializer_list<Operand>{
+                            {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_STORAGE_CLASS,
+                             {static_cast<uint32_t>(spv::StorageClass::Function)}}}));
+
+                    const uint32_t restLabelId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                    BasicBlock* restBlock = entryBlock->SplitBasicBlock(ctx, restLabelId, splitPoint);
+
+                    const uint32_t headerLabelId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                    const uint32_t checkLabelId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                    const uint32_t bodyLabelId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                    const uint32_t continueLabelId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+
+                    auto makeBlock = [&](uint32_t labelId) {
+                        return spvtools::MakeUnique<BasicBlock>(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                            ctx, spv::Op::OpLabel, 0, labelId, std::initializer_list<Operand>{}));
+                    };
+                    auto addInst = [&](BasicBlock* block, spv::Op opcode, uint32_t typeId,
+                                       uint32_t resultId, std::vector<Operand> operands) {
+                        block->AddInstruction(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                            ctx, opcode, typeId, resultId, std::move(operands)));
+                    };
+
+                    // entry: t = 0; branch header
+                    addInst(entryBlock, spv::Op::OpStore, 0, 0,
+                            {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {counterVarId}}, {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {uint0}}});
+                    addInst(entryBlock, spv::Op::OpBranch, 0, 0, {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {headerLabelId}}});
+
+                    // header: structured loop header
+                    auto headerBlock = makeBlock(headerLabelId);
+                    addInst(headerBlock.get(), spv::Op::OpLoopMerge, 0, 0,
+                            {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {restLabelId}},
+                             {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {continueLabelId}},
+                             {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_LOOP_CONTROL,
+                              {static_cast<uint32_t>(spv::LoopControlMask::MaskNone)}}});
+                    addInst(headerBlock.get(), spv::Op::OpBranch, 0, 0,
+                            {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {checkLabelId}}});
+
+                    // check: t < vertexCount * clipCount ?
+                    auto checkBlock = makeBlock(checkLabelId);
+                    const uint32_t tCheckId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                    addInst(checkBlock.get(), spv::Op::OpLoad, uintTypeId, tCheckId,
+                            {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {counterVarId}}});
+                    const uint32_t condId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                    addInst(checkBlock.get(), spv::Op::OpULessThan, boolTypeId, condId,
+                            {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {tCheckId}}, {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {uintTotal}}});
+                    addInst(checkBlock.get(), spv::Op::OpBranchConditional, 0, 0,
+                            {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {condId}},
+                             {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {bodyLabelId}},
+                             {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {restLabelId}}});
+
+                    // body: mg_ClipDistanceIn[t / N][t % N] = gl_in[t / N].gl_ClipDistance[t % N]
+                    auto bodyBlock = makeBlock(bodyLabelId);
+                    const uint32_t tBodyId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                    addInst(bodyBlock.get(), spv::Op::OpLoad, uintTypeId, tBodyId,
+                            {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {counterVarId}}});
+                    const uint32_t vertexIdxId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                    addInst(bodyBlock.get(), spv::Op::OpUDiv, uintTypeId, vertexIdxId,
+                            {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {tBodyId}}, {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {uintN}}});
+                    const uint32_t clipIdxId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                    addInst(bodyBlock.get(), spv::Op::OpUMod, uintTypeId, clipIdxId,
+                            {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {tBodyId}}, {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {uintN}}});
+                    const uint32_t srcChainId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                    addInst(bodyBlock.get(), spv::Op::OpAccessChain, ptrInElem, srcChainId,
+                            {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {glInVar->result_id()}},
+                             {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {vertexIdxId}},
+                             {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {memberConst}},
+                             {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {clipIdxId}}});
+                    const uint32_t valId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                    addInst(bodyBlock.get(), spv::Op::OpLoad, elemTypeId, valId,
+                            {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {srcChainId}}});
+                    const uint32_t dstChainId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                    addInst(bodyBlock.get(), spv::Op::OpAccessChain, ptrPrivElem, dstChainId,
+                            {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {mgInVarId}},
+                             {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {vertexIdxId}},
+                             {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {clipIdxId}}});
+                    addInst(bodyBlock.get(), spv::Op::OpStore, 0, 0,
+                            {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {dstChainId}}, {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {valId}}});
+                    addInst(bodyBlock.get(), spv::Op::OpBranch, 0, 0,
+                            {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {continueLabelId}}});
+
+                    // continue: ++t
+                    auto continueBlock = makeBlock(continueLabelId);
+                    const uint32_t tContinueId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                    addInst(continueBlock.get(), spv::Op::OpLoad, uintTypeId, tContinueId,
+                            {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {counterVarId}}});
+                    const uint32_t tIncId = ctx->TakeNextId();
+                    addInst(continueBlock.get(), spv::Op::OpIAdd, uintTypeId, tIncId,
+                            {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {tContinueId}}, {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {uint1}}});
+                    addInst(continueBlock.get(), spv::Op::OpStore, 0, 0,
+                            {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {counterVarId}}, {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {tIncId}}});
+                    addInst(continueBlock.get(), spv::Op::OpBranch, 0, 0,
+                            {{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {headerLabelId}}});
+
+                    BasicBlock* headerPtr = entryFn->InsertBasicBlockBefore(std::move(headerBlock), restBlock);
+                    BasicBlock* checkPtr = entryFn->InsertBasicBlockAfter(std::move(checkBlock), headerPtr);
+                    BasicBlock* bodyPtr = entryFn->InsertBasicBlockAfter(std::move(bodyBlock), checkPtr);
+                    entryFn->InsertBasicBlockAfter(std::move(continueBlock), bodyPtr);
+
+                    // Redirect the pre-existing accesses to the shadow copy.
+                    for (Instruction* chain : chains) {
+                        if (chain->NumInOperands() == 3) {
+                            // (vertex, member): whole float[N] of one vertex.
+                            Instruction* chainPtrType = defUse->GetDef(chain->type_id());
+                            const uint32_t pointeeId = chainPtrType->GetSingleWordInOperand(1);
+                            const uint32_t newPtrType =
+                                PointerTypeTo(ctx, pointeeId, spv::StorageClass::Private);
+                            ctx->ForgetUses(chain);
+                            std::vector<Operand> newOperands;
+                            newOperands.push_back({SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {mgInVarId}});
+                            newOperands.push_back(chain->GetInOperand(1));
+                            chain->SetResultType(newPtrType);
+                            chain->SetInOperands(std::move(newOperands));
+                            ctx->AnalyzeUses(chain);
+                        } else {
+                            // (vertex, member, k, ...): drop the member index.
+                            Instruction* chainPtrType = defUse->GetDef(chain->type_id());
+                            const uint32_t pointeeId = chainPtrType->GetSingleWordInOperand(1);
+                            const uint32_t newPtrType =
+                                PointerTypeTo(ctx, pointeeId, spv::StorageClass::Private);
+                            ctx->ForgetUses(chain);
+                            std::vector<Operand> newOperands;
+                            newOperands.push_back({SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {mgInVarId}});
+                            newOperands.push_back(chain->GetInOperand(1));
+                            for (uint32_t i = 3; i < chain->NumInOperands(); ++i) {
+                                newOperands.push_back(chain->GetInOperand(i));
+                            }
+                            chain->SetResultType(newPtrType);
+                            chain->SetInOperands(std::move(newOperands));
+                            ctx->AnalyzeUses(chain);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            } // namespace
+
+            spvtools::opt::Pass::Status LowerClipDistanceForEsslPass::Process() {
+                auto* ctx = context();
+                const spv::ExecutionModel model = EntryExecutionModel(ctx);
+                const bool isVertex = model == spv::ExecutionModel::Vertex;
+                const bool isGeometry = model == spv::ExecutionModel::Geometry;
+                if (!isVertex && !isGeometry) {
+                    return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+                }
+
+                bool changed = LowerOutputClipDistance(ctx, isGeometry);
+                if (isGeometry) {
+                    changed |= LowerInputClipDistance(ctx);
+                }
+
+                if (!changed) {
+                    return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+                }
+                ctx->InvalidateAnalysesExceptFor(spvtools::opt::IRContext::kAnalysisNone);
+                return Status::SuccessWithChange;
+            }
+
+            spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken
+            LowerClipDistanceForEsslPass::CreateLowerClipDistanceForEsslPass() {
+                return spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken(MakeUnique<LowerClipDistanceForEsslPass>());
+            }
+        } // namespace ShaderTranspiler
+    } // namespace MG_Util
+} // namespace MobileGL

MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/LowerClipDistanceForEsslPass.h

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/LowerClipDistanceForEsslPass.h
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#pragma once
+#include "source/opt/pass.h"
+#include "spirv-tools/optimizer.hpp"
+
+#include <Includes.h>
+
+namespace MobileGL {
+    namespace MG_Util {
+        namespace ShaderTranspiler {
+            // Adreno's ESSL compiler mishandles gl_ClipDistance (device-verified on Adreno 750):
+            //   - writes through non-constant indices silently fail to link,
+            //   - reads of gl_in[i].gl_ClipDistance[k] with a CONSTANT k >= 1 fail to compile
+            //     ("array indexing out of boundary") while dynamic-index reads work,
+            //   - compiling a whole-array read of gl_in[i].gl_ClipDistance segfaults the
+            //     compiler backend (libllvm-qgl.so).
+            // This pass shadows the builtin so the decompiled ESSL only ever touches it in the
+            // shapes Adreno accepts. Output side (vertex + geometry): all accesses to the
+            // Output ClipDistance (gl_PerVertex member or standalone variable) are redirected
+            // to a Private mg_ClipDistance array, and a flush writing the real builtin with
+            // literal constant indices is inserted before every OpEmitVertex (geometry) or
+            // every return of the entry point (vertex). Input side (geometry): accesses to
+            // gl_in[...].gl_ClipDistance are redirected to a Private mg_ClipDistanceIn
+            // array-of-arrays filled once at the top of the entry point by a structured loop
+            // whose gl_in reads use dynamic (loop-variable) indices. The builtin members stay
+            // statically referenced by the flush/copy so cross-stage IO matching is intact.
+            // Only meant for the DirectGLES transpile path on Qualcomm devices.
+            class LowerClipDistanceForEsslPass : public spvtools::opt::Pass {
+            public:
+                const char* name() const override { return "lower-clip-distance-for-essl"; }
+                Status Process() override;
+
+                static spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken CreateLowerClipDistanceForEsslPass();
+            };
+        } // namespace ShaderTranspiler
+    } // namespace MG_Util
+} // namespace MobileGL

tools/piglit-android/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+# piglit on Android against MobileGL
+
+Run [piglit](https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/piglit) desktop-GL tests on a
+connected Android device with **MobileGL as the OpenGL implementation**, for
+both backends:
+
+- `DirectGLES` — MobileGL over the system GLES driver (or ANGLE with
+  `--use-angle`)
+- `DirectVulkan` — MobileGL over the system Vulkan driver
+
+No APK and no on-device python: piglit test binaries run as the adb shell user
+from `/data/local/tmp`, create contexts through waffle's `surfaceless_egl`
+platform, and waffle is pointed at `libMobileGL.so` (which exports the full
+`egl*`/`gl*` API under real names).
+
+## How it fits together
+
+```
+piglit test binary (aarch64, bionic)
+  └─ waffle surfaceless_egl (patched)
+       ├─ WAFFLE_EGL_LIBRARY=libMobileGL.so   → dlopen MobileGL as the EGL impl
+       ├─ WAFFLE_GL_LIBRARY=libMobileGL.so    → waffle_dl_sym resolves gl* here
+       ├─ WAFFLE_FORCE_GL_CONTEXT_VERSION=33core
+       │    upgrades low compat context requests to GL 3.3 core (never
+       │    downgrades) so piglit's supports_gl_compat_version=10 tests run
+       └─ WAFFLE_ANDROID_WINDOW=imagereader   (DirectVulkan only)
+            windows are AImageReader ANativeWindows instead of EGL pbuffers,
+            because Android ICDs lack VK_EXT_headless_surface which the
+            MobileGL pbuffer path needs
+  └─ libMobileGL.so
+       ├─ DirectGLES: dlopens the real system libEGL.so internally
+       └─ DirectVulkan: links libvulkan.so
+```
+
+Key rule: **never name MobileGL `libEGL.so`** anywhere on `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` —
+the DirectGLES backend loads the system driver with a bare-soname
+`dlopen("libEGL.so")` and would recursively pick itself up.
+
+## One-time setup (host: macOS/Linux with the Android NDK)
+
+```sh
+WORK=path/to/workdir && cd $WORK
+git clone --depth 1 https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/piglit.git
+git clone --depth 1 https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/waffle.git
+git -C waffle apply $MOBILEGL/tools/piglit-android/patches/waffle-mobilegl-android.patch
+git -C piglit apply $MOBILEGL/tools/piglit-android/patches/piglit-mobilegl-android.patch
+python3 -m venv venv && ./venv/bin/pip install mako numpy packaging
+```
+
+The piglit patch matters beyond build fixes: upstream's
+`piglit_dispatch_default_init` runs while the waffle framework is still being
+constructed (`gl_fw` is NULL), so the waffle resolvers were never installed and
+GL functions bound through the **system** libEGL's `eglGetProcAddress` — every
+test silently ran on the raw GLES driver instead of MobileGL.
+
+Build MobileGL for Android:
+
+```sh
+cmake -S $MOBILEGL -B $MOBILEGL/build-android-arm64 -G Ninja \
+  -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=$NDK/build/cmake/android.toolchain.cmake \
+  -DANDROID_ABI=arm64-v8a -DANDROID_PLATFORM=android-26 \
+  -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RelWithDebInfo
+cmake --build $MOBILEGL/build-android-arm64 --target MobileGL -j
+$NDK/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/*/bin/llvm-strip --strip-unneeded \
+  -o $WORK/libMobileGL-stripped.so $MOBILEGL/build-android-arm64/libMobileGL.so
+```
+
+Cross-build waffle (meson; a cross file and a stub `egl.pc` pointing at
+MobileGL's bundled EGL 1.5 headers are needed — see `cross-example/`):
+
+```sh
+cd $WORK/waffle
+meson setup build-android --cross-file $WORK/cross/android-arm64.ini \
+  -Dbuildtype=release -Dsurfaceless_egl=enabled \
+  -Dglx=disabled -Dx11_egl=disabled -Dgbm=disabled -Dwayland=disabled \
+  -Dbuild-tests=false -Dbuild-examples=false -Dprefix=$WORK/prefix
+ninja -C build-android && meson install -C build-android
+```
+
+Cross-build piglit (needs `PKG_CONFIG_LIBDIR` with the installed `waffle-1.pc`
+plus the stub `egl.pc`):
+
+```sh
+cd $WORK/piglit && export PKG_CONFIG_LIBDIR=$WORK/prefix/lib/pkgconfig:$WORK/cross/pkgconfig
+cmake -S . -B build-android -G Ninja \
+  -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=$NDK/build/cmake/android.toolchain.cmake \
+  -DANDROID_ABI=arm64-v8a -DANDROID_PLATFORM=android-26 \
+  -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
+  -DPIGLIT_USE_WAFFLE=ON -DPIGLIT_BUILD_GL_TESTS=ON \
+  -DPIGLIT_BUILD_GLES1_TESTS=OFF -DPIGLIT_BUILD_GLES2_TESTS=OFF \
+  -DPIGLIT_BUILD_GLES3_TESTS=OFF -DPIGLIT_BUILD_EGL_TESTS=OFF \
+  -DPIGLIT_BUILD_GLX_TESTS=OFF -DPIGLIT_BUILD_WGL_TESTS=OFF \
+  -DPIGLIT_BUILD_CL_TESTS=OFF -DPIGLIT_BUILD_VK_TESTS=OFF \
+  -DPIGLIT_BUILD_DMA_BUF_TESTS=OFF -DPIGLIT_USE_GBM=OFF \
+  -DPIGLIT_USE_WAYLAND=OFF -DPIGLIT_USE_X11=OFF \
+  -DPYTHON_EXECUTABLE=$WORK/venv/bin/python \
+  -DOPENGL_INCLUDE_DIR=$MOBILEGL/include \
+  -DOPENGL_gl_LIBRARY=$SYSROOT/usr/lib/aarch64-linux-android/26/libEGL.so \
+  -DGLEXT_INCLUDE_DIR=$MOBILEGL/include
+ninja -C build-android
+```
+
+## Selecting tests
+
+Enumerate on the host with piglit's own profiles (no device needed):
+
+```sh
+cd $WORK/piglit
+for prof in opengl shader glslparser; do
+  PIGLIT_BUILD_DIR=$PWD/build-android ./venv/bin/python ./piglit print-cmd \
+    -t "spec@!opengl 3[.]" -t "spec@glsl-3[.]30" $prof
+done > /tmp/gl33.list
+```
+
+Group names use `@` separators (`spec@!opengl 3.3@minmax`). The version groups
+(`spec@!opengl 1.x…3.3`), GLSL groups (`spec@glsl-1.10…3.30`) plus the ARB
+extension groups folded into GL 3.1–3.3 core give a comprehensive "GL 3.3
+core" suite (~15k tests).
+
+## Running
+
+```sh
+python3 $MOBILEGL/tools/piglit-android/run_piglit_android.py \
+  --piglit-root $WORK/piglit --list /tmp/gl33.list \
+  --backend DirectGLES \
+  --mobilegl-lib $WORK/libMobileGL-stripped.so \
+  --waffle-lib $WORK/waffle/build-android/src/waffle/libwaffle-1.so \
+  --out results-gles
+# then the same with --backend DirectVulkan --out results-vk
+```
+
+The runner pushes binaries/libs/data (incremental; `--repush` forces), executes
+tests serially in chunked on-device shell scripts under `timeout`, parses the
+`PIGLIT: {...}` result lines, and writes `results.json` + `summary.txt` +
+`raw.log`. Exit-code semantics: parsed result wins; nonzero exit without a
+result line = `crash`; toybox timeout exits = `timeout`.
+
+Quick sanity check for the whole stack (waffle build also produces `wflinfo`):
+
+```sh
+adb shell 'cd /data/local/tmp/piglit-mgl && env LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$PWD/lib \
+  WAFFLE_EGL_LIBRARY=libMobileGL.so WAFFLE_GL_LIBRARY=libMobileGL.so \
+  MOBILEGL_BACKEND_TYPE=DirectVulkan WAFFLE_ANDROID_WINDOW=imagereader \
+  ./wflinfo --platform surfaceless_egl --api gl --version 3.3 --profile core'
+```
+
+Expect `OpenGL version string: 3.3.0 MobileGL …, Direct (Vulkan) Backend`.
+
+## Known caveats
+
+- MSAA winsys configs never match (MobileGL exposes two RGBA8888 configs,
+  samples=0); MSAA FBO tests are unaffected.
+- Tests that genuinely require compatibility-profile features will fail on the
+  forced 3.3 core context; that is honest for a core-only implementation.
+- `eglTerminate` at test exit now tears MobileGL down deterministically (see
+  the EGL-lifecycle refactor); a device-side `mobilegl.log` is written per run
+  directory for debugging.

tools/piglit-android/compare_results.py

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# MobileGL - tools/piglit-android/compare_results.py
+# Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+# Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+#   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+#   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+# End of Source File Header
+"""Compare two run_piglit_android.py results.json files (e.g. DirectGLES vs
+DirectVulkan) and write a markdown report of totals plus categorized diffs."""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+from collections import Counter
+from pathlib import Path
+
+BAD = ('crash', 'timeout', 'fail', 'missing', 'notrun', 'warn')
+
+
+def load(path):
+    d = json.loads(Path(path).read_text())
+    return d
+
+
+def main():
+    ap = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    ap.add_argument('a', help='first results.json')
+    ap.add_argument('b', help='second results.json')
+    ap.add_argument('-o', '--out', help='markdown output path')
+    args = ap.parse_args()
+
+    da, db = load(args.a), load(args.b)
+    na, nb = da['backend'], db['backend']
+    ta, tb = da['tests'], db['tests']
+    names = sorted(set(ta) | set(tb))
+
+    lines = [f'# piglit: {na} vs {nb}', '']
+    lines.append(f'| | {na} | {nb} |')
+    lines.append('|---|---|---|')
+    ca = Counter(o["status"] for o in ta.values())
+    cb = Counter(o["status"] for o in tb.values())
+    for k in sorted(set(ca) | set(cb)):
+        lines.append(f'| {k} | {ca.get(k, 0)} | {cb.get(k, 0)} |')
+    lines.append(f'| total | {len(ta)} | {len(tb)} |')
+    lines.append(f'| elapsed | {da.get("elapsed_sec")}s | {db.get("elapsed_sec")}s |')
+    lines.append('')
+
+    def bucket(pred, title):
+        rows = [n for n in names
+                if pred(ta.get(n, {}).get('status', 'absent'),
+                        tb.get(n, {}).get('status', 'absent'))]
+        if rows:
+            lines.append(f'## {title} ({len(rows)})')
+            lines.append('')
+            for n in rows:
+                sa = ta.get(n, {}).get('status', 'absent')
+                sb = tb.get(n, {}).get('status', 'absent')
+                lines.append(f'- `{n}` — {na}: {sa}, {nb}: {sb}')
+            lines.append('')
+
+    bucket(lambda a, b: a in BAD and b in BAD, 'Bad on both (likely frontend/state-tracker)')
+    bucket(lambda a, b: a in BAD and b == 'pass', f'Bad only on {na}')
+    bucket(lambda a, b: a == 'pass' and b in BAD, f'Bad only on {nb}')
+    bucket(lambda a, b: a == 'skip' and b == 'pass' or a == 'pass' and b == 'skip',
+           'Skip on one side only')
+
+    text = '\n'.join(lines) + '\n'
+    if args.out:
+        Path(args.out).write_text(text)
+        print(f'wrote {args.out}')
+    else:
+        print(text)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()

tools/piglit-android/cross-example/android-arm64.ini

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+; meson cross file for waffle -> aarch64 Android
+; Replace NDK_TOOLCHAIN with e.g.
+;   $HOME/Library/Android/sdk/ndk/27.3.13750724/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/darwin-x86_64
+; and PKGCONFIG_DIR with the directory holding the stub egl.pc.
+[binaries]
+c = 'NDK_TOOLCHAIN/bin/aarch64-linux-android26-clang'
+cpp = 'NDK_TOOLCHAIN/bin/aarch64-linux-android26-clang++'
+ar = 'NDK_TOOLCHAIN/bin/llvm-ar'
+strip = 'NDK_TOOLCHAIN/bin/llvm-strip'
+pkg-config = '/usr/bin/pkg-config'
+
+[host_machine]
+system = 'android'
+cpu_family = 'aarch64'
+cpu = 'aarch64'
+endian = 'little'
+
+[properties]
+pkg_config_libdir = 'PKGCONFIG_DIR'

tools/piglit-android/cross-example/egl.pc

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Stub egl.pc for cross-building waffle/piglit against the NDK.
+# The NDK's own EGL headers are 1.4-era; point Cflags at MobileGL's bundled
+# EGL 1.5 headers (include/EGL) instead. -lEGL resolves to the NDK stub.
+Name: egl
+Description: EGL 1.5 headers (MobileGL bundled) + NDK libEGL stub
+Version: 1.5
+Libs: -lEGL
+Cflags: -IMOBILEGL_REPO/include

tools/piglit-android/patches/piglit-mobilegl-android.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
+index 1a38c21..b0b6ce2 100644
+--- a/CMakeLists.txt
++++ b/CMakeLists.txt
+@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ INCLUDE (FindPkgConfig)
+ 
+ set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS ON)
+ 
+-if(${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} MATCHES "Linux|FreeBSD")
++if(${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} MATCHES "Linux|FreeBSD|Android")
+ 	set(DEFAULT_EGL ON)
+ 	set(DEFAULT_GLX ON)
+ 	set(DEFAULT_WGL OFF)
+@@ -499,13 +499,18 @@ if(GBM_FOUND)
+ 	endif(HAVE_LIBCACA)
+ endif(GBM_FOUND)
+ 
+-if(PIGLIT_BUILD_EGL_TESTS)
+-	pkg_check_modules(EGL REQUIRED egl)
++# EGL *support* (PIGLIT_HAS_EGL, e.g. the surfaceless_egl waffle platform) is
++# independent of building the EGL test binaries, which additionally need X11.
++pkg_check_modules(EGL egl)
++if(EGL_FOUND)
+ 	set(PIGLIT_HAS_EGL True)
+ 	add_definitions(-DPIGLIT_HAS_EGL)
+ 	include_directories(${EGL_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+ 	add_definitions (${EGL_CFLAGS_OTHER})
+ endif()
++if(PIGLIT_BUILD_EGL_TESTS AND NOT EGL_FOUND)
++	message(FATAL_ERROR "PIGLIT_BUILD_EGL_TESTS requires EGL")
++endif()
+ 
+ # Put all executables into the bin subdirectory
+ set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${piglit_BINARY_DIR}/bin)
+diff --git a/tests/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/CMakeLists.txt
+index e3c964a..36e2109 100644
+--- a/tests/CMakeLists.txt
++++ b/tests/CMakeLists.txt
+@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ add_subdirectory (llvmpipe)
+ add_subdirectory (perf)
+ add_subdirectory (wgl)
+ 
+-IF(EGL_FOUND)
++IF(PIGLIT_BUILD_EGL_TESTS)
+ 	add_subdirectory (egl)
+-ENDIF(EGL_FOUND)
++ENDIF(PIGLIT_BUILD_EGL_TESTS)
+ 
+ IF(PIGLIT_BUILD_CL_TESTS)
+ 	add_subdirectory (cl)
+diff --git a/tests/util/piglit-dispatch-init.c b/tests/util/piglit-dispatch-init.c
+index 3d9772d..e036eac 100644
+--- a/tests/util/piglit-dispatch-init.c
++++ b/tests/util/piglit-dispatch-init.c
+@@ -322,14 +322,19 @@ piglit_dispatch_default_init(piglit_dispatch_api api)
+ 		break;
+ 	}
+ 
+-	if (gl_fw) {
+-		piglit_dispatch_init(api,
+-				     get_wfl_core_proc,
+-				     get_wfl_ext_proc,
+-				     default_unsupported,
+-				     default_get_proc_address_failure);
+-	} else
+-#endif
++	/* MobileGL piglit harness: always use the waffle resolvers in waffle
++	 * builds. This function runs while the waffle framework is still being
++	 * constructed, so gl_fw is NULL here and the gl_fw branch never fired;
++	 * the fallback resolvers bind GL functions via the SYSTEM libEGL's
++	 * eglGetProcAddress (a DT_NEEDED symbol), which on Android is the raw
++	 * GLES driver rather than the waffle-selected EGL implementation.
++	 */
++	piglit_dispatch_init(api,
++			     get_wfl_core_proc,
++			     get_wfl_ext_proc,
++			     default_unsupported,
++			     default_get_proc_address_failure);
++#else
+ 	{
+ 
+ 		piglit_dispatch_init(api,
+@@ -338,6 +343,7 @@ piglit_dispatch_default_init(piglit_dispatch_api api)
+ 				     default_unsupported,
+ 				     default_get_proc_address_failure);
+ 	}
++#endif
+ 
+ 	already_initialized = true;
+ }
+diff --git a/tests/util/piglit-util-gl.c b/tests/util/piglit-util-gl.c
+index 16eb425..7f2796c 100644
+--- a/tests/util/piglit-util-gl.c
++++ b/tests/util/piglit-util-gl.c
+@@ -47,6 +47,9 @@ bool piglit_is_core_profile;
+ bool piglit_is_gles(void)
+ {
+ 	const char *version_string = (const char *) glGetString(GL_VERSION);
++	if (getenv("PIGLIT_DEBUG_VERSION_STRING"))
++		printf("piglit: debug: GL_VERSION = \"%s\"\n",
++		       version_string ? version_string : "(null)");
+ 	return strncmp("OpenGL ES", version_string, 9) == 0;
+ }
+ 

tools/piglit-android/patches/waffle-mobilegl-android.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,445 @@
+diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
+index 7060fce..dcd45ed 100644
+--- a/meson.build
++++ b/meson.build
+@@ -78,7 +78,11 @@ else
+   dep_egl = dependency('egl', required : get_option('surfaceless_egl'))
+   build_surfaceless = dep_egl.found()
+ 
+-  dep_egl = dependency('egl', required : get_option('wayland'))
++  # Don't clobber a dep_egl found for surfaceless_egl when wayland is
++  # disabled (a disabled-feature dependency() returns not-found).
++  if not dep_egl.found()
++    dep_egl = dependency('egl', required : get_option('wayland'))
++  endif
+   dep_wayland_client = dependency(
+     'wayland-client', version : '>= 1.10', required : get_option('wayland'),
+   )
+diff --git a/src/waffle/egl/wegl_context.c b/src/waffle/egl/wegl_context.c
+index 26362a9..a26c27f 100644
+--- a/src/waffle/egl/wegl_context.c
++++ b/src/waffle/egl/wegl_context.c
+@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
+ // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
+ 
+ #include <assert.h>
++#include <stdlib.h>
++#include <string.h>
+ 
+ #include <EGL/egl.h>
+ #include <EGL/eglext.h>
+@@ -19,6 +21,25 @@
+ #define EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_ROBUST_ACCESS  0x31B2
+ #endif
+ 
++// MobileGL piglit harness: WAFFLE_FORCE_GL_CONTEXT_VERSION="33core" upgrades
++// every desktop-GL context request to at least that version/profile (never
++// downgrades). MobileGL implements exactly GL 3.3 core; piglit tests that ask
++// for a low compat context (supports_gl_compat_version=10) would otherwise
++// get a context whose version string reflects the raw backend, and skip.
++static bool
++force_gl_context_version(EGLint *major, EGLint *minor, bool *core)
++{
++    const char *env = getenv("WAFFLE_FORCE_GL_CONTEXT_VERSION");
++    if (!env || strlen(env) < 2)
++        return false;
++    if (env[0] < '1' || env[0] > '9' || env[1] < '0' || env[1] > '9')
++        return false;
++    *major = env[0] - '0';
++    *minor = env[1] - '0';
++    *core = strstr(env, "core") != NULL;
++    return true;
++}
++
+ static bool
+ bind_api(struct wegl_platform *plat, int32_t waffle_context_api)
+ {
+@@ -61,13 +82,30 @@ create_real_context(struct wegl_config *config,
+         context_flags |= EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_DEBUG_BIT_KHR;
+     }
+ 
++    // Effective version/profile for desktop GL, possibly upgraded by
++    // WAFFLE_FORCE_GL_CONTEXT_VERSION (never downgraded).
++    EGLint eff_major = attrs->context_major_version;
++    EGLint eff_minor = attrs->context_minor_version;
++    int32_t eff_profile = attrs->context_profile;
++    if (waffle_context_api == WAFFLE_CONTEXT_OPENGL) {
++        EGLint f_major, f_minor;
++        bool f_core;
++        if (force_gl_context_version(&f_major, &f_minor, &f_core) &&
++            10 * f_major + f_minor > 10 * eff_major + eff_minor) {
++            eff_major = f_major;
++            eff_minor = f_minor;
++            if (f_core)
++                eff_profile = WAFFLE_CONTEXT_CORE_PROFILE;
++        }
++    }
++
+     switch (waffle_context_api) {
+         case WAFFLE_CONTEXT_OPENGL:
+             if (dpy->KHR_create_context) {
+                 attrib_list[i++] = EGL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_KHR;
+-                attrib_list[i++] = attrs->context_major_version;
++                attrib_list[i++] = eff_major;
+                 attrib_list[i++] = EGL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_KHR;
+-                attrib_list[i++] = attrs->context_minor_version;
++                attrib_list[i++] = eff_minor;
+             }
+             else {
+                 assert(attrs->context_major_version == 1);
+@@ -92,9 +130,9 @@ create_real_context(struct wegl_config *config,
+                 }
+             }
+ 
+-            if (wcore_config_attrs_version_ge(attrs, 32))  {
++            if (10 * eff_major + eff_minor >= 32)  {
+                 assert(dpy->KHR_create_context);
+-                switch (attrs->context_profile) {
++                switch (eff_profile) {
+                     case WAFFLE_CONTEXT_CORE_PROFILE:
+                         attrib_list[i++] = EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_PROFILE_MASK_KHR;
+                         attrib_list[i++] = EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE_BIT_KHR;
+diff --git a/src/waffle/egl/wegl_platform.c b/src/waffle/egl/wegl_platform.c
+index 6fe72ba..c3d72b1 100644
+--- a/src/waffle/egl/wegl_platform.c
++++ b/src/waffle/egl/wegl_platform.c
+@@ -13,11 +13,24 @@
+ #include "wegl_platform.h"
+ 
+ #ifdef WAFFLE_HAS_ANDROID
+-static const char *libEGL_filename = "libEGL.so";
++static const char *libEGL_default_filename = "libEGL.so";
+ #else
+-static const char *libEGL_filename = "libEGL.so.1";
++static const char *libEGL_default_filename = "libEGL.so.1";
+ #endif
+ 
++// MobileGL piglit harness: allow overriding which library provides the EGL
++// entry points (e.g. WAFFLE_EGL_LIBRARY=libMobileGL.so). MobileGL exports the
++// full EGL API under the real egl* names, so waffle can drive it directly
++// while the system libEGL.so stays untouched for MobileGL's own backend use.
++static const char *
++egl_library_name(void)
++{
++    const char *env = getenv("WAFFLE_EGL_LIBRARY");
++    if (env && env[0])
++        return env;
++    return libEGL_default_filename;
++}
++
+ static bool
+ supports_egl_khr_display(const struct wegl_platform *plat,
+                          const char *client_extensions)
+@@ -120,7 +133,7 @@ wegl_platform_teardown(struct wegl_platform *self)
+             ok = false;
+             wcore_errorf(WAFFLE_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                          "dlclose(\"%s\") failed: %s",
+-                         libEGL_filename, dlerror());
++                         egl_library_name(), dlerror());
+         }
+         self->egl.handle = NULL;
+     }
+@@ -132,12 +145,19 @@ wegl_platform_teardown(struct wegl_platform *self)
+ bool
+ wegl_platform_init(struct wegl_platform *self, EGLenum egl_platform)
+ {
+-    static const char *const dso_names[] = {
++    static const char *dso_names[] = {
+         "libGL.so.1",
+         "libGLESv1_CM.so.1",
+         "libGLESv2.so.2",
+     };
+ 
++    // MobileGL piglit harness: let waffle_dl_sym(WAFFLE_DL_OPENGL, ...)
++    // resolve desktop-GL symbols from an alternate library (MobileGL exports
++    // real gl* names). Android has no libGL.so.1.
++    const char *gl_override = getenv("WAFFLE_GL_LIBRARY");
++    if (gl_override && gl_override[0])
++        dso_names[0] = gl_override;
++
+     wcore_platform_init(&self->wcore);
+     posix_platform_init(&self->wcore, dso_names);
+ 
+@@ -146,11 +166,11 @@ wegl_platform_init(struct wegl_platform *self, EGLenum egl_platform)
+     // Most Waffle platforms will call eglCreateWindowSurface.
+     self->egl_surface_type_mask = EGL_WINDOW_BIT;
+ 
+-    self->egl.handle = dlopen(libEGL_filename, RTLD_LAZY | RTLD_LOCAL);
++    self->egl.handle = dlopen(egl_library_name(), RTLD_LAZY | RTLD_LOCAL);
+     if (!self->egl.handle) {
+         wcore_errorf(WAFFLE_ERROR_FATAL,
+                      "dlopen(\"%s\") failed: %s",
+-                     libEGL_filename, dlerror());
++                     egl_library_name(), dlerror());
+         return false;
+     }
+ 
+@@ -158,7 +178,7 @@ wegl_platform_init(struct wegl_platform *self, EGLenum egl_platform)
+     self->egl.function = dlsym(self->egl.handle, "egl" #function);             \
+     if (!self->egl.function) {                                                 \
+         wcore_errorf(WAFFLE_ERROR_FATAL, "dlsym(\"%s\", \"%s\") failed: %s",   \
+-                     libEGL_filename, "egl" #function, dlerror());             \
++                     egl_library_name(), "egl" #function, dlerror());          \
+         goto error;                                                            \
+     }
+ 
+diff --git a/src/waffle/meson.build b/src/waffle/meson.build
+index 2ae4c40..e336566 100644
+--- a/src/waffle/meson.build
++++ b/src/waffle/meson.build
+@@ -22,6 +22,16 @@ deps_for_waffle = [
+   idep_threads,
+ ]
+ 
++# MobileGL piglit harness: the Android imagereader window mode in
++# surfaceless_egl needs AImageReader (libmediandk) and ANativeWindow
++# (libandroid).
++if build_surfaceless and host_machine.system() == 'android'
++  deps_for_waffle += [
++    cc.find_library('mediandk'),
++    cc.find_library('android'),
++  ]
++endif
++
+ files_libwaffle = files(
+   'api/api_priv.c',
+   'api/waffle_attrib_list.c',
+diff --git a/src/waffle/surfaceless_egl/sl_platform.c b/src/waffle/surfaceless_egl/sl_platform.c
+index 30018c1..2c0024c 100644
+--- a/src/waffle/surfaceless_egl/sl_platform.c
++++ b/src/waffle/surfaceless_egl/sl_platform.c
+@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ static const struct wcore_platform_vtbl sl_platform_vtbl = {
+         .destroy = sl_window_destroy,
+         .show = sl_window_show,
+         .resize = sl_window_resize,
+-        .swap_buffers = wegl_surface_swap_buffers,
++        .swap_buffers = sl_window_swap_buffers,
+         .get_native = sl_window_get_native,
+     },
+ };
+diff --git a/src/waffle/surfaceless_egl/sl_platform.h b/src/waffle/surfaceless_egl/sl_platform.h
+index a97fabe..a1c91aa 100644
+--- a/src/waffle/surfaceless_egl/sl_platform.h
++++ b/src/waffle/surfaceless_egl/sl_platform.h
+@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
+ 
+ #include <stdbool.h>
+ #include <stdlib.h>
+-#include <gbm.h>
+ 
+ #undef linux
+ 
+diff --git a/src/waffle/surfaceless_egl/sl_window.c b/src/waffle/surfaceless_egl/sl_window.c
+index 0c54613..d18f8b3 100644
+--- a/src/waffle/surfaceless_egl/sl_window.c
++++ b/src/waffle/surfaceless_egl/sl_window.c
+@@ -9,18 +9,108 @@
+ #include "wcore_tinfo.h"
+ 
+ #include "wegl_config.h"
++#include "wegl_display.h"
++#include "wegl_platform.h"
+ #include "wegl_util.h"
+ 
+ #include "sl_display.h"
+ #include "sl_platform.h"
+ #include "sl_window.h"
+ 
++#ifdef __ANDROID__
++#include <android/hardware_buffer.h>
++#include <android/native_window.h>
++#include <media/NdkImageReader.h>
++
++// MobileGL piglit harness: back "windows" with an AImageReader-provided
++// ANativeWindow instead of an EGL pbuffer. MobileGL's DirectVulkan backend
++// needs a real ANativeWindow on Android because the device ICD lacks
++// VK_EXT_headless_surface (which its pbuffer path requires).
++static bool
++sl_android_window_mode(void)
++{
++    const char *env = getenv("WAFFLE_ANDROID_WINDOW");
++    return env && strcmp(env, "imagereader") == 0;
++}
++
++static bool
++sl_imagereader_init(struct sl_window *self,
++                    struct wcore_config *wc_config,
++                    int32_t width, int32_t height)
++{
++    struct wegl_config *config = wegl_config(wc_config);
++    struct wegl_display *dpy = wegl_display(wc_config->display);
++    struct wegl_platform *plat = wegl_platform(dpy->wcore.platform);
++    AImageReader *reader = NULL;
++    ANativeWindow *window = NULL;
++
++    media_status_t st = AImageReader_newWithUsage(
++        width, height, AIMAGE_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
++        AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_GPU_COLOR_OUTPUT |
++            AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_GPU_SAMPLED_IMAGE,
++        8, &reader);
++    if (st != AMEDIA_OK || !reader) {
++        wcore_errorf(WAFFLE_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
++                     "AImageReader_newWithUsage(%dx%d) failed: %d",
++                     width, height, (int)st);
++        return false;
++    }
++
++    st = AImageReader_getWindow(reader, &window);
++    if (st != AMEDIA_OK || !window) {
++        wcore_errorf(WAFFLE_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
++                     "AImageReader_getWindow failed: %d", (int)st);
++        AImageReader_delete(reader);
++        return false;
++    }
++
++    // MobileGL reads EGL_WIDTH/EGL_HEIGHT from the window-surface attrib
++    // list (non-standard); unknown attribs are ignored.
++    EGLint attrib_list[] = {
++        EGL_RENDER_BUFFER, EGL_BACK_BUFFER,
++        EGL_WIDTH, width,
++        EGL_HEIGHT, height,
++        EGL_NONE,
++    };
++
++    self->wegl.egl = plat->egl.CreateWindowSurface(
++        dpy->egl, config->egl, (EGLNativeWindowType)window, attrib_list);
++    if (!self->wegl.egl) {
++        wegl_emit_error(plat, "eglCreateWindowSurface");
++        AImageReader_delete(reader);
++        return false;
++    }
++
++    self->reader = reader;
++    return true;
++}
++
++static void
++sl_imagereader_drain(struct sl_window *self)
++{
++    if (!self->reader)
++        return;
++
++    // Keep the BufferQueue from filling up: nobody displays these frames,
++    // so consume-and-drop the latest (which also releases all older ones).
++    AImage *image = NULL;
++    if (AImageReader_acquireLatestImage(self->reader, &image) == AMEDIA_OK &&
++        image)
++        AImage_delete(image);
++}
++#endif // __ANDROID__
++
+ bool
+ sl_window_destroy(struct wcore_window *wc_self)
+ {
+     struct sl_window *self = sl_window(wegl_surface(wc_self));
+     bool ok = wegl_surface_teardown(&self->wegl);
+ 
++#ifdef __ANDROID__
++    if (self->reader)
++        AImageReader_delete(self->reader);
++#endif
++
+     free(self);
+     return ok;
+ }
+@@ -52,6 +142,11 @@ sl_window_create(struct wcore_platform *wc_plat,
+ 
+     wcore_window_init(&self->wegl.wcore, wc_config);
+ 
++#ifdef __ANDROID__
++    if (sl_android_window_mode())
++        ok = sl_imagereader_init(self, wc_config, width, height);
++    else
++#endif
+     ok = wegl_pbuffer_init(&self->wegl, wc_config, width, height);
+     if (!ok)
+         goto error;
+@@ -71,6 +166,18 @@ sl_window_show(struct wcore_window *wc_self)
+     return true;
+ }
+ 
++bool
++sl_window_swap_buffers(struct wcore_window *wc_self)
++{
++    bool ok = wegl_surface_swap_buffers(wc_self);
++
++#ifdef __ANDROID__
++    sl_imagereader_drain(sl_window(wegl_surface(wc_self)));
++#endif
++
++    return ok;
++}
++
+ bool
+ sl_window_resize(struct wcore_window *wc_self,
+                  int32_t width, int32_t height)
+@@ -83,6 +190,36 @@ sl_window_resize(struct wcore_window *wc_self,
+     struct wcore_tinfo *tinfo;
+     bool ok = true;
+ 
++#ifdef __ANDROID__
++    if (self->reader) {
++        // ImageReader-backed window: build a fresh reader + EGL window
++        // surface at the new size, make it current, then retire the old one.
++        struct sl_window new_win;
++        memset(&new_win, 0, sizeof(new_win));
++        wcore_window_init(&new_win.wegl.wcore, self->wc_config);
++
++        ok = sl_imagereader_init(&new_win, self->wc_config, width, height);
++        if (!ok)
++            return false;
++
++        tinfo = wcore_tinfo_get();
++        wc_ctx = tinfo->current_context;
++
++        ok = wegl_make_current(wc_plat, wc_dpy, &new_win.wegl.wcore, wc_ctx);
++        if (!ok) {
++            wegl_surface_teardown(&new_win.wegl);
++            AImageReader_delete(new_win.reader);
++            return false;
++        }
++
++        wegl_surface_teardown(&self->wegl);
++        AImageReader_delete(self->reader);
++        self->wegl.egl = new_win.wegl.egl;
++        self->reader = new_win.reader;
++        return true;
++    }
++#endif
++
+     // Create a new pbuffer for the resized window.
+     ok = wegl_pbuffer_init(&new_wegl, self->wc_config, width, height);
+     if (!ok)
+diff --git a/src/waffle/surfaceless_egl/sl_window.h b/src/waffle/surfaceless_egl/sl_window.h
+index 8a96239..65a86ad 100644
+--- a/src/waffle/surfaceless_egl/sl_window.h
++++ b/src/waffle/surfaceless_egl/sl_window.h
+@@ -9,9 +9,18 @@
+ 
+ struct wcore_platform;
+ 
++#ifdef __ANDROID__
++typedef struct AImageReader AImageReader;
++#endif
++
+ struct sl_window {
+     struct wegl_surface wegl;
+     struct wcore_config *wc_config;
++#ifdef __ANDROID__
++    // Non-NULL when the window is backed by an AImageReader ANativeWindow
++    // (WAFFLE_ANDROID_WINDOW=imagereader) instead of an EGL pbuffer.
++    AImageReader *reader;
++#endif
+ };
+ 
+ DEFINE_CONTAINER_CAST_FUNC(sl_window,
+@@ -31,6 +40,9 @@ sl_window_destroy(struct wcore_window *wc_self);
+ bool
+ sl_window_show(struct wcore_window *wc_self);
+ 
++bool
++sl_window_swap_buffers(struct wcore_window *wc_self);
++
+ bool
+ sl_window_resize(struct wcore_window *wc_self,
+                  int32_t width, int32_t height);

tools/piglit-android/run_piglit_android.py

@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# MobileGL - tools/piglit-android/run_piglit_android.py
+# Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+# Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+#   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+#   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+# End of Source File Header
+"""Run piglit GL tests on a connected Android device against MobileGL.
+
+Pipeline:
+  1. Read a test list produced by `piglit print-cmd` ("name ::: command" lines).
+  2. Rewrite host paths to on-device paths and collect referenced data files.
+  3. Push binaries/libs/data to the device (incremental, marker-based).
+  4. Execute tests serially on-device in chunked shell scripts under `timeout`,
+     with MobileGL served to waffle via WAFFLE_EGL_LIBRARY=libMobileGL.so.
+  5. Parse "PIGLIT: {...}" result lines, classify, and write results + summary.
+
+The device never needs python or an APK; everything runs as the adb shell user
+from /data/local/tmp.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import shlex
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tarfile
+import tempfile
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+RESULT_LINE = re.compile(rb'PIGLIT: *({.*})')
+MARK_START = re.compile(rb'@@@T (\d+) START')
+MARK_EXIT = re.compile(rb'@@@T (\d+) EXIT (\d+)')
+
+# toybox timeout exit codes: 124 = timed out (SIGTERM), 137 = SIGKILL after -k.
+TIMEOUT_EXITS = {124, 137, 142}
+
+
+def adb(args, serial=None, **kw):
+    cmd = ['adb'] + (['-s', serial] if serial else []) + args
+    return subprocess.run(cmd, **kw)
+
+
+def adb_check(args, serial=None):
+    r = adb(args, serial=serial, capture_output=True)
+    if r.returncode != 0:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"adb {' '.join(args)} failed: {r.stderr.decode(errors='replace')}")
+    return r.stdout
+
+
+def parse_list(path):
+    tests = []
+    for line in Path(path).read_text().splitlines():
+        line = line.strip()
+        if not line or ' ::: ' not in line:
+            continue
+        name, cmd = line.split(' ::: ', 1)
+        tests.append((name.strip(), shlex.split(cmd)))
+    return tests
+
+
+def rewrite_cmd(argv, piglit_root, build_dir, device_dir):
+    """Map host paths in a test command to device paths.
+
+    Returns (device_argv, referenced_host_files).
+    """
+    build_abs = str((piglit_root / build_dir).resolve())
+    src_abs = str(piglit_root.resolve())
+    out = []
+    refs = []
+    for i, arg in enumerate(argv):
+        a = arg
+        if i == 0:
+            # program: "build-android/bin/foo" or absolute
+            prog = a if os.path.isabs(a) else str((piglit_root / a).resolve())
+            refs.append(prog)
+            out.append(f'{device_dir}/bin/{os.path.basename(prog)}')
+            continue
+        p = a if os.path.isabs(a) else None
+        if p and p.startswith(build_abs + '/generated_tests/'):
+            refs.append(p)
+            out.append(p.replace(build_abs + '/generated_tests', device_dir + '/generated_tests', 1))
+        elif p and p.startswith(build_abs + '/tests/'):
+            # Serialized profiles record data paths under the build dir, but
+            # only *generated* data lives there in an out-of-tree build;
+            # plain test files stay in the source tests/ dir.
+            if not os.path.exists(p):
+                p = p.replace(build_abs + '/tests', src_abs + '/tests', 1)
+                refs.append(p)
+                out.append(p.replace(src_abs + '/tests', device_dir + '/tests', 1))
+            else:
+                refs.append(p)
+                out.append(p.replace(build_abs + '/tests', device_dir + '/build-tests', 1))
+        elif p and p.startswith(src_abs + '/tests/'):
+            refs.append(p)
+            out.append(p.replace(src_abs + '/tests', device_dir + '/tests', 1))
+        else:
+            out.append(a)
+    return out, refs
+
+
+def backend_env(backend, device_dir, use_angle=False):
+    env = {
+        'LD_LIBRARY_PATH': f'{device_dir}/lib',
+        'WAFFLE_EGL_LIBRARY': 'libMobileGL.so',
+        'WAFFLE_GL_LIBRARY': 'libMobileGL.so',
+        # Upgrade low compat context requests to what MobileGL implements;
+        # without this, piglit's supports_gl_compat_version=10 tests get the
+        # raw backend version string and skip themselves.
+        'WAFFLE_FORCE_GL_CONTEXT_VERSION': '33core',
+        'PIGLIT_PLATFORM': 'surfaceless_egl',
+        'PIGLIT_SOURCE_DIR': device_dir,
+        'MOBILEGL_BACKEND_TYPE': backend,
+        'MOBILEGL_LOG_FILE_PATH': f'{device_dir}/mobilegl.log',
+    }
+    if backend == 'DirectGLES':
+        env['MOBILEGL_USE_ANGLE'] = '1' if use_angle else '0'
+    if backend == 'DirectVulkan':
+        # The device ICD usually lacks VK_EXT_headless_surface, which the
+        # MobileGL pbuffer path needs; use a real ANativeWindow from
+        # AImageReader instead (patched waffle surfaceless_egl platform).
+        env['WAFFLE_ANDROID_WINDOW'] = 'imagereader'
+    return env
+
+
+def push_tree(host, dev, serial, marker_name, force=False):
+    """Push a directory once, tracked by a marker file on the device."""
+    marker = f'{dev}.pushed-{marker_name}'
+    if not force:
+        r = adb(['shell', f'test -e {shlex.quote(marker)} && echo yes'],
+                serial=serial, capture_output=True)
+        if r.stdout.strip() == b'yes':
+            return False
+    print(f'  pushing {host} -> {dev}')
+    adb_check(['shell', f'rm -rf {shlex.quote(dev)}'], serial=serial)
+    adb_check(['push', str(host), dev], serial=serial)
+    adb_check(['shell', f'touch {shlex.quote(marker)}'], serial=serial)
+    return True
+
+
+def push_files(files, strip_prefix, dev_prefix, serial):
+    """Tar up referenced data files (relative to strip_prefix) and unpack on device."""
+    files = sorted(set(files))
+    if not files:
+        return
+    with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.tar', delete=False) as tf:
+        tar_path = tf.name
+    with tarfile.open(tar_path, 'w') as tar:
+        for f in files:
+            rel = os.path.relpath(f, strip_prefix)
+            if rel.startswith('..'):
+                raise RuntimeError(f'file {f} not under {strip_prefix}')
+            tar.add(f, arcname=rel)
+    dev_tar = dev_prefix + '/.data.tar'
+    adb_check(['shell', f'mkdir -p {shlex.quote(dev_prefix)}'], serial=serial)
+    adb_check(['push', tar_path, dev_tar], serial=serial)
+    adb_check(['shell', f'cd {shlex.quote(dev_prefix)} && tar xf .data.tar && rm .data.tar'],
+              serial=serial)
+    os.unlink(tar_path)
+
+
+def classify(exit_code, piglit_results, timed_out):
+    if timed_out:
+        return 'timeout'
+    result = None
+    for r in piglit_results:
+        if 'result' in r:
+            result = r['result']
+    if result is None:
+        return 'crash' if exit_code != 0 else 'notrun'
+    if exit_code not in (0, 1):
+        return 'crash'
+    return result
+
+
+def main():
+    ap = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    ap.add_argument('--piglit-root', required=True, type=Path,
+                    help='piglit source checkout (with the Android build dir inside)')
+    ap.add_argument('--build-dir', default='build-android',
+                    help='Android build dir name inside piglit root')
+    ap.add_argument('--list', required=True,
+                    help='test list file from `piglit print-cmd` (name ::: cmd)')
+    ap.add_argument('--backend', required=True, choices=['DirectGLES', 'DirectVulkan'])
+    ap.add_argument('--use-angle', action='store_true',
+                    help='DirectGLES only: let MobileGL load ANGLE instead of the system driver')
+    ap.add_argument('--mobilegl-lib', required=True, type=Path,
+                    help='stripped libMobileGL.so for the device')
+    ap.add_argument('--waffle-lib', required=True, type=Path,
+                    help='cross-built libwaffle-1.so')
+    ap.add_argument('--device-dir', default='/data/local/tmp/piglit-mgl')
+    ap.add_argument('--out', required=True, type=Path, help='host results directory')
+    ap.add_argument('--serial', default=None, help='adb device serial')
+    ap.add_argument('--timeout', type=int, default=60, help='per-test timeout (seconds)')
+    ap.add_argument('--chunk', type=int, default=200, help='tests per device-side script')
+    ap.add_argument('--repush', action='store_true', help='force re-push of bin/lib/tests trees')
+    args = ap.parse_args()
+
+    piglit_root = args.piglit_root.resolve()
+    build = piglit_root / args.build_dir
+    dev = args.device_dir.rstrip('/')
+    args.out.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    tests = parse_list(args.list)
+    if not tests:
+        print('no tests in list', file=sys.stderr)
+        return 2
+
+    print(f'[1/4] {len(tests)} tests; rewriting paths')
+    dev_cmds = []
+    data_refs = []
+    for name, argv in tests:
+        dcmd, refs = rewrite_cmd(argv, piglit_root, args.build_dir, dev)
+        dev_cmds.append((name, dcmd))
+        data_refs.extend(r for r in refs if not r.split('/')[-2:][0] == 'bin')
+
+    print('[2/4] pushing artifacts')
+    adb_check(['shell', f'mkdir -p {dev} {dev}/lib {dev}/chunks {dev}/logs'], serial=args.serial)
+    push_tree(build / 'bin', f'{dev}/bin', args.serial, 'bin', args.repush)
+    adb_check(['shell', f'chmod -R 755 {dev}/bin'], serial=args.serial)
+    # libs: piglit utils + waffle + MobileGL in one LD_LIBRARY_PATH dir
+    for lib in sorted((build / 'lib').glob('*.so')):
+        adb_check(['push', str(lib), f'{dev}/lib/'], serial=args.serial)
+    adb_check(['push', str(args.waffle_lib), f'{dev}/lib/libwaffle-1.so'], serial=args.serial)
+    adb_check(['push', str(args.mobilegl_lib), f'{dev}/lib/libMobileGL.so'], serial=args.serial)
+    # data files referenced by this run (tests/, build-tests/, generated_tests/)
+    src_abs = str(piglit_root)
+    build_abs = str(build)
+    groups = {
+        (src_abs + '/tests', f'{dev}/tests'): [],
+        (build_abs + '/tests', f'{dev}/build-tests'): [],
+        (build_abs + '/generated_tests', f'{dev}/generated_tests'): [],
+    }
+    for r in set(data_refs):
+        for (host_prefix, dev_prefix), bucket in groups.items():
+            if r.startswith(host_prefix + '/'):
+                bucket.append(r)
+                break
+    for (host_prefix, dev_prefix), bucket in groups.items():
+        push_files(bucket, host_prefix, dev_prefix, args.serial)
+
+    env = backend_env(args.backend, dev, args.use_angle)
+    env_lines = '\n'.join(f'export {k}={shlex.quote(v)}' for k, v in env.items())
+
+    print(f'[3/4] running {len(tests)} tests on {args.backend} '
+          f'(timeout {args.timeout}s/test, chunks of {args.chunk})')
+    raw_log = (args.out / 'raw.log').open('wb')
+    t0 = time.time()
+    outcomes = {}
+    chunks = [dev_cmds[i:i + args.chunk] for i in range(0, len(dev_cmds), args.chunk)]
+    idx_base = 0
+    for ci, chunk in enumerate(chunks):
+        lines = ['#!/system/bin/sh', env_lines, f'cd {dev}']
+        for j, (name, dcmd) in enumerate(chunk):
+            idx = idx_base + j
+            quoted = ' '.join(shlex.quote(a) for a in dcmd)
+            lines.append(f'echo "@@@T {idx} START"')
+            lines.append(f'timeout -k 5 {args.timeout} {quoted} </dev/null 2>&1')
+            lines.append(f'echo "@@@T {idx} EXIT $?"')
+        script = '\n'.join(lines) + '\n'
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile('w', suffix='.sh', delete=False) as tf:
+            tf.write(script)
+            host_script = tf.name
+        dev_script = f'{dev}/chunks/chunk{ci}.sh'
+        adb_check(['push', host_script, dev_script], serial=args.serial)
+        os.unlink(host_script)
+        r = adb(['shell', f'sh {dev_script}'], serial=args.serial, capture_output=True)
+        raw_log.write(r.stdout)
+        raw_log.flush()
+
+        # parse this chunk
+        cur = None
+        cur_results = []
+        cur_out = []
+        for line in r.stdout.splitlines():
+            m = MARK_START.search(line)
+            if m:
+                cur = int(m.group(1))
+                cur_results = []
+                cur_out = []
+                continue
+            m = MARK_EXIT.search(line)
+            if m and cur is not None and int(m.group(1)) == cur:
+                code = int(m.group(2))
+                name = dev_cmds[cur][0]
+                status = classify(code, cur_results, code in TIMEOUT_EXITS)
+                outcomes[name] = {
+                    'status': status,
+                    'exit': code,
+                    'subtests': {k: v for r_ in cur_results if 'subtest' in r_
+                                 for k, v in r_['subtest'].items()},
+                    'tail': b'\n'.join(cur_out[-8:]).decode(errors='replace')
+                            if status in ('crash', 'timeout', 'fail', 'notrun') else '',
+                }
+                cur = None
+                continue
+            if cur is not None:
+                cur_out.append(line)
+                m = RESULT_LINE.search(line)
+                if m:
+                    try:
+                        cur_results.append(json.loads(m.group(1)))
+                    except json.JSONDecodeError:
+                        pass
+        # tests whose markers never appeared (adb drop, device reboot)
+        for j, (name, _) in enumerate(chunk):
+            outcomes.setdefault(dev_cmds[idx_base + j][0], {
+                'status': 'missing', 'exit': -1, 'subtests': {}, 'tail': ''})
+        idx_base += len(chunk)
+        done = idx_base
+        print(f'  chunk {ci + 1}/{len(chunks)} done ({done}/{len(dev_cmds)}, '
+              f'{time.time() - t0:.0f}s elapsed)')
+    raw_log.close()
+
+    print('[4/4] writing results')
+    counts = {}
+    for name, o in outcomes.items():
+        counts[o['status']] = counts.get(o['status'], 0) + 1
+    result_doc = {
+        'backend': args.backend,
+        'use_angle': args.use_angle,
+        'device_dir': dev,
+        'timeout': args.timeout,
+        'elapsed_sec': round(time.time() - t0, 1),
+        'totals': counts,
+        'tests': outcomes,
+    }
+    (args.out / 'results.json').write_text(json.dumps(result_doc, indent=1, sort_keys=True))
+    lines = [f"backend: {args.backend}  tests: {len(outcomes)}  elapsed: {result_doc['elapsed_sec']}s"]
+    lines.append('totals: ' + ', '.join(f'{k}={v}' for k, v in sorted(counts.items())))
+    for status in ('crash', 'timeout', 'fail', 'missing', 'notrun', 'warn'):
+        bad = sorted(n for n, o in outcomes.items() if o['status'] == status)
+        if bad:
+            lines.append(f'\n== {status} ({len(bad)}):')
+            lines.extend(f'  {n}' for n in bad)
+    (args.out / 'summary.txt').write_text('\n'.join(lines) + '\n')
+    print('\n'.join(lines[:2]))
+    print(f"results: {args.out / 'results.json'}")
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main())

tools/piglit-android/skills/piglit-on-android/SKILL.md

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+---
+name: piglit-on-android
+description: Run piglit desktop-GL tests on a connected Android device with MobileGL as the OpenGL implementation - cross-build waffle (patched) and piglit for aarch64, push to /data/local/tmp, execute over adb against the DirectGLES (system driver or ANGLE) and DirectVulkan backends, and produce pass/fail/crash summaries. Use when validating MobileGL's OpenGL 3.3 core conformance on-device or bisecting a piglit regression.
+---
+
+# piglit on Android against MobileGL
+
+## Variables
+
+```sh
+export REPO="$PWD"                        # MobileGL checkout
+export WORK="$HOME/piglit-android"        # piglit/waffle workdir (outside the repo)
+export NDK="$HOME/Library/Android/sdk/ndk/27.3.13750724"
+export TOOLS="$REPO/tools/piglit-android"
+export DEVICE_DIR="/data/local/tmp/piglit-mgl"
+```
+
+## Architecture (read first)
+
+- MobileGL exports the full `egl*`/`gl*` API with real symbol names from
+  `libMobileGL.so`; waffle's `surfaceless_egl` platform is pointed at it via
+  `WAFFLE_EGL_LIBRARY=libMobileGL.so` and `WAFFLE_GL_LIBRARY=libMobileGL.so`.
+- **Never ship MobileGL under the name `libEGL.so`**: the DirectGLES backend
+  dlopens the system driver by the bare soname `libEGL.so` and would load
+  itself recursively.
+- `WAFFLE_FORCE_GL_CONTEXT_VERSION=33core` (patched waffle) upgrades piglit's
+  low compat context requests (`supports_gl_compat_version=10`) to GL 3.3
+  core; without it those tests see a raw backend version string and skip.
+- DirectVulkan cannot use MobileGL's EGL-pbuffer path on real devices (Android
+  ICDs lack `VK_EXT_headless_surface`), so the patched waffle creates windows
+  from an `AImageReader` ANativeWindow: `WAFFLE_ANDROID_WINDOW=imagereader`.
+  The runner sets this automatically for `--backend DirectVulkan`.
+- The piglit patch also fixes `piglit_dispatch_default_init` to always install
+  the waffle resolvers; upstream silently bound gl* through the SYSTEM
+  libEGL's `eglGetProcAddress`, running every test on the raw GLES driver.
+- MobileGL's lifecycle is owned by the EGL layer (lazy init on first EGL call,
+  full teardown on the last `eglTerminate`), so piglit processes start and
+  exit cleanly with no static ctor/dtor involvement.
+
+## Steps
+
+1. **Clone + patch** piglit and waffle (shallow clones are fine; never pull
+   git-LFS):
+
+   ```sh
+   mkdir -p "$WORK" && cd "$WORK"
+   git clone --depth 1 https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/piglit.git
+   git clone --depth 1 https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/waffle.git
+   git -C waffle apply "$TOOLS/patches/waffle-mobilegl-android.patch"
+   git -C piglit apply "$TOOLS/patches/piglit-mobilegl-android.patch"
+   python3 -m venv venv && ./venv/bin/pip install mako numpy packaging
+   ```
+
+2. **Build libMobileGL.so** for arm64 (plain CMake + NDK; gradle not needed)
+   and strip it. See `$TOOLS/README.md` for exact invocations.
+
+3. **Cross-build waffle** with meson (`surfaceless_egl` enabled, everything
+   else disabled) using `$TOOLS/cross-example/android-arm64.ini` and the stub
+   `egl.pc` (Cflags → `$REPO/include` for EGL 1.5 headers). `meson install` to
+   `$WORK/prefix` so piglit's pkg-config finds `waffle-1.pc`.
+
+4. **Cross-build piglit** with the NDK toolchain file; the full CMake flag set
+   is in `$TOOLS/README.md`. All GL test binaries land in
+   `piglit/build-android/bin` (~1600), shared utils in `lib/`.
+
+5. **Smoke test** with wflinfo on both backends before any long run:
+
+   ```sh
+   adb shell "cd $DEVICE_DIR && env LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$DEVICE_DIR/lib \
+     WAFFLE_EGL_LIBRARY=libMobileGL.so WAFFLE_GL_LIBRARY=libMobileGL.so \
+     MOBILEGL_BACKEND_TYPE=DirectVulkan WAFFLE_ANDROID_WINDOW=imagereader \
+     ./wflinfo --platform surfaceless_egl --api gl --version 3.3 --profile core"
+   ```
+
+   Expect `3.3.0 MobileGL … Direct (Vulkan) Backend` and exit code 0.
+
+6. **Enumerate tests on the host** with `piglit print-cmd` (profiles: `opengl`,
+   `shader`, `glslparser`; group separator is `@`). For the GL 3.3 core suite
+   use the version groups + GLSL groups + the ARB extension groups folded into
+   3.1–3.3 core (~15k tests).
+
+7. **Run per backend** with the driver script (serial, chunked, per-test
+   timeout; DirectGLES first, then DirectVulkan):
+
+   ```sh
+   python3 "$TOOLS/run_piglit_android.py" \
+     --piglit-root "$WORK/piglit" --list gl33-core.list \
+     --backend DirectGLES \
+     --mobilegl-lib "$WORK/libMobileGL-stripped.so" \
+     --waffle-lib "$WORK/waffle/build-android/src/waffle/libwaffle-1.so" \
+     --out results-gles
+   ```
+
+   `--use-angle` switches DirectGLES to packaged ANGLE; default is the system
+   GLES driver. `--repush` forces re-pushing bin/lib/tests trees (needed after
+   rebuilds or if the device wiped `/data/local/tmp`).
+
+8. **Compare backends**: `results.json` has per-test status
+   (`pass/fail/skip/crash/timeout/missing`) and output tails for non-passes;
+   `summary.txt` lists the bad tests. Diff the two runs' failing sets to
+   separate frontend issues (fail on both) from backend-specific ones.
+
+## Gotchas
+
+- A test crash after `PIGLIT: {"result": ...}` was printed is classified by
+  the result line, not the exit code, except that unknown nonzero exits count
+  as `crash`.
+- The device may clear `/data/local/tmp` (vendor cleaners); `--repush` recovers.
+- Keep chunks ≤ ~250 tests: one adb connection per chunk bounds the damage of
+  USB hiccups, and progress prints per chunk.
+- MobileGL writes `$DEVICE_DIR/mobilegl.log` (set by the runner); check it and
+  `adb logcat -b crash` when triaging crashes.

tools/piglit-android/skills/piglit-on-android/agents/openai.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+interface:
+  display_name: "MobileGL piglit on Android"
+  short_description: "Run piglit GL tests on-device against MobileGL backends"
+  default_prompt: "Use $piglit-on-android to run the piglit OpenGL 3.3 core suite on the connected Android device against MobileGL's DirectGLES and DirectVulkan backends and summarize the results."

tools/wgl-smoke/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# WGL smoke tests
+
+Manual bring-up tests for the Windows host layer (drop-in `opengl32.dll`).
+Both replicate the GLFW/LWJGL bootstrap Minecraft uses and verify a rendered
+triangle via `glReadPixels`; exit code 0 means pass.
+
+- `wgl_smoke.cpp` - hand-rolled Win32/WGL sequence (dummy context on a hidden
+  helper window, ARB pixel format + 3.2 core forward-compatible context,
+  gdi32 pixel-format forwarding, swap loop, readback).
+- `glfw_smoke.cpp` - the same flow driven by a real GLFW binary, which also
+  exercises GLFW's zero-area helper window (the case that needs the
+  DirectVulkan no-swapchain-at-init path).
+
+Build (x64 Native Tools prompt), with GLFW binaries for the second test:
+
+    cl /nologo /EHsc /W3 wgl_smoke.cpp user32.lib gdi32.lib
+    cl /nologo /EHsc /W3 glfw_smoke.cpp /I%GLFW%\include %GLFW%\lib-vc2022\glfw3dll.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib
+
+Run with the MobileGL `opengl32.dll` copy (and `glfw3.dll`, plus ANGLE's
+`libEGL.dll`/`libGLESv2.dll`/`d3dcompiler_47.dll` for DirectGLES) in the exe
+directory:
+
+    set MOBILEGL_BACKEND_TYPE=DirectVulkan   (or DirectGLES)
+    set MOBILEGL_LOG_FILE_PATH=smoke.log
+    wgl_smoke.exe && glfw_smoke.exe

tools/wgl-smoke/glfw_smoke.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+// GLFW-driven smoke test: exercises the exact GLFW WGL bootstrap Minecraft uses
+// (helper-window dummy context, ARB pixel format, 3.2 core forward-compatible
+// no-error context) against the MobileGL opengl32.dll drop-in.
+//
+// Build: cl /nologo /EHsc /W3 glfw_smoke.cpp /I<GLFW>/include <GLFW>/lib-vc2022/glfw3dll.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib
+// Run with opengl32.dll + glfw3.dll in the exe directory.
+
+#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <cstdio>
+
+typedef const unsigned char*(WINAPI* PFN_glGetString)(unsigned int);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glClearColor)(float, float, float, float);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glClear)(unsigned int);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glReadPixels)(int, int, int, int, unsigned int, unsigned int, void*);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glFinish)(void);
+typedef unsigned int(WINAPI* PFN_glCreateShader)(unsigned int);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glShaderSource)(unsigned int, int, const char* const*, const int*);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glCompileShader)(unsigned int);
+typedef unsigned int(WINAPI* PFN_glCreateProgram)(void);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glAttachShader)(unsigned int, unsigned int);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glLinkProgram)(unsigned int);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glUseProgram)(unsigned int);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glGenVertexArrays)(int, unsigned int*);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glBindVertexArray)(unsigned int);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glGenBuffers)(int, unsigned int*);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glBindBuffer)(unsigned int, unsigned int);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glBufferData)(unsigned int, long long, const void*, unsigned int);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glVertexAttribPointer)(unsigned int, int, unsigned int, unsigned char, int, const void*);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glEnableVertexAttribArray)(unsigned int);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glDrawArrays)(unsigned int, int, int);
+#define GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT 0x00004000
+#define GL_VERSION 0x1F02
+#define GL_RENDERER 0x1F01
+#define GL_RGBA 0x1908
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE 0x1401
+#define GL_TRIANGLES 0x0004
+#define GL_FLOAT 0x1406
+#define GL_ARRAY_BUFFER 0x8892
+#define GL_STATIC_DRAW 0x88E4
+#define GL_VERTEX_SHADER 0x8B31
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER 0x8B30
+
+static void RawPrint(HANDLE f, const char* s) {
+    DWORD written = 0;
+    WriteFile(f, s, (DWORD)lstrlenA(s), &written, nullptr);
+}
+
+static void RawHex(HANDLE f, unsigned long long v) {
+    char buf[20];
+    for (int i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
+        int nib = (int)((v >> ((15 - i) * 4)) & 0xF);
+        buf[i] = (char)(nib < 10 ? '0' + nib : 'a' + nib - 10);
+    }
+    buf[16] = 0;
+    RawPrint(f, buf);
+}
+
+static LONG WINAPI CrashDump(EXCEPTION_POINTERS* ep) {
+    static volatile LONG entered = 0;
+    if (ep->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionCode != 0xC0000005) return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
+    if (InterlockedExchange(&entered, 1)) return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
+    HANDLE f = CreateFileA("glfw-crash-stack.txt", GENERIC_WRITE, 0, nullptr, CREATE_ALWAYS,
+                           FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, nullptr);
+    if (f == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) TerminateProcess(GetCurrentProcess(), 0x43);
+    RawPrint(f, "AV at ");
+    RawHex(f, (unsigned long long)ep->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionAddress);
+    RawPrint(f, " reading ");
+    RawHex(f, (unsigned long long)ep->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[1]);
+    RawPrint(f, "\n");
+    const unsigned long long* sp = (const unsigned long long*)ep->ContextRecord->Rsp;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 512; ++i) {
+        MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION mbi;
+        if (!VirtualQuery(sp + i, &mbi, sizeof(mbi)) || mbi.State != MEM_COMMIT ||
+            (mbi.Protect & (PAGE_READONLY | PAGE_READWRITE | PAGE_EXECUTE_READ | PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE)) == 0)
+            break;
+        unsigned long long v = sp[i];
+        HMODULE mod = nullptr;
+        if (v > 0x10000 &&
+            GetModuleHandleExA(GET_MODULE_HANDLE_EX_FLAG_FROM_ADDRESS | GET_MODULE_HANDLE_EX_FLAG_UNCHANGED_REFCOUNT,
+                               (LPCSTR)v, &mod) &&
+            mod) {
+            char name[MAX_PATH];
+            name[0] = 0;
+            GetModuleFileNameA(mod, name, MAX_PATH);
+            RawPrint(f, "stack ");
+            RawHex(f, v);
+            RawPrint(f, " ");
+            RawPrint(f, name);
+            RawPrint(f, "+");
+            RawHex(f, v - (unsigned long long)mod);
+            RawPrint(f, "\n");
+        }
+    }
+    CloseHandle(f);
+    TerminateProcess(GetCurrentProcess(), 0x42);
+    return EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER;
+}
+
+int main() {
+    AddVectoredExceptionHandler(1, CrashDump);
+    if (!glfwInit()) {
+        std::fprintf(stderr, "GLFW-SMOKE FAIL: glfwInit\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_OPENGL_API);
+    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
+    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 2);
+    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
+    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GLFW_TRUE);
+    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_NO_ERROR, GLFW_TRUE);
+    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_VISIBLE, GLFW_FALSE);
+
+    GLFWwindow* win = glfwCreateWindow(854, 480, "MobileGL GLFW smoke", nullptr, nullptr);
+    if (!win) {
+        const char* desc = nullptr;
+        int code = glfwGetError(&desc);
+        std::fprintf(stderr, "GLFW-SMOKE FAIL: glfwCreateWindow (0x%x %s)\n", code, desc ? desc : "?");
+        return 1;
+    }
+    glfwMakeContextCurrent(win);
+    glfwShowWindow(win);
+    glfwSwapInterval(0);
+
+    auto glGetString_ = (PFN_glGetString)glfwGetProcAddress("glGetString");
+    auto glClearColor_ = (PFN_glClearColor)glfwGetProcAddress("glClearColor");
+    auto glClear_ = (PFN_glClear)glfwGetProcAddress("glClear");
+    auto glReadPixels_ = (PFN_glReadPixels)glfwGetProcAddress("glReadPixels");
+    auto glFinish_ = (PFN_glFinish)glfwGetProcAddress("glFinish");
+    std::printf("GL_VERSION: %s\nGL_RENDERER: %s\n", glGetString_(GL_VERSION), glGetString_(GL_RENDERER));
+
+    auto glCreateShader_ = (PFN_glCreateShader)glfwGetProcAddress("glCreateShader");
+    auto glShaderSource_ = (PFN_glShaderSource)glfwGetProcAddress("glShaderSource");
+    auto glCompileShader_ = (PFN_glCompileShader)glfwGetProcAddress("glCompileShader");
+    auto glCreateProgram_ = (PFN_glCreateProgram)glfwGetProcAddress("glCreateProgram");
+    auto glAttachShader_ = (PFN_glAttachShader)glfwGetProcAddress("glAttachShader");
+    auto glLinkProgram_ = (PFN_glLinkProgram)glfwGetProcAddress("glLinkProgram");
+    auto glUseProgram_ = (PFN_glUseProgram)glfwGetProcAddress("glUseProgram");
+    auto glGenVertexArrays_ = (PFN_glGenVertexArrays)glfwGetProcAddress("glGenVertexArrays");
+    auto glBindVertexArray_ = (PFN_glBindVertexArray)glfwGetProcAddress("glBindVertexArray");
+    auto glGenBuffers_ = (PFN_glGenBuffers)glfwGetProcAddress("glGenBuffers");
+    auto glBindBuffer_ = (PFN_glBindBuffer)glfwGetProcAddress("glBindBuffer");
+    auto glBufferData_ = (PFN_glBufferData)glfwGetProcAddress("glBufferData");
+    auto glVertexAttribPointer_ = (PFN_glVertexAttribPointer)glfwGetProcAddress("glVertexAttribPointer");
+    auto glEnableVertexAttribArray_ = (PFN_glEnableVertexAttribArray)glfwGetProcAddress("glEnableVertexAttribArray");
+    auto glDrawArrays_ = (PFN_glDrawArrays)glfwGetProcAddress("glDrawArrays");
+
+    const char* vsSrc = "#version 150 core\nin vec2 aPos;\nvoid main(){ gl_Position = vec4(aPos, 0.0, 1.0); }\n";
+    const char* fsSrc = "#version 150 core\nout vec4 c;\nvoid main(){ c = vec4(1.0, 0.5, 0.0, 1.0); }\n";
+    unsigned int vs = glCreateShader_(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
+    glShaderSource_(vs, 1, &vsSrc, nullptr);
+    glCompileShader_(vs);
+    unsigned int fs = glCreateShader_(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
+    glShaderSource_(fs, 1, &fsSrc, nullptr);
+    glCompileShader_(fs);
+    unsigned int prog = glCreateProgram_();
+    glAttachShader_(prog, vs);
+    glAttachShader_(prog, fs);
+    glLinkProgram_(prog);
+    glUseProgram_(prog);
+    const float verts[] = {-0.9f, -0.9f, 0.9f, -0.9f, 0.0f, 0.9f};
+    unsigned int vao = 0, vbo = 0;
+    glGenVertexArrays_(1, &vao);
+    glBindVertexArray_(vao);
+    glGenBuffers_(1, &vbo);
+    glBindBuffer_(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+    glBufferData_(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(verts), verts, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+    glVertexAttribPointer_(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, 0, 0, nullptr);
+    glEnableVertexAttribArray_(0);
+
+    unsigned char px[4] = {};
+    for (int i = 0; i < 60 && !glfwWindowShouldClose(win); ++i) {
+        glClearColor_(0.1f, 0.2f, 0.4f, 1.0f);
+        glClear_(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+        glDrawArrays_(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
+        if (i == 58) {
+            glFinish_();
+            glReadPixels_(427, 240, 1, 1, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, px);
+        }
+        glfwSwapBuffers(win);
+        glfwPollEvents();
+    }
+    std::printf("pixel: %u,%u,%u,%u\n", px[0], px[1], px[2], px[3]);
+    glfwDestroyWindow(win);
+    glfwTerminate();
+    const bool ok = px[0] > 200 && px[1] > 90 && px[1] < 160 && px[2] < 50;
+    std::printf(ok ? "GLFW-SMOKE PASS\n" : "GLFW-SMOKE FAIL: wrong pixel\n");
+    return ok ? 0 : 1;
+}

tools/wgl-smoke/wgl_smoke.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+// WGL smoke test for the MobileGL opengl32.dll drop-in.
+// Replicates GLFW 3.3.3's WGL bootstrap exactly as Minecraft 1.21.4 drives it:
+//   1. dummy window: gdi32 ChoosePixelFormat/SetPixelFormat -> wglCreateContext
+//      -> wglMakeCurrent -> probe wglGetProcAddress/extension strings
+//      -> wglMakeCurrent(NULL) -> wglDeleteContext
+//   2. real window: SetPixelFormat -> wglCreateContextAttribsARB (3.2 core,
+//      forward-compatible) -> wglMakeCurrent -> render loop with SwapBuffers
+// Verifies rendering via glReadPixels. Exit code 0 = pass.
+//
+// Build: cl /nologo /EHsc /W3 wgl_smoke.cpp user32.lib gdi32.lib
+// Run with opengl32.dll (MobileGL) in the exe directory.
+
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+typedef unsigned int GLenum;
+typedef unsigned int GLuint;
+typedef int GLint;
+typedef int GLsizei;
+typedef float GLfloat;
+typedef unsigned char GLubyte;
+typedef char GLchar;
+typedef signed long long GLsizeiptr;
+typedef unsigned int GLbitfield;
+
+#define GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT 0x00004000
+#define GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT 0x00000100
+#define GL_TRIANGLES 0x0004
+#define GL_FLOAT 0x1406
+#define GL_FALSE 0
+#define GL_ARRAY_BUFFER 0x8892
+#define GL_STATIC_DRAW 0x88E4
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER 0x8B30
+#define GL_VERTEX_SHADER 0x8B31
+#define GL_COMPILE_STATUS 0x8B81
+#define GL_LINK_STATUS 0x8B82
+#define GL_VENDOR 0x1F00
+#define GL_RENDERER 0x1F01
+#define GL_VERSION 0x1F02
+#define GL_RGBA 0x1908
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE 0x1401
+#define GL_MAJOR_VERSION 0x821B
+#define GL_MINOR_VERSION 0x821C
+#define GL_NO_ERROR 0
+
+#define WGL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB 0x2091
+#define WGL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB 0x2092
+#define WGL_CONTEXT_FLAGS_ARB 0x2094
+#define WGL_CONTEXT_FORWARD_COMPATIBLE_BIT_ARB 0x0002
+#define WGL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK_ARB 0x9126
+#define WGL_CONTEXT_CORE_PROFILE_BIT_ARB 0x00000001
+#define WGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_NO_ERROR_ARB 0x31B3
+#define WGL_NUMBER_PIXEL_FORMATS_ARB 0x2000
+#define WGL_SUPPORT_OPENGL_ARB 0x2010
+#define WGL_DRAW_TO_WINDOW_ARB 0x2001
+#define WGL_PIXEL_TYPE_ARB 0x2013
+#define WGL_TYPE_RGBA_ARB 0x202B
+#define WGL_DEPTH_BITS_ARB 0x2022
+#define WGL_STENCIL_BITS_ARB 0x2023
+#define WGL_DOUBLE_BUFFER_ARB 0x2011
+
+static HMODULE g_opengl32;
+
+typedef HGLRC(WINAPI* PFN_wglCreateContext)(HDC);
+typedef BOOL(WINAPI* PFN_wglDeleteContext)(HGLRC);
+typedef PROC(WINAPI* PFN_wglGetProcAddress)(LPCSTR);
+typedef BOOL(WINAPI* PFN_wglMakeCurrent)(HDC, HGLRC);
+typedef HGLRC(WINAPI* PFN_wglGetCurrentContext)(void);
+typedef HDC(WINAPI* PFN_wglGetCurrentDC)(void);
+
+static PFN_wglCreateContext p_wglCreateContext;
+static PFN_wglDeleteContext p_wglDeleteContext;
+static PFN_wglGetProcAddress p_wglGetProcAddress;
+static PFN_wglMakeCurrent p_wglMakeCurrent;
+static PFN_wglGetCurrentContext p_wglGetCurrentContext;
+static PFN_wglGetCurrentDC p_wglGetCurrentDC;
+
+typedef HGLRC(WINAPI* PFN_wglCreateContextAttribsARB)(HDC, HGLRC, const int*);
+typedef const char*(WINAPI* PFN_wglGetExtensionsStringARB)(HDC);
+typedef BOOL(WINAPI* PFN_wglSwapIntervalEXT)(int);
+typedef BOOL(WINAPI* PFN_wglGetPixelFormatAttribivARB)(HDC, int, int, UINT, const int*, int*);
+
+// GL function pointers, loaded LWJGL-style: wglGetProcAddress first, then
+// GetProcAddress on the opengl32 module.
+static void* GetGLProc(const char* name) {
+    PROC proc = p_wglGetProcAddress(name);
+    if (!proc) {
+        proc = ::GetProcAddress(g_opengl32, name);
+    }
+    return reinterpret_cast<void*>(proc);
+}
+
+typedef const GLubyte*(WINAPI* PFN_glGetString)(GLenum);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glGetIntegerv)(GLenum, GLint*);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glClearColor)(GLfloat, GLfloat, GLfloat, GLfloat);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glClear)(GLbitfield);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glViewport)(GLint, GLint, GLsizei, GLsizei);
+typedef GLenum(WINAPI* PFN_glGetError)(void);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glReadPixels)(GLint, GLint, GLsizei, GLsizei, GLenum, GLenum, void*);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glFinish)(void);
+typedef GLuint(WINAPI* PFN_glCreateShader)(GLenum);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glShaderSource)(GLuint, GLsizei, const GLchar* const*, const GLint*);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glCompileShader)(GLuint);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glGetShaderiv)(GLuint, GLenum, GLint*);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glGetShaderInfoLog)(GLuint, GLsizei, GLsizei*, GLchar*);
+typedef GLuint(WINAPI* PFN_glCreateProgram)(void);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glAttachShader)(GLuint, GLuint);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glLinkProgram)(GLuint);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glGetProgramiv)(GLuint, GLenum, GLint*);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glGetProgramInfoLog)(GLuint, GLsizei, GLsizei*, GLchar*);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glUseProgram)(GLuint);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glGenVertexArrays)(GLsizei, GLuint*);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glBindVertexArray)(GLuint);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glGenBuffers)(GLsizei, GLuint*);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glBindBuffer)(GLenum, GLuint);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glBufferData)(GLenum, GLsizeiptr, const void*, GLenum);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glVertexAttribPointer)(GLuint, GLint, GLenum, unsigned char, GLsizei, const void*);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glEnableVertexAttribArray)(GLuint);
+typedef void(WINAPI* PFN_glDrawArrays)(GLenum, GLint, GLsizei);
+
+static PFN_glGetString glGetString_;
+static PFN_glGetIntegerv glGetIntegerv_;
+static PFN_glClearColor glClearColor_;
+static PFN_glClear glClear_;
+static PFN_glViewport glViewport_;
+static PFN_glGetError glGetError_;
+static PFN_glReadPixels glReadPixels_;
+static PFN_glFinish glFinish_;
+static PFN_glCreateShader glCreateShader_;
+static PFN_glShaderSource glShaderSource_;
+static PFN_glCompileShader glCompileShader_;
+static PFN_glGetShaderiv glGetShaderiv_;
+static PFN_glGetShaderInfoLog glGetShaderInfoLog_;
+static PFN_glCreateProgram glCreateProgram_;
+static PFN_glAttachShader glAttachShader_;
+static PFN_glLinkProgram glLinkProgram_;
+static PFN_glGetProgramiv glGetProgramiv_;
+static PFN_glGetProgramInfoLog glGetProgramInfoLog_;
+static PFN_glUseProgram glUseProgram_;
+static PFN_glGenVertexArrays glGenVertexArrays_;
+static PFN_glBindVertexArray glBindVertexArray_;
+static PFN_glGenBuffers glGenBuffers_;
+static PFN_glBindBuffer glBindBuffer_;
+static PFN_glBufferData glBufferData_;
+static PFN_glVertexAttribPointer glVertexAttribPointer_;
+static PFN_glEnableVertexAttribArray glEnableVertexAttribArray_;
+static PFN_glDrawArrays glDrawArrays_;
+
+#define FAIL(...)                                                                                                      \
+    do {                                                                                                               \
+        std::fprintf(stderr, "SMOKE FAIL: " __VA_ARGS__);                                                              \
+        std::fprintf(stderr, "\n");                                                                                    \
+        return 1;                                                                                                      \
+    } while (0)
+
+// CRT-free crash dumper: runs during process teardown when stdio is already
+// dead, so it may only touch raw Win32.
+static void RawPrint(HANDLE f, const char* s) {
+    DWORD written = 0;
+    WriteFile(f, s, (DWORD)lstrlenA(s), &written, nullptr);
+}
+
+static void RawHex(HANDLE f, DWORD64 v) {
+    char buf[20];
+    for (int i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
+        int nib = (int)((v >> ((15 - i) * 4)) & 0xF);
+        buf[i] = (char)(nib < 10 ? '0' + nib : 'a' + nib - 10);
+    }
+    buf[16] = 0;
+    RawPrint(f, buf);
+}
+
+static LONG WINAPI CrashDump(EXCEPTION_POINTERS* ep) {
+    static volatile LONG entered = 0;
+    if (ep->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionCode != 0xC0000005) return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
+    if (InterlockedExchange(&entered, 1)) return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
+    HANDLE f = CreateFileA(
+        "C:\\Users\\yello\\AndroidStudioProjects\\FoldCraftLauncher\\MobileGL\\.claude\\worktrees\\wgl-host\\wgl-smoke\\crash-stack.txt",
+        GENERIC_WRITE, 0, nullptr, CREATE_ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, nullptr);
+    if (f == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+        TerminateProcess(GetCurrentProcess(), 0x43);
+    }
+    RawPrint(f, "AV at ");
+    RawHex(f, (DWORD64)ep->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionAddress);
+    RawPrint(f, "\n");
+    const DWORD64* sp = reinterpret_cast<const DWORD64*>(ep->ContextRecord->Rsp);
+    for (int i = 0; i < 512; ++i) {
+        MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION mbi;
+        if (!VirtualQuery(sp + i, &mbi, sizeof(mbi)) || mbi.State != MEM_COMMIT ||
+            (mbi.Protect & (PAGE_READONLY | PAGE_READWRITE | PAGE_EXECUTE_READ | PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE)) == 0)
+            break;
+        DWORD64 v = sp[i];
+        HMODULE mod = nullptr;
+        if (v > 0x10000 &&
+            GetModuleHandleExA(GET_MODULE_HANDLE_EX_FLAG_FROM_ADDRESS | GET_MODULE_HANDLE_EX_FLAG_UNCHANGED_REFCOUNT,
+                               reinterpret_cast<LPCSTR>(v), &mod) &&
+            mod) {
+            char name[MAX_PATH];
+            name[0] = 0;
+            GetModuleFileNameA(mod, name, MAX_PATH);
+            RawPrint(f, "stack ");
+            RawHex(f, v);
+            RawPrint(f, " ");
+            RawPrint(f, name);
+            RawPrint(f, "+");
+            RawHex(f, v - (DWORD64)mod);
+            RawPrint(f, "\n");
+        }
+    }
+    CloseHandle(f);
+    TerminateProcess(GetCurrentProcess(), 0x42);
+    return EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER;
+}
+
+static LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wp, LPARAM lp) {
+    return DefWindowProcA(hwnd, msg, wp, lp);
+}
+
+static HWND MakeWindow(const char* title, int w, int h, bool visible) {
+    WNDCLASSA wc{};
+    wc.style = CS_OWNDC;
+    wc.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
+    wc.hInstance = GetModuleHandleA(nullptr);
+    wc.lpszClassName = "MGWGLSmoke";
+    static bool registered = false;
+    if (!registered) {
+        RegisterClassA(&wc);
+        registered = true;
+    }
+    DWORD style = WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | (visible ? WS_VISIBLE : 0);
+    RECT rect{0, 0, w, h};
+    AdjustWindowRect(&rect, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, FALSE);
+    return CreateWindowExA(0, "MGWGLSmoke", title, style, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, rect.right - rect.left,
+                           rect.bottom - rect.top, nullptr, nullptr, GetModuleHandleA(nullptr), nullptr);
+}
+
+int main() {
+    AddVectoredExceptionHandler(1, CrashDump);
+    // Load exactly like GLFW: the app-dir opengl32.dll must win the search.
+    g_opengl32 = LoadLibraryA("opengl32.dll");
+    if (!g_opengl32) FAIL("LoadLibraryA(opengl32.dll) failed");
+    char modulePath[MAX_PATH]{};
+    GetModuleFileNameA(g_opengl32, modulePath, MAX_PATH);
+    std::printf("opengl32.dll -> %s\n", modulePath);
+
+    p_wglCreateContext = (PFN_wglCreateContext)::GetProcAddress(g_opengl32, "wglCreateContext");
+    p_wglDeleteContext = (PFN_wglDeleteContext)::GetProcAddress(g_opengl32, "wglDeleteContext");
+    p_wglGetProcAddress = (PFN_wglGetProcAddress)::GetProcAddress(g_opengl32, "wglGetProcAddress");
+    p_wglMakeCurrent = (PFN_wglMakeCurrent)::GetProcAddress(g_opengl32, "wglMakeCurrent");
+    p_wglGetCurrentContext = (PFN_wglGetCurrentContext)::GetProcAddress(g_opengl32, "wglGetCurrentContext");
+    p_wglGetCurrentDC = (PFN_wglGetCurrentDC)::GetProcAddress(g_opengl32, "wglGetCurrentDC");
+    if (!p_wglCreateContext || !p_wglDeleteContext || !p_wglGetProcAddress || !p_wglMakeCurrent ||
+        !p_wglGetCurrentContext || !p_wglGetCurrentDC)
+        FAIL("missing classic wgl exports");
+
+    // ---- Phase 1: GLFW-style dummy context on a hidden helper window ----
+    HWND helper = MakeWindow("helper", 1, 1, false);
+    if (!helper) FAIL("helper window creation failed");
+    HDC helperDC = GetDC(helper);
+
+    PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd{};
+    pfd.nSize = sizeof(pfd);
+    pfd.nVersion = 1;
+    pfd.dwFlags = PFD_DRAW_TO_WINDOW | PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL | PFD_DOUBLEBUFFER;
+    pfd.iPixelType = PFD_TYPE_RGBA;
+    pfd.cColorBits = 24;
+
+    int dummyFormat = ChoosePixelFormat(helperDC, &pfd); // gdi32 -> wglChoosePixelFormat
+    if (dummyFormat <= 0) FAIL("gdi32 ChoosePixelFormat returned %d", dummyFormat);
+    if (!SetPixelFormat(helperDC, dummyFormat, &pfd)) FAIL("gdi32 SetPixelFormat failed");
+    std::printf("dummy pixel format: %d (DescribePixelFormat count=%d)\n", dummyFormat,
+                DescribePixelFormat(helperDC, 1, sizeof(pfd), nullptr));
+
+    HGLRC dummyCtx = p_wglCreateContext(helperDC);
+    if (!dummyCtx) FAIL("wglCreateContext (dummy) failed");
+    if (!p_wglMakeCurrent(helperDC, dummyCtx)) {
+        typedef int(WINAPI * PFN_eglGetError)(void);
+        auto eglGetError_ = (PFN_eglGetError)::GetProcAddress(g_opengl32, "eglGetError");
+        FAIL("wglMakeCurrent (dummy) failed (GetLastError=%lu eglError=0x%x)", GetLastError(),
+             eglGetError_ ? eglGetError_() : -1);
+    }
+
+    auto wglGetExtensionsStringARB =
+        (PFN_wglGetExtensionsStringARB)p_wglGetProcAddress("wglGetExtensionsStringARB");
+    auto wglCreateContextAttribsARB =
+        (PFN_wglCreateContextAttribsARB)p_wglGetProcAddress("wglCreateContextAttribsARB");
+    auto wglSwapIntervalEXT = (PFN_wglSwapIntervalEXT)p_wglGetProcAddress("wglSwapIntervalEXT");
+    auto wglGetPixelFormatAttribivARB =
+        (PFN_wglGetPixelFormatAttribivARB)p_wglGetProcAddress("wglGetPixelFormatAttribivARB");
+    if (!wglGetExtensionsStringARB) FAIL("wglGetExtensionsStringARB unavailable");
+    if (!wglCreateContextAttribsARB) FAIL("wglCreateContextAttribsARB unavailable");
+    if (!wglSwapIntervalEXT) FAIL("wglSwapIntervalEXT unavailable");
+    if (!wglGetPixelFormatAttribivARB) FAIL("wglGetPixelFormatAttribivARB unavailable");
+    std::printf("WGL extensions: %s\n", wglGetExtensionsStringARB(helperDC));
+
+    glGetString_ = (PFN_glGetString)GetGLProc("glGetString");
+    if (!glGetString_) FAIL("glGetString unavailable");
+    std::printf("dummy ctx GL_VERSION: %s\n", glGetString_(GL_VERSION));
+    std::printf("dummy ctx GL_RENDERER: %s\n", glGetString_(GL_RENDERER));
+
+    int nfmtAttrib = WGL_NUMBER_PIXEL_FORMATS_ARB;
+    int nativeCount = 0;
+    if (!wglGetPixelFormatAttribivARB(helperDC, 1, 0, 1, &nfmtAttrib, &nativeCount) || nativeCount < 1)
+        FAIL("WGL_NUMBER_PIXEL_FORMATS_ARB query failed (%d)", nativeCount);
+    std::printf("ARB pixel formats: %d\n", nativeCount);
+
+    if (!p_wglMakeCurrent(nullptr, nullptr)) FAIL("wglMakeCurrent(NULL) failed");
+    if (!p_wglDeleteContext(dummyCtx)) FAIL("wglDeleteContext (dummy) failed");
+
+    // ---- Phase 2: real window + 3.2 core forward-compatible context ----
+    HWND window = MakeWindow("MobileGL WGL smoke", 640, 480, true);
+    if (!window) FAIL("main window creation failed");
+    HDC dc = GetDC(window);
+
+    // Pick the depth24/stencil8 RGBA format via the ARB query, GLFW-style.
+    int chosenFormat = 0;
+    for (int i = 1; i <= nativeCount; ++i) {
+        const int attribs[] = {WGL_SUPPORT_OPENGL_ARB, WGL_DRAW_TO_WINDOW_ARB, WGL_PIXEL_TYPE_ARB,
+                               WGL_DOUBLE_BUFFER_ARB, WGL_DEPTH_BITS_ARB, WGL_STENCIL_BITS_ARB};
+        int values[6] = {};
+        if (!wglGetPixelFormatAttribivARB(dc, i, 0, 6, attribs, values)) continue;
+        if (values[0] && values[1] && values[2] == WGL_TYPE_RGBA_ARB && values[3] && values[4] >= 24 &&
+            values[5] >= 8) {
+            chosenFormat = i;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (!chosenFormat) FAIL("no ARB pixel format with depth24+stencil8");
+    PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR realPfd{};
+    if (!DescribePixelFormat(dc, chosenFormat, sizeof(realPfd), &realPfd))
+        FAIL("DescribePixelFormat(%d) failed", chosenFormat);
+    if (!SetPixelFormat(dc, chosenFormat, &realPfd)) FAIL("SetPixelFormat (real) failed");
+
+    const int ctxAttribs[] = {
+        WGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_NO_ERROR_ARB, 1,
+        WGL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB, 3,
+        WGL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB, 2,
+        WGL_CONTEXT_FLAGS_ARB, WGL_CONTEXT_FORWARD_COMPATIBLE_BIT_ARB,
+        WGL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK_ARB, WGL_CONTEXT_CORE_PROFILE_BIT_ARB,
+        0,
+    };
+    HGLRC ctx = wglCreateContextAttribsARB(dc, nullptr, ctxAttribs);
+    if (!ctx) FAIL("wglCreateContextAttribsARB failed (err=0x%lx)", GetLastError());
+    if (!p_wglMakeCurrent(dc, ctx)) FAIL("wglMakeCurrent (real) failed");
+    if (p_wglGetCurrentContext() != ctx || p_wglGetCurrentDC() != dc) FAIL("current context/DC mismatch");
+    if (!wglSwapIntervalEXT(0)) FAIL("wglSwapIntervalEXT(0) failed");
+
+#define LOAD(fn)                                                                                                       \
+    fn##_ = (PFN_##fn)GetGLProc(#fn);                                                                                  \
+    if (!fn##_) FAIL("missing GL function " #fn);
+    LOAD(glGetIntegerv)
+    LOAD(glClearColor)
+    LOAD(glClear)
+    LOAD(glViewport)
+    LOAD(glGetError)
+    LOAD(glReadPixels)
+    LOAD(glFinish)
+    LOAD(glCreateShader)
+    LOAD(glShaderSource)
+    LOAD(glCompileShader)
+    LOAD(glGetShaderiv)
+    LOAD(glGetShaderInfoLog)
+    LOAD(glCreateProgram)
+    LOAD(glAttachShader)
+    LOAD(glLinkProgram)
+    LOAD(glGetProgramiv)
+    LOAD(glGetProgramInfoLog)
+    LOAD(glUseProgram)
+    LOAD(glGenVertexArrays)
+    LOAD(glBindVertexArray)
+    LOAD(glGenBuffers)
+    LOAD(glBindBuffer)
+    LOAD(glBufferData)
+    LOAD(glVertexAttribPointer)
+    LOAD(glEnableVertexAttribArray)
+    LOAD(glDrawArrays)
+#undef LOAD
+
+    GLint major = 0, minor = 0;
+    glGetIntegerv_(GL_MAJOR_VERSION, &major);
+    glGetIntegerv_(GL_MINOR_VERSION, &minor);
+    std::printf("real ctx: GL %d.%d | %s | %s\n", major, minor, glGetString_(GL_RENDERER),
+                glGetString_(GL_VERSION));
+    if (major < 3 || (major == 3 && minor < 2)) FAIL("context version below 3.2");
+
+    const char* vsSrc = "#version 150 core\n"
+                        "in vec2 aPos;\n"
+                        "void main() { gl_Position = vec4(aPos, 0.0, 1.0); }\n";
+    const char* fsSrc = "#version 150 core\n"
+                        "out vec4 fragColor;\n"
+                        "void main() { fragColor = vec4(1.0, 0.5, 0.0, 1.0); }\n";
+
+    GLuint vs = glCreateShader_(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
+    glShaderSource_(vs, 1, &vsSrc, nullptr);
+    glCompileShader_(vs);
+    GLint ok = 0;
+    glGetShaderiv_(vs, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &ok);
+    if (!ok) {
+        char log[2048];
+        glGetShaderInfoLog_(vs, sizeof(log), nullptr, log);
+        FAIL("vertex shader compile failed: %s", log);
+    }
+    GLuint fs = glCreateShader_(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
+    glShaderSource_(fs, 1, &fsSrc, nullptr);
+    glCompileShader_(fs);
+    glGetShaderiv_(fs, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &ok);
+    if (!ok) {
+        char log[2048];
+        glGetShaderInfoLog_(fs, sizeof(log), nullptr, log);
+        FAIL("fragment shader compile failed: %s", log);
+    }
+    GLuint prog = glCreateProgram_();
+    glAttachShader_(prog, vs);
+    glAttachShader_(prog, fs);
+    glLinkProgram_(prog);
+    glGetProgramiv_(prog, GL_LINK_STATUS, &ok);
+    if (!ok) {
+        char log[2048];
+        glGetProgramInfoLog_(prog, sizeof(log), nullptr, log);
+        FAIL("program link failed: %s", log);
+    }
+
+    const GLfloat verts[] = {-0.8f, -0.8f, 0.8f, -0.8f, 0.0f, 0.8f};
+    GLuint vao = 0, vbo = 0;
+    glGenVertexArrays_(1, &vao);
+    glBindVertexArray_(vao);
+    glGenBuffers_(1, &vbo);
+    glBindBuffer_(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+    glBufferData_(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(verts), verts, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+    glVertexAttribPointer_(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, nullptr);
+    glEnableVertexAttribArray_(0);
+
+    glViewport_(0, 0, 640, 480);
+    glUseProgram_(prog);
+
+    unsigned char centerPixel[4] = {}, cornerPixel[4] = {};
+    for (int frame = 0; frame < 60; ++frame) {
+        MSG msg;
+        while (PeekMessageA(&msg, nullptr, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) {
+            TranslateMessage(&msg);
+            DispatchMessageA(&msg);
+        }
+        glClearColor_(0.1f, 0.2f, 0.4f, 1.0f);
+        glClear_(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+        glDrawArrays_(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
+        if (frame == 58) {
+            glFinish_();
+            glReadPixels_(320, 240, 1, 1, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, centerPixel);
+            glReadPixels_(5, 5, 1, 1, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, cornerPixel);
+        }
+        if (!SwapBuffers(dc)) FAIL("gdi32 SwapBuffers failed at frame %d", frame); // gdi32 -> wglSwapBuffers
+    }
+
+    GLenum err = glGetError_();
+    std::printf("center pixel: %u,%u,%u,%u  corner pixel: %u,%u,%u,%u  glGetError=0x%x\n", centerPixel[0],
+                centerPixel[1], centerPixel[2], centerPixel[3], cornerPixel[0], cornerPixel[1], cornerPixel[2],
+                cornerPixel[3], err);
+
+    if (err != GL_NO_ERROR) FAIL("GL error 0x%x", err);
+    // Orange triangle at center (255,127±3,0), clear color at corner (~25,51,102).
+    if (!(centerPixel[0] > 200 && centerPixel[1] > 90 && centerPixel[1] < 160 && centerPixel[2] < 50))
+        FAIL("center pixel is not the triangle color");
+    if (!(cornerPixel[2] > 60 && cornerPixel[0] < 60)) FAIL("corner pixel is not the clear color");
+
+    if (!p_wglMakeCurrent(nullptr, nullptr)) FAIL("final wglMakeCurrent(NULL) failed");
+    if (!p_wglDeleteContext(ctx)) FAIL("final wglDeleteContext failed");
+
+    std::printf("SMOKE PASS\n");
+    return 0;
+}