[CI] (test): gate the retrace pipeline on the integration lane - build-retrace and trace-cases now need it

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -344,6 +344,7 @@ jobs:
       - build-linux
       - test
       - benchmark
+      - integration
     permissions:
       actions: write
       contents: read
@@ -488,6 +489,7 @@ jobs:
     needs:
       - test
       - benchmark
+      - integration
     outputs:
       names: ${{ steps.trace-cases.outputs.names }}
     steps:

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -276,9 +276,13 @@ set(SOURCE_FILES
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/RenameBuiltinShadowingFunctionsPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DecomposeWorkgroupVec3Pass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DecoratePositionInvariantPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DemoteFloat64Pass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/LowerDrawParametersPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/PackDoubleVertexInputsPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/SplitArrayVertexInputsPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/RebaseInstanceIndexPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/ZeroBaseVertexPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/NormalizeRectCoordinatesPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/PrivateToEntryLocalPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/StripUniformLocationsPass.cpp

MobileGL/Config.h

@@ -82,6 +82,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Config {
 #endif
         // MOBILEGL_DISABLE_SUBGROUP: force-disable Vulkan shader subgroup support.
         Bool DisableSubgroup = false;
+        // MOBILEGL_ADVERTISE_FP64: add GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 to the advertised extension
+        // string. `double` in a shader always WORKS - it is narrowed to 32 bits before any
+        // module reaches a backend (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass) - but the extension
+        // promises 64-bit precision, and that is the one thing the narrowing cannot deliver.
+        // Off by default so an application that checks the string before using doubles keeps
+        // its float path; on for measuring what the conformance suite makes of the demoted
+        // precision. See the DemoteFloat64Pass header and the "fp64" POST row.
+        Bool AdvertiseFp64 = false;
         // MOBILEGL_MAGMA_R11G11B10F_FALLBACK: use fallback format for R11G11B10F on Vulkan.
         Bool MagmaR11G11B10FFallback = false;
         // MOBILEGL_MAGMA_FRAMESINFLIGHT: requested Magma frames in flight, defaulting to 3.

MobileGL/ConfigLoader.cpp

@@ -167,6 +167,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_ConfigLoader {
         QueryEnvVariable("MOBILEGL_TRACE_ANGLE_VARIANT", features.TraceAngleVariant, "");
 #endif
         features.DisableSubgroup = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_DISABLE_SUBGROUP");
+        features.AdvertiseFp64 = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_ADVERTISE_FP64");
         features.MagmaR11G11B10FFallback = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_MAGMA_R11G11B10F_FALLBACK");
         features.MagmaFramesInFlight = QueryEnvUint32("MOBILEGL_MAGMA_FRAMESINFLIGHT", 3, 1, 64);
         features.AvoidSamplerMipmapMinFilter =

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/BackendObject_DirectGLES.cpp

@@ -960,6 +960,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         if (MG_Util::Async::AsyncShaderCompileEnabled()) {
             extensions.push_back(E_GL_KHR_parallel_shader_compile);
         }
+        // GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 is opt-in (MOBILEGL_ADVERTISE_FP64). Every `double` in a
+        // shader compiles and runs already - it is narrowed to 32 bits before the module
+        // reaches this backend - so an application that simply uses doubles needs nothing
+        // advertised. What the extension additionally promises is 64-bit PRECISION, which no
+        // mobile GPU has and the narrowing cannot fake, so advertising it by default would
+        // make an application that checks the string take a path MobileGL cannot honour.
+        if (MG_Config::Features.AdvertiseFp64) {
+            extensions.push_back(E_GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64);
+        }
         // Only advertised when the device driver actually has usable timer queries
         // (GL_EXT_disjoint_timer_query plus its entry points) and the
         // MOBILEGL_DISABLE_TIMERQUERY escape hatch is off.
@@ -1002,6 +1011,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             funcsTable.GL.MultiDrawElementsIndirect = MultiDrawElementsIndirect;
             funcsTable.GL.MultiDrawElementsIndirectCount = MultiDrawElementsIndirectCount;
             funcsTable.GL.MultiDrawArraysIndirect = MultiDrawArraysIndirect;
+            funcsTable.GL.MultiDrawArraysIndirectCount = MultiDrawArraysIndirectCount;
             funcsTable.GL.DrawRangeElementsBaseVertex = DrawRangeElementsBaseVertex;
             funcsTable.GL.DrawRangeElements = DrawRangeElements;
             funcsTable.GL.DrawElementsInstancedBaseVertexBaseInstance = DrawElementsInstancedBaseVertexBaseInstance;

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/DirectGLES.cpp

@@ -2905,11 +2905,40 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         }
     }
 
+    void SetCurrentBaseVertex(Int32 baseVertex) {
+        if (const auto program = GetCurrentBackendProgram()) {
+            program->SetBaseVertex(baseVertex);
+        }
+    }
+
     Bool CurrentProgramReadsDrawID() {
         const auto program = GetCurrentBackendProgram();
         return program != nullptr && program->ReadsDrawID();
     }
 
+    Bool CurrentProgramReadsBaseVertex() {
+        const auto program = GetCurrentBackendProgram();
+        return program != nullptr && program->ReadsBaseVertex();
+    }
+
+    // The two questions above, asked from BEFORE PrepareForDraw - where neither can be
+    // answered honestly. GetCurrentBackendProgram only sees a twin that a previous draw
+    // already synced, and a twin from before a relink still carries the previous link's
+    // uniform locations, so "no" there means "not known yet" at least as often as it
+    // means no. The multi-draw compute tier has to decide whether to flatten a batch
+    // before PrepareForDraw runs (its dispatch cannot come after the draw state), and
+    // flattening a batch that turns out to need per-sub-draw values is unrecoverable -
+    // so an unanswerable program counts as needing them.
+    Bool CurrentProgramMayNeedPerSubDrawBuiltins(Bool batchCarriesBaseVertices) {
+        const auto& currentProgram = MG_State::pGLContext->GetProgramForDraw();
+        const auto program = GetCurrentBackendProgram();
+        if (!currentProgram || program == nullptr ||
+            program->GetSyncedLinkVersion() != currentProgram->GetLinkVersion()) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return program->ReadsDrawID() || (batchCarriesBaseVertices && program->ReadsBaseVertex());
+    }
+
     static Bool SupportsNativeIndirectDraws() {
         const auto& version = g_GLESCapabilities.GLESVersion;
         const Bool esVersionOk = version.Major > 3 || (version.Major == 3 && version.Minor >= 1);
@@ -2947,16 +2976,28 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                                                      resource->id);
                 }
             }
+            // gl_BaseVertex has no SSBO view of its own: the command's baseVertex word is read
+            // from the CPU shadow, so a command whose baseVertex a compute shader wrote this
+            // frame is not observable here (baseInstance is, through the view above). Feeding
+            // the stale-but-usually-correct shadow beats leaving the uniform at the previous
+            // draw's value, which is what a program reading gl_BaseVertex saw before.
+            const Bool feedBaseVertex = CurrentProgramReadsBaseVertex();
             for (GLsizei i = 0; i < drawcount; ++i) {
                 const SizeT cmdByteOffset = commandOffset + static_cast<SizeT>(i) * stride;
                 SetCurrentDrawID(static_cast<Uint32>(i));
                 if (paramsBinding >= 0 && backendProgram) {
                     // baseInstance is the 5th word of DrawElementsIndirectCommand.
                     backendProgram->SetBaseInstanceWordIndex(static_cast<Int32>((cmdByteOffset + 16) / 4));
+                    if (feedBaseVertex) {
+                        DrawElementsIndirectCommand cmd{};
+                        std::memcpy(&cmd, commandBytes + static_cast<SizeT>(i) * stride, sizeof(cmd));
+                        SetCurrentBaseVertex(cmd.baseVertex);
+                    }
                 } else {
                     DrawElementsIndirectCommand cmd{};
                     std::memcpy(&cmd, commandBytes + static_cast<SizeT>(i) * stride, sizeof(cmd));
                     SetCurrentBaseInstance(cmd.baseInstance);
+                    SetCurrentBaseVertex(cmd.baseVertex);
                 }
                 g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElementsIndirect(mode, type, reinterpret_cast<const void*>(cmdByteOffset));
             }
@@ -2969,6 +3010,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                 }
                 SetCurrentDrawID(static_cast<Uint32>(i));
                 SetCurrentBaseInstance(cmd.baseInstance);
+                SetCurrentBaseVertex(cmd.baseVertex);
                 const auto indexByteOffset = static_cast<SizeT>(cmd.firstIndex) * indexSize;
                 g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElementsInstancedBaseVertex(
                     mode, static_cast<GLsizei>(cmd.count), type, reinterpret_cast<const GLvoid*>(indexByteOffset),
@@ -2977,12 +3019,18 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         }
         SetCurrentDrawID(0);
         SetCurrentBaseInstance(0);
+        SetCurrentBaseVertex(0);
     }
 
     static void ExecuteArraysIndirectCommands(GLenum mode, const Uint8* commandBytes, SizeT commandOffset,
                                               const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::BufferObject>& drawIndirectBuffer,
                                               GLsizei drawcount, GLsizei stride, const char* label) {
         (void)label;
+        // DrawArraysIndirectCommand has no baseVertex word, so gl_BaseVertex is zero for every
+        // command here. Written BEFORE the draws, not merely restored after them: the previous
+        // draw is what leaves a stale value, and restoring afterwards would only protect the
+        // NEXT draw while these commands ran with the stale one.
+        SetCurrentBaseVertex(0);
         const Bool useNative = drawIndirectBuffer != nullptr && SupportsNativeIndirectDraws();
         if (useNative) {
             const auto backendProgram = GetCurrentBackendProgram();
@@ -3269,7 +3317,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         DrawSyncFlags syncBit = DrawSyncBit::IndexBuffer;
         PrepareForDraw(syncBit);
         CheckPrimitiveRestartSupported(type);
+        SetCurrentBaseVertex(basevertex);
         g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElementsBaseVertex(mode, count, type, indices, basevertex);
+        SetCurrentBaseVertex(0);
     }
 
     void MultiDrawArrays(GLenum mode, const GLint* first, const GLsizei* count, GLsizei drawcount) {
@@ -3279,6 +3329,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         DrawSyncFlags syncBit = DrawSyncBit::None;
         PrepareForDraw(syncBit);
 
+        // This loop IS the emulation - there is no batched tier for the non-indexed form -
+        // so each sub-draw has to be given its own gl_DrawID here, exactly as the indexed
+        // ladder and the indirect executors do. Without it every sub-draw of a
+        // glMultiDrawArrays read draw index 0.
+        const Bool feedDrawID = CurrentProgramReadsDrawID();
         const auto& currentVAO = MG_State::pGLContext->GetBoundVertexArray();
         for (GLsizei i = 0; i < drawcount; ++i) {
             // Client-side arrays are uploaded per sub-draw range, like the single DrawArrays path.
@@ -3288,8 +3343,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                     (*backendVAOSlot)->SyncClientSideAttributesForDrawArrays(currentVAO, first[i], count[i]);
                 }
             }
+            if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(static_cast<Uint32>(i));
             g_GLESFuncs.glDrawArrays(mode, first[i], count[i]);
         }
+        if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(0);
     }
 
     // Both glMultiDrawElements entry points are emulated - ES has neither in core - by the
@@ -3403,6 +3460,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             return;
         }
 
+        // Both counts are read from the CPU shadow, which a buffer with no shadow does not
+        // have - MappedData() is null there and the reads below would be a null dereference,
+        // not a wrong picture. The DirectVulkan twin declines the same way.
+        if (parameterBuffer->MappedData() == nullptr || drawBuffer->MappedData() == nullptr) {
+            MGLOG_E("MultiDrawElementsIndirectCount skipped: CPU fallback cannot read the parameter or "
+                    "draw-indirect buffer");
+            return;
+        }
+
         Uint32 actualDrawCount = 0;
         std::memcpy(&actualDrawCount, parameterBuffer->MappedData() + drawcount, sizeof(actualDrawCount));
         actualDrawCount = std::min<Uint32>(actualDrawCount, static_cast<Uint32>(maxdrawcount));
@@ -3444,11 +3510,79 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                                       drawcount, stride, "MultiDrawArraysIndirect");
     }
 
+    // The non-indexed twin of MultiDrawElementsIndirectCount, and structurally identical to it:
+    // ES has no GL_PARAMETER_BUFFER at all, so the draw count is read from the CPU shadow of the
+    // bound one and the batch degenerates into an ordinary indirect multi-draw of that many
+    // commands. Missing from the backend table until now, which made every
+    // glMultiDrawArraysIndirectCount an INVALID_OPERATION ("backend does not support
+    // indirect-parameter array draws") on DirectGLES while the extension was advertised.
+    void MultiDrawArraysIndirectCount(GLenum mode, const void* indirect, GLintptr drawcount, GLsizei maxdrawcount,
+                                      GLsizei stride) {
+#if MOBILEGL_LOG_ACTIVE_LEVEL <= MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG && MOBILEGL_ENABLE_SCOPE_MARKER
+        DebugImpl::OpenGLScopeMarker marker(__func__);
+#endif
+        if (maxdrawcount <= 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (stride == 0) {
+            stride = sizeof(DrawArraysIndirectCommand);
+        }
+        if (stride < static_cast<GLsizei>(sizeof(DrawArraysIndirectCommand))) {
+            MGLOG_E("MultiDrawArraysIndirectCount skipped: stride %d is smaller than command size %zu",
+                    stride, sizeof(DrawArraysIndirectCommand));
+            return;
+        }
+
+        DrawSyncFlags syncBit = DrawSyncBit::IndirectBuffer | DrawSyncBit::Instancing;
+        PrepareForDraw(syncBit);
+
+        auto drawBuffer = MG_State::pGLContext->GetBufferBindingSlot(BufferTarget::DrawIndirect).GetBoundObject();
+        auto parameterBuffer = MG_State::pGLContext->GetBufferBindingSlot(BufferTarget::Parameter).GetBoundObject();
+        if (!drawBuffer) {
+            MGLOG_E("MultiDrawArraysIndirectCount skipped: no GL_DRAW_INDIRECT_BUFFER is bound");
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!parameterBuffer) {
+            MGLOG_E("MultiDrawArraysIndirectCount skipped: no GL_PARAMETER_BUFFER is bound");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        drawBuffer->SyncPersistentMappedRange();
+        parameterBuffer->SyncPersistentMappedRange();
+
+        const SizeT commandOffset = reinterpret_cast<SizeT>(indirect);
+        const SizeT commandBytes = commandOffset + static_cast<SizeT>(stride) * static_cast<SizeT>(maxdrawcount - 1) +
+            sizeof(DrawArraysIndirectCommand);
+        if (commandBytes > drawBuffer->GetSize()) {
+            MGLOG_E("MultiDrawArraysIndirectCount skipped: invalid GL_DRAW_INDIRECT_BUFFER binding or range");
+            return;
+        }
+        if (drawcount < 0 || static_cast<SizeT>(drawcount) + sizeof(Uint32) > parameterBuffer->GetSize()) {
+            MGLOG_E("MultiDrawArraysIndirectCount skipped: invalid GL_PARAMETER_BUFFER binding or range");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // See the indexed twin: no CPU shadow means no count to read, not a wrong one.
+        if (parameterBuffer->MappedData() == nullptr || drawBuffer->MappedData() == nullptr) {
+            MGLOG_E("MultiDrawArraysIndirectCount skipped: CPU fallback cannot read the parameter or "
+                    "draw-indirect buffer");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Uint32 actualDrawCount = 0;
+        std::memcpy(&actualDrawCount, parameterBuffer->MappedData() + drawcount, sizeof(actualDrawCount));
+        actualDrawCount = std::min<Uint32>(actualDrawCount, static_cast<Uint32>(maxdrawcount));
+        ExecuteArraysIndirectCommands(mode, drawBuffer->MappedData() + commandOffset, commandOffset, drawBuffer,
+                                      static_cast<GLsizei>(actualDrawCount), stride, "MultiDrawArraysIndirectCount");
+    }
+
     void DrawRangeElementsBaseVertex(GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, GLsizei count, GLenum type,
                                      const void* indices, GLint basevertex) {
         DrawSyncFlags syncBit = DrawSyncBit::IndexBuffer;
         PrepareForDraw(syncBit);
+        SetCurrentBaseVertex(basevertex);
         g_GLESFuncs.glDrawRangeElementsBaseVertex(mode, start, end, count, type, indices, basevertex);
+        SetCurrentBaseVertex(0);
     }
 
     void DrawRangeElements(GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const void* indices) {
@@ -3457,12 +3591,33 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         g_GLESFuncs.glDrawRangeElements(mode, start, end, count, type, indices);
     }
 
+    // True when the driver will apply baseInstance to the vertex fetch itself, in which case the
+    // attribute-offset emulation must stay out of the way. SetCurrentBaseInstance is orthogonal
+    // and runs either way - it feeds the shader's gl_BaseInstance, not the fetch.
+    inline Bool UseNativeBaseInstance() {
+        return g_GLESCapabilities.SupportsBaseInstance;
+    }
+
+    // The emulated shift has to be in place before PrepareForDraw, because that is what syncs the
+    // VAO; a zero here is what un-shifts the arrays for the next ordinary draw.
+    inline Uint32 EmulatedFetchBaseInstance(GLuint baseinstance) {
+        return UseNativeBaseInstance() ? 0u : static_cast<Uint32>(baseinstance);
+    }
+
     void DrawElementsInstancedBaseVertexBaseInstance(GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const void* indices,
                                                      GLsizei instancecount, GLint basevertex, GLuint baseinstance) {
         DrawSyncFlags syncBit = DrawSyncBit::IndexBuffer | DrawSyncBit::Instancing;
+        const VertexArrayImpl::ScopedFetchBaseInstance fetchScope(EmulatedFetchBaseInstance(baseinstance));
         PrepareForDraw(syncBit);
         SetCurrentBaseInstance(baseinstance);
+        SetCurrentBaseVertex(basevertex);
+        if (UseNativeBaseInstance()) {
+            g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElementsInstancedBaseVertexBaseInstanceEXT(mode, count, type, indices, instancecount,
+                                                                        basevertex, baseinstance);
+        } else {
             g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElementsInstancedBaseVertex(mode, count, type, indices, instancecount, basevertex);
+        }
+        SetCurrentBaseVertex(0);
         SetCurrentBaseInstance(0);
     }
 
@@ -3470,15 +3625,23 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                                          GLsizei instancecount, GLint basevertex) {
         DrawSyncFlags syncBit = DrawSyncBit::IndexBuffer | DrawSyncBit::Instancing;
         PrepareForDraw(syncBit);
+        SetCurrentBaseVertex(basevertex);
         g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElementsInstancedBaseVertex(mode, count, type, indices, instancecount, basevertex);
+        SetCurrentBaseVertex(0);
     }
 
     void DrawElementsInstancedBaseInstance(GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const void* indices,
                                            GLsizei instancecount, GLuint baseinstance) {
         DrawSyncFlags syncBit = DrawSyncBit::IndexBuffer | DrawSyncBit::Instancing;
+        const VertexArrayImpl::ScopedFetchBaseInstance fetchScope(EmulatedFetchBaseInstance(baseinstance));
         PrepareForDraw(syncBit);
         SetCurrentBaseInstance(baseinstance);
+        if (UseNativeBaseInstance()) {
+            g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElementsInstancedBaseInstanceEXT(mode, count, type, indices, instancecount,
+                                                              baseinstance);
+        } else {
             g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElementsInstanced(mode, count, type, indices, instancecount);
+        }
         SetCurrentBaseInstance(0);
     }
 
@@ -3514,9 +3677,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
     void DrawArraysInstancedBaseInstance(GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count, GLsizei instancecount,
                                          GLuint baseinstance) {
         DrawSyncFlags syncBit = DrawSyncBit::Instancing;
+        const VertexArrayImpl::ScopedFetchBaseInstance fetchScope(EmulatedFetchBaseInstance(baseinstance));
         PrepareForDraw(syncBit);
         SetCurrentBaseInstance(baseinstance);
+        if (UseNativeBaseInstance()) {
+            g_GLESFuncs.glDrawArraysInstancedBaseInstanceEXT(mode, first, count, instancecount, baseinstance);
+        } else {
             g_GLESFuncs.glDrawArraysInstanced(mode, first, count, instancecount);
+        }
         SetCurrentBaseInstance(0);
     }
 

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/DirectGLES.h

@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
     void MultiDrawElementsIndirectCount(GLenum mode, GLenum type, const void* indirect, GLintptr drawcount,
                                         GLsizei maxdrawcount, GLsizei stride);
     void MultiDrawArraysIndirect(GLenum mode, const void* indirect, GLsizei drawcount, GLsizei stride);
+    void MultiDrawArraysIndirectCount(GLenum mode, const void* indirect, GLintptr drawcount, GLsizei maxdrawcount,
+                                      GLsizei stride);
     void DrawRangeElementsBaseVertex(GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, GLsizei count, GLenum type,
                                      const void* indices, GLint basevertex);
     void DrawRangeElements(GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const void* indices);

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Managers.cpp

@@ -155,6 +155,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
     // (possibly GPU-written) indirect command buffer, so its declaration expands into a
     // std430 SSBO view of that buffer indexed by a CPU-computed word index, with the plain
     // mg_BaseInstance uniform as the fallback for non-indirect draws.
+    //
+    // The word index is stored ONE-BASED, so that zero - the value every GLSL uniform starts
+    // at - is the "not an indirect draw" sentinel. Nothing seeds this uniform before a
+    // program's first draw, and the non-indirect draw entry points never write it at all, so a
+    // zero-based index with a negative sentinel would leave every such draw reading
+    // mg_indirectWords[0] out of a storage buffer no one bound. That is not a silent zero on a
+    // real driver: it returned garbage on Adreno, and a garbage gl_BaseInstance pushed the CTS
+    // shader_draw_parameters geometry clean off screen.
     String PromoteDrawParameterGlobalsToUniforms(String source, GLenum shaderType) {
         if (shaderType != GL_VERTEX_SHADER) {
             return source;
@@ -208,12 +216,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                          " { highp uint mg_indirectWords[]; };\n";
             if (rebaseInstanceId) {
                 machinery += String("#define ") + ZERO_BASED_INSTANCE_ID_NAME + " (gl_InstanceID - ((" +
-                             BASE_INSTANCE_WORD_INDEX_UNIFORM_NAME + " >= 0) ? int(mg_indirectWords[uint(" +
+                             BASE_INSTANCE_WORD_INDEX_UNIFORM_NAME + " > 0) ? int(mg_indirectWords[uint(" +
-                             BASE_INSTANCE_WORD_INDEX_UNIFORM_NAME + ")]) : 0))\n";
+                             BASE_INSTANCE_WORD_INDEX_UNIFORM_NAME + " - 1)]) : 0))\n";
             }
             machinery += String("#define ") + BASE_INSTANCE_LOWERED_NAME + " ((" +
-                         BASE_INSTANCE_WORD_INDEX_UNIFORM_NAME + " >= 0) ? int(mg_indirectWords[uint(" +
+                         BASE_INSTANCE_WORD_INDEX_UNIFORM_NAME + " > 0) ? int(mg_indirectWords[uint(" +
-                         BASE_INSTANCE_WORD_INDEX_UNIFORM_NAME + ")]) : " + BASE_INSTANCE_UNIFORM_NAME + ")";
+                         BASE_INSTANCE_WORD_INDEX_UNIFORM_NAME + " - 1)]) : " + BASE_INSTANCE_UNIFORM_NAME + ")";
             source.replace(pos, declaration.size(), machinery);
             break;
         }
@@ -1473,6 +1481,78 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             return true;
         }
 
+        // ES 3.1 core. Queried through the loader rather than the version, because the whole
+        // point of using it is to express something the pointer API cannot, and falling back
+        // silently on a driver that lacks it is better than crashing on a null entry point.
+        inline Bool HasVertexBindingApi() {
+            return g_GLESFuncs.glBindVertexBuffer != nullptr && g_GLESFuncs.glVertexAttribFormat != nullptr &&
+                   g_GLESFuncs.glVertexAttribIFormat != nullptr && g_GLESFuncs.glVertexAttribBinding != nullptr &&
+                   g_GLESFuncs.glVertexBindingDivisor != nullptr;
+        }
+
+        // Draw state, not VAO state: set by the baseInstance draw entry points around
+        // PrepareForDraw and back to zero as soon as the draw is issued.
+        Uint32 g_pendingFetchBaseInstance = 0;
+
+        void SetPendingFetchBaseInstance(Uint32 baseInstance) {
+            g_pendingFetchBaseInstance = baseInstance;
+        }
+
+        Uint32 GetPendingFetchBaseInstance() {
+            return g_pendingFetchBaseInstance;
+        }
+
+        // The "+ baseInstance" of GL's instanced-array element index, expressed as a byte shift
+        // of the array's own offset. Only divisor'd arrays step per instance, so only they move.
+        //
+        // baseInstance is added to the ELEMENT index, not to instance/divisor - the divisor
+        // therefore does not appear here, and the shift is a whole number of strides.
+        //
+        // A resolved stride of zero is the binding model's "never advance" (see
+        // VertexAttribute::Stride), so such an array reads the same element for every instance
+        // and a baseInstance cannot move it. The arithmetic already yields zero for that case.
+        inline SizeT BaseInstanceByteShift(const MG_State::GLState::VertexAttribute& attrib, Uint32 baseInstance) {
+            if (baseInstance == 0 || attrib.Divisor == 0) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+            return static_cast<SizeT>(baseInstance) * static_cast<SizeT>(attrib.Stride);
+        }
+
+        // Declares one attribute through the ES binding-point API, the only spelling that can
+        // carry a stride of zero. Returns false when the attribute has no usable buffer, in
+        // which case nothing was emitted.
+        inline Bool SyncZeroStrideAttribute(Uint attribIndex, const MG_State::GLState::VertexAttribute& attrib) {
+            const auto& bufferObject = attrib.Buffer;
+            if (!bufferObject) {
+                MGLOG_W("Zero-stride attribute %u has no bound buffer, skipping.", attribIndex);
+                return false;
+            }
+            auto* backendResource = BufferImpl::EnsureBufferResource(bufferObject);
+            if (!backendResource || backendResource->id == 0) {
+                MGLOG_E("No backend buffer for zero-stride attribute %u, cannot bind it.", attribIndex);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (!attrib.IsInteger) {
+                const GLint glSize = attrib.IsBgra ? static_cast<GLint>(GL_BGRA) : attrib.Size;
+                g_GLESFuncs.glVertexAttribFormat(attribIndex, glSize,
+                                                 MG_Util::ConvertDataTypeToGLEnum(attrib.Type),
+                                                 attrib.Normalized ? GL_TRUE : GL_FALSE, 0);
+            } else {
+                g_GLESFuncs.glVertexAttribIFormat(attribIndex, attrib.Size,
+                                                  MG_Util::ConvertDataTypeToGLEnum(attrib.Type), 0);
+            }
+            g_GLESFuncs.glVertexAttribBinding(attribIndex, attribIndex);
+            // The resolved offset goes on the binding point, not into a relative offset: the
+            // relative offset is capped by GL_MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIB_RELATIVE_OFFSET (2047 at
+            // minimum) while a buffer offset is not, so anything else would break on a large
+            // one. BindBufferId is bypassed deliberately - glBindVertexBuffer binds into the
+            // VAO's binding point, not the GL_ARRAY_BUFFER target that cache tracks.
+            g_GLESFuncs.glBindVertexBuffer(attribIndex, backendResource->id,
+                                           static_cast<GLintptr>(attrib.Offset), 0);
+            return true;
+        }
+
         void BackendVertexArrayObject::SyncToBackend(
             const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject>& stateVAOObject) {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
@@ -1495,7 +1575,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             const Uint16 currentIndexBufferVersion = stateVAOObject->GetIndexBufferBindingSlot().GetVersion();
             const Bool attributesDirty = !m_hasSyncedConfigVersion || m_syncedConfigVersion != currentConfigVersion;
             const Bool indexBufferDirty = currentIndexBufferVersion != m_syncedIndexBufferVersion;
-            if (!attributesDirty && !indexBufferDirty) {
+
+            // The baseInstance shift lives in the attribute offsets the driver already holds, so
+            // a change of baseInstance has to re-emit the divisor'd arrays even when the frontend
+            // config version says nothing moved - and equally has to un-shift them for the next
+            // draw that carries no baseInstance. Resting state is 0 on both sides, so a program
+            // that never calls a *BaseInstance entry point never pays for this compare.
+            const Uint32 fetchBaseInstance = g_pendingFetchBaseInstance;
+            const Bool baseInstanceDirty = m_syncedFetchBaseInstance != fetchBaseInstance;
+            const Bool emitAttributes = attributesDirty || baseInstanceDirty;
+            if (!emitAttributes && !indexBufferDirty) {
                 return;
             }
 
@@ -1503,8 +1592,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
 
             const auto& allAttributeVersions = stateVAOObject->GetAllAttributeVersions();
             const auto& allAttributes = stateVAOObject->GetAllAttributes();
-            for (Uint attribIndex = 0; attribIndex < allAttributes.size() && attributesDirty; ++attribIndex) {
+            for (Uint attribIndex = 0; attribIndex < allAttributes.size() && emitAttributes; ++attribIndex) {
                 const auto& attrib = allAttributes[attribIndex];
+                // Only the divisor'd arrays carry the shift, and only an enabled one is worth
+                // re-emitting - a disabled array has no pointer the draw could fetch through,
+                // and may well have no buffer to bind either.
+                const Bool needsSyncBaseInstance = baseInstanceDirty && attrib.Enabled && attrib.Divisor != 0;
                 Bool needsSyncSwitch = allAttributeVersions[attribIndex].SwitchVersion !=
                                        m_syncedAttributeVersions[attribIndex].SwitchVersion;
                 if (needsSyncSwitch) {
@@ -1519,7 +1612,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                                        m_syncedAttributeVersions[attribIndex].FormatVersion;
                 Bool needsSyncBuffer = allAttributeVersions[attribIndex].BufferVersion !=
                                        m_syncedAttributeVersions[attribIndex].BufferVersion;
-                if (!needsSyncFormat && !needsSyncBuffer) continue;
+                if (!needsSyncFormat && !needsSyncBuffer && !needsSyncBaseInstance) continue;
 
                 // Defence in depth. The frontend already declines glVertexAttribLFormat on this
                 // backend (SupportsFloat64VertexAttributes is false - ES has no GL_DOUBLE vertex
@@ -1529,28 +1622,90 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                 // FormatVersion, not SwitchVersion, so the enable/disable block above will not run
                 // again and an already-enabled array would stay enabled with no pointer and no
                 // ARRAY_BUFFER binding - which ES 3.1+ makes an INVALID_OPERATION at draw.
-                if (attrib.IsLong) {
+                //
-                    MGLOG_E("DirectGLES: vertex attribute %u is a 64-bit (GL_DOUBLE) array, which this "
+                // IsLong is not the only way a 64-bit array gets here: glVertexAttribFormat
+                // with GL_DOUBLE asks for doubles in memory CONVERTED to float, so it is not
+                // long, is not declined by the frontend, and still has no ES vertex format.
+                // Leaving that one enabled did not merely raise INVALID_ENUM - the Adreno
+                // driver dereferenced null inside the next draw and took the process with it
+                // (SIGSEGV in libGLESv2_adreno, KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding.basic-input-case4),
+                // because the array stayed enabled with no pointer the failed call could set.
+                // The type test therefore covers the storage, not the spelling.
+                if (attrib.IsLong || attrib.Type == DataType::Float64) {
+                    MGLOG_I("DirectGLES: vertex attribute %u is a 64-bit (GL_DOUBLE) array, which this "
                             "backend cannot feed - disabling the array",
                             attribIndex);
                     g_GLESFuncs.glDisableVertexAttribArray(attribIndex);
                     continue;
                 }
 
+                // A resolved stride of zero is the binding model's "never advance" (see
+                // VertexAttribute::Stride) and glVertexAttribPointer cannot say it - a zero
+                // stride argument there means "tightly packed" instead, i.e. exactly the
+                // opposite. ES 3.1's binding-point API can, so a zero-stride attribute takes
+                // that spelling: its own binding point (index == attribute index, the default
+                // mapping) carrying the buffer, the whole resolved offset and stride 0, with
+                // the format at relative offset 0. Everything the pointer call would have set
+                // for this attribute is set here too, so the two spellings stay interchangeable
+                // from one sync to the next.
+                if (attrib.Stride == 0 && HasVertexBindingApi()) {
+                    if (!SyncZeroStrideAttribute(attribIndex, attrib)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    // No BaseInstanceByteShift here on purpose: a zero stride never advances, so
+                    // the shift is zero by construction and adding it would only obscure that.
+                    if (needsSyncFormat) {
+                        g_GLESFuncs.glVertexBindingDivisor(attribIndex, attrib.Divisor);
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+
                 if (!BindAttributeBuffer(attrib)) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
+                // GL_BGRA as a vertex SIZE is desktop-only; ES has no equivalent and rejects
+                // it. That rejection is not benign: it leaves the array ENABLED with no
+                // pointer, and the Adreno driver then dereferences null inside the next draw
+                // and kills the process rather than reporting an error (SIGSEGV in
+                // libGLESv2_adreno, KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding.basic-input-case5). So the
+                // refusal has to be observed and the array disabled.
+                //
+                // Deliberately ONLY this format. Everything else MobileGL can reach here is ES
+                // core - the packed 2_10_10_10 pair included, whose size the frontend has
+                // already pinned to the 4 that ES requires - so nothing else can be refused,
+                // and the per-draw sync must not grow a glGetError round trip (a driver
+                // pipeline stall) for the formats real applications actually use. BGRA is also
+                // still ATTEMPTED rather than refused up front: some ES drivers do accept it,
+                // and the ones that do should keep working.
+                const Bool formatMayBeRefused = attrib.IsBgra;
+                if (formatMayBeRefused) {
+                    while (g_GLESFuncs.glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) {
+                    } // start from a clean slate so the check below is about THIS call
+                }
+
+                const SizeT fetchOffset = attrib.Offset + BaseInstanceByteShift(attrib, fetchBaseInstance);
+
                 if (!attrib.IsInteger) {
                     // GL_BGRA is passed to the driver as the size argument (the driver reorders BGRA).
                     const GLint glSize = attrib.IsBgra ? static_cast<GLint>(GL_BGRA) : attrib.Size;
                     g_GLESFuncs.glVertexAttribPointer(
                         attribIndex, glSize, MG_Util::ConvertDataTypeToGLEnum(attrib.Type),
-                        attrib.Normalized ? GL_TRUE : GL_FALSE, attrib.Stride, (const void*)attrib.Offset);
+                        attrib.Normalized ? GL_TRUE : GL_FALSE, attrib.Stride, (const void*)fetchOffset);
                 } else {
                     g_GLESFuncs.glVertexAttribIPointer(attribIndex, attrib.Size,
                                                        MG_Util::ConvertDataTypeToGLEnum(attrib.Type), attrib.Stride,
-                                                       (const void*)attrib.Offset);
+                                                       (const void*)fetchOffset);
+                }
+
+                if (formatMayBeRefused && g_GLESFuncs.glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) {
+                    MGLOG_I("DirectGLES: the driver refused the vertex format of attribute %u "
+                            "(size=%d bgra=%d type=%s) - disabling the array so the draw cannot "
+                            "fetch through a pointer the driver never accepted",
+                            attribIndex, attrib.Size, attrib.IsBgra ? 1 : 0,
+                            MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToString(MG_Util::ConvertDataTypeToGLEnum(attrib.Type)).c_str());
+                    g_GLESFuncs.glDisableVertexAttribArray(attribIndex);
+                    continue;
                 }
 
                 if (needsSyncFormat) {
@@ -1584,6 +1739,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                 m_syncedConfigVersion = currentConfigVersion;
                 m_hasSyncedConfigVersion = true;
             }
+            if (emitAttributes) {
+                m_syncedFetchBaseInstance = fetchBaseInstance;
+            }
         }
 
         void BackendVertexArrayObject::SyncClientSideAttributesForDrawArrays(
@@ -1601,9 +1759,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                // Same reason as SyncToBackend: there is no ES vertex format for a 64-bit array, and
+                // Same reason as SyncToBackend, including why the test is on the storage rather
-                // this path only ever reaches glVertexAttribPointer/IPointer.
+                // than on IsLong: there is no ES vertex format for a 64-bit array, and this path
-                if (attrib.IsLong) {
+                // only ever reaches glVertexAttribPointer/IPointer.
+                if (attrib.IsLong || attrib.Type == DataType::Float64) {
                     g_GLESFuncs.glDisableVertexAttribArray(attribIndex);
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -4316,6 +4475,21 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             }
             auto& shaderSpirvs = stateProgramObject->GetGeneratedSpirv();
 
+            // Blocks a transform-feedback capture request names a member of ("StageData" of
+            // "StageData.attrib[0]"). The Adreno ES driver accepts such a request, links, and
+            // then captures nothing at all for it, so those blocks - and ONLY those - get
+            // flattened into per-member variables below, in EVERY stage, so a producer and its
+            // consumer keep matching. gl_PerVertex members ("gl_Position") carry no block
+            // prefix and so never enter this set.
+            std::set<String> xfbCaptureBlockNames;
+            for (const auto& xfbVarying : stateProgramObject->GetTransformFeedbackVaryings()) {
+                const SizeT dot = xfbVarying.name.find('.');
+                if (dot != String::npos && dot > 0) {
+                    xfbCaptureBlockNames.insert(xfbVarying.name.substr(0, dot));
+                }
+            }
+            std::set<String> flattenedXfbBlockNames;
+
             for (int index = 0; index < attachedShaders.size(); ++index) {
                 auto& shader = attachedShaders[index];
                 GLenum glShaderType = MG_Util::ConvertShaderStageToGLEnum(shader->GetShaderStage());
@@ -4358,6 +4532,40 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                     effectiveSpirv = &loweredSpirv;
                 }
 
+                // GLSL ES has no ARRAY vertex inputs, and SPIRV-Cross refuses the whole module
+                // rather than emulating them, so this has to happen before it sees the binary.
+                Vector<unsigned int> splitArrayInputSpirv;
+                if (glShaderType == GL_VERTEX_SHADER &&
+                    MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::SplitArrayVertexInputsForEssl(
+                        *effectiveSpirv, splitArrayInputSpirv) &&
+                    !splitArrayInputSpirv.empty() && splitArrayInputSpirv != *effectiveSpirv) {
+                    // Only when the pass ACTUALLY split something. The optimizer hands back a
+                    // re-serialised copy either way, and adopting that copy for every vertex
+                    // shader would put every one of them through a round trip they do not need
+                    // - which is not free: it cost the create-indirect retrace 0.15 SSIM the
+                    // first time this gate was missing.
+                    effectiveSpirv = &splitArrayInputSpirv;
+                }
+
+                // Adopt the rewritten module only when THIS stage actually had one of the
+                // blocks - the optimizer hands back a re-serialised copy either way, and taking
+                // that copy for a module it did not rewrite is not free (it cost the
+                // create-indirect retrace 0.15 SSIM when the array-input split first missed
+                // this gate). The report has to be per stage, not cumulative: a fragment shader
+                // consuming the same block reports a name the vertex stage already reported,
+                // and its own rewrite must still be taken or the two stages stop matching.
+                Vector<unsigned int> flattenedXfbSpirv;
+                std::set<String> stageFlattenedXfbBlockNames;
+                if (!xfbCaptureBlockNames.empty() &&
+                    MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksForEssl(
+                        *effectiveSpirv, xfbCaptureBlockNames, stageFlattenedXfbBlockNames,
+                        flattenedXfbSpirv) &&
+                    !flattenedXfbSpirv.empty() && !stageFlattenedXfbBlockNames.empty()) {
+                    effectiveSpirv = &flattenedXfbSpirv;
+                    flattenedXfbBlockNames.insert(stageFlattenedXfbBlockNames.begin(),
+                                                  stageFlattenedXfbBlockNames.end());
+                }
+
                 // ESSL stage-matches uniform blocks by member precision, but SPIRV-Cross prints
                 // a RelaxedPrecision member as explicit "mediump" in the vertex stage and as
                 // UNQUALIFIED (mediump-by-default) in the fragment stage; after
@@ -4439,11 +4647,18 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                 spvcSession.Compile(&result);
 
                 if (!result) {
-                    MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ResultInfo r;
+                    // MGLOG_I, for the same reason as the compile- and link-failure diagnostics
-                    r.log += "Failed to compile the shader to GLSL: \n";
+                    // below: every CI, retrace and release build compiles at
-                    r.log += spvcSession.GetLastErrorString();
+                    // MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_INFO, where MGLOG_E expands to nothing. A stage that
-                    r.errc = -5;
+                    // never reaches the driver leaves the program short of that stage, so the
-                    MGLOG_E("%s", r.log.c_str());
+                    // link fails with an EMPTY driver info log - the least debuggable failure
+                    // MobileGL can produce, and what hid the whole
+                    // KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding family behind "the draw captured zeros".
+                    MGLOG_I("Shader transpilation to ESSL failed. State program ID: %u, stage: %s, "
+                            "SPIRV-Cross error: %s",
+                            stateProgramObject->GetExternalIndex(),
+                            MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToString(glShaderType).c_str(),
+                            spvcSession.GetLastErrorString());
                     m_backendProgramUsable = false;
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -4559,8 +4774,23 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                 const auto& xfbVaryings = stateProgramObject->GetTransformFeedbackVaryings();
                 Vector<const GLchar*> xfbNames;
                 xfbNames.reserve(xfbVaryings.size());
-                for (const auto& xfbVarying : xfbVaryings) {
+                // A block this build flattened no longer HAS the member the application asked
-                    xfbNames.push_back(xfbVarying.name.c_str());
+                // for; it has the variable that replaced it. Everything else - including a
+                // member of a block that was left alone - keeps the application's spelling.
+                // Storage first, pointers after: xfbNames holds pointers into these strings.
+                Vector<String> rewrittenXfbNames(xfbVaryings.size());
+                for (SizeT nameIndex = 0; nameIndex < xfbVaryings.size(); ++nameIndex) {
+                    String flatName;
+                    if (!flattenedXfbBlockNames.empty() &&
+                        MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::RewriteXfbCaptureNameForFlattenedBlock(
+                            xfbVaryings[nameIndex].name, flattenedXfbBlockNames, flatName)) {
+                        rewrittenXfbNames[nameIndex] = std::move(flatName);
+                    } else {
+                        rewrittenXfbNames[nameIndex] = xfbVaryings[nameIndex].name;
+                    }
+                }
+                for (const auto& xfbName : rewrittenXfbNames) {
+                    xfbNames.push_back(xfbName.c_str());
                 }
                 MGLOG_D("Declaring %zu transform feedback varyings on program %u", xfbNames.size(),
                         m_backendProgramId);
@@ -4594,6 +4824,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             m_baseInstanceUniformLocation = g_GLESFuncs.glGetUniformLocation(m_backendProgramId,
                                                                              BASE_INSTANCE_UNIFORM_NAME);
             m_drawIdUniformLocation = g_GLESFuncs.glGetUniformLocation(m_backendProgramId, DRAW_ID_UNIFORM_NAME);
+            m_baseVertexUniformLocation = g_GLESFuncs.glGetUniformLocation(m_backendProgramId,
+                                                                           BASE_VERTEX_UNIFORM_NAME);
             m_baseInstanceWordIndexUniformLocation =
                 g_GLESFuncs.glGetUniformLocation(m_backendProgramId, BASE_INSTANCE_WORD_INDEX_UNIFORM_NAME);
             // The mg_IndirectParams block binding is baked into the ESSL (ES cannot rebind
@@ -4772,14 +5004,21 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                 g_GLESFuncs.glUniform1i(m_baseInstanceUniformLocation, static_cast<GLint>(baseInstance));
             }
             // A direct value disables the indirect-command-buffer read.
+            SetBaseInstanceWordIndex(-1);
+        }
+
+        // The uniform is written one-based so that its GLSL initial value, zero, already reads
+        // as "no indirect command" - see PromoteDrawParameterGlobalsToUniforms.
+        void BackendProgramObjectImpl::SetBaseInstanceWordIndex(Int32 wordIndex) const {
             if (m_baseInstanceWordIndexUniformLocation >= 0) {
-                g_GLESFuncs.glUniform1i(m_baseInstanceWordIndexUniformLocation, -1);
+                g_GLESFuncs.glUniform1i(m_baseInstanceWordIndexUniformLocation,
+                                        wordIndex < 0 ? 0 : wordIndex + 1);
             }
         }
 
-        void BackendProgramObjectImpl::SetBaseInstanceWordIndex(Int32 wordIndex) const {
+        void BackendProgramObjectImpl::SetBaseVertex(Int32 baseVertex) const {
-            if (m_baseInstanceWordIndexUniformLocation >= 0) {
+            if (m_baseVertexUniformLocation >= 0) {
-                g_GLESFuncs.glUniform1i(m_baseInstanceWordIndexUniformLocation, wordIndex);
+                g_GLESFuncs.glUniform1i(m_baseVertexUniformLocation, baseVertex);
             }
         }
 

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Managers.h

@@ -82,14 +82,26 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
     // GLES core supports only GL_PRIMITIVE_RESTART_FIXED_INDEX. Throws when the app enabled
     // the arbitrary GL_PRIMITIVE_RESTART with a non-fixed index for this index type.
     void CheckPrimitiveRestartSupported(GLenum indexType);
-    // Feed the current program's gl_BaseInstance / gl_DrawID emulation uniforms. Both are
+    // Feed the current program's gl_BaseInstance / gl_DrawID / gl_BaseVertex emulation
-    // no-ops when the program does not read the corresponding builtin.
+    // uniforms. All are no-ops when the program does not read the corresponding builtin.
     void SetCurrentBaseInstance(Uint32 baseInstance);
     void SetCurrentDrawID(Uint32 drawId);
+    // GL's gl_BaseVertex is the base-vertex parameter of an indexed draw and zero for every
+    // command that has none - including all the DrawArrays forms - so every draw path that
+    // does not carry one must leave this at zero rather than inherit the last draw's value.
+    void SetCurrentBaseVertex(Int32 baseVertex);
     // True when the current program actually reads gl_DrawID, i.e. when a batched
     // (single driver call) multi-draw tier would have to feed it one value for the whole
     // batch and would therefore be wrong.
     Bool CurrentProgramReadsDrawID();
+    // Same question for gl_BaseVertex: a batched multi-draw tier cannot give each sub-draw
+    // its own base vertex through a uniform either.
+    Bool CurrentProgramReadsBaseVertex();
+    // Both of the above, conservatively, for a caller that must decide BEFORE PrepareForDraw
+    // has synced the program - where "does not read it" is indistinguishable from "cannot be
+    // asked yet". Answers true whenever the backend twin is missing or predates the current
+    // link.
+    Bool CurrentProgramMayNeedPerSubDrawBuiltins(Bool batchCarriesBaseVertices);
 
     template <typename StateObject, typename BackendObject>
     class StateBackendObjectRegistry {
@@ -454,6 +466,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             Uint32 m_syncedConfigVersion = 0;
             Array<MG_State::GLState::VertexAttributeVersion, MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS>
                 m_syncedAttributeVersions;
+            // Byte shift currently baked into the instanced arrays' offsets by the baseInstance
+            // emulation (see SetPendingFetchBaseInstance). It is draw state, not VAO state, so it
+            // is deliberately NOT covered by the config version: the frontend never bumps for it.
+            // Kept here because it describes what was last EMITTED, which is what the next sync
+            // has to correct.
+            Uint32 m_syncedFetchBaseInstance = 0;
         };
 
         extern StateBackendObjectRegistry<MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject, BackendVertexArrayObject>
@@ -467,6 +485,23 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         void InvalidateVAOBindingCache();
         // ES resets the binding to 0 when the currently bound VAO is deleted.
         void NoteVAOIdDeleted(Uint id);
+
+        // baseInstance emulation for drivers without GL_EXT_base_instance. GL fetches an
+        // instanced array at element "floor(instance / divisor) + baseInstance", and ES has no
+        // way to say the "+ baseInstance" part - so it is folded into the attribute's own byte
+        // offset (baseInstance * stride) for every divisor'd array, which is exactly equivalent.
+        // Must be set BEFORE PrepareForDraw so the VAO sync sees it, and cleared after the draw
+        // so the next one refetches from element 0; ScopedFetchBaseInstance does both.
+        void SetPendingFetchBaseInstance(Uint32 baseInstance);
+        Uint32 GetPendingFetchBaseInstance();
+
+        class ScopedFetchBaseInstance {
+        public:
+            explicit ScopedFetchBaseInstance(Uint32 baseInstance) { SetPendingFetchBaseInstance(baseInstance); }
+            ~ScopedFetchBaseInstance() { SetPendingFetchBaseInstance(0); }
+            ScopedFetchBaseInstance(const ScopedFetchBaseInstance&) = delete;
+            ScopedFetchBaseInstance& operator=(const ScopedFetchBaseInstance&) = delete;
+        };
     } // namespace VertexArrayImpl
 
     namespace TextureImpl {
@@ -1025,9 +1060,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             void SetBaseInstance(Uint32 baseInstance) const;
             void SetBaseInstanceWordIndex(Int32 wordIndex) const;
             void SetDrawID(Uint32 drawId) const;
+            void SetBaseVertex(Int32 baseVertex) const;
             // True when the transpiled program kept a gl_DrawID uniform, i.e. SetDrawID
             // actually reaches a shader read rather than being discarded.
             Bool ReadsDrawID() const { return m_drawIdUniformLocation >= 0; }
+            // Same for gl_BaseVertex: only a program that reads it pays for the per-draw
+            // uniform write, and only such a program needs the reset after one.
+            Bool ReadsBaseVertex() const { return m_baseVertexUniformLocation >= 0; }
             Int GetIndirectParamsBinding() const { return m_indirectParamsBinding; }
             Uint GetBackendProgramId() const { return m_backendProgramId; }
             // False when the last SyncToBackend could not produce a usable program (a
@@ -1077,6 +1116,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             Uint m_backendGlobalUBOId = 0;
             Int m_baseInstanceUniformLocation = -1;
             Int m_drawIdUniformLocation = -1;
+            Int m_baseVertexUniformLocation = -1;
             Int m_baseInstanceWordIndexUniformLocation = -1;
             Int m_indirectParamsBinding = -1;
             Uint32 m_snormFallbackClampOutputMask = 0;

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/MultiDraw.cpp

@@ -274,17 +274,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::MultiDrawImpl {
         // the batch's own shape - not the driver - rules it out; the compute tier keeps
         // its remaining feasibility checks inside its implementation, where the data it
         // has to walk is already in hand.
-        GLESMultiDrawMode ResolveTierForBatch(Bool programReadsDrawID, Bool hasIndexBuffer) {
+        GLESMultiDrawMode ResolveTierForBatch(Bool programReadsDrawID, Bool perSubDrawBaseVertex,
+                                              Bool hasIndexBuffer) {
             ResolveTierOnce();
             GLESMultiDrawMode tier = g_resolvedTier;
 
             // Batched tiers issue one driver entry for the whole batch, so the emulated
             // gl_DrawID uniform can only hold one value across every sub-draw. A program
             // that reads gl_DrawID gets an unrolled tier, which feeds each sub-draw its
-            // own index (the spec's value); nothing else observes the difference.
+            // own index (the spec's value); nothing else observes the difference. The
+            // emulated gl_BaseVertex is one uniform for the same reason, so a batch whose
+            // sub-draws carry their own base vertices unrolls too - even the Ext tier,
+            // which hands the driver the whole basevertex array, can only leave ONE value
+            // in the uniform the shader reads.
             const Bool batched = tier == GLESMultiDrawMode::Ext || tier == GLESMultiDrawMode::MultiIndirect ||
                                  tier == GLESMultiDrawMode::Compute;
-            if (batched && programReadsDrawID) {
+            if (batched && (programReadsDrawID || perSubDrawBaseVertex)) {
                 tier = SupportsTier(GLESMultiDrawMode::BaseVertex) ? GLESMultiDrawMode::BaseVertex
                                                                    : GLESMultiDrawMode::DrawElements;
             }
@@ -371,7 +376,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::MultiDrawImpl {
         // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
         Bool RunIndirect(GLenum mode, const GLsizei* count, GLenum type, const GLvoid* const* indices,
-                         GLsizei drawcount, const GLint* basevertex, Bool batched, Bool feedDrawID) {
+                         GLsizei drawcount, const GLint* basevertex, Bool batched, Bool feedDrawID,
+                         Bool feedBaseVertex) {
             if (!SupportsTier(batched ? GLESMultiDrawMode::MultiIndirect : GLESMultiDrawMode::Indirect)) return false;
             const SizeT indexSize = IndexTypeSize(type);
             if (indexSize == 0) return false;
@@ -413,10 +419,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::MultiDrawImpl {
             } else {
                 for (GLsizei i = 0; i < drawcount; ++i) {
                     if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(static_cast<Uint32>(i));
+                    if (feedBaseVertex) SetCurrentBaseVertex(basevertex ? basevertex[i] : 0);
                     const SizeT commandOffset = commandBase + static_cast<SizeT>(i) * sizeof(DrawElementsIndirectCommand);
                     g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElementsIndirect(mode, type, reinterpret_cast<const void*>(commandOffset));
                 }
                 if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(0);
+                if (feedBaseVertex) SetCurrentBaseVertex(0);
             }
             BufferImpl::BindBufferId(GL_DRAW_INDIRECT_BUFFER, previousIndirectBinding);
             NoteTierExecuted(batched ? GLESMultiDrawMode::MultiIndirect : GLESMultiDrawMode::Indirect);
@@ -428,15 +436,17 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::MultiDrawImpl {
         // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
         Bool RunBaseVertexLoop(GLenum mode, const GLsizei* count, GLenum type, const GLvoid* const* indices,
-                               GLsizei drawcount, const GLint* basevertex, Bool feedDrawID) {
+                               GLsizei drawcount, const GLint* basevertex, Bool feedDrawID, Bool feedBaseVertex) {
             if (!SupportsTier(GLESMultiDrawMode::BaseVertex)) return false;
             for (GLsizei i = 0; i < drawcount; ++i) {
                 if (count[i] <= 0) continue;
                 if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(static_cast<Uint32>(i));
+                if (feedBaseVertex) SetCurrentBaseVertex(basevertex ? basevertex[i] : 0);
                 g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElementsBaseVertex(mode, count[i], type, indices[i],
                                                      basevertex ? basevertex[i] : 0);
             }
             if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(0);
+            if (feedBaseVertex) SetCurrentBaseVertex(0);
             NoteTierExecuted(GLESMultiDrawMode::BaseVertex);
             return true;
         }
@@ -446,7 +456,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::MultiDrawImpl {
         // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
         Bool RunRebasedDrawElements(GLenum mode, const GLsizei* count, GLenum type, const GLvoid* const* indices,
-                                    GLsizei drawcount, const GLint* basevertex, Bool feedDrawID) {
+                                    GLsizei drawcount, const GLint* basevertex, Bool feedDrawID,
+                                    Bool feedBaseVertex) {
             const SizeT indexSize = IndexTypeSize(type);
             if (indexSize == 0) return false;
 
@@ -500,11 +511,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::MultiDrawImpl {
             for (GLsizei i = 0; i < drawcount; ++i) {
                 if (count[i] <= 0) continue;
                 if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(static_cast<Uint32>(i));
+                // The base vertex is folded into the rewritten index stream here, so the
+                // driver sees none - but gl_BaseVertex still has to report the value the
+                // application passed for this sub-draw.
+                if (feedBaseVertex) SetCurrentBaseVertex(basevertex ? basevertex[i] : 0);
                 g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElements(mode, count[i], GL_UNSIGNED_INT,
                                            reinterpret_cast<const void*>(indexBase + cursor * sizeof(Uint32)));
                 cursor += static_cast<SizeT>(count[i]);
             }
             if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(0);
+            if (feedBaseVertex) SetCurrentBaseVertex(0);
             BufferImpl::BindBufferId(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, previousIndexBinding);
             NoteTierExecuted(GLESMultiDrawMode::DrawElements);
             return true;
@@ -837,8 +853,15 @@ void main() {
         // afterwards would mean unpicking the program, SSBO and index bindings
         // PrepareForDraw just made, and a dispatch inside an open transform feedback
         // span is not legal at all. On success it hands back a flattened index stream.
+        // A batch whose sub-draws carry their own base vertices cannot be flattened either
+        // when the program reads gl_BaseVertex: one draw call leaves one uniform value.
+        // Asked conservatively because this decision precedes PrepareForDraw - see
+        // CurrentProgramMayNeedPerSubDrawBuiltins. Flattening is the irreversible half:
+        // once the batch is one draw the values are gone, whereas declining to flatten only
+        // costs the unrolled tier.
         FlattenedStream flattened;
-        if (ResolvedTier() == GLESMultiDrawMode::Compute && !CurrentProgramReadsDrawID()) {
+        if (ResolvedTier() == GLESMultiDrawMode::Compute &&
+            !CurrentProgramMayNeedPerSubDrawBuiltins(basevertex != nullptr)) {
             FlattenWithCompute(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, flattened);
         }
 
@@ -852,8 +875,11 @@ void main() {
             return;
         }
 
+        // Now that PrepareForDraw has synced the program, both questions have real answers;
+        // the tier choice and the per-sub-draw feeds use those, not the guess above.
         const Bool feedDrawID = CurrentProgramReadsDrawID();
-        const GLESMultiDrawMode tier = ResolveTierForBatch(feedDrawID, hasIndexBuffer);
+        const Bool feedBaseVertex = basevertex != nullptr && CurrentProgramReadsBaseVertex();
+        const GLESMultiDrawMode tier = ResolveTierForBatch(feedDrawID, feedBaseVertex, hasIndexBuffer);
 
         Bool drawn = false;
         switch (tier) {
@@ -861,16 +887,19 @@ void main() {
             drawn = RunExt(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex);
             break;
         case GLESMultiDrawMode::MultiIndirect:
-            drawn = RunIndirect(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, /*batched=*/true, feedDrawID);
+            drawn = RunIndirect(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, /*batched=*/true, feedDrawID,
+                                feedBaseVertex);
             break;
         case GLESMultiDrawMode::Indirect:
-            drawn = RunIndirect(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, /*batched=*/false, feedDrawID);
+            drawn = RunIndirect(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, /*batched=*/false, feedDrawID,
+                                feedBaseVertex);
             break;
         case GLESMultiDrawMode::BaseVertex:
-            drawn = RunBaseVertexLoop(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, feedDrawID);
+            drawn = RunBaseVertexLoop(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, feedDrawID, feedBaseVertex);
             break;
         case GLESMultiDrawMode::DrawElements:
-            drawn = RunRebasedDrawElements(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, feedDrawID);
+            drawn = RunRebasedDrawElements(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, feedDrawID,
+                                           feedBaseVertex);
             break;
         case GLESMultiDrawMode::Compute:
             // Its pre-pass ran above; reaching here means it declined this batch's shape.
@@ -883,8 +912,13 @@ void main() {
         // below are the floor: a base-vertex replay where the driver has one, and the
         // rewritten index stream where it does not. Both are safe for any batch these
         // entry points can receive.
-        if (!drawn) drawn = RunBaseVertexLoop(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, feedDrawID);
+        if (!drawn) {
-        if (!drawn) drawn = RunRebasedDrawElements(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, feedDrawID);
+            drawn = RunBaseVertexLoop(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, feedDrawID, feedBaseVertex);
+        }
+        if (!drawn) {
+            drawn = RunRebasedDrawElements(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, feedDrawID,
+                                           feedBaseVertex);
+        }
         if (!drawn) {
             MGLOG_E("DirectGLES multi-draw: no usable tier for a %d sub-draw batch (mode 0x%x, type 0x%x); "
                     "the batch was dropped",

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/BackendObject_DirectVulkan.cpp

@@ -539,6 +539,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         if (MG_Util::Async::AsyncShaderCompileEnabled()) {
             extensions.push_back(E_GL_KHR_parallel_shader_compile);
         }
+        // GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 is opt-in (MOBILEGL_ADVERTISE_FP64). Every `double` in a
+        // shader compiles and runs already - it is narrowed to 32 bits before the module
+        // reaches this backend - so an application that simply uses doubles needs nothing
+        // advertised. What the extension additionally promises is 64-bit PRECISION, which no
+        // mobile GPU has and the narrowing cannot fake, so advertising it by default would
+        // make an application that checks the string take a path MobileGL cannot honour.
+        if (MG_Config::Features.AdvertiseFp64) {
+            extensions.push_back(E_GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64);
+        }
         // GL_ARB_timer_query gates MC's F3 GPU% (LWJGL checks the extension string);
         // only advertised when the device actually supports timestamp queries and the
         // MOBILEGL_DISABLE_TIMERQUERY escape hatch is off.
@@ -877,7 +886,27 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                     DynParams::PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentBit(TextureTarget::TextureCubeMapArray);
             }
         }
-        m_dynamicParameters.SupportsFloat64VertexAttributes = m_vulkanCaps.SupportsShaderFloat64;
+        // Never, on any device, and no longer for the reason it used to be. It used to track
+        // shaderFloat64 because a `dvec3` input needed the Float64 capability to exist in the
+        // module at all; a 64-bit vertex FETCH was already impossible (VK_FORMAT_R64*_SFLOAT is
+        // optional and lavapipe reports zero bufferFeatures for all four), so the attribute
+        // arrived as its 32-bit word pair and PackDoubleVertexInputsPass bitcast it back.
+        //
+        // The shader half of that is gone: every 64-bit float is narrowed before any module
+        // reaches a backend (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass), so there is no `double` input
+        // left to bitcast INTO, and feeding a UINT-formatted attribute to what is now a `float`
+        // input would be silent garbage. Reconstructing the value would mean decoding the
+        // IEEE-754 double bit pattern in the shader - software fp64, which is precisely what the
+        // demotion exists to avoid - and on Espryt it would additionally need the ES driver to
+        // fetch 2N uint components where the application declared N doubles, which a dvec3 or
+        // dvec4 cannot even express within one attribute location.
+        //
+        // So glVertexAttribLFormat / glVertexAttribLPointer are declined here exactly as they
+        // already were on Espryt and on every real mobile device (Adreno and Mali both report
+        // shaderFloat64 == VK_FALSE), and for the same visible reason. A `dvec3` INPUT still
+        // compiles and draws - it is a `vec3` after demotion - as long as the application feeds
+        // it with glVertexAttribPointer(GL_FLOAT) rather than 64-bit data.
+        m_dynamicParameters.SupportsFloat64VertexAttributes = false;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxShaderStorageBlockSize =
             std::min(m_vulkanCaps.MaxShaderStorageBlockSize, kMaxAdvertisedShaderStorageBlockSize);
         if (m_vulkanCaps.SupportsShaderSubgroup) {

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/ProgramFactory.cpp

@@ -1979,13 +1979,27 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     // cannot be corrected and instanced draws with a non-zero baseInstance misrender; this
     // detects the case so the user gets one warning instead of silent corruption.
     Bool ProgramFactory::ReflectedReadsInstanceIndexBuiltin(const SpvReflectShaderModule& reflectModule) {
+        return ReflectedDeclaresInputBuiltin(reflectModule, SpvBuiltInInstanceIndex);
+    }
+
+    // GL's gl_BaseVertex and Vulkan's BaseVertex agree for indexed draws and disagree for every
+    // other command, so a program declaring the builtin needs the ZeroBaseVertex variant when a
+    // non-indexed draw uses it (see CompileOptionBit::ZeroBaseVertex). "Declares" rather than
+    // "reads" is the honest word and the useful one: the zeroing pass keeps the variable, so
+    // both variants of a program answer this question identically.
+    Bool ProgramFactory::ReflectedReadsBaseVertexBuiltin(const SpvReflectShaderModule& reflectModule) {
+        return ReflectedDeclaresInputBuiltin(reflectModule, SpvBuiltInBaseVertex);
+    }
+
+    Bool ProgramFactory::ReflectedDeclaresInputBuiltin(const SpvReflectShaderModule& reflectModule,
+                                                       SpvBuiltIn builtin) {
         for (Uint32 entryIndex = 0; entryIndex < reflectModule.entry_point_count; ++entryIndex) {
             const SpvReflectEntryPoint& entryPoint = reflectModule.entry_points[entryIndex];
             for (Uint32 variableIndex = 0; variableIndex < entryPoint.input_variable_count; ++variableIndex) {
                 const SpvReflectInterfaceVariable* variable = entryPoint.input_variables[variableIndex];
                 if (variable != nullptr &&
                     (variable->decoration_flags & SPV_REFLECT_DECORATION_BUILT_IN) != 0 &&
-                    variable->built_in == SpvBuiltInInstanceIndex) {
+                    variable->built_in == builtin) {
                     return true;
                 }
             }
@@ -2244,6 +2258,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                                              VkProgramObject& entry) const {
         entry.activeVertexInputLocationMask = 0;
         entry.vertexInputTypes.fill(0);
+        entry.readsBaseVertexBuiltin = false;
 
         for (SizeT moduleIndex = 0; moduleIndex < shaders.size() && moduleIndex < spirv.size(); ++moduleIndex) {
             if (!shaders[moduleIndex] || shaders[moduleIndex]->GetShaderStage() != ShaderStage::Vertex) {
@@ -2265,6 +2280,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 continue;
             }
 
+            entry.readsBaseVertexBuiltin = ReflectedReadsBaseVertexBuiltin(reflectModule);
+
             if (!m_shaderDrawParametersEnabled && ReflectedReadsInstanceIndexBuiltin(reflectModule)) {
                 static Bool s_warnedInstanceIndexUnsupported = false;
                 if (!s_warnedInstanceIndexUnsupported) {
@@ -2909,6 +2926,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         // a FragCoordYFlip variant also depends on the baked default-framebuffer height, so
         // that height rides in the free high half of the key. Flags occupy the low bits, and a
         // height cannot exceed the 16 bits a swapchain extent fits in.
+        //
+        // "The low bits" is load-bearing and was until now only a comment: a flag that reached
+        // bit 16 would alias the height and two different variants would share one memo slot.
+        static_assert(static_cast<Uint>(CompileOptionBit::ZeroBaseVertex) < (1u << 16),
+                      "CompileOptionBit values must stay below bit 16: GetOrCreateProgram packs the "
+                      "default-framebuffer height into the high half of the same memo key");
         const Uint memoKey = (flags & CompileOptionBit::FragCoordYFlip)
                                  ? (flags.GetRaw() | (m_defaultFramebufferHeight << 16))
                                  : flags.GetRaw();
@@ -3027,6 +3050,26 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 }
             }
 
+            // The non-indexed variant of a vertex stage that reads gl_BaseVertex: GL wants zero
+            // there, Vulkan's builtin would hand it the draw's firstVertex. Requested per draw
+            // through CompileOptionBit::ZeroBaseVertex, so the indexed variant of the same
+            // program keeps the native builtin and stays correct for glDrawElementsBaseVertex
+            // and for the baseVertex word of an indexed indirect command.
+            if (shaders[i] && shaders[i]->GetShaderStage() == ShaderStage::Vertex &&
+                (flags & CompileOptionBit::ZeroBaseVertex)) {
+                Vector<Uint> zeroedSpirv;
+                if (MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::ZeroBaseVertexForVulkan(moduleSpirvs[i],
+                                                                                       zeroedSpirv)) {
+                    moduleSpirvs[i] = std::move(zeroedSpirv);
+                } else {
+                    // Failing open keeps the native builtin, which is the pre-fix behavior:
+                    // gl_BaseVertex reads firstVertex on a DrawArrays instead of zero.
+                    MGLOG_E("ProgramFactory: failed to zero gl_BaseVertex for program %u; non-indexed "
+                            "draws will read the draw's first vertex from it instead of zero",
+                            program.GetExternalIndex());
+                }
+            }
+
             // A 64-bit vertex input has to arrive as its 32-bit word pair: VK_FORMAT_R64*_SFLOAT is
             // optional and lavapipe advertises none of them at all. The pass is unconditional so it
             // always agrees with the Float64 case in VertexInputStateFactory::ToVkVertexFormat, and

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/ProgramFactory.h

@@ -60,6 +60,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             // PositionYFlip (the two are the same fact about the same draws) except under a
             // quarter turn, which this renderer does not convert rectangles for either.
             FragCoordYFlip = 1 << 7,
+            // Replaces the vertex stage's gl_BaseVertex reads with zero. GL defines the builtin
+            // as zero for every drawing command that has no baseVertex parameter - all the
+            // DrawArrays forms - while Vulkan's BaseVertex reports firstVertex there. Set only
+            // for a non-indexed draw whose program actually reads the builtin, so nothing else
+            // acquires a second program/pipeline variant. See ZeroBaseVertexPass.
+            ZeroBaseVertex = 1 << 8,
         };
         using CompileOptionFlags = Flags<CompileOptionBit>;
         using HashType = Uint64;
@@ -129,6 +135,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             // gl_FragDepth); shader-computed depth is immune to the cross-pipeline
             // position-invariance quirk (see PipelineFactory::ShouldSuppressDepthWrite).
             Bool fragmentReplacesDepth = false;
+            // The vertex module declares the BaseVertex builtin. Selects the ZeroBaseVertex
+            // program variant for non-indexed draws, and is deliberately a property of the
+            // PROGRAM rather than of the variant: the zeroed variant leaves the variable
+            // declared, so both variants answer the same and the draw path can ask either.
+            Bool readsBaseVertexBuiltin = false;
             // Frame-boundary counter value of the last GetOrCreateProgram hit; drives
             // cache eviction (see OnFrameBoundary). Mutable: the draw snapshot's memoised
             // entry pointer re-stamps use through a const reference (StampProgramUse).
@@ -179,6 +190,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 producerOutputComponentCount = other.producerOutputComponentCount;
                 fragmentInputComponentCount = other.fragmentInputComponentCount;
                 fragmentReplacesDepth = other.fragmentReplacesDepth;
+                readsBaseVertexBuiltin = other.readsBaseVertexBuiltin;
                 lastUsedFrame = other.lastUsedFrame;
                 other.hash = 0;
                 other.descriptorSetLayout = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
@@ -192,6 +204,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 other.producerOutputComponentCount = 0;
                 other.fragmentInputComponentCount = 0;
                 other.fragmentReplacesDepth = false;
+                other.readsBaseVertexBuiltin = false;
                 other.lastUsedFrame = 0;
             }
             VkProgramObject& operator=(VkProgramObject&& other) noexcept {
@@ -231,6 +244,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 producerOutputComponentCount = other.producerOutputComponentCount;
                 fragmentInputComponentCount = other.fragmentInputComponentCount;
                 fragmentReplacesDepth = other.fragmentReplacesDepth;
+                readsBaseVertexBuiltin = other.readsBaseVertexBuiltin;
                 lastUsedFrame = other.lastUsedFrame;
                 other.hash = 0;
                 other.descriptorSetLayout = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
@@ -244,6 +258,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 other.producerOutputComponentCount = 0;
                 other.fragmentInputComponentCount = 0;
                 other.fragmentReplacesDepth = false;
+                other.readsBaseVertexBuiltin = false;
                 other.lastUsedFrame = 0;
                 return *this;
             }
@@ -341,6 +356,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         // True when an entry point reads the InstanceIndex builtin. Only gates a diagnostic:
         // without shaderDrawParameters such a shader cannot have gl_InstanceID rebased.
         static Bool ReflectedReadsInstanceIndexBuiltin(const SpvReflectShaderModule& reflectModule);
+        // True when an entry point declares the BaseVertex builtin, i.e. when a non-indexed
+        // draw with this program has to take the ZeroBaseVertex variant.
+        static Bool ReflectedReadsBaseVertexBuiltin(const SpvReflectShaderModule& reflectModule);
+        // Shared by the two above: does any entry point list an input variable decorated with
+        // this builtin?
+        static Bool ReflectedDeclaresInputBuiltin(const SpvReflectShaderModule& reflectModule, SpvBuiltIn builtin);
 
     private:
         struct ProgramLookupCache {

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VertexInputStateFactory.cpp

@@ -153,8 +153,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            const Uint32 sourceStride =
+            // Verbatim, zero included. The frontend already resolved a pointer call's
-                attr.Stride > 0 ? static_cast<Uint32>(attr.Stride) : static_cast<Uint32>(attribByteSize);
+            // "tightly packed" stride 0 into the element size (see VertexAttribute::Stride),
+            // so a zero here is the binding model's stride 0 - every vertex reads the same
+            // element - which is exactly what a zero VkVertexInputBindingDescription::stride
+            // means. Substituting the element size fetched a fresh element per vertex and ran
+            // off the end of the buffer (KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding.basic-input-case7/8).
+            // Client-memory arrays cannot reach zero: they only exist on the pointer path.
+            const Uint32 sourceStride = static_cast<Uint32>(attr.Stride);
             const Bool packedAttribute = attr.Type == DataType::Int2101010Rev ||
                                          attr.Type == DataType::Uint2101010Rev;
             const SizeT requiredAlignment = packedAttribute ? attribByteSize : GetComponentSize(attr.Type);
@@ -175,11 +181,17 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             }
 
             Uint32 stride = sourceStride;
+            // A converted stream is tightly packed, so its stride is the converted element
+            // size - unless the source stride is zero, which does not describe a packing at
+            // all but "never advance". That survives the conversion unchanged: the draw path
+            // converts exactly one element and every vertex reads it.
+            if (sourceStride != 0) {
                 if (conversion == VertexStreamConversion::Repack) {
                     stride = static_cast<Uint32>(attribByteSize);
                 } else if (conversion == VertexStreamConversion::ScaledIntegerToFloat32) {
                     stride = static_cast<Uint32>(attr.Size * static_cast<Int>(sizeof(Float)));
                 }
+            }
             const VkVertexInputRate inputRate =
                 (attr.Divisor == 0) ? VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX : VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_INSTANCE;
 

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VulkanRenderer.cpp

@@ -3546,9 +3546,11 @@ void main() {
                 const auto& attr = vao.GetAttribute(bindingLocation);
                 const SizeT elementSize =
                     VertexInputStateFactory::GetAttributeByteSize(attr.Type, attr.Size, attr.IsBgra);
-                const SizeT sourceStride =
+                // Zero is a legal binding stride and means "never advance" (see
-                    attr.Stride > 0 ? static_cast<SizeT>(attr.Stride) : elementSize;
+                // VertexAttribute::Stride), so it is NOT folded into the element size here -
-                if (sourceBufferShared->MappedData() == nullptr || elementSize == 0 || sourceStride == 0 ||
+                // it selects the single-element conversion below instead.
+                const SizeT sourceStride = static_cast<SizeT>(attr.Stride);
+                if (sourceBufferShared->MappedData() == nullptr || elementSize == 0 ||
                     baseOffset > sourceSize || elementSize > sourceSize - baseOffset) {
                     MGLOG_E("UploadAndBindVertexStreams skipped: invalid converted source binding=%zu "
                             "location=%u base=%zu size=%zu element=%zu stride=%zu",
@@ -3557,7 +3559,8 @@ void main() {
                 }
 
                 sourceBufferShared->SyncPersistentMappedRange();
-                const SizeT availableElementCount = 1 + (sourceSize - baseOffset - elementSize) / sourceStride;
+                const SizeT availableElementCount =
+                    sourceStride == 0 ? 1 : 1 + (sourceSize - baseOffset - elementSize) / sourceStride;
                 const Bool cacheable = !sourceBufferShared->IsBackendPersistentMapped();
                 // Convert only what this draw can fetch instead of the whole buffer tail.
                 // Instance-rate bindings index by instance, not the vertex range, so they
@@ -4737,6 +4740,7 @@ void main() {
             hasPatchedVertexAttributes = true;
         }
         VertexInputStateBuilder syntheticVertexInputBuilder;
+        VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo syntheticVertexInputState{};
         const VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo* pipelineVertexInputState = &vis.state;
         if (missingAttribMask != 0 || hasPatchedVertexAttributes) {
             for (const auto& binding : vis.bindings) {
@@ -4764,7 +4768,16 @@ void main() {
                 syntheticVertexInputBuilder.AddAttribute(location, syntheticBinding, format, 0);
                 ++syntheticBinding;
             }
-            pipelineVertexInputState = &syntheticVertexInputBuilder.Build();
+            syntheticVertexInputState = syntheticVertexInputBuilder.Build();
+            // Carry the divisor chain over. The synthetic rebuild copies bindings and
+            // attributes only, and it keeps every real binding's INDEX, so the divisor
+            // descriptions built for them stay valid - but dropping the pNext silently
+            // demoted every instanced binding to divisor 1. This path runs whenever the
+            // program declares an input the VAO does not feed (which is most capture
+            // shaders: KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding declares 16 inputs and enables three),
+            // so the loss was near-total rather than a corner case.
+            syntheticVertexInputState.pNext = vis.state.pNext;
+            pipelineVertexInputState = &syntheticVertexInputState;
         }
         auto cullFaceEnabled = MG_State::pGLContext->IsCapabilityEnabled(CapabilityInput::CullFace);
         auto depthTestEnabled = MG_State::pGLContext->IsCapabilityEnabled(CapabilityInput::DepthTest);
@@ -5821,7 +5834,40 @@ void main() {
                 m_lastLodParamsSum = 0;  // filled below once the sampled set is known
             }
         }
-        const auto& programObj = m_programFactory->GetOrCreateProgram(program, transformFlags);
+        // GL's gl_BaseVertex is zero for every command without a baseVertex parameter, while
+        // Vulkan's builtin reports the draw's firstVertex; a non-indexed draw therefore takes
+        // the zeroed program variant. The question is about the program's SPIR-V, not about
+        // this draw, so it is memoized on (program lifetime, backend-state version): only the
+        // very first draw of a program pays the extra lookup, and a program used exclusively
+        // with non-indexed draws never resolves - never compiles, never re-stamps - the
+        // variant no draw of it would use.
+        const Bool nonIndexedDraw = !(aspects & DrawSetupAspect::IndexBuffer);
+        const Uint64 baseVertexProgramLifetimeId = program.GetLifetimeId();
+        const Uint32 baseVertexProgramVersion = program.GetBackendStateVersion();
+        const Bool baseVertexQueryKnown = m_lastBaseVertexQueryValid &&
+                                          m_lastBaseVertexProgramLifetimeId == baseVertexProgramLifetimeId &&
+                                          m_lastBaseVertexProgramVersion == baseVertexProgramVersion;
+        if (baseVertexQueryKnown && nonIndexedDraw && m_lastBaseVertexReads) {
+            transformFlags |= ProgramFactory::CompileOptionBit::ZeroBaseVertex;
+        }
+        const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject* resolvedProgramObj =
+            &m_programFactory->GetOrCreateProgram(program, transformFlags);
+        if (!baseVertexQueryKnown) {
+            // Read the answer out of the entry BEFORE any second lookup: that lookup may
+            // insert and move every entry of the open-addressing cache, dangling the
+            // reference. The zeroing pass leaves the variable declared, so the variant just
+            // resolved answers the same as the base one either way.
+            const Bool readsBaseVertex = resolvedProgramObj->readsBaseVertexBuiltin;
+            m_lastBaseVertexQueryValid = true;
+            m_lastBaseVertexProgramLifetimeId = baseVertexProgramLifetimeId;
+            m_lastBaseVertexProgramVersion = baseVertexProgramVersion;
+            m_lastBaseVertexReads = readsBaseVertex;
+            if (nonIndexedDraw && readsBaseVertex) {
+                transformFlags |= ProgramFactory::CompileOptionBit::ZeroBaseVertex;
+                resolvedProgramObj = &m_programFactory->GetOrCreateProgram(program, transformFlags);
+            }
+        }
+        const auto& programObj = *resolvedProgramObj;
         // For the snapshot's memoised entry pointer: if anything below inserts into the
         // program cache (blit/aux program compiles), the epoch moves and the snapshot
         // stores no pointer for this draw - the fast path then re-looks-up once.

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VulkanRenderer.h

@@ -773,6 +773,19 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         ProgramFactory::CompileOptionFlags m_lastLodBaseFlags = {};
         ProgramFactory::CompileOptionFlags m_lastLodResultFlags = {};
 
+        // Does the current program's vertex stage declare the BaseVertex builtin? A property
+        // of the program's SPIR-V, so (lifetime id, backend-state version) is the whole key.
+        //
+        // Memoized rather than re-asked because asking means resolving the UN-zeroed program
+        // variant, and a program that only ever draws non-indexed would then compile a variant
+        // no draw uses AND re-stamp its use every draw, so the idle sweep could never retire
+        // it. With the memo the answer is known before the first lookup and only the variant
+        // the draw actually needs is resolved.
+        Bool m_lastBaseVertexQueryValid = false;
+        Uint64 m_lastBaseVertexProgramLifetimeId = 0;
+        Uint32 m_lastBaseVertexProgramVersion = 0;
+        Bool m_lastBaseVertexReads = false;
+
         // Snapshot behind TrySetupDrawFastPath. Values only: the program and
         // render-pass caches are open-addressing maps whose entries move on
         // insert, so no pointers into them are cached; the pipeline handle is

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Exporting/Definitions.cpp

@@ -1003,9 +1003,9 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ClearTexImage, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLenu
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ClearTexSubImage, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClearTexSubImage, texture, level, xoffset, yoffset, zoffset, width, height, depth, format, type, data)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BindBuffersBase, GLenum target, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* buffers) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindBuffersBase, target, first, count, buffers)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BindBuffersRange, GLenum target, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* buffers, const GLintptr* offsets, const GLsizeiptr* sizes) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindBuffersRange, target, first, count, buffers, offsets, sizes)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, BindTextures, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* textures) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindTextures, first, count, textures)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BindTextures, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* textures) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindTextures, first, count, textures)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BindSamplers, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* samplers) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindSamplers, first, count, samplers)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, BindImageTextures, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* textures) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindImageTextures, first, count, textures)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BindImageTextures, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* textures) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindImageTextures, first, count, textures)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BindVertexBuffers, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* buffers, const GLintptr* offsets, const GLsizei* strides) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindVertexBuffers, first, count, buffers, offsets, strides)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ClipControl, GLenum origin, GLenum depth) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClipControl, origin, depth)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, CreateTransformFeedbacks, GLsizei n, GLuint* ids) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, CreateTransformFeedbacks, n, ids)

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Framebuffer/GL_Framebuffer.cpp

@@ -620,6 +620,34 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         return std::max(MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject->GetDynamicParameters().MaxSamples, 1);
     }
 
+    // GL_MAX_SAMPLES is the ceiling over all formats; an integer format has its own, lower
+    // one (GL_MAX_INTEGER_SAMPLES) and GL 4.6 core 9.2.4 makes exceeding it INVALID_OPERATION.
+    // The multisample TEXTURE path already resolves the limit per format
+    // (GL_Texture.cpp, GetMaxTextureSamplesForFormat); renderbuffers only ever compared
+    // against GL_MAX_SAMPLES, so on a driver where the two differ - Adreno reports
+    // GL_MAX_SAMPLES 4 and GL_MAX_INTEGER_SAMPLES 1 - an integer renderbuffer accepted a
+    // sample count the format cannot deliver, and said GL_NO_ERROR about it.
+    Int GetMaxRenderbufferSamplesForFormat_State(TextureInternalFormat format) {
+        if (MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject == nullptr) {
+            return std::numeric_limits<Int>::max();
+        }
+        const auto& dynamicParameters = MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject->GetDynamicParameters();
+
+        GLenum normalizedInternalFormat = MG_Util::ConvertTextureInternalFormatToGLEnum(format);
+        GLenum normalizedFormat = GL_RGBA;
+        GLenum normalizedType = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
+        MG_Util::TextureFormatProcessor::NormalizePixelFormat(normalizedInternalFormat,
+                                                              PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit::None,
+                                                              &normalizedInternalFormat, &normalizedFormat,
+                                                              &normalizedType);
+        const Bool isIntegerFormat = normalizedFormat == GL_RED_INTEGER || normalizedFormat == GL_RG_INTEGER ||
+                                     normalizedFormat == GL_RGB_INTEGER || normalizedFormat == GL_RGBA_INTEGER;
+        if (!isIntegerFormat) {
+            return GetMaxRenderbufferSamples_State();
+        }
+        return std::max(dynamicParameters.MaxIntegerSamples, 1);
+    }
+
     Bool ValidateRenderbufferStorageSize_State(GLsizei width, GLsizei height, const char* caller) {
         if (width < 0 || height < 0) {
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
@@ -641,7 +669,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         return true;
     }
 
-    Bool ValidateRenderbufferStorageSamples_State(GLsizei samples, const char* caller) {
+    Bool ValidateRenderbufferStorageSamples_State(GLsizei samples, TextureInternalFormat format, const char* caller) {
         if (samples < 0) {
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                 ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
@@ -649,9 +677,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             return false;
         }
 
-        const Int maxSamples = GetMaxRenderbufferSamples_State();
+        // TODO: Resolve the remaining per-internalformat renderbuffer sample limits once
+        // glGetInternalformativ is backed; integer formats are handled below.
+        const Int maxSamples = GetMaxRenderbufferSamplesForFormat_State(format);
         if (samples > maxSamples) {
-            // TODO: Use per-internalformat renderbuffer sample limits once glGetInternalformativ is backed.
             // GL 4.6 core 9.2.4 makes asking for more samples than the format supports
             // INVALID_OPERATION, not INVALID_VALUE - the count is well formed, this format just
             // cannot deliver it. Only a negative count is INVALID_VALUE.
@@ -659,7 +688,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                 ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
                 MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
                     "MG_Impl/GLImpl", caller,
-                    std::format("Sample count {} exceeds GL_MAX_SAMPLES ({}).", samples, maxSamples)));
+                    std::format("Sample count {} exceeds this format's sample limit ({}).", samples, maxSamples)));
             return false;
         }
         return true;
@@ -684,7 +713,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         TextureInternalFormat format = MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToTextureInternalFormat(internalformat);
         if (!TextureImpl::ValidateTextureInternalFormat(format)) return;
 
-        if (!ValidateRenderbufferStorageSamples_State(samples, kCaller)) return;
+        if (!ValidateRenderbufferStorageSamples_State(samples, format, kCaller)) return;
         if (!ValidateRenderbufferStorageSize_State(width, height, kCaller)) return;
 
         renderbufferObject->AllocateStorage({width, height});
@@ -931,7 +960,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 
         TextureInternalFormat format = MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToTextureInternalFormat(internalformat);
         if (!TextureImpl::ValidateTextureInternalFormat(format)) return;
-        if (!ValidateRenderbufferStorageSamples_State(samples, "NamedRenderbufferStorageMultisample_State")) return;
+        if (!ValidateRenderbufferStorageSamples_State(samples, format, "NamedRenderbufferStorageMultisample_State"))
+            return;
         if (!ValidateRenderbufferStorageSize_State(width, height, "NamedRenderbufferStorageMultisample_State")) return;
 
         renderbufferObject->AllocateStorage({width, height});

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Getter/GL_Getter.cpp

@@ -51,6 +51,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxTessControlAtomicCounters = 0;
         constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxTessEvaluationAtomicCounters = 0;
         constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxVertexAtomicCounters = 0;
+        // Zero counters means zero buffers to hold them. These have to be ANSWERED rather than
+        // left to the default INVALID_ENUM: a well-behaved application queries the limit exactly
+        // to find out that the stage cannot do this, and an error instead both leaves its output
+        // untouched (so it reads uninitialised memory and may conclude the opposite) and leaves a
+        // GL error pending that surfaces at whatever unrelated call checks next.
+        constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxGeometryAtomicCounterBuffers = 0;
+        constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxTessControlAtomicCounterBuffers = 0;
+        constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxTessEvaluationAtomicCounterBuffers = 0;
+        constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxVertexAtomicCounterBuffers = 0;
         // One atomic counter is a uint, and a buffer never has to hold more counters than the
         // combined limit the frontend advertises. GL 4.6 table 23.63 floors this at 32 bytes.
         constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxAtomicCounterBufferSize =
@@ -174,6 +183,30 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             return frontendCount;
         }
 
+        // A per-stage or combined BLOCK count is an amount of indexed binding points an
+        // application will occupy, and GL 4.6 table 23.64 orders the two accordingly:
+        // MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS >= MAX_COMBINED_UNIFORM_BLOCKS >= every per-stage count,
+        // and the same for the shader-storage family. The two families are answered from
+        // unrelated places here - frontend constants, backend dynamic parameters, and a few
+        // hard-coded TODOs - so nothing kept them ordered, and a backend that reports Vulkan
+        // descriptor-indexing counts advertised 256 compute uniform blocks over 36 binding
+        // points. KHR-GL44.multi_bind.dispatch_bind_buffers_base reads the block count and binds
+        // that many buffers in ONE glBindBuffersBase, which is then INVALID_OPERATION before it
+        // binds anything. Clamping is the only direction available: the binding count is the
+        // capacity of the state layer's indexed-binding array, not a number we may inflate.
+        GLint ClampBlockCountToBindingPoints(GLint blockCount, BufferTarget bufferTarget) {
+            const GLint bindingPoints = static_cast<GLint>(GetIndexedBufferQueryPointCount(bufferTarget));
+            return std::min(std::max(blockCount, 0), bindingPoints);
+        }
+
+        GLint ClampUniformBlockCount(GLint blockCount) {
+            return ClampBlockCountToBindingPoints(blockCount, BufferTarget::Uniform);
+        }
+
+        GLint ClampStorageBlockCount(GLint blockCount) {
+            return ClampBlockCountToBindingPoints(blockCount, BufferTarget::ShaderStorage);
+        }
+
         bool TryDecodeDrawBufferQuery(GLenum pname, SizeT& drawBufferIndex) {
             if (pname == GL_DRAW_BUFFER) {
                 drawBufferIndex = 0;
@@ -1397,7 +1430,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             *params = kFrontendMaxCombinedAtomicCounters;
             return;
         case GL_MAX_COMBINED_UNIFORM_BLOCKS:
-            *params = kFrontendMaxCombinedUniformBlocks;
+            *params = ClampUniformBlockCount(kFrontendMaxCombinedUniformBlocks);
             return;
         case GL_MAX_DUAL_SOURCE_DRAW_BUFFERS:
             *params = 1; // TODO
@@ -1412,7 +1445,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             *params = kFrontendMaxFragmentAtomicCounters;
             return;
         case GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS:
-            *params = 16; // TODO
+            *params = ClampStorageBlockCount(16); // TODO
             return;
         case GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_INPUT_COMPONENTS:
             *params = kFrontendMaxFragmentInputComponents;
@@ -1429,13 +1462,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             *params = kFrontendMaxFragmentUniformVectors;
             return;
         case GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_UNIFORM_BLOCKS:
-            *params = kFrontendMaxFragmentUniformBlocks;
+            *params = ClampUniformBlockCount(kFrontendMaxFragmentUniformBlocks);
             return;
         case GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_ATOMIC_COUNTERS:
             *params = kFrontendMaxGeometryAtomicCounters;
             return;
+        case GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFERS:
+            *params = kFrontendMaxGeometryAtomicCounterBuffers;
+            return;
         case GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS:
-            *params = 16; // TODO
+            *params = ClampStorageBlockCount(16); // TODO
             return;
         case GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_INPUT_COMPONENTS:
             *params = kFrontendMaxGeometryInputComponents;
@@ -1458,7 +1494,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             *params = kFrontendMaxGeometryTotalOutputComponents;
             return;
         case GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_UNIFORM_BLOCKS:
-            *params = kFrontendMaxGeometryUniformBlocks;
+            *params = ClampUniformBlockCount(kFrontendMaxGeometryUniformBlocks);
             return;
         case GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS:
             *params = kFrontendMaxGeometryUniformComponents;
@@ -1490,9 +1526,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         case GL_MAX_TESS_CONTROL_ATOMIC_COUNTERS:
             *params = kFrontendMaxTessControlAtomicCounters;
             return;
+        case GL_MAX_TESS_CONTROL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFERS:
+            *params = kFrontendMaxTessControlAtomicCounterBuffers;
+            return;
         case GL_MAX_TESS_EVALUATION_ATOMIC_COUNTERS:
             *params = kFrontendMaxTessEvaluationAtomicCounters;
             return;
+        case GL_MAX_TESS_EVALUATION_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFERS:
+            *params = kFrontendMaxTessEvaluationAtomicCounterBuffers;
+            return;
         case GL_MAX_TESS_CONTROL_IMAGE_UNIFORMS:
             *params = 0;
             return;
@@ -1500,10 +1542,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             *params = 0;
             return;
         case GL_MAX_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS:
-            *params = 16; // TODO
+            *params = ClampStorageBlockCount(16); // TODO
             return;
         case GL_MAX_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS:
-            *params = 16; // TODO
+            *params = ClampStorageBlockCount(16); // TODO
             return;
         case GL_MAX_TEXTURE_LOD_BIAS:
             *params = 15; // TODO
@@ -1520,13 +1562,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         case GL_MAX_VERTEX_ATOMIC_COUNTERS:
             *params = kFrontendMaxVertexAtomicCounters;
             return;
+        case GL_MAX_VERTEX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFERS:
+            *params = kFrontendMaxVertexAtomicCounterBuffers;
+            return;
         case GL_MAX_VERTEX_IMAGE_UNIFORMS:
             *params = MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject
                           ? MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject->GetDynamicParameters().MaxVertexImageUniforms
                           : MG_Backend::DynamicBackendParameters{}.MaxVertexImageUniforms;
             return;
         case GL_MAX_VERTEX_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS:
-            *params = 16; // TODO
+            *params = ClampStorageBlockCount(16); // TODO
             return;
         case GL_MAX_VERTEX_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS:
             *params = kFrontendMaxVertexUniformComponents;
@@ -1538,7 +1583,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             *params = kFrontendMaxVertexOutputComponents;
             return;
         case GL_MAX_VERTEX_UNIFORM_BLOCKS:
-            *params = kFrontendMaxVertexUniformBlocks;
+            *params = ClampUniformBlockCount(kFrontendMaxVertexUniformBlocks);
             return;
         case GL_NUM_COMPRESSED_TEXTURE_FORMATS:
             *params = 0; // compressed texture upload entrypoints are still unimplemented
@@ -1938,13 +1983,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             *params = dynamicParameters.SubgroupQuadOperationsInAllStages ? GL_TRUE : GL_FALSE;
             break;
         case GL_MAX_COMPUTE_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS:
-            *params = dynamicParameters.MaxComputeShaderStorageBlocks;
+            *params = ClampStorageBlockCount(dynamicParameters.MaxComputeShaderStorageBlocks);
             break;
         case GL_MAX_COMBINED_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS:
-            *params = dynamicParameters.MaxCombinedShaderStorageBlocks;
+            *params = ClampStorageBlockCount(dynamicParameters.MaxCombinedShaderStorageBlocks);
             break;
         case GL_MAX_COMPUTE_UNIFORM_BLOCKS:
-            *params = dynamicParameters.MaxComputeUniformBlocks;
+            *params = ClampUniformBlockCount(dynamicParameters.MaxComputeUniformBlocks);
             break;
         case GL_MAX_COMPUTE_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS:
             *params = dynamicParameters.MaxComputeTextureImageUnits;
@@ -2074,7 +2119,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             *params = static_cast<GLint>(GetIndexedBufferQueryPointCount(BufferTarget::AtomicCounter));
             break;
         case GL_MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_SIZE:
-            *params = kFrontendMaxAtomicCounterBufferSize;
+            // The conformance suite splits this evenly across every advertised binding point and
+            // binds all of them in one glBindBuffersRange
+            // (KHR-GL44.multi_bind.functional_bind_buffers_range), so the pair has to divide:
+            // 32 bytes over 36 binding points is a zero-sized range, which BindBufferRange
+            // rejects with INVALID_VALUE before it binds anything. Floor the advertised size at
+            // one counter per binding point.
+            *params = std::max<GLint>(
+                kFrontendMaxAtomicCounterBufferSize,
+                static_cast<GLint>(GetIndexedBufferQueryPointCount(BufferTarget::AtomicCounter) * sizeof(GLuint)));
             break;
         case GL_MAX_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE:
             *params = dynamicParameters.MaxTextureBufferSize;

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/GL_Program.cpp

@@ -850,7 +850,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     // vector per column - while the value glGetUniform* must return is tightly packed
     // columns * rows floats. Only mat4 is the same either way; every other shape needs the
     // padding undone, and the readback has to undo exactly what UniformMatrixfv_Object put
-    // there. Returns false when `ttype` is not a float matrix (nothing to unpack).
+    // there. Returns false when there is nothing here to unpack.
+    //
+    // A DOUBLE matrix is declined not because it is laid out differently - it is not, the
+    // demotion makes a dmat4 a mat4 in the shader and a mat4-shaped slot here - but because it
+    // is ROUTED differently: the caller's component-by-component EbtDouble branch has to widen
+    // each float back to the queried type, and it undoes the same padding itself.
     Bool TryGatherFloatMatrixColumns(const glslang::TType* ttype, const char* pBase, void* params) {
         if (ttype == nullptr || !ttype->isMatrix() || ttype->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtDouble) return false;
         const Int columns = ttype->getMatrixCols();
@@ -909,7 +914,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             }
 
             if (!TryGatherFloatMatrixColumns(ttype, pUBO + offset, params)) {
-                Memcpy(params, pUBO + offset, size);
+                // Never more than the uniform actually occupies. `size` is the GL type size,
+                // which for a `double` uniform is twice its storage - every 64-bit float is
+                // narrowed before the module reaches a backend, so the slot holds floats. The
+                // typed entry points (glGetUniformdv and friends) go through
+                // GetUniformScalar_State, which converts component by component; this raw
+                // copy has no type to convert with, so it is bounded rather than converted.
+                Memcpy(params, pUBO + offset, std::min<SizeT>(size, span));
             }
         }
         // TODO: handle 1i variant as texture unit
@@ -960,22 +971,27 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             if (TryGatherFloatMatrixColumns(ttype, pUBO + offset, params)) return;
         }
 
-        // A double-precision uniform is the one case where the stored component type can
+        // A double-precision uniform is the one case where the stored component type differs
-        // differ from the queried one for a non-opaque uniform, and the difference is not
+        // from the DECLARED one for a non-opaque uniform: the shader's 64-bit floats are
-        // just a reinterpretation: it is twice as wide, so a raw copy would overrun the
+        // narrowed to 32 bits before the module reaches a backend
-        // caller's buffer as well as return nonsense. Read component by component and let
+        // (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass), so what is in the global UBO is a float per
-        // GL's conversion rules (7.6: round to nearest for the integer queries) apply.
+        // component, laid out exactly like the float-typed twin of this uniform - std140
+        // 16-byte column stride for a matrix included. Reading it as a GLdouble would return
+        // two components reinterpreted as one. Read component by component and let GL's
+        // conversion rules (7.6: round to nearest for the integer queries) apply; the value
+        // widens back to the queried type, having lost precision at the glUniform*d that
+        // stored it and not here.
         if (ttype->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtDouble) {
             const Int columns = ttype->isMatrix() ? ttype->getMatrixCols() : 1;
             const Int rows = ttype->isMatrix() ? ttype->getMatrixRows()
                                                : (ttype->isVector() ? ttype->getVectorSize() : 1);
-            // The slot the linker handed out is exactly `columns` columns wide, so it also
+            // std140 gives every matrix column its own 16-byte slot; a non-matrix is one
-            // states the column stride - which for a double matrix is not a float's 16 bytes.
+            // tightly packed run and never reaches the stride at all.
-            const SizeT columnStride = columns > 0 ? size / static_cast<SizeT>(columns) : size;
+            const SizeT columnStride = 4 * sizeof(GLfloat);
             for (Int column = 0; column < columns; ++column) {
                 for (Int row = 0; row < rows; ++row) {
-                    GLdouble component = 0.0;
+                    GLfloat component = 0.0f;
-                    Memcpy(&component, pUBO + offset + column * columnStride + row * sizeof(GLdouble),
+                    Memcpy(&component, pUBO + offset + column * columnStride + row * sizeof(GLfloat),
                            sizeof(component));
                     if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<T>) {
                         // Rounded to the nearest integer and clamped into the queried type's
@@ -1248,36 +1264,39 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         }
     }
 
-    // glUniform*d / glUniformMatrix*dv. The vector forms need nothing beyond the shared
+    // glUniform*d / glUniformMatrix*dv. Neither needs a layout of its own any more: the
-    // upload template - it is already typed on the component - but a matrix does: the
+    // transpile chain narrows every 64-bit float in the shader to 32 bits
-    // column stride the linker used for a double matrix is not the 16 bytes a float one
+    // (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass) and the global UBO is laid out by reflecting that
-    // gets. It is not guessed here; the slot the uniform was given is exactly `columns`
+    // demoted module, so a double uniform's storage IS a float uniform's - same offset, same
-    // columns wide, so dividing states the stride the rest of the pipeline agreed on.
+    // 4-byte components, same std140 column padding for matrices. Narrowing here, at the one
-    template <typename Program>
+    // place the 64-bit value enters, and then handing the bytes to the ordinary float upload
-    void UniformMatrixdv_Object(Program& programObject, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose,
+    // path is what keeps the two in step; a separate double-shaped layout here would write
-                                const GLdouble* value, Int columns, Int rows) {
+    // 8-byte components into 4-byte slots and silently address the wrong ones.
-        const SizeT slotSize = programObject.GetUniformSizesInBytes(location);
+    //
-        const SizeT columnStride = columns > 0 ? slotSize / static_cast<SizeT>(columns) : slotSize;
+    // The narrowing is the same static_cast the shader's own arithmetic now performs, so the
-        const SizeT componentCount = static_cast<SizeT>(columns) * static_cast<SizeT>(rows);
+    // value the shader reads is the value glUniform*d was given, at float precision.
-        Vector<GLdouble> column(static_cast<SizeT>(rows));
+    template <GLsizei ItemCount>
-        for (GLint matrix = 0; matrix < count; ++matrix) {
+    void UniformvNarrowed_State(GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) {
-            if (matrix > 0 && !programObject.UniformLocationsAliasSameUniform(location, location + matrix)) break;
+        if (value == nullptr || count <= 0) {
-            if (!programObject.IsValidUniformLocation(location + matrix)) {
+            // Same shape as the float entry points: the location validation still runs, and a
-                RecordInvalidUniformLocationError(__func__, location + matrix, "the current program object");
+            // null pointer is left to fault exactly where glUniform*fv would.
+            Uniformv_State<ItemCount>(location, count, reinterpret_cast<const GLfloat*>(value));
             return;
         }
-            const GLdouble* source = value + matrix * componentCount;
+        Vector<GLfloat> narrowed(static_cast<SizeT>(count) * ItemCount);
-            for (Int c = 0; c < columns; ++c) {
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < narrowed.size(); ++i) narrowed[i] = static_cast<GLfloat>(value[i]);
-                for (Int r = 0; r < rows; ++r) {
+        Uniformv_State<ItemCount>(location, count, narrowed.data());
-                    column[r] = transpose == GL_TRUE ? source[r * columns + c] : source[c * rows + r];
-                }
-                Uniform_State<1>(programObject, location + matrix, column.data(), c * columnStride);
-                for (Int r = 1; r < rows; ++r) {
-                    Uniform_State<1>(programObject, location + matrix, column.data() + r,
-                                     c * columnStride + r * sizeof(GLdouble));
-                }
     }
+
+    template <GLsizei ItemCount>
+    void ProgramUniformvNarrowed_State(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) {
+        if (value == nullptr || count <= 0) {
+            ProgramUniformv_State<ItemCount>(program, location, count, reinterpret_cast<const GLfloat*>(value));
+            return;
         }
+        Vector<GLfloat> narrowed(static_cast<SizeT>(count) * ItemCount);
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < narrowed.size(); ++i) narrowed[i] = static_cast<GLfloat>(value[i]);
+        ProgramUniformv_State<ItemCount>(program, location, count, narrowed.data());
     }
 
     // glUniformMatrix*fv / glProgramUniformMatrix*fv, every shape (square and non-square).
@@ -1326,6 +1345,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         }
     }
 
+    // glUniformMatrix*dv / glProgramUniformMatrix*dv. Narrowed to the float form and handed
+    // straight to it: after DemoteFloat64Pass a `dmat4` uniform is a `mat4` in the shader and a
+    // mat4-shaped slot in the global UBO, columns padded to a vec4 and all. Everything else
+    // about the call - transpose handling, the array-element walk, the opaque-uniform refusal -
+    // is then the one implementation both spellings share.
+    template <typename Program>
+    void UniformMatrixdv_Object(Program& programObject, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose,
+                                const GLdouble* value, Int columns, Int rows) {
+        if (value == nullptr || count <= 0) return;
+        const SizeT componentCount = static_cast<SizeT>(columns) * static_cast<SizeT>(rows);
+        Vector<GLfloat> narrowed(static_cast<SizeT>(count) * componentCount);
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < narrowed.size(); ++i) narrowed[i] = static_cast<GLfloat>(value[i]);
+        UniformMatrixfv_Object(programObject, "glUniformMatrixdv", location, count, transpose, narrowed.data(),
+                               columns, rows, "the current program object");
+    }
+
     // Helper function to transpose a 2x2 matrix
     void TransposeMatrix2x2(const GLfloat* input, GLfloat* output) {
         // Input matrix is in column-major order (OpenGL default)
@@ -2089,71 +2124,71 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     }
     void Uniform1d(GLint location, GLdouble v0) {
         const GLdouble v[] = {v0};
-        Uniformv_State<1>(location, 1, v);
+        UniformvNarrowed_State<1>(location, 1, v);
     }
 
     void Uniform1dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) {
-        Uniformv_State<1>(location, count, value);
+        UniformvNarrowed_State<1>(location, count, value);
     }
 
     void ProgramUniform1d(GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0) {
         const GLdouble v[] = {v0};
-        ProgramUniformv_State<1>(program, location, 1, v);
+        ProgramUniformvNarrowed_State<1>(program, location, 1, v);
     }
 
     void ProgramUniform1dv(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) {
-        ProgramUniformv_State<1>(program, location, count, value);
+        ProgramUniformvNarrowed_State<1>(program, location, count, value);
     }
     void Uniform2d(GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1) {
         const GLdouble v[] = {v0, v1};
-        Uniformv_State<2>(location, 1, v);
+        UniformvNarrowed_State<2>(location, 1, v);
     }
 
     void Uniform2dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) {
-        Uniformv_State<2>(location, count, value);
+        UniformvNarrowed_State<2>(location, count, value);
     }
 
     void ProgramUniform2d(GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1) {
         const GLdouble v[] = {v0, v1};
-        ProgramUniformv_State<2>(program, location, 1, v);
+        ProgramUniformvNarrowed_State<2>(program, location, 1, v);
     }
 
     void ProgramUniform2dv(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) {
-        ProgramUniformv_State<2>(program, location, count, value);
+        ProgramUniformvNarrowed_State<2>(program, location, count, value);
     }
     void Uniform3d(GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2) {
         const GLdouble v[] = {v0, v1, v2};
-        Uniformv_State<3>(location, 1, v);
+        UniformvNarrowed_State<3>(location, 1, v);
     }
 
     void Uniform3dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) {
-        Uniformv_State<3>(location, count, value);
+        UniformvNarrowed_State<3>(location, count, value);
     }
 
     void ProgramUniform3d(GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2) {
         const GLdouble v[] = {v0, v1, v2};
-        ProgramUniformv_State<3>(program, location, 1, v);
+        ProgramUniformvNarrowed_State<3>(program, location, 1, v);
     }
 
     void ProgramUniform3dv(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) {
-        ProgramUniformv_State<3>(program, location, count, value);
+        ProgramUniformvNarrowed_State<3>(program, location, count, value);
     }
     void Uniform4d(GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2, GLdouble v3) {
         const GLdouble v[] = {v0, v1, v2, v3};
-        Uniformv_State<4>(location, 1, v);
+        UniformvNarrowed_State<4>(location, 1, v);
     }
 
     void Uniform4dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) {
-        Uniformv_State<4>(location, count, value);
+        UniformvNarrowed_State<4>(location, count, value);
     }
 
     void ProgramUniform4d(GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2, GLdouble v3) {
         const GLdouble v[] = {v0, v1, v2, v3};
-        ProgramUniformv_State<4>(program, location, 1, v);
+        ProgramUniformvNarrowed_State<4>(program, location, 1, v);
     }
 
     void ProgramUniform4dv(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) {
-        ProgramUniformv_State<4>(program, location, count, value);
+        ProgramUniformvNarrowed_State<4>(program, location, count, value);
     }
     void UniformMatrix2dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) {
         if (location == -1) return;

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/ProgramInterface.cpp

@@ -210,11 +210,66 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
 
         // ---- model construction --------------------------------------------------------
 
+        // GL_REFERENCED_BY_*_SHADER for an ARRAYED block instance, refined per element.
+        //
+        // glslang records a block reference by walking up to the base symbol and calling
+        // addBlockName with the whole ARRAY type, which ORs the referencing stage into every
+        // element at once - it has not resolved the subscript yet at that point. So reading
+        // "e[0].b" marks both TrickyBlock[0] and TrickyBlock[1] as referenced by the fragment
+        // stage (KHR-GL43.program_interface_query.uniform-block-types).
+        //
+        // The MEMBER masks are exact: EShReflectionAllBlockVariables enumerates every member of
+        // every element with the stage mask suppressed, and only the dereference chain actually
+        // walked turns a bit on - and that chain carries the subscript. So the union of a block
+        // instance's members is the reference set of that instance.
+        //
+        // Applied ONLY to arrayed instances, because for a scalar block glslang is already exact.
+        // Note the union is used even when it is empty: an array element nobody dereferenced has
+        // no member bits and is genuinely referenced by nobody, which is the whole point - falling
+        // back to the block's own mask there would restore the over-approximation.
+        Vector<Uint32> BuildBlockStagesFromMembers(const glslang::TProgram& reflection, Int blockCount) {
+            auto& mutableReflection = const_cast<glslang::TProgram&>(reflection);
+            Vector<Uint32> stagesByBlock(static_cast<SizeT>(blockCount < 0 ? 0 : blockCount), 0u);
+            const Int uniformCount = mutableReflection.getNumUniformVariables();
+            for (Int index = 0; index < uniformCount; ++index) {
+                const auto& uniform = mutableReflection.getUniform(index);
+                const Int owner = uniform.index;
+                if (owner < 0 || owner >= blockCount) continue;
+                stagesByBlock[static_cast<SizeT>(owner)] |= static_cast<Uint32>(uniform.stages);
+            }
+            return stagesByBlock;
+        }
+
+        // UNIFORM blocks only, and that scope is load-bearing rather than cautious. The member
+        // names glslang produces for a uniform block array carry the subscript
+        // ("TrickyBlock[0].b", via EShReflectionStrictArraySuffix), so each element's members are
+        // distinct entries and the bits land on the right one. A SHADER STORAGE block array does
+        // NOT get that treatment - its buffer variables reflect under one subscript-free spelling
+        // shared by every element - so a union over them credits element 0 and starves the rest.
+        // KHR-GL43.program_interface_query.ssb-types is the case that says so: it reads ss[0] and
+        // ss[1] and requires both to report the fragment stage, which only glslang's own
+        // (deliberately over-approximating) block mask gets right. Storage and atomic-counter
+        // blocks therefore keep that mask untouched.
+        Uint32 UniformBlockStages(const glslang::TObjectReflection& block, const Vector<Uint32>& stagesFromMembers,
+                                  Int tIndex) {
+            String arrayBase;
+            Uint element = 0;
+            Bool malformed = false;
+            if (!SplitTrailingSubscript(block.name, arrayBase, element, malformed) || malformed) {
+                return static_cast<Uint32>(block.stages);
+            }
+            if (tIndex < 0 || tIndex >= static_cast<Int>(stagesFromMembers.size())) {
+                return static_cast<Uint32>(block.stages);
+            }
+            return stagesFromMembers[static_cast<SizeT>(tIndex)];
+        }
+
         void BuildBlocks(ProgramObject& program, const glslang::TProgram& reflection, Model& model,
                          Vector<BlockKind>& blockKind, Vector<Int>& blockInterfaceIndex) {
             const Int blockCount = const_cast<glslang::TProgram&>(reflection).getNumUniformBlocks();
             blockKind.assign(blockCount, BlockKind::Uniform);
             blockInterfaceIndex.assign(blockCount, -1);
+            const Vector<Uint32> stagesFromMembers = BuildBlockStagesFromMembers(reflection, blockCount);
 
             for (Int tIndex = 0; tIndex < blockCount; ++tIndex) {
                 const auto& block = const_cast<glslang::TProgram&>(reflection).getUniformBlock(tIndex);
@@ -260,8 +315,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
                 resource.bufferDataSize = static_cast<GLint>(program.GetUBOSizeAt(glIndex));
                 const Int tIndex = program.TProgramBlockIndex(static_cast<Uint>(glIndex));
                 if (tIndex >= 0 && tIndex < blockCount) {
-                    resource.stages =
+                    resource.stages = UniformBlockStages(const_cast<glslang::TProgram&>(reflection).getUniformBlock(tIndex),
-                        static_cast<Uint32>(const_cast<glslang::TProgram&>(reflection).getUniformBlock(tIndex).stages);
+                                                      stagesFromMembers, tIndex);
                 }
                 model.uniformBlocks.push_back(Move(resource));
             }
@@ -352,6 +407,17 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
             }
         }
 
+        // A built-in interface block that a shader redeclares with fewer members keeps the
+        // omitted ones in its type when the redeclaration is ANONYMOUS - glslang hides them
+        // (basic type void) instead of erasing them, because the original shared declaration
+        // has to stay usable. Only the instance-named form erases. So a separable vertex
+        // program that redeclares `out gl_PerVertex { vec4 gl_Position; }` still carries
+        // gl_PointSize and gl_ClipDistance through the block-unwrapping reflection, and they
+        // are not part of its output interface.
+        Bool IsHiddenBlockMember(const glslang::TType* type) {
+            return type != nullptr && type->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtVoid;
+        }
+
         void BuildStageIO(ProgramObject& program, const glslang::TProgram& reflection, Model& model) {
             auto& mutableReflection = const_cast<glslang::TProgram&>(reflection);
 
@@ -359,6 +425,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
             for (Int index = 0; index < inputCount; ++index) {
                 const auto& refl = mutableReflection.getPipeInput(index);
                 const glslang::TType* type = refl.getType();
+                if (IsHiddenBlockMember(type)) continue;
                 Resource resource;
                 // The Vulkan-semantics parse reflects the vertex builtins under their SPIR-V
                 // names; GL enumerates the GL spellings.
@@ -373,18 +440,28 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
                 model.programInputs.push_back(Move(resource));
             }
 
+            // A color number, and therefore a color INDEX, exists only for a fragment stage's
+            // outputs. The output interface belongs to the program's last stage, so for a
+            // separable tessellation/geometry/vertex program these are varyings: asking the
+            // frag-data maps about them can still answer a location (a tess-control output
+            // carries its own layout(location=N)), and a location then manufactures a color
+            // index of 0 where GL requires -1
+            // (KHR-GL43.program_interface_query.separate-programs-tess-control).
+            const Bool lastStageIsFragment = mutableReflection.getIntermediate(EShLangFragment) != nullptr;
             const Int outputCount = mutableReflection.getNumPipeOutputs();
             for (Int index = 0; index < outputCount; ++index) {
                 const auto& refl = mutableReflection.getPipeOutput(index);
                 const glslang::TType* type = refl.getType();
+                if (IsHiddenBlockMember(type)) continue;
                 Resource resource;
                 resource.name = WithArraySuffix(refl.name, type);
                 resource.type = static_cast<GLenum>(refl.glDefineType);
                 resource.arraySize = ArraySizeOf(type, refl.size);
                 resource.location = MappedLocation(program.GetFragmentDataLocation(refl.name.c_str()));
-                if (resource.location < 0) {
+                if (resource.location < 0 || !lastStageIsFragment) {
-                    // A built-in output (gl_FragDepth, gl_SampleMask) and a non-fragment stage
+                    // A built-in output (gl_FragDepth, gl_SampleMask) has no location, and a
-                    // output both have no location, and therefore no color index either.
+                    // non-fragment stage's outputs have no color number at all - either way there
+                    // is no color index.
                     resource.locationIndex = -1;
                 } else {
                     resource.locationIndex = program.GetFragmentDataIndex(refl.name.c_str());

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Sampler/GL_Sampler.cpp

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "GL_Sampler.h"
 #include "Validators.h"
 #include "../Getter/GL_Getter.h"
+#include "../Texture/GL_Texture.h"
 #include <MG_State/GLState/Core.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Converters/GLToMG/TextureEnumConverter.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Converters/MGToGL/TextureEnumConverter.h>
@@ -269,15 +270,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         }
     }
 
-    // The number of texture units a sampler may be bound to. GL 3.3 core 3.8.2 names
+    // The number of texture units a sampler may be bound to is the same count a TEXTURE may be
-    // GL_MAX_COMBINED_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS, which is what the backend advertises; the frontend's
+    // bound to - GL 3.3 core 3.8.2 names GL_MAX_COMBINED_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS for both - so it is
-    // MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS is only the capacity of the unit array, so it is a clamp on the
+    // computed once, in GetCombinedTextureImageUnitCount, and named here for the sampler-side
-    // answer and never the answer itself - gating on it alone accepts every unit up to 192 no
+    // readers below. Two copies of that arithmetic is how glBindSamplers and glBindTextures would
-    // matter what the driver reports.
+    // come to disagree about which units exist.
     static GLint GetSamplerBindableTextureUnitCount() {
-        GLint maxTextureUnits = 0;
+        return GetCombinedTextureImageUnitCount();
-        GetIntegerv(GL_MAX_COMBINED_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS, &maxTextureUnits);
-        return std::min<GLint>(std::max(maxTextureUnits, 0), MG_State::GLState::TextureState::MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS);
     }
 
     void BindSampler_State(GLuint unit, GLuint sampler) {

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Texture/GL_Texture.cpp

@@ -4549,6 +4549,132 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         MG_State::pGLContext->NoteTextureUnitTouched(static_cast<Int>(unit), changed);
     }
 
+    GLint GetCombinedTextureImageUnitCount() {
+        GLint maxTextureUnits = 0;
+        GetIntegerv(GL_MAX_COMBINED_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS, &maxTextureUnits);
+        return std::min<GLint>(std::max(maxTextureUnits, 0), MG_State::GLState::TextureState::MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS);
+    }
+
+    namespace {
+        // ARB_multi_bind checks the whole [first, first + count) range before binding anything and
+        // reports an overrun as INVALID_OPERATION - not the INVALID_VALUE the single-bind entry
+        // points report for an out-of-range unit, and not after binding the in-range prefix.
+        Bool ValidateMultiBindUnitRange(GLuint first, GLsizei count, GLint unitCount, const char* funcName) {
+            if (count < 0) {
+                MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", funcName, "count must be non-negative."));
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (static_cast<Uint64>(first) + static_cast<Uint64>(count) > static_cast<Uint64>(unitCount)) {
+                MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", funcName,
+                                                 std::format("first + count ({} + {}) exceeds the {} available units.",
+                                                             first, count, unitCount)));
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // ARB_multi_bind states the equivalence to a loop of single binds "except that <textures>
+        // will not be created if they do not exist": glBindTexture instantiates a name GenTextures
+        // merely reserved, the multi-bind entry points must refuse it. The error class is
+        // INVALID_OPERATION for both of them, where the scalar glBindImageTexture reports
+        // INVALID_VALUE - hence the check here rather than inside BindImageTexture.
+        //
+        // Deliberately PER ELEMENT: the extension defines these calls as a loop, so a bad entry
+        // costs its own unit and leaves the rest of the range bound.
+        SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject> ResolveMultiBindTexture(GLuint texture, GLsizei index,
+                                                                            const char* funcName) {
+            SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject> textureObject =
+                MG_State::pGLContext->GetTextureObject(texture);
+            if (!textureObject) {
+                MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
+                        "MG_Impl/GLImpl", funcName,
+                        std::format("textures[{}] ({}) is not the name of an existing texture object.", index,
+                                    texture)));
+            }
+            return textureObject;
+        }
+
+        // ARB_multi_bind: an element naming texture zero unbinds EVERY target of its unit, i.e.
+        // rebinds each target's default texture object - the unit's initial state. Same rule
+        // glBindTextureUnit(unit, 0) follows.
+        void UnbindAllTargetsOnUnit(Int unit) {
+            auto& textureUnit = MG_State::pGLContext->GetTextureUnitObject(unit);
+            Bool changed = false;
+            for (auto& slot : textureUnit.GetAllBindingSlots()) {
+                if (slot.Bind(MG_State::pGLContext->GetDefaultTextureObject(slot.GetTarget()))) changed = true;
+            }
+            MG_State::pGLContext->NoteTextureUnitTouched(unit, changed);
+        }
+    } // namespace
+
+    // ARB_multi_bind: glBindTextures binds each texture to ITS OWN target on unit <first> + i, so
+    // there is no target parameter and no way to express it through glBindTexture - the per-unit,
+    // by-object form glBindTextureUnit uses is the one that matches. A NULL <textures> unbinds the
+    // whole range.
+    void BindTextures(GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* textures) {
+        if (!ValidateMultiBindUnitRange(first, count, GetCombinedTextureImageUnitCount(), __func__)) return;
+
+        for (GLsizei i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+            const GLuint texture = textures ? textures[i] : 0;
+            const Int unit = static_cast<Int>(first) + i;
+            if (texture == 0) {
+                UnbindAllTargetsOnUnit(unit);
+                continue;
+            }
+            const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject> textureObject =
+                ResolveMultiBindTexture(texture, i, __func__);
+            if (!textureObject) continue;
+
+            auto& textureUnit = MG_State::pGLContext->GetTextureUnitObject(unit);
+            const Bool changed = textureUnit.GetBindingSlot(textureObject->GetTarget()).Bind(textureObject);
+            MG_State::pGLContext->NoteTextureUnitTouched(unit, changed);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ARB_multi_bind: glBindImageTextures is a loop of glBindImageTexture with every parameter but
+    // the unit and the texture fixed by the spec - level 0, layered, layer 0, READ_WRITE, and the
+    // texture's own internal format. An element that names texture zero resets the unit.
+    void BindImageTextures(GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* textures) {
+        if (!ValidateMultiBindUnitRange(first, count, static_cast<GLint>(GetAdvertisedImageUnitCount()), __func__)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (GLsizei i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+            const GLuint texture = textures ? textures[i] : 0;
+            const GLuint unit = first + static_cast<GLuint>(i);
+            if (texture == 0) {
+                BindImageTexture(unit, 0, 0, GL_FALSE, 0, GL_READ_ONLY, GL_R8);
+                continue;
+            }
+            const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject> textureObject =
+                ResolveMultiBindTexture(texture, i, __func__);
+            if (!textureObject) continue;
+
+            // "An INVALID_OPERATION error is generated if the internal format of any texture is not
+            // supported for image textures" - a texture that has never been given storage has no
+            // format at all and lands here too, rather than being reported as a bad enum by the
+            // scalar path.
+            const GLenum format = MG_Util::ConvertTextureInternalFormatToGLEnum(textureObject->GetFormat());
+            if (!IsValidImageTextureFormat(format)) {
+                MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
+                        "MG_Impl/GLImpl", __func__,
+                        std::format("textures[{}] ({}) has an internal format that is not supported for image "
+                                    "textures.",
+                                    i, texture)));
+                continue;
+            }
+            BindImageTexture(unit, texture, 0, GL_TRUE, 0, GL_READ_WRITE, format);
+        }
+    }
+
     void GetTextureImage(GLuint texture, GLint level, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize, void* pixels) {
         auto textureObject = GetTextureObjectByName(texture, __func__);
         if (!textureObject) return;

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Texture/GL_Texture.h

@@ -132,5 +132,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     void CompressedTexImage1D(GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLint border,
                               GLsizei imageSize, const void* data);
     void BindTexture(GLenum target, GLuint texture);
+    void BindTextures(GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* textures);
+    void BindImageTextures(GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* textures);
     void ActiveTexture(GLenum texture);
+    // The number of texture image units a texture or a sampler may be bound to: what the backend
+    // advertises as GL_MAX_COMBINED_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS, clamped by the frontend's fixed unit-array
+    // capacity. Shared so the texture and sampler multi-bind range checks cannot drift apart.
+    GLint GetCombinedTextureImageUnitCount();
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/VertexArray/GL_VertexArray.cpp

@@ -315,9 +315,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 
         auto offset = reinterpret_cast<SizeT>(pointer);
 
-        vao->SetAttributeFormat(index, size, dataType, false, stride, offset, true, false);
+        const int effectiveStride = EffectiveVertexStride(stride, size, type);
+        vao->SetAttributeFormat(index, size, dataType, false, stride, offset, true, false, effectiveStride);
         vao->BindAttributeBuffer(index, vbo);
-        vao->MirrorPointerIntoBinding(index, vbo, offset, EffectiveVertexStride(stride, size, type));
+        vao->MirrorPointerIntoBinding(index, vbo, offset, effectiveStride);
     }
 
     void VertexAttribPointer_State(GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, GLsizei stride,
@@ -345,9 +346,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         // backend can pick the reversed VkFormat / pass GL_BGRA through to a GLES driver.
         const bool isBgra = (size == static_cast<GLint>(GL_BGRA));
         const int effectiveSize = isBgra ? 4 : size;
-        vao->SetAttributeFormat(index, effectiveSize, dataType, normalized, stride, offset, false, isBgra);
+        const int effectiveStride = EffectiveVertexStride(stride, effectiveSize, type);
+        vao->SetAttributeFormat(index, effectiveSize, dataType, normalized, stride, offset, false, isBgra,
+                                effectiveStride);
         vao->BindAttributeBuffer(index, vbo);
-        vao->MirrorPointerIntoBinding(index, vbo, offset, EffectiveVertexStride(stride, effectiveSize, type));
+        vao->MirrorPointerIntoBinding(index, vbo, offset, effectiveStride);
     }
 
     void BindVertexArray_State(GLuint array) {

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ add_executable(MobileGLIntegrationTest
     Scenarios/CrossFrameBufferScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/ResidentIndexScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/MultiDrawScenario.cpp
+    Scenarios/DrawParametersScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/AsyncCompileScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/XfbAfterClipDistanceScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/ThreeChannelAttachmentScenario.cpp
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ add_executable(MobileGLIntegrationTest
     Scenarios/ClearThenReadPixelsScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/DepthStencilReadbackScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/SsboArrayLengthScenario.cpp
+    Scenarios/DoublePrecisionScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/UniformInitializerScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/SwizzleAccessRoutineScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/ProgramPipelineScenario.cpp
@@ -68,6 +70,7 @@ add_executable(MobileGLIntegrationTest
     Scenarios/Glsl420DeclarationScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/FragmentOutputArrayIndexScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/BufferTextureScenario.cpp
+    Scenarios/VertexAttribBindingScenario.cpp
 )
 
 target_include_directories(MobileGLIntegrationTest PRIVATE

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/AdvertisedLimitsScenario.cpp

@@ -94,6 +94,89 @@ namespace MGITest {
             }
         }
 
+        // A per-stage block count is an amount of BINDING POINTS an application will use, so it
+        // can never exceed the number of binding points that exist. GL 4.6 Table 23.64 states the
+        // relation the other way round (MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS >= MAX_COMBINED_UNIFORM_BLOCKS
+        // >= every per-stage count), and DirectVulkan broke it by clamping the two families
+        // independently: a device reporting 256 compute uniform blocks and 84 uniform binding
+        // points passes both ceilings and still cannot serve
+        // KHR-GL44.multi_bind.dispatch_bind_buffers_base, which reads the block count and binds
+        // that many buffers in one glBindBuffersBase - INVALID_OPERATION before a single bind.
+        TEST_F(AdvertisedLimitsScenario, PerStageBlockCountsFitInTheirBindingPoints) {
+            struct Relation {
+                GLenum blocks;
+                const char* blocksName;
+                GLenum bindings;
+                const char* bindingsName;
+            };
+            const Relation relations[] = {
+                {GL_MAX_COMPUTE_UNIFORM_BLOCKS, "GL_MAX_COMPUTE_UNIFORM_BLOCKS", GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS,
+                 "GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS"},
+                {GL_MAX_VERTEX_UNIFORM_BLOCKS, "GL_MAX_VERTEX_UNIFORM_BLOCKS", GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS,
+                 "GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS"},
+                {GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_UNIFORM_BLOCKS, "GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_UNIFORM_BLOCKS", GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS,
+                 "GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS"},
+                {GL_MAX_COMBINED_UNIFORM_BLOCKS, "GL_MAX_COMBINED_UNIFORM_BLOCKS", GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS,
+                 "GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS"},
+                {GL_MAX_COMPUTE_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS, "GL_MAX_COMPUTE_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS",
+                 GL_MAX_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER_BINDINGS, "GL_MAX_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER_BINDINGS"},
+                {GL_MAX_COMBINED_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS, "GL_MAX_COMBINED_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS",
+                 GL_MAX_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER_BINDINGS, "GL_MAX_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER_BINDINGS"},
+            };
+            for (const Relation& relation : relations) {
+                GLint blocks = -1;
+                GLint bindings = -1;
+                glGetIntegerv(relation.blocks, &blocks);
+                glGetIntegerv(relation.bindings, &bindings);
+                ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), GLenum(GL_NO_ERROR)) << relation.blocksName;
+                EXPECT_LE(blocks, bindings)
+                    << relation.blocksName << " = " << blocks << " exceeds " << relation.bindingsName << " = "
+                    << bindings << "; a shader may declare more blocks than there are binding points to bind them to";
+            }
+        }
+
+        // KHR-GL44.multi_bind.functional_bind_buffers_range sizes each of an indexed target's
+        // binding points at MAX_<target>_SIZE / MAX_<target>_BINDINGS and binds all of them in
+        // one glBindBuffersRange. That quotient has to be a legal BindBufferRange size, which
+        // makes the two limits of every indexed family a PAIR: advertise a size that does not
+        // survive division by the binding count and the call fails with INVALID_VALUE before any
+        // of it binds.
+        TEST_F(AdvertisedLimitsScenario, IndexedTargetSizeSurvivesDivisionByItsBindingCount) {
+            struct IndexedFamily {
+                GLenum maxSize;
+                const char* maxSizeName;
+                GLenum maxBindings;
+                const char* maxBindingsName;
+                GLint sizeGranularity; // BindBufferRange's size rule for the target
+            };
+            const IndexedFamily families[] = {
+                {GL_MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_SIZE, "GL_MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_SIZE",
+                 GL_MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_BINDINGS, "GL_MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_BINDINGS", 1},
+                {GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_INTERLEAVED_COMPONENTS, "GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_INTERLEAVED_COMPONENTS",
+                 GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFERS, "GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFERS", 4},
+                {GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BLOCK_SIZE, "GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BLOCK_SIZE", GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS,
+                 "GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS", 1},
+                {GL_MAX_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCK_SIZE, "GL_MAX_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCK_SIZE",
+                 GL_MAX_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER_BINDINGS, "GL_MAX_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER_BINDINGS", 1},
+            };
+            for (const IndexedFamily& family : families) {
+                GLint maxSize = -1;
+                GLint maxBindings = -1;
+                glGetIntegerv(family.maxSize, &maxSize);
+                glGetIntegerv(family.maxBindings, &maxBindings);
+                ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), GLenum(GL_NO_ERROR)) << family.maxSizeName;
+                ASSERT_GT(maxBindings, 0) << family.maxBindingsName;
+                const GLint perBinding = maxSize / maxBindings;
+                EXPECT_GT(perBinding, 0)
+                    << family.maxSizeName << " (" << maxSize << ") / " << family.maxBindingsName << " ("
+                    << maxBindings << ") is zero, and BindBufferRange rejects a zero size";
+                EXPECT_EQ(perBinding % family.sizeGranularity, 0)
+                    << family.maxSizeName << " (" << maxSize << ") / " << family.maxBindingsName << " ("
+                    << maxBindings << ") = " << perBinding << " is not a multiple of the "
+                    << family.sizeGranularity << "-byte size granularity BindBufferRange requires for it";
+            }
+        }
+
         // The OOM case in isolation, because it is the one with a known CTS victim and the one a
         // future refactor is most likely to reintroduce by copying the Vulkan limit back.
         TEST_F(AdvertisedLimitsScenario, ComputeUniformBlocksIsAnAmountAnApplicationCouldActuallyAllocate) {

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/DoublePrecisionScenario.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/DoublePrecisionScenario.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// Scenario - GLSL DOUBLES, RUN AT SINGLE PRECISION.
+//
+// No mobile GPU has 64-bit floats. Adreno and Mali both report shaderFloat64 == VK_FALSE, so
+// Magma cannot build a module that declares the Float64 capability, and ESSL has no fp64 type
+// at all, so SPIRV-Cross refuses the module outright on Espryt ("FP64 not supported in ES
+// profile") and the program never reaches the driver. MobileGL therefore narrows every 64-bit
+// float in a shader to 32 bits (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass) rather than declining the
+// shader: `double` compiles and runs everywhere, at float precision.
+//
+// The narrowing is only half a contract. The other half is the API side: the global UBO is
+// laid out by reflecting the DEMOTED module, so glUniform*d has to store a float where the
+// shader reads a float, glGetUniform*v has to read one back, and a dmat4's columns are now
+// std140-padded like any other matrix's. Every one of those is a byte offset that fails
+// silently - the uniform simply reads as something else - so the cases below set values
+// through the API and have the SHADER report what it saw.
+//
+// What is deliberately NOT asserted: that the values are exact to double precision. They are
+// not, and cannot be. Every expectation here is the float value of the double that was set,
+// which is the whole point.
+
+#include <cmath>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../Harness/HeadlessGL.h"
+#include "../Harness/ScenarioFixture.h"
+
+#ifdef GLAPI
+#undef GLAPI
+#endif
+#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+#include <GL/gl.h>
+#include <GL/glcorearb.h>
+#undef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+
+namespace MGITest {
+    namespace {
+
+        // Doubles in every shape the demotion has to handle - a scalar, a vector, a matrix
+        // whose column stride changes, an array whose element stride changes - all reported
+        // through one float SSBO so a single readback says which one moved.
+        constexpr const char* kComputeSource = R"(#version 430 core
+layout(local_size_x = 1) in;
+uniform double uScalar;
+uniform dvec3  uVector;
+uniform dmat4  uMatrix;
+uniform double uArray[3];
+layout(std430, binding = 0) buffer Output {
+    float g_out[];
+};
+void main() {
+    g_out[0] = float(uScalar);
+    g_out[1] = float(uVector.x);
+    g_out[2] = float(uVector.y);
+    g_out[3] = float(uVector.z);
+    // Column-major [column][row]. Off-diagonal entries catch a column-stride mistake that a
+    // diagonal-only check reads straight past.
+    g_out[4] = float(uMatrix[0][0]);
+    g_out[5] = float(uMatrix[0][3]);
+    g_out[6] = float(uMatrix[3][0]);
+    g_out[7] = float(uMatrix[3][3]);
+    g_out[8] = float(uArray[0]);
+    g_out[9] = float(uArray[1]);
+    g_out[10] = float(uArray[2]);
+    // Arithmetic on doubles, including an implicit float->double conversion and a literal
+    // with the fp64 suffix: this is what an application actually writes, and it is the part
+    // that has to survive the conversion folding.
+    double accumulated = uScalar * 2.0lf + 1.5;
+    g_out[11] = float(accumulated);
+}
+)";
+
+        constexpr int kOutputSlots = 12;
+
+        class DoublePrecisionScenario : public ScenarioTest {
+        protected:
+            void SetUp() override {
+                ScenarioTest::SetUp();
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                m_program = CompileComputeProgram(kComputeSource);
+                ASSERT_NE(m_program, 0u) << m_buildLog;
+
+                glGenBuffers(1, &m_output);
+                glBindBuffer(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, m_output);
+                const std::vector<float> zeroes(kOutputSlots, 0.0f);
+                glBufferData(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, kOutputSlots * sizeof(float), zeroes.data(),
+                             GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+                glBindBufferBase(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0, m_output);
+                glBindBuffer(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0);
+            }
+
+            void TearDown() override {
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                if (m_output != 0) glDeleteBuffers(1, &m_output);
+                if (m_program != 0) glDeleteProgram(m_program);
+            }
+
+            unsigned int CompileComputeProgram(const char* source) {
+                const GLuint shader = glCreateShader(GL_COMPUTE_SHADER);
+                glShaderSource(shader, 1, &source, nullptr);
+                glCompileShader(shader);
+                GLint compiled = 0;
+                glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &compiled);
+                if (compiled == GL_FALSE) {
+                    char log[2048] = {};
+                    glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, sizeof(log) - 1, nullptr, log);
+                    m_buildLog = std::string("compute shader did not compile: ") + log;
+                    glDeleteShader(shader);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                const GLuint program = glCreateProgram();
+                glAttachShader(program, shader);
+                glLinkProgram(program);
+                glDeleteShader(shader);
+                GLint linked = 0;
+                glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked);
+                if (linked == GL_FALSE) {
+                    char log[2048] = {};
+                    glGetProgramInfoLog(program, sizeof(log) - 1, nullptr, log);
+                    m_buildLog = std::string("compute program did not link: ") + log;
+                    glDeleteProgram(program);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                return program;
+            }
+
+            std::vector<float> Dispatch() {
+                glUseProgram(m_program);
+                glDispatchCompute(1, 1, 1);
+                glMemoryBarrier(GL_BUFFER_UPDATE_BARRIER_BIT);
+                std::vector<float> values(kOutputSlots, -1.0f);
+                glBindBuffer(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, m_output);
+                glGetBufferSubData(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0, kOutputSlots * sizeof(float), values.data());
+                glBindBuffer(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0);
+                glUseProgram(0);
+                return values;
+            }
+
+            unsigned int m_program = 0;
+            unsigned int m_output = 0;
+            std::string m_buildLog;
+        };
+
+        TEST_F(DoublePrecisionScenario, ADoubleUniformReachesTheShaderAtFloatPrecision) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            glUseProgram(m_program);
+            const GLint scalar = glGetUniformLocation(m_program, "uScalar");
+            ASSERT_GE(scalar, 0);
+            // 0.1 has no exact float (or double) representation, so this only passes if the
+            // value really travelled through the demoted slot rather than being read out of
+            // some other four bytes.
+            glUniform1d(scalar, 0.1);
+            glUseProgram(0);
+
+            const std::vector<float> values = Dispatch();
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR));
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[0], static_cast<float>(0.1));
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[11], static_cast<float>(static_cast<float>(0.1) * 2.0f + 1.5f))
+                << "arithmetic on the demoted value, including the folded fp64 literal";
+        }
+
+        TEST_F(DoublePrecisionScenario, EveryDoubleShapeLandsInItsOwnSlot) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            glUseProgram(m_program);
+            const GLint scalar = glGetUniformLocation(m_program, "uScalar");
+            const GLint vector = glGetUniformLocation(m_program, "uVector");
+            const GLint matrix = glGetUniformLocation(m_program, "uMatrix");
+            const GLint array0 = glGetUniformLocation(m_program, "uArray[0]");
+            const GLint array2 = glGetUniformLocation(m_program, "uArray[2]");
+            ASSERT_GE(scalar, 0);
+            ASSERT_GE(vector, 0);
+            ASSERT_GE(matrix, 0);
+            ASSERT_GE(array0, 0);
+            ASSERT_GE(array2, 0);
+
+            glUniform1d(scalar, 5.0);
+            const GLdouble vectorValue[3] = {11.0, 12.0, 13.0};
+            glUniform3dv(vector, 1, vectorValue);
+            // Column-major, and every entry distinct so a transposed or mis-strided write
+            // cannot land on a value that happens to match.
+            GLdouble matrixValue[16] = {};
+            for (int i = 0; i < 16; ++i) matrixValue[i] = 100.0 + i;
+            glUniformMatrix4dv(matrix, 1, GL_FALSE, matrixValue);
+            const GLdouble arrayValue[3] = {71.0, 72.0, 73.0};
+            glUniform1dv(array0, 3, arrayValue);
+            glUseProgram(0);
+
+            const std::vector<float> values = Dispatch();
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR));
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[0], 5.0f) << "scalar double";
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[1], 11.0f) << "dvec3 .x";
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[2], 12.0f) << "dvec3 .y";
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[3], 13.0f) << "dvec3 .z";
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[4], 100.0f) << "dmat4 [0][0]";
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[5], 103.0f) << "dmat4 [0][3] - within the first column";
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[6], 112.0f) << "dmat4 [3][0] - column stride";
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[7], 115.0f) << "dmat4 [3][3]";
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[8], 71.0f) << "double array element 0";
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[9], 72.0f) << "double array element 1 - element stride";
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[10], 73.0f) << "double array element 2";
+        }
+
+        TEST_F(DoublePrecisionScenario, TheTransposeFlagStillTransposes) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            glUseProgram(m_program);
+            const GLint matrix = glGetUniformLocation(m_program, "uMatrix");
+            ASSERT_GE(matrix, 0);
+            GLdouble matrixValue[16] = {};
+            for (int i = 0; i < 16; ++i) matrixValue[i] = 100.0 + i;
+            glUniformMatrix4dv(matrix, 1, GL_TRUE, matrixValue);
+            glUseProgram(0);
+
+            const std::vector<float> values = Dispatch();
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR));
+            // Transposed, so [column][row] now reads the source's [row][column].
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[4], 100.0f) << "dmat4 [0][0] is on the diagonal either way";
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[5], 112.0f) << "dmat4 [0][3] after transpose";
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[6], 103.0f) << "dmat4 [3][0] after transpose";
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[7], 115.0f) << "dmat4 [3][3] is on the diagonal either way";
+        }
+
+        TEST_F(DoublePrecisionScenario, TheUniformIsStillReportedAsADouble) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            // The demotion is an implementation detail of how the value is STORED. What the
+            // shader source declared is what the application asked about, so the reflection
+            // keeps answering GL_DOUBLE* - an application that switches on the type and calls
+            // glUniform*d has to keep working, and it is the glUniform*d path that is correct
+            // for these uniforms.
+            struct Expectation {
+                const char* name;
+                GLenum type;
+                GLint size;
+            };
+            const Expectation expectations[] = {
+                {"uScalar", GL_DOUBLE, 1},
+                {"uVector", GL_DOUBLE_VEC3, 1},
+                {"uMatrix", GL_DOUBLE_MAT4, 1},
+                {"uArray[0]", GL_DOUBLE, 3},
+            };
+
+            GLint activeUniforms = 0;
+            glGetProgramiv(m_program, GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS, &activeUniforms);
+            ASSERT_GT(activeUniforms, 0);
+
+            for (const Expectation& expectation : expectations) {
+                bool found = false;
+                for (GLint index = 0; index < activeUniforms; ++index) {
+                    char name[128] = {};
+                    GLsizei length = 0;
+                    GLint size = 0;
+                    GLenum type = 0;
+                    glGetActiveUniform(m_program, static_cast<GLuint>(index), sizeof(name) - 1, &length, &size,
+                                       &type, name);
+                    if (std::string(name, static_cast<size_t>(length)) != expectation.name) continue;
+                    found = true;
+                    EXPECT_EQ(type, expectation.type) << expectation.name;
+                    EXPECT_EQ(size, expectation.size) << expectation.name;
+                    break;
+                }
+                EXPECT_TRUE(found) << "glGetActiveUniform never reported " << expectation.name;
+            }
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR));
+        }
+
+        TEST_F(DoublePrecisionScenario, GetUniformdvReadsBackWhatWasStored) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            glUseProgram(m_program);
+            const GLint scalar = glGetUniformLocation(m_program, "uScalar");
+            const GLint vector = glGetUniformLocation(m_program, "uVector");
+            const GLint matrix = glGetUniformLocation(m_program, "uMatrix");
+            ASSERT_GE(scalar, 0);
+            ASSERT_GE(vector, 0);
+            ASSERT_GE(matrix, 0);
+            glUniform1d(scalar, 0.1);
+            const GLdouble vectorValue[3] = {11.5, 12.5, 13.5};
+            glUniform3dv(vector, 1, vectorValue);
+            GLdouble matrixValue[16] = {};
+            for (int i = 0; i < 16; ++i) matrixValue[i] = 100.0 + i;
+            glUniformMatrix4dv(matrix, 1, GL_FALSE, matrixValue);
+            glUseProgram(0);
+
+            // The readback has to undo exactly what the write did - the same std140 column
+            // padding, the same 4-byte components - or a dmat4 comes back with its columns
+            // shifted and nothing else in the API would say so.
+            GLdouble readScalar = 0.0;
+            glGetUniformdv(m_program, scalar, &readScalar);
+            EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(readScalar, static_cast<double>(static_cast<float>(0.1)))
+                << "the value is what a float can hold, not the double that was passed in";
+
+            GLdouble readVector[3] = {};
+            glGetUniformdv(m_program, vector, readVector);
+            EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(readVector[0], 11.5);
+            EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(readVector[1], 12.5);
+            EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(readVector[2], 13.5);
+
+            GLdouble readMatrix[16] = {};
+            glGetUniformdv(m_program, matrix, readMatrix);
+            for (int i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
+                EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(readMatrix[i], 100.0 + i) << "dmat4 component " << i;
+            }
+
+            // The float query sees the same storage through the type it is actually stored as.
+            GLfloat readFloat = 0.0f;
+            glGetUniformfv(m_program, scalar, &readFloat);
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(readFloat, static_cast<float>(0.1));
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR));
+        }
+
+        TEST_F(DoublePrecisionScenario, ADoubleUniformKeepsItsDeclaredInitializer) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            // A declared initializer is seeded straight into the uniform shadow at link, and the
+            // seeding used to skip 64-bit floats outright ("no 32-bit shadow encoding") - which
+            // was true before the demotion and silently left every such uniform reading zero.
+            const char* source = R"(#version 430 core
+layout(local_size_x = 1) in;
+uniform double uSeeded = 2.5lf;
+uniform dvec3  uSeededVector = dvec3(4.0lf, 5.0lf, 6.0lf);
+layout(std430, binding = 0) buffer Output {
+    float g_out[];
+};
+void main() {
+    g_out[0] = float(uSeeded);
+    g_out[1] = float(uSeededVector.x);
+    g_out[2] = float(uSeededVector.y);
+    g_out[3] = float(uSeededVector.z);
+}
+)";
+            const GLuint program = CompileComputeProgram(source);
+            ASSERT_NE(program, 0u) << m_buildLog;
+
+            glUseProgram(program);
+            glDispatchCompute(1, 1, 1);
+            glMemoryBarrier(GL_BUFFER_UPDATE_BARRIER_BIT);
+            std::vector<float> values(4, -1.0f);
+            glBindBuffer(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, m_output);
+            glGetBufferSubData(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0, 4 * sizeof(float), values.data());
+            glBindBuffer(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0);
+            glUseProgram(0);
+            glDeleteProgram(program);
+
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[0], 2.5f) << "scalar double initializer";
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[1], 4.0f) << "dvec3 initializer .x";
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[2], 5.0f) << "dvec3 initializer .y";
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values[3], 6.0f) << "dvec3 initializer .z";
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR));
+        }
+
+        TEST_F(DoublePrecisionScenario, TheFp64ExtensionIsNotAdvertised) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            // The shader above compiled, linked and ran without the extension string, which is
+            // the point: an application does not need GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 advertised to USE
+            // doubles here. What the string additionally promises is 64-bit precision, and that
+            // is the one thing the demotion cannot deliver - so it stays off unless
+            // MOBILEGL_ADVERTISE_FP64 asks for it, and an application that branches on the
+            // string keeps taking its float path.
+            GLint extensionCount = 0;
+            glGetIntegerv(GL_NUM_EXTENSIONS, &extensionCount);
+            ASSERT_GT(extensionCount, 0);
+            bool advertised = false;
+            for (GLint i = 0; i < extensionCount; ++i) {
+                const char* name = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(glGetStringi(GL_EXTENSIONS, static_cast<GLuint>(i)));
+                if (name != nullptr && std::string(name) == "GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64") advertised = true;
+            }
+            EXPECT_FALSE(advertised);
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR));
+        }
+
+        TEST_F(DoublePrecisionScenario, A64BitVertexFormatIsDeclinedOnEveryBackend) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            // The demotion leaves no 64-bit shader input to feed, so there is nothing a 64-bit
+            // vertex FETCH could be fetched into - on either backend, and no longer only on the
+            // ones whose device lacks shaderFloat64. Declined loudly rather than accepted and
+            // drawn as garbage; the matching POST row says the same thing at startup.
+            GLuint vao = 0;
+            glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao);
+            glBindVertexArray(vao);
+            while (glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) {}
+
+            glVertexAttribLFormat(0, 3, GL_DOUBLE, 0);
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
+
+            glBindVertexArray(0);
+            glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &vao);
+            while (glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) {}
+        }
+
+    } // namespace
+} // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/DrawParametersScenario.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/DrawParametersScenario.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// gl_BaseVertex / gl_BaseInstance / gl_DrawID (GL_ARB_shader_draw_parameters),
+// read straight out of the shader that a draw command produced.
+//
+// Neither backend has these builtins for free, and each is wrong in its own way
+// when nobody watches:
+//
+//   * DirectVulkan HAS a BaseVertex builtin, but Vulkan's carries the draw's
+//     firstVertex on a NON-INDEXED draw where GL's is defined to be zero ("the
+//     value passed to the baseVertex parameter, or zero for a command with no
+//     such parameter"). Only the indexed meaning of the two agrees. Every
+//     DrawArrays form therefore takes the ZeroBaseVertex program variant.
+//   * DirectGLES has no such builtins at all: ESSL knows none of them, so the
+//     transpiler demotes each one to a uniform the draw paths feed. A uniform
+//     nobody writes keeps whatever the previous draw left in it - which is what
+//     made gl_BaseVertex report a stale base vertex, and what made
+//     gl_BaseInstance read an unbound storage buffer on a plain glDrawArrays.
+//
+// The shader paints the three values, so a draw that carries the wrong ones
+// paints the wrong colour rather than merely disagreeing with an expectation
+// somewhere. The framebuffer is cleared to WHITE and no case expects 255 in any
+// channel, so "the draw did not happen" can never be mistaken for a pass.
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../Harness/HeadlessGL.h"
+#include "../Harness/ScenarioFixture.h"
+
+#ifdef GLAPI
+#undef GLAPI
+#endif
+#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+#include <GL/gl.h>
+#include <GL/glext.h>
+
+namespace MGITest {
+    namespace {
+
+        // #version 450: glslang only declares the ARB builtins from 440 up.
+        //
+        // Each value is painted at 8 units per count, not 1: the errors these builtins
+        // actually have are OFF BY ONE (a sub-draw that never got its own gl_DrawID reads
+        // the previous one's, a base vertex that arrives one command late), and at one unit
+        // per count no readback tolerance can tell those from rounding.
+        //
+        // And biased by two counts, so that ZERO is not the clamp floor. Five of these cases
+        // expect zero, and an unbiased encoding would let every negative value - the shape a
+        // sign or rebase mistake produces - clamp to the same black and pass.
+        constexpr const char* kVertexSource = R"(#version 450 core
+#extension GL_ARB_shader_draw_parameters : require
+layout(location = 0) in vec2 aPos;
+flat out vec3 vParams;
+void main() {
+    vParams = (vec3(gl_BaseVertexARB, gl_BaseInstanceARB, gl_DrawIDARB) * 8.0 + 16.0) / 255.0;
+    gl_Position = vec4(aPos, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+        constexpr const char* kFragmentSource = R"(#version 450 core
+flat in vec3 vParams;
+out vec4 oColor;
+void main() {
+    oColor = vec4(vParams, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+        struct Vertex {
+            float x, y;
+        };
+
+        // 3 dummy vertices, then the left half of the viewport as two triangles,
+        // then the right half. Nothing here is symmetric by accident:
+        //
+        //   * the padding makes a draw that ignores `first` / baseVertex paint a
+        //     degenerate triangle (i.e. nothing) instead of the right picture;
+        //   * the two halves let one multi-draw show TWO different gl_DrawID
+        //     values in one readback.
+        //
+        // Indices 3..14 together cover the whole viewport, which is what the
+        // single-draw cases use.
+        constexpr int kPad = 3;
+        constexpr int kLeftFirst = kPad;      // 3
+        constexpr int kRightFirst = kPad + 6; // 9
+        constexpr int kHalfCount = 6;
+
+        std::vector<Vertex> SceneVertices() {
+            std::vector<Vertex> vertices(static_cast<std::size_t>(kPad), Vertex{0.0f, 0.0f});
+            const float bounds[2][2] = {{-1.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}};
+            for (const auto& half : bounds) {
+                const float x0 = half[0];
+                const float x1 = half[1];
+                vertices.push_back({x0, -1.0f});
+                vertices.push_back({x1, -1.0f});
+                vertices.push_back({x1, 1.0f});
+                vertices.push_back({x0, -1.0f});
+                vertices.push_back({x1, 1.0f});
+                vertices.push_back({x0, 1.0f});
+            }
+            return vertices;
+        }
+
+        // GL's DrawArraysIndirectCommand / DrawElementsIndirectCommand, spelled out
+        // so a test can write one without depending on a GL header's struct.
+        struct ArraysCommand {
+            std::uint32_t count, instanceCount, first, baseInstance;
+        };
+        struct ElementsCommand {
+            std::uint32_t count, instanceCount, firstIndex;
+            std::int32_t baseVertex;
+            std::uint32_t baseInstance;
+        };
+
+        class DrawParametersScenario : public ScenarioTest {
+        protected:
+            void SetUp() override {
+                ScenarioTest::SetUp();
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                std::string error;
+                m_program = CompileProgram(kVertexSource, kFragmentSource, &error);
+                ASSERT_NE(m_program, 0u) << error;
+
+                const std::vector<Vertex> vertices = SceneVertices();
+                glGenVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+                glBindVertexArray(m_vao);
+                glGenBuffers(1, &m_vbo);
+                glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, m_vbo);
+                glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex)),
+                             vertices.data(), GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+                glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+                glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<const void*>(0));
+                ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), GLenum(GL_NO_ERROR)) << "scene setup left a GL error behind";
+            }
+
+            void TearDown() override {
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                for (GLuint* buffer : {&m_ebo, &m_indirect, &m_parameter, &m_vbo}) {
+                    if (*buffer != 0) glDeleteBuffers(1, buffer);
+                    *buffer = 0;
+                }
+                if (m_vao != 0) glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+                if (m_program != 0) glDeleteProgram(m_program);
+            }
+
+            template <typename T>
+            void FillBuffer(GLuint& name, GLenum target, const std::vector<T>& data) {
+                if (name == 0) glGenBuffers(1, &name);
+                glBindBuffer(target, name);
+                glBufferData(target, static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(data.size() * sizeof(T)), data.data(), GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+            }
+
+            // Clears to white, runs `draw` and reads the frame back.
+            template <typename DrawFn>
+            Image Render(DrawFn&& draw) {
+                BindDefaultFramebuffer();
+                glViewport(0, 0, HeadlessGL::Get().Width(), HeadlessGL::Get().Height());
+                ClearTo(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
+                glUseProgram(m_program);
+                glBindVertexArray(m_vao);
+                draw();
+                return ReadPixels(HeadlessGL::Get().Width(), HeadlessGL::Get().Height());
+            }
+
+            // The three builtins as the shader saw them, at a point in one half of
+            // the viewport. `half` is 0 for the left half and 1 for the right.
+            struct DrawParams {
+                int baseVertex = -1, baseInstance = -1, drawId = -1;
+            };
+            // Decodes the biased 8-units-per-count encoding back to the integer the
+            // shader saw. Rounding to the nearest step absorbs any UNORM slop; adjacent
+            // values stay eight units apart, so an off-by-one still reads as one, and a
+            // negative value lands below the bias and decodes negative rather than
+            // clamping into a legitimate zero.
+            static DrawParams ParamsAt(const Image& image, int half) {
+                const int x = image.Width() * (1 + 2 * half) / 4;
+                const Rgba8 pixel = image.At(x, image.Height() / 2);
+                const auto decode = [](std::uint8_t channel) {
+                    return (static_cast<int>(channel) - 16 + 4) / 8;
+                };
+                return {decode(pixel.r), decode(pixel.g), decode(pixel.b)};
+            }
+
+            static void ExpectParams(const Image& image, int half, const DrawParams& expected,
+                                     const std::string& what) {
+                const DrawParams actual = ParamsAt(image, half);
+                EXPECT_EQ(actual.baseVertex, expected.baseVertex)
+                    << what << ": gl_BaseVertex (half " << half << ")";
+                EXPECT_EQ(actual.baseInstance, expected.baseInstance)
+                    << what << ": gl_BaseInstance (half " << half << ")";
+                EXPECT_EQ(actual.drawId, expected.drawId) << what << ": gl_DrawID (half " << half << ")";
+            }
+
+            GLuint m_program = 0;
+            GLuint m_vao = 0;
+            GLuint m_vbo = 0;
+            GLuint m_ebo = 0;
+            GLuint m_indirect = 0;
+            GLuint m_parameter = 0;
+        };
+
+        // ---- the non-indexed forms: gl_BaseVertex is zero, `first` or not ----
+
+        // Vulkan's BaseVertex would answer 3 here (the draw's firstVertex); GL's
+        // must answer 0, because glDrawArrays has no baseVertex parameter at all.
+        TEST_F(DrawParametersScenario, DrawArraysReportsAZeroBaseVertexDespiteItsFirst) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            const Image image = Render([&] { glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, kLeftFirst, 2 * kHalfCount); });
+            EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), GLenum(GL_NO_ERROR));
+            ExpectParams(image, 0, {0, 0, 0}, "glDrawArrays(first=3)");
+            ExpectParams(image, 1, {0, 0, 0}, "glDrawArrays(first=3)");
+        }
+
+        TEST_F(DrawParametersScenario, DrawArraysInstancedBaseInstanceReportsItsBaseInstance) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            const Image image = Render([&] {
+                glDrawArraysInstancedBaseInstance(GL_TRIANGLES, kLeftFirst, 2 * kHalfCount, 1, 5);
+            });
+            EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), GLenum(GL_NO_ERROR));
+            ExpectParams(image, 0, {0, 5, 0}, "glDrawArraysInstancedBaseInstance(baseInstance=5)");
+        }
+
+        // The base instance of one draw must not survive into the next one. This is
+        // the shape that broke on DirectGLES: the emulation uniform is per-program
+        // state, so a draw that never writes it inherits the last writer's value.
+        TEST_F(DrawParametersScenario, APlainDrawAfterABaseInstancedOneSeesZeroAgain) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            const Image image = Render([&] {
+                glDrawArraysInstancedBaseInstance(GL_TRIANGLES, kLeftFirst, 2 * kHalfCount, 1, 7);
+                glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, kLeftFirst, 2 * kHalfCount);
+            });
+            EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), GLenum(GL_NO_ERROR));
+            ExpectParams(image, 0, {0, 0, 0}, "plain glDrawArrays after a base-instanced draw");
+        }
+
+        // ---- the indexed forms: gl_BaseVertex IS the base vertex ----
+
+        TEST_F(DrawParametersScenario, DrawElementsBaseVertexReportsItsBaseVertex) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            std::vector<std::uint32_t> indices;
+            for (std::uint32_t i = 0; i < 2 * kHalfCount; ++i) indices.push_back(i);
+            FillBuffer(m_ebo, GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices);
+
+            const Image image = Render([&] {
+                glDrawElementsBaseVertex(GL_TRIANGLES, 2 * kHalfCount, GL_UNSIGNED_INT,
+                                         reinterpret_cast<const void*>(0), kLeftFirst);
+            });
+            EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), GLenum(GL_NO_ERROR));
+            ExpectParams(image, 0, {kLeftFirst, 0, 0}, "glDrawElementsBaseVertex(basevertex=3)");
+            ExpectParams(image, 1, {kLeftFirst, 0, 0}, "glDrawElementsBaseVertex(basevertex=3)");
+        }
+
+        // ... and is zero again for the command that has none, including after one
+        // that did: the same leak the base instance has, on the other builtin. The
+        // preceding draw MUST carry a non-zero base vertex or this case proves nothing -
+        // one index run reaches the geometry through the base vertex, the second through
+        // its own indices, so the two draws paint the same picture with different
+        // gl_BaseVertex and only the second one's value survives in the framebuffer.
+        TEST_F(DrawParametersScenario, DrawElementsAfterABaseVertexDrawReportsZeroAgain) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            std::vector<std::uint32_t> indices;
+            for (std::uint32_t i = 0; i < 2 * kHalfCount; ++i) indices.push_back(i);
+            for (std::uint32_t i = 0; i < 2 * kHalfCount; ++i) indices.push_back(i + kLeftFirst);
+            FillBuffer(m_ebo, GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices);
+            const auto rebasedRun = reinterpret_cast<const void*>(2 * kHalfCount * sizeof(std::uint32_t));
+
+            const Image image = Render([&] {
+                glDrawElementsBaseVertex(GL_TRIANGLES, 2 * kHalfCount, GL_UNSIGNED_INT,
+                                         reinterpret_cast<const void*>(0), kLeftFirst);
+                glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 2 * kHalfCount, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, rebasedRun);
+            });
+            EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), GLenum(GL_NO_ERROR));
+            ExpectParams(image, 0, {0, 0, 0}, "glDrawElements after a base-vertex draw");
+            ExpectParams(image, 1, {0, 0, 0}, "glDrawElements after a base-vertex draw");
+        }
+
+        // ---- the multi-draw forms: one gl_DrawID per sub-draw ----
+
+        TEST_F(DrawParametersScenario, MultiDrawArraysNumbersItsSubDraws) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            const GLint firsts[2] = {kLeftFirst, kRightFirst};
+            const GLsizei counts[2] = {kHalfCount, kHalfCount};
+
+            const Image image = Render([&] { glMultiDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, firsts, counts, 2); });
+            EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), GLenum(GL_NO_ERROR));
+            ExpectParams(image, 0, {0, 0, 0}, "glMultiDrawArrays sub-draw 0");
+            ExpectParams(image, 1, {0, 0, 1}, "glMultiDrawArrays sub-draw 1");
+        }
+
+        // Every field of an indexed indirect command at once: its own gl_DrawID, the
+        // baseVertex word (which the CPU reads out of the command) and the
+        // baseInstance word (which DirectGLES reads through a storage-buffer view of
+        // the very same buffer).
+        TEST_F(DrawParametersScenario, MultiDrawElementsIndirectCarriesEveryCommandsParameters) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            std::vector<std::uint32_t> indices;
+            for (std::uint32_t i = 0; i < kHalfCount; ++i) indices.push_back(i);
+            FillBuffer(m_ebo, GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices);
+
+            const std::vector<ElementsCommand> commands = {
+                {kHalfCount, 1, 0, kLeftFirst, 0},
+                {kHalfCount, 1, 0, kRightFirst, 4},
+            };
+            FillBuffer(m_indirect, GL_DRAW_INDIRECT_BUFFER, commands);
+
+            const Image image = Render([&] {
+                glMultiDrawElementsIndirect(GL_TRIANGLES, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, reinterpret_cast<const void*>(0), 2,
+                                            sizeof(ElementsCommand));
+            });
+            EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), GLenum(GL_NO_ERROR));
+            ExpectParams(image, 0, {kLeftFirst, 0, 0}, "indirect command 0");
+            ExpectParams(image, 1, {kRightFirst, 4, 1}, "indirect command 1");
+        }
+
+        // glMultiDrawArraysIndirectCount was missing from the DirectGLES backend
+        // table entirely, so the frontend answered INVALID_OPERATION for every call
+        // while GL_ARB_indirect_parameters was advertised. The parameter buffer here
+        // holds a count SMALLER than maxdrawcount, so a path that ignores it draws a
+        // third command over the top of the second and changes the right half.
+        TEST_F(DrawParametersScenario, MultiDrawArraysIndirectCountObeysItsParameterBuffer) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            const std::vector<ArraysCommand> commands = {
+                {kHalfCount, 1, kLeftFirst, 0},
+                {kHalfCount, 1, kRightFirst, 6},
+                {kHalfCount, 1, kRightFirst, 9},
+            };
+            FillBuffer(m_indirect, GL_DRAW_INDIRECT_BUFFER, commands);
+            const std::vector<std::uint32_t> parameters = {2};
+            FillBuffer(m_parameter, GL_PARAMETER_BUFFER, parameters);
+
+            const Image image = Render([&] {
+                glMultiDrawArraysIndirectCount(GL_TRIANGLES, reinterpret_cast<const void*>(0), 0, 3,
+                                               sizeof(ArraysCommand));
+            });
+            EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), GLenum(GL_NO_ERROR));
+            ExpectParams(image, 0, {0, 0, 0}, "counted indirect command 0");
+            ExpectParams(image, 1, {0, 6, 1}, "counted indirect command 1");
+        }
+
+    } // namespace
+} // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/VertexAttribBindingScenario.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/VertexAttribBindingScenario.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// ARB_vertex_attrib_binding: the separate format/binding state the GL 4.3 vertex
+// input model is made of, read back out of the draw that consumed it.
+//
+// Every scenario here captures the vertex shader's inputs with transform feedback
+// under GL_RASTERIZER_DISCARD, which is what the KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding
+// cases do: the captured record IS the fetched vertex, so "the binding state did
+// not reach the draw" and "the draw fetched the wrong bytes" are distinguishable
+// from each other and from "the capture did not run" (the buffer is pre-filled
+// with a poison value).
+
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../Harness/HeadlessGL.h"
+#include "../Harness/ScenarioFixture.h"
+
+#ifdef GLAPI
+#undef GLAPI
+#endif
+#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+#include <GL/gl.h>
+#include <GL/glcorearb.h>
+#undef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+
+namespace MGITest {
+    namespace {
+
+        constexpr float kPoison = -1234.0f;
+
+        GLuint CompileShader(GLenum type, const std::string& source, std::string* log) {
+            const GLuint shader = glCreateShader(type);
+            const char* text = source.c_str();
+            glShaderSource(shader, 1, &text, nullptr);
+            glCompileShader(shader);
+            GLint status = GL_FALSE;
+            glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &status);
+            if (status == GL_FALSE) {
+                GLint length = 0;
+                glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
+                std::vector<char> buffer(static_cast<std::size_t>(length) + 1, '\0');
+                glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, length + 1, nullptr, buffer.data());
+                if (log != nullptr) *log = buffer.data();
+                glDeleteShader(shader);
+                return 0;
+            }
+            return shader;
+        }
+
+        // A vertex-only capture program, exactly how the CTS builds one: the varying
+        // names are declared before the link and the fragment stage is absent because
+        // the draw runs under GL_RASTERIZER_DISCARD.
+        GLuint BuildCaptureProgram(const std::string& vertexSource, const std::vector<const char*>& xfbVaryings,
+                                   std::string* log) {
+            const GLuint vertexShader = CompileShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, vertexSource, log);
+            if (vertexShader == 0) return 0;
+            const GLuint program = glCreateProgram();
+            glAttachShader(program, vertexShader);
+            if (!xfbVaryings.empty()) {
+                glTransformFeedbackVaryings(program, static_cast<GLsizei>(xfbVaryings.size()), xfbVaryings.data(),
+                                            GL_INTERLEAVED_ATTRIBS);
+            }
+            glLinkProgram(program);
+            glDeleteShader(vertexShader);
+            GLint status = GL_FALSE;
+            glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &status);
+            if (status == GL_FALSE) {
+                GLint length = 0;
+                glGetProgramiv(program, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
+                std::vector<char> buffer(static_cast<std::size_t>(length) + 1, '\0');
+                glGetProgramInfoLog(program, length + 1, nullptr, buffer.data());
+                if (log != nullptr) *log = buffer.data();
+                glDeleteProgram(program);
+                return 0;
+            }
+            return program;
+        }
+
+        // Four float inputs at locations 0..3, captured as four vec4s per vertex.
+        // Locations the test does not feed keep their current-attribute value, which
+        // every scenario sets to a known constant first.
+        std::string CaptureVertexSource() {
+            return R"(#version 430 core
+layout(location = 0) in vec4 vs_in_attrib0;
+layout(location = 1) in vec4 vs_in_attrib1;
+layout(location = 2) in vec4 vs_in_attrib2;
+layout(location = 3) in vec4 vs_in_attrib3;
+out StageData {
+  vec4 attrib0;
+  vec4 attrib1;
+  vec4 attrib2;
+  vec4 attrib3;
+} vs_out;
+void main() {
+  vs_out.attrib0 = vs_in_attrib0;
+  vs_out.attrib1 = vs_in_attrib1;
+  vs_out.attrib2 = vs_in_attrib2;
+  vs_out.attrib3 = vs_in_attrib3;
+}
+)";
+        }
+
+        std::vector<const char*> CaptureVaryingNames() {
+            return {"StageData.attrib0", "StageData.attrib1", "StageData.attrib2", "StageData.attrib3"};
+        }
+
+        // Runs `vertexCount` x `instanceCount` points through the capture program and
+        // returns the interleaved floats (16 per point: four vec4s).
+        std::vector<float> CapturePoints(GLuint program, GLuint xfbBuffer, int vertexCount, int instanceCount) {
+            const std::size_t floats = static_cast<std::size_t>(vertexCount) * instanceCount * 16;
+            std::vector<float> poison(floats, kPoison);
+            glBindBufferBase(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, 0, xfbBuffer);
+            glBufferData(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(floats * sizeof(float)), poison.data(),
+                         GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+
+            glEnable(GL_RASTERIZER_DISCARD);
+            glUseProgram(program);
+            glBeginTransformFeedback(GL_POINTS);
+            glDrawArraysInstanced(GL_POINTS, 0, vertexCount, instanceCount);
+            glEndTransformFeedback();
+            glDisable(GL_RASTERIZER_DISCARD);
+
+            std::vector<float> data(floats, kPoison);
+            glGetBufferSubData(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, 0, static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(floats * sizeof(float)),
+                               data.data());
+            glUseProgram(0);
+            return data;
+        }
+
+        // As CapturePoints, but through the baseInstance entry point, and on a capture buffer
+        // of its own.
+        //
+        // Kept separate from CapturePoints rather than defaulting a parameter, for two
+        // reasons. Every existing caller stays on the draw command that carries no
+        // baseInstance at all, so the negative control is a DIFFERENT command rather than
+        // the same one passed a zero. And baseInstance is the first thing here that needs
+        // several captures in ONE test, which the shared helper cannot currently do: a
+        // second capture into the same buffer object comes back empty on DirectVulkan
+        // (respecifying a buffer that is bound to a transform-feedback binding point does
+        // not reach that binding - reproduced with two plain CapturePoints calls, so it is
+        // neither about baseInstance nor about this helper). A fresh buffer per capture
+        // sidesteps it; without that, this scenario would be pinning that bug instead.
+        std::vector<float> CaptureOwnBufferBaseInstance(GLuint program, int vertexCount, int instanceCount,
+                                                        GLuint baseInstance, bool useBaseInstanceCommand) {
+            const std::size_t floats = static_cast<std::size_t>(vertexCount) * instanceCount * 16;
+            std::vector<float> poison(floats, kPoison);
+            GLuint xfbBuffer = 0;
+            glGenBuffers(1, &xfbBuffer);
+            glBindBufferBase(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, 0, xfbBuffer);
+            glBufferData(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(floats * sizeof(float)), poison.data(),
+                         GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+
+            glEnable(GL_RASTERIZER_DISCARD);
+            glUseProgram(program);
+            glBeginTransformFeedback(GL_POINTS);
+            if (useBaseInstanceCommand) {
+                glDrawArraysInstancedBaseInstance(GL_POINTS, 0, vertexCount, instanceCount, baseInstance);
+            } else {
+                glDrawArraysInstanced(GL_POINTS, 0, vertexCount, instanceCount);
+            }
+            glEndTransformFeedback();
+            glDisable(GL_RASTERIZER_DISCARD);
+
+            std::vector<float> data(floats, kPoison);
+            glGetBufferSubData(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, 0, static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(floats * sizeof(float)),
+                               data.data());
+            glUseProgram(0);
+            glDeleteBuffers(1, &xfbBuffer);
+            return data;
+        }
+
+        // point p, attribute a, component c
+        float At(const std::vector<float>& data, int point, int attrib, int component) {
+            const std::size_t index = static_cast<std::size_t>(point) * 16 + attrib * 4 + component;
+            return index < data.size() ? data[index] : kPoison;
+        }
+
+        void ResetCurrentAttribs() {
+            for (GLuint i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+                glVertexAttrib4f(i, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+            }
+        }
+
+        ::testing::AssertionResult Vec4Is(const std::vector<float>& data, int point, int attrib, float x, float y,
+                                          float z, float w) {
+            const float gx = At(data, point, attrib, 0);
+            const float gy = At(data, point, attrib, 1);
+            const float gz = At(data, point, attrib, 2);
+            const float gw = At(data, point, attrib, 3);
+            const float tolerance = 0.01f;
+            auto close = [tolerance](float a, float b) { return (a - b) < tolerance && (b - a) < tolerance; };
+            if (close(gx, x) && close(gy, y) && close(gz, z) && close(gw, w)) {
+                return ::testing::AssertionSuccess();
+            }
+            return ::testing::AssertionFailure()
+                   << "point " << point << " attribute " << attrib << " is (" << gx << ", " << gy << ", " << gz << ", "
+                   << gw << "), expected (" << x << ", " << y << ", " << z << ", " << w << ")";
+        }
+
+    } // namespace
+
+    class VertexAttribBindingScenario : public ScenarioTest {
+    protected:
+        void SetUp() override {
+            ScenarioTest::SetUp();
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            m_program = BuildCaptureProgram(CaptureVertexSource(), CaptureVaryingNames(), &m_log);
+            ASSERT_NE(m_program, 0u) << "capture program did not link: " << m_log;
+            glGenVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+            glGenBuffers(1, &m_xfbo);
+            glBindVertexArray(m_vao);
+        }
+
+        void TearDown() override {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            glBindVertexArray(0);
+            glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+            glDeleteBuffers(1, &m_xfbo);
+            glDeleteProgram(m_program);
+        }
+
+        GLuint m_program = 0;
+        GLuint m_vao = 0;
+        GLuint m_xfbo = 0;
+        std::string m_log;
+    };
+
+    // glVertexAttribFormat + glBindVertexBuffer + glVertexAttribBinding, in the order
+    // the CTS uses (buffer first, then format, then binding), must feed the draw.
+    TEST_F(VertexAttribBindingScenario, FormatAndBindingFeedTheDraw) {
+        if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+        ResetCurrentAttribs();
+
+        const float vertices[] = {1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f, 4.0f, 5.0f, 6.0f};
+        GLuint vbo = 0;
+        glGenBuffers(1, &vbo);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+
+        glBindVertexBuffer(0, vbo, 0, 12);
+        glVertexAttribFormat(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0);
+        glVertexAttribBinding(1, 0);
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
+
+        const std::vector<float> data = CapturePoints(m_program, m_xfbo, 2, 1);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 0, 1, 1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 1, 1, 4.0f, 5.0f, 6.0f, 1.0f));
+        // An attribute nothing configured still reports its current value.
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 0, 0, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
+
+        glDisableVertexAttribArray(1);
+        glDeleteBuffers(1, &vbo);
+    }
+
+    // The reverse order - format and binding declared before any buffer exists on the
+    // binding point - has to resolve to the same thing once glBindVertexBuffer lands.
+    TEST_F(VertexAttribBindingScenario, FormatBeforeBufferStillResolves) {
+        if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+        ResetCurrentAttribs();
+
+        const float vertices[] = {1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f, 4.0f, 5.0f, 6.0f};
+        GLuint vbo = 0;
+        glGenBuffers(1, &vbo);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+
+        glVertexAttribBinding(2, 3);
+        glVertexAttribFormat(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 4);
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
+        glBindVertexBuffer(3, vbo, 0, 12);
+
+        const std::vector<float> data = CapturePoints(m_program, m_xfbo, 2, 1);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 0, 2, 2.0f, 3.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 1, 2, 5.0f, 6.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+
+        glDisableVertexAttribArray(2);
+        glDeleteBuffers(1, &vbo);
+    }
+
+    // GL 4.6 core 10.3.1: a binding point's stride is the byte distance between
+    // consecutive elements, and zero means every vertex reads the SAME element. That
+    // is the opposite of glVertexAttribPointer's stride 0, which means "tightly
+    // packed" - the two spellings must not be collapsed into one another.
+    TEST_F(VertexAttribBindingScenario, BindingStrideZeroRepeatsOneElement) {
+        if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+        ResetCurrentAttribs();
+
+        const float vertices[] = {1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f, 4.0f, 5.0f, 6.0f, 7.0f, 8.0f};
+        GLuint vbo = 0;
+        glGenBuffers(1, &vbo);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+
+        glVertexAttribFormat(0, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0);
+        glVertexAttribBinding(0, 5);
+        glBindVertexBuffer(5, vbo, 16, 0);
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+
+        const std::vector<float> data = CapturePoints(m_program, m_xfbo, 2, 1);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 0, 0, 5.0f, 6.0f, 7.0f, 8.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 1, 0, 5.0f, 6.0f, 7.0f, 8.0f));
+
+        glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
+        glDeleteBuffers(1, &vbo);
+    }
+
+    // The pointer API keeps its own meaning of stride 0 (tightly packed) even though
+    // it is defined in terms of the binding model - the negative control for the
+    // scenario above.
+    TEST_F(VertexAttribBindingScenario, PointerStrideZeroStaysTightlyPacked) {
+        if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+        ResetCurrentAttribs();
+
+        const float vertices[] = {1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f, 4.0f, 5.0f, 6.0f, 7.0f, 8.0f};
+        GLuint vbo = 0;
+        glGenBuffers(1, &vbo);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+
+        glVertexAttribPointer(0, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, nullptr);
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+
+        const std::vector<float> data = CapturePoints(m_program, m_xfbo, 2, 1);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 0, 0, 1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f, 4.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 1, 0, 5.0f, 6.0f, 7.0f, 8.0f));
+
+        glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
+        glDeleteBuffers(1, &vbo);
+    }
+
+    // glVertexBindingDivisor is per BINDING POINT: it has to reach every attribute
+    // pointed at that binding, and the instance step must honour the divisor rather
+    // than advancing once per instance.
+    TEST_F(VertexAttribBindingScenario, BindingDivisorAppliesToEveryAttributeOnThePoint) {
+        if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+        ResetCurrentAttribs();
+
+        const float vertices[] = {10.0f, 20.0f, 30.0f, 40.0f};
+        GLuint vbo = 0;
+        glGenBuffers(1, &vbo);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+
+        glVertexAttribFormat(0, 1, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0);
+        glVertexAttribFormat(1, 1, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 4);
+        glVertexAttribBinding(0, 4);
+        glVertexAttribBinding(1, 4);
+        glBindVertexBuffer(4, vbo, 0, 8);
+        glVertexBindingDivisor(4, 2);
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
+
+        // The divisor is per binding point, so it has to be visible on BOTH attributes
+        // pointed at it - and this query is what separates "the frontend never resolved
+        // it" from "the backend did not apply it".
+        GLint divisor = -1;
+        glGetVertexAttribiv(0, GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_DIVISOR, &divisor);
+        EXPECT_EQ(divisor, 2);
+        divisor = -1;
+        glGetVertexAttribiv(1, GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_DIVISOR, &divisor);
+        EXPECT_EQ(divisor, 2);
+
+        // 1 vertex x 4 instances, divisor 2: instances 0,1 read element 0 and
+        // instances 2,3 read element 1.
+        const std::vector<float> data = CapturePoints(m_program, m_xfbo, 1, 4);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 0, 0, 10.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 1, 0, 10.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 2, 0, 30.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 3, 0, 30.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 0, 1, 20.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 2, 1, 40.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+
+        glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
+        glDisableVertexAttribArray(1);
+        glDeleteBuffers(1, &vbo);
+    }
+
+    // baseInstance moves the ELEMENT the instanced arrays start at. DirectGLES has no
+    // ES entry point that says so on the drivers we ship against (GL_EXT_base_instance
+    // is absent on Adreno), so it folds the shift into the attribute's own offset - and
+    // the thing that made this worth pinning is that the value used to reach the shader
+    // uniform for gl_BaseInstance and NEVER the fetch, so a draw could report a base
+    // instance it had not actually read from.
+    //
+    // The three draws are the point. Zero first as a negative control, so a backend that
+    // simply ignored baseInstance could not pass on the middle draw alone; and zero AGAIN
+    // last, because the shift is emitted into per-attribute state the VAO twin memoises -
+    // leaving it applied would make every subsequent ordinary draw fetch from the wrong
+    // element, which is a far worse bug than the one being fixed.
+    TEST_F(VertexAttribBindingScenario, BaseInstanceMovesTheInstancedArraysStartElement) {
+        if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+        ResetCurrentAttribs();
+
+        const float instanceData[] = {10.0f, 20.0f, 30.0f, 40.0f};
+        GLuint vbo = 0;
+        glGenBuffers(1, &vbo);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(instanceData), instanceData, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+
+        glVertexAttribFormat(0, 1, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0);
+        glVertexAttribBinding(0, 0);
+        glBindVertexBuffer(0, vbo, 0, 4);
+        glVertexBindingDivisor(0, 1);
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+
+        const std::vector<float> atZero = CaptureOwnBufferBaseInstance(m_program, 1, 2, 0, true);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(atZero, 0, 0, 10.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(atZero, 1, 0, 20.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+
+        const std::vector<float> atTwo = CaptureOwnBufferBaseInstance(m_program, 1, 2, 2, true);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(atTwo, 0, 0, 30.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(atTwo, 1, 0, 40.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+
+        // Nothing about the vertex array changed between these two draws, so only a
+        // backend that actively un-shifts on a baseInstance change gets back to 10/20.
+        const std::vector<float> backToZero = CaptureOwnBufferBaseInstance(m_program, 1, 2, 0, true);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(backToZero, 0, 0, 10.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(backToZero, 1, 0, 20.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+
+        // And a draw command with no baseInstance parameter at all must be unaffected by
+        // the one that came before it.
+        const std::vector<float> plain = CaptureOwnBufferBaseInstance(m_program, 1, 2, 0, false);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(plain, 0, 0, 10.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(plain, 1, 0, 20.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+
+        glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
+        glDeleteBuffers(1, &vbo);
+    }
+
+    // baseInstance is defined against the instanced arrays only: an array with divisor 0
+    // advances per VERTEX and its start element is "first", which baseInstance does not
+    // touch. An emulation that shifted by offset without checking the divisor would move
+    // this one too, and nothing in the case above would notice.
+    TEST_F(VertexAttribBindingScenario, BaseInstanceLeavesPerVertexArraysWhereTheyWere) {
+        if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+        ResetCurrentAttribs();
+
+        const float perVertex[] = {1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f, 4.0f};
+        const float perInstance[] = {10.0f, 20.0f, 30.0f, 40.0f};
+        GLuint buffers[2] = {0, 0};
+        glGenBuffers(2, buffers);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffers[0]);
+        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(perVertex), perVertex, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffers[1]);
+        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(perInstance), perInstance, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+
+        glVertexAttribFormat(0, 1, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0);
+        glVertexAttribBinding(0, 0);
+        glBindVertexBuffer(0, buffers[0], 0, 4);
+        glVertexBindingDivisor(0, 0);
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+
+        glVertexAttribFormat(1, 1, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0);
+        glVertexAttribBinding(1, 1);
+        glBindVertexBuffer(1, buffers[1], 0, 4);
+        glVertexBindingDivisor(1, 1);
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
+
+        // 2 vertices x 2 instances, baseInstance 2. Points come out instance-major.
+        const std::vector<float> data = CaptureOwnBufferBaseInstance(m_program, 2, 2, 2, true);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 0, 0, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 1, 0, 2.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 2, 0, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 3, 0, 2.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 0, 1, 30.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 1, 1, 30.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 2, 1, 40.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 3, 1, 40.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+
+        glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
+        glDisableVertexAttribArray(1);
+        glDeleteBuffers(2, buffers);
+    }
+
+    // Two attributes on one binding point at different relative offsets, plus a
+    // binding offset: the fetch address is binding offset + relative offset, and the
+    // relative offset must not leak into the binding's own offset.
+    TEST_F(VertexAttribBindingScenario, RelativeOffsetComposesWithBindingOffset) {
+        if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+        ResetCurrentAttribs();
+
+        const float vertices[] = {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f, 4.0f, 5.0f, 6.0f};
+        GLuint vbo = 0;
+        glGenBuffers(1, &vbo);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+
+        glVertexAttribFormat(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0);
+        glVertexAttribFormat(1, 1, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8);
+        glVertexAttribBinding(0, 1);
+        glVertexAttribBinding(1, 1);
+        glBindVertexBuffer(1, vbo, 8, 12);
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
+
+        const std::vector<float> data = CapturePoints(m_program, m_xfbo, 2, 1);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 0, 0, 1.0f, 2.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 0, 1, 3.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 1, 0, 4.0f, 5.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 1, 1, 6.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+
+        glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
+        glDisableVertexAttribArray(1);
+        glDeleteBuffers(1, &vbo);
+    }
+
+    // The KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding.basic-input* capture program verbatim: a
+    // 16-element vec4 input ARRAY at location 0, copied element by element into a
+    // 16-element array inside an output interface block, all 16 members captured.
+    // Every one of the 17 basic-input* cases is built on it, so a backend that cannot
+    // produce this program fails all of them with "the draw captured zeros" and no
+    // other symptom.
+    TEST_F(VertexAttribBindingScenario, InputArrayCaptureProgramFeedsTheDraw) {
+        if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+
+        const std::string vs = R"(#version 430 core
+layout(location = 0) in vec4 vs_in_attrib[16];
+out StageData {
+  vec4 attrib[16];
+} vs_out;
+void main() {
+  for (int i = 0; i < vs_in_attrib.length(); ++i) {
+    vs_out.attrib[i] = vs_in_attrib[i];
+  }
+}
+)";
+        std::vector<std::string> names;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 16; ++i) names.push_back("StageData.attrib[" + std::to_string(i) + "]");
+        std::vector<const char*> varyings;
+        for (const auto& n : names) varyings.push_back(n.c_str());
+
+        std::string log;
+        const GLuint program = BuildCaptureProgram(vs, varyings, &log);
+        ASSERT_NE(program, 0u) << "capture program did not link: " << log;
+
+        for (GLuint i = 0; i < 16; ++i) glVertexAttrib4f(i, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+
+        const float vertices[] = {1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f, 4.0f, 5.0f, 6.0f};
+        GLuint vbo = 0;
+        glGenBuffers(1, &vbo);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+
+        glBindVertexBuffer(0, vbo, 0, 12);
+        glVertexAttribFormat(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0);
+        glVertexAttribBinding(1, 0);
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
+
+        // 16 vec4s per point rather than the 4 the shared helper assumes.
+        constexpr std::size_t kFloatsPerPoint = 64;
+        std::vector<float> poison(kFloatsPerPoint * 2, kPoison);
+        glBindBufferBase(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, 0, m_xfbo);
+        glBufferData(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(poison.size() * sizeof(float)),
+                     poison.data(), GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+        glEnable(GL_RASTERIZER_DISCARD);
+        glUseProgram(program);
+        glBeginTransformFeedback(GL_POINTS);
+        glDrawArrays(GL_POINTS, 0, 2);
+        glEndTransformFeedback();
+        glDisable(GL_RASTERIZER_DISCARD);
+
+        std::vector<float> data(poison.size(), kPoison);
+        glGetBufferSubData(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, 0,
+                           static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(data.size() * sizeof(float)), data.data());
+        glUseProgram(0);
+
+        // Element 0 of the array has no enabled array behind it, so it must deliver the
+        // current generic attribute value set above - including its w, which is 0 here and
+        // NOT the 1 an unwritten vec4 input defaults to.
+        EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(data[0], 0.0f);
+        EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(data[3], 0.0f);
+
+        // attribute 1 of point 0 and of point 1.
+        EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(data[4], 1.0f);
+        EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(data[5], 2.0f);
+        EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(data[6], 3.0f);
+        EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(data[7], 1.0f);
+        EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(data[kFloatsPerPoint + 4], 4.0f);
+        EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(data[kFloatsPerPoint + 5], 5.0f);
+        EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(data[kFloatsPerPoint + 6], 6.0f);
+        EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(data[kFloatsPerPoint + 7], 1.0f);
+
+        glDisableVertexAttribArray(1);
+        glDeleteBuffers(1, &vbo);
+        glDeleteProgram(program);
+    }
+
+    // Same program, but every one of the 16 elements is asked for a DIFFERENT current value.
+    //
+    // An input array occupies one location per element (GL 4.6 core 11.1.1), so `in vec4 a[16]`
+    // at location 0 is active on 0..15 - and the whole location span is what a backend reads to
+    // decide which attributes need their current value pushed. Reflection used to record the
+    // span of the ELEMENT type only, so a 16-element array claimed exactly one location: every
+    // element above the first silently read the (0,0,0,1) an unwritten input defaults to instead
+    // of the value glVertexAttrib4f had set. The test above could not see it, because the only
+    // element it reads a current value from is element 0 - the one location the array did claim.
+    TEST_F(VertexAttribBindingScenario, EveryInputArrayElementGetsItsOwnCurrentValue) {
+        if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+
+        const std::string vs = R"(#version 430 core
+layout(location = 0) in vec4 vs_in_attrib[16];
+out StageData {
+  vec4 attrib[16];
+} vs_out;
+void main() {
+  for (int i = 0; i < vs_in_attrib.length(); ++i) {
+    vs_out.attrib[i] = vs_in_attrib[i];
+  }
+}
+)";
+        std::vector<std::string> names;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 16; ++i) names.push_back("StageData.attrib[" + std::to_string(i) + "]");
+        std::vector<const char*> varyings;
+        for (const auto& n : names) varyings.push_back(n.c_str());
+
+        std::string log;
+        const GLuint program = BuildCaptureProgram(vs, varyings, &log);
+        ASSERT_NE(program, 0u) << "capture program did not link: " << log;
+
+        // Distinct in every component, and never (0,0,0,1): the value an element that was
+        // skipped would report has to be distinguishable from every value that was asked for.
+        for (GLuint i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
+            const float base = static_cast<float>(i) + 1.0f;
+            glVertexAttrib4f(i, base, base + 100.0f, base + 200.0f, base + 300.0f);
+        }
+
+        constexpr std::size_t kFloatsPerPoint = 64;
+        std::vector<float> poison(kFloatsPerPoint, kPoison);
+        glBindBufferBase(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, 0, m_xfbo);
+        glBufferData(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(poison.size() * sizeof(float)),
+                     poison.data(), GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+        glEnable(GL_RASTERIZER_DISCARD);
+        glUseProgram(program);
+        glBeginTransformFeedback(GL_POINTS);
+        glDrawArrays(GL_POINTS, 0, 1);
+        glEndTransformFeedback();
+        glDisable(GL_RASTERIZER_DISCARD);
+
+        std::vector<float> data(poison.size(), kPoison);
+        glGetBufferSubData(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, 0,
+                           static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(data.size() * sizeof(float)), data.data());
+        glUseProgram(0);
+
+        for (int element = 0; element < 16; ++element) {
+            const float base = static_cast<float>(element) + 1.0f;
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(data[element * 4 + 0], base) << "element " << element;
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(data[element * 4 + 1], base + 100.0f) << "element " << element;
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(data[element * 4 + 2], base + 200.0f) << "element " << element;
+            EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(data[element * 4 + 3], base + 300.0f) << "element " << element;
+        }
+
+        for (GLuint i = 0; i < 16; ++i) glVertexAttrib4f(i, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+        glDeleteProgram(program);
+    }
+
+} // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramLinkTask.cpp

@@ -68,6 +68,8 @@ namespace {
         return type && type->getQualifier().builtIn != glslang::EbvNone;
     }
 
+    // Locations one ELEMENT of a vertex input occupies (GL 4.6 core 11.1.1): a matrix
+    // takes one per column, everything else this backend can feed takes one.
     static int GetVertexInputLocationSpan(GLenum glType) {
         switch (glType) {
         case GL_FLOAT_MAT2:
@@ -87,6 +89,26 @@ namespace {
         }
     }
 
+    // How many elements an ARRAY vertex input has. glslang reflects such an input as ONE
+    // record spelled "name[0]" carrying the ELEMENT's glDefineType and the array length,
+    // so the type alone cannot say how many locations the declaration covers: GL 4.6 core
+    // 11.1.1 gives an array one location per element (times the element's own span), and
+    // `in vec4 a[16]` at location 0 therefore occupies 0..15, not 0. Missing that left
+    // every location above the base with no recorded name or type, which is what the
+    // backends read to decide whether an attribute is active at all.
+    static MobileGL::Int GetVertexInputArrayElements(const glslang::TObjectReflection& input) {
+        const glslang::TType* type = input.getType();
+        if (type == nullptr || !type->isArray()) return 1;
+        // An unsized input array has no span to compute; treat it as one element rather
+        // than guessing, so it can only ever under-claim locations.
+        if (!type->isSizedArray()) return 1;
+        return std::max(1, type->getCumulativeArraySize());
+    }
+
+    static MobileGL::Int GetVertexInputTotalLocationSpan(const glslang::TObjectReflection& input) {
+        return GetVertexInputLocationSpan(input.glDefineType) * GetVertexInputArrayElements(input);
+    }
+
     static GLenum GetVertexInputLocationType(GLenum glType) {
         switch (glType) {
         case GL_FLOAT_MAT2:
@@ -563,8 +585,20 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         //  - SharedStd140UBO: a DECLARED uniform block is active even when no member is
         //    ever read (reflected from the linker objects). PreprocessShaderSource coerces
         //    every block to std140, so this covers all of them.
+        //  - IntermediateIO: GL_PROGRAM_INPUT is the input interface of the program's FIRST
+        //    stage and GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT the output interface of its LAST one. Without this
+        //    glslang hardcodes those boundaries to vertex/fragment, so a separable program
+        //    made of one non-vertex stage has an empty input interface and one made of a
+        //    non-fragment stage an empty output interface
+        //    (KHR-GL43.program_interface_query.separate-programs-*).
+        //  - UnwrapIOBlocks: an inter-stage interface block enumerates as its MEMBERS -
+        //    "Color.r", and "gl_Position" for an anonymous gl_PerVertex - not as the block
+        //    instance. Only reachable through IntermediateIO: a vertex stage's inputs and a
+        //    fragment stage's outputs can never be blocks, so this is inert for a program
+        //    whose boundary stages are the hardcoded ones.
         if (!artifacts.program->buildReflection(EShReflectionStrictArraySuffix | EShReflectionBasicArraySuffix |
-                                                EShReflectionAllBlockVariables | EShReflectionSharedStd140UBO)) {
+                                                EShReflectionAllBlockVariables | EShReflectionSharedStd140UBO |
+                                                EShReflectionIntermediateIO | EShReflectionUnwrapIOBlocks)) {
             artifacts.linkStatus = false;
             artifacts.infoLog = "Build reflection failed.";
             DeferLog(std::format("ProgramObject {}: DoReflection - buildReflection() returned false",
@@ -852,14 +886,21 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         }
 
         // ------------ attributes (vertex in) ---------------
-        Int inCount = artifacts.program->getNumPipeInputs();
+        // The pipe-input list is the input interface of the program's FIRST stage, which is only
+        // the vertex attribute set when the program actually HAS a vertex stage. A separable
+        // fragment/geometry/tessellation program reflects its own stage inputs here, and those are
+        // varyings - registering them as vertex attributes would hand glGetActiveAttrib and the
+        // attribute location table interstage varyings.
+        Int inCount = artifacts.program->getIntermediate(EShLangVertex) != nullptr
+                          ? artifacts.program->getNumPipeInputs()
+                          : 0;
         MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: Reflection - pipe input count (attributes) = %d", in.externalIndex, inCount);
 
         Int maxLoc = -1;
         for (int i = 0; i < inCount; ++i) {
             Int loc = (Int)artifacts.program->getPipeInput(i).layoutLocation();
             if (loc >= 0 && loc != glslang::TQualifier::layoutLocationEnd) {
-                const Int locationSpan = GetVertexInputLocationSpan(artifacts.program->getPipeInput(i).glDefineType);
+                const Int locationSpan = GetVertexInputTotalLocationSpan(artifacts.program->getPipeInput(i));
                 maxLoc = std::max(maxLoc, loc + locationSpan - 1);
             }
             MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: Reflection - pipe input[%d] name='%s' layoutLocation=%d glType=%u",
@@ -895,7 +936,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
                          (Int)ProgramObject::NormalizeBuiltinPipeInputName(inVar.name).length());
 
             if (location >= 0 && location < (int)artifacts.attribs.size()) {
-                const Int locationSpan = GetVertexInputLocationSpan(inVar.glDefineType);
+                const Int locationSpan = GetVertexInputTotalLocationSpan(inVar);
                 const GLenum locationType = GetVertexInputLocationType(inVar.glDefineType);
                 for (Int locationOffset = 0; locationOffset < locationSpan; ++locationOffset) {
                     const Int expandedLocation = location + locationOffset;
@@ -951,6 +992,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
 
     Bool ProgramLinkTask::ValidateFragmentOutputLocations() {
         if (!artifacts.program) return false;
+        // The pipe-output list is the output interface of the program's LAST stage. Only a
+        // fragment stage's outputs are color numbers indexed against GL_MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS; a
+        // separable vertex/geometry/tessellation program's outputs are varyings, and holding
+        // them to the draw-buffer range fails the link of every such program.
+        if (artifacts.program->getIntermediate(EShLangFragment) == nullptr) return true;
 
         UnorderedMap<Int, String> colorNumberOwners;
         const Int outputCount = artifacts.program->getNumPipeOutputs();

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramObject.cpp

@@ -165,10 +165,18 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             const Int elements = init.arraySize;
             if (componentsPerElement <= 0 || elements <= 0) continue;
 
-            const Bool isFloat = init.basicType == glslang::EbtFloat || init.basicType == glslang::EbtFloat16;
+            // EbtDouble belongs with the floats now, not with the skipped types: every 64-bit
+            // float in a shader is narrowed to 32 bits before the module reaches a backend
+            // (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass), so a `uniform double d = 1.5;` has exactly
+            // the 32-bit shadow encoding a `uniform float` does - and glslang already folded its
+            // value into floatValues, which is a vector<double> either way. Leaving it out meant
+            // the initializer was silently dropped and the uniform came up zero.
+            const Bool isFloat = init.basicType == glslang::EbtFloat ||
+                                 init.basicType == glslang::EbtFloat16 ||
+                                 init.basicType == glslang::EbtDouble;
             const Bool isInt = init.basicType == glslang::EbtInt || init.basicType == glslang::EbtUint ||
                                init.basicType == glslang::EbtBool;
-            // Anything else (fp64, 64-bit integers) has no 32-bit shadow encoding here, and a
+            // Anything else (64-bit integers) has no 32-bit shadow encoding here, and a
             // half-written uniform is worse than an untouched one.
             if (!isFloat && !isInt) continue;
             const SizeT provided = isFloat ? init.floatValues.size() : init.intValues.size();

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramObject.h

@@ -326,15 +326,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
                                                           : kInvalidUniformOffset;
         }
         Uint GetUniformSizesInBytes(Uint location) const { return MG_Util::GetGLTypeSize(GetUniformType(location)); }
-        // Bytes a uniform actually occupies in the global UBO, which is not its GL type size:
+        // Bytes a uniform actually occupies in the global UBO, which is not its GL type size,
-        // std140 pads each column of a float matrix out to a vec4, so a mat3 spans 48 bytes
+        // for two reasons. std140 pads each column of a matrix out to a vec4, so a mat3 spans
-        // even though only 36 of them carry components. Anything reading or writing a whole
+        // 48 bytes even though only 36 of them carry components. And every 64-bit float in a
-        // uniform's storage - a bounds check, a copy between two programs' shadows - wants
+        // shader is narrowed to 32 bits before the module reaches a backend
-        // this rather than GetUniformSizesInBytes.
+        // (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass) - the global UBO is laid out by reflecting that
+        // demoted module - so a `double` uniform occupies exactly what its float-typed twin
+        // would, half its GL type size, and a `dmat4` is padded like any other matrix. Anything
+        // reading or writing a whole uniform's storage - a bounds check, a copy between two
+        // programs' shadows - wants this rather than GetUniformSizesInBytes.
         static SizeT UniformStorageSpanInBytes(const glslang::TType* type, SizeT tightSize) {
-            if (type != nullptr && type->isMatrix() && type->getBasicType() != glslang::EbtDouble) {
+            if (type != nullptr && type->isMatrix()) {
                 return static_cast<SizeT>(type->getMatrixCols()) * 4 * sizeof(Float);
             }
+            if (type != nullptr && type->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtDouble) {
+                return tightSize / 2;
+            }
             return tightSize;
         }
         SizeT GetUniformStorageSpanInBytes(Uint location) const {

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/VertexArrayState/VertexArrayObject.cpp

@@ -61,12 +61,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
     }
 
     void VertexArrayObject::SetAttributeFormat(Uint index, int size, DataType type, Bool normalized, int stride,
-                                               SizeT offset, Bool isInteger, Bool isBgra) {
+                                               SizeT offset, Bool isInteger, Bool isBgra, int effectiveStride) {
         if (index >= MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS) return;
         if (size < 1 || size > 4) {
             return;
         }
 
+        // See VertexAttribute::Stride: the resolved field carries the effective stride so that
+        // a zero in it can only ever mean the binding model's "do not advance".
+        const int resolvedStride = effectiveStride >= 0 ? effectiveStride : stride;
+
         // The classic pointer-style API takes back full ownership of the resolved fields.
         m_attributeUsesBindingModel[index] = false;
 
@@ -77,7 +81,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         m_attributes[index].LegacyPointer = offset;
 
         if (m_attributes[index].Size == size && m_attributes[index].Type == type &&
-            m_attributes[index].Normalized == normalized && m_attributes[index].Stride == stride &&
+            m_attributes[index].Normalized == normalized && m_attributes[index].Stride == resolvedStride &&
             m_attributes[index].Offset == offset && m_attributes[index].IsInteger == isInteger &&
             m_attributes[index].IsBgra == isBgra && !m_attributes[index].IsLong) {
             return;
@@ -87,7 +91,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         attr.Size = size;
         attr.Type = type;
         attr.Normalized = normalized;
-        attr.Stride = stride;
+        attr.Stride = resolvedStride;
         attr.Offset = offset;
         attr.IsInteger = isInteger;
         attr.IsBgra = isBgra;

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/VertexArrayState/VertexArrayObject.h

@@ -19,6 +19,14 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 int Size = 4;
                 DataType Type = DataType::Float32;
                 Bool Normalized = false;
+                // The RESOLVED byte distance between consecutive elements, never the raw
+                // glVertexAttrib*Pointer argument: a pointer call's stride 0 means "tightly
+                // packed" and is resolved to the element size here, so a zero that survives
+                // into this field can only have come from the binding model, where a zero
+                // VERTEX_BINDING_STRIDE means the opposite - every vertex reads the SAME
+                // element and the fetch address never advances (GL 4.6 core 10.3.1). Backends
+                // consume this verbatim; collapsing 0 back into the element size is what made
+                // KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding.basic-input-case7/8 read past the buffer.
                 int Stride = 0;
                 SizeT Offset = 0;
                 Bool IsInteger = false;
@@ -76,8 +84,12 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 void DisableAttribute(Uint index);
                 Bool IsAttributeEnabled(Uint index) const;
 
+                // `stride` is the raw glVertexAttrib*Pointer argument, reported verbatim by
+                // GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_STRIDE. `effectiveStride` is what the fetch actually
+                // advances by - the same value when the argument is non-zero, the tightly
+                // packed element size when it is zero. Pass -1 to say the two are the same.
                 void SetAttributeFormat(Uint index, int size, DataType type, Bool normalized, int stride, SizeT offset,
-                                        Bool isInteger, Bool isBgra = false);
+                                        Bool isInteger, Bool isBgra = false, int effectiveStride = -1);
 
                 void BindAttributeBuffer(Uint index, const SharedPtr<BufferObject>& buffer);
 

MobileGL/MG_Test/Program/ProgramInterfaceTest.cpp

@@ -121,12 +121,6 @@ void main() { color = vec4(0, 1, 0, 1); }
         ExpectLinked(p);
         ClearErrors();
 
-        // KNOWN GAP, not an expectation: a separable FRAGMENT program's own inputs are not
-        // in the reflection at all - glslang builds the "pipe input" list from the vertex
-        // stage unless EShReflectionIntermediateIO is set, and setting that makes a
-        // vertex-only separable program report its VS outputs as fragment outputs, which
-        // fails ValidateFragmentOutputLocations and breaks glCreateShaderProgramv. So
-        // GL_PROGRAM_INPUT is empty here until that validation is stage-aware.
         EXPECT_EQ(Interfaceiv(p, GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT, GL_ACTIVE_RESOURCES), 1);
         EXPECT_EQ(Interfaceiv(p, GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT, GL_MAX_NAME_LENGTH), 6);
 
@@ -804,6 +798,163 @@ void main(void) {
         EXPECT_EQ(TakeError(), GL_NO_ERROR);
     }
 
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------- uniform-block-types --
+    // GL_REFERENCED_BY_*_SHADER is per block INSTANCE. An array of uniform blocks enumerates
+    // one resource per element, and only the elements a stage actually dereferences are
+    // referenced by it - declaring the array is not referencing every element.
+    TEST_F(ProgramInterfaceTest, ArrayedUniformBlockReferencedByIsPerElement) {
+        const char* vs = R"(#version 430
+in vec4 position;
+uniform SimpleBlock { mat3x2 a; mat4 b; vec4 c; };
+void main(void) {
+  float tmp = a[0][1] * b[1][2] * c.x;
+  gl_Position = position * tmp;
+}
+)";
+        const char* fs = R"(#version 430
+uniform TrickyBlock { mat4 b; uint c; } e[2];
+out vec4 color;
+void main() { color = vec4(0, 1, 0, 1) * e[0].b[0][0]; }
+)";
+        const GLuint p = MakeProgram(vs, fs);
+        BindAttribLocation(p, 0, "position");
+        BindFragDataLocation(p, 0, "color");
+        LinkProgram(p);
+        ExpectLinked(p);
+        ClearErrors();
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(Interfaceiv(p, GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK, GL_ACTIVE_RESOURCES), 3);
+        ExpectResource(p, GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK, "TrickyBlock[0]", "TrickyBlock[0]");
+        ExpectResource(p, GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK, "TrickyBlock[1]", "TrickyBlock[1]");
+
+        const std::vector<GLenum> refProps = {GL_REFERENCED_BY_VERTEX_SHADER, GL_REFERENCED_BY_FRAGMENT_SHADER};
+        EXPECT_EQ(PropsOf(p, GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK, "SimpleBlock", refProps), (std::vector<GLint>{1, 0}));
+        EXPECT_EQ(PropsOf(p, GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK, "TrickyBlock[0]", refProps), (std::vector<GLint>{0, 1}));
+        EXPECT_EQ(PropsOf(p, GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK, "TrickyBlock[1]", refProps), (std::vector<GLint>{0, 0}))
+            << "the unreferenced element of a block array must not inherit its sibling's stages";
+        EXPECT_EQ(TakeError(), GL_NO_ERROR);
+    }
+
+    // The boundary of the rule above, and the case that caught it on device
+    // (KHR-GL43.program_interface_query.ssb-types): a SHADER STORAGE block array's buffer
+    // variables reflect under ONE subscript-free spelling shared by every element, so a union
+    // over them credits element 0 and starves every other element - even the ones the shader
+    // plainly reads. Storage blocks keep glslang's own mask, and both elements here must report
+    // the fragment stage.
+    TEST_F(ProgramInterfaceTest, ArrayedStorageBlockKeepsGlslangStagesForEveryElement) {
+        const char* vs = R"(#version 430
+in vec4 position;
+void main(void) { gl_Position = position; }
+)";
+        const char* fs = R"(#version 430
+layout(binding = 4) buffer SimpleStorage { vec4 a; } ss[2];
+out vec4 color;
+void main() { color = ss[0].a + ss[1].a; }
+)";
+        const GLuint p = MakeProgram(vs, fs);
+        BindAttribLocation(p, 0, "position");
+        BindFragDataLocation(p, 0, "color");
+        LinkProgram(p);
+        ExpectLinked(p);
+        ClearErrors();
+
+        const std::vector<GLenum> refProps = {GL_REFERENCED_BY_VERTEX_SHADER, GL_REFERENCED_BY_FRAGMENT_SHADER};
+        for (const char* name : {"SimpleStorage[0]", "SimpleStorage[1]"}) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(PropsOf(p, GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCK, name, refProps), (std::vector<GLint>{0, 1}))
+                << "for " << name << ": a storage block the fragment stage reads must say so";
+        }
+        EXPECT_EQ(TakeError(), GL_NO_ERROR);
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------- separate-programs-vertex --
+    // A vertex-only separable program's OUTPUT interface is its own stage outputs, and an
+    // inter-stage block enumerates as its members: "Color.r", and "gl_Position" for the
+    // anonymous gl_PerVertex redeclaration - never the block instance name "vs_color".
+    TEST_F(ProgramInterfaceTest, SeparableVertexProgramEnumeratesItsOwnOutputBlockMembers) {
+        const char* vs = R"(#version 430 core
+layout(location = 0) in vec4 in_vertex;
+out Color { float r, g, b; vec4 iLikePie; } vs_color;
+out gl_PerVertex { vec4 gl_Position; };
+uniform float u;
+uniform vec4 v;
+void main() {
+  gl_Position = in_vertex;
+  vs_color.r = u; vs_color.g = 0.0; vs_color.b = 0.0; vs_color.iLikePie = v;
+}
+)";
+        const GLuint p = CreateShaderProgramv(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, 1, &vs);
+        ExpectLinked(p);
+        ClearErrors();
+
+        // Exactly 5: the four Color members plus gl_Position. The anonymous gl_PerVertex
+        // redeclaration drops gl_PointSize and gl_ClipDistance, which glslang keeps in the
+        // block type as hidden members rather than erasing.
+        EXPECT_EQ(Interfaceiv(p, GL_PROGRAM_INPUT, GL_ACTIVE_RESOURCES), 1);
+        EXPECT_EQ(Interfaceiv(p, GL_PROGRAM_INPUT, GL_MAX_NAME_LENGTH), 10);
+        EXPECT_EQ(Interfaceiv(p, GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT, GL_ACTIVE_RESOURCES), 5);
+        EXPECT_EQ(Interfaceiv(p, GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT, GL_MAX_NAME_LENGTH), 15);
+
+        ExpectResource(p, GL_PROGRAM_INPUT, "in_vertex", "in_vertex");
+        for (const char* name : {"Color.r", "Color.g", "Color.b", "Color.iLikePie", "gl_Position"}) {
+            ExpectResource(p, GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT, name, name);
+        }
+        EXPECT_EQ(GetProgramResourceIndex(p, GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT, "vs_color"), GL_INVALID_INDEX)
+            << "the block instance is not the resource; its members are";
+
+        // A vertex-stage output has no color number, hence no index either, and it is not
+        // per-patch. NAME_LENGTH/TYPE/ARRAY_SIZE come from the member, not the block.
+        EXPECT_EQ(PropsOf(p, GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT, "Color.iLikePie",
+                          {GL_NAME_LENGTH, GL_TYPE, GL_ARRAY_SIZE, GL_REFERENCED_BY_COMPUTE_SHADER,
+                           GL_REFERENCED_BY_FRAGMENT_SHADER, GL_REFERENCED_BY_GEOMETRY_SHADER,
+                           GL_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER, GL_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER,
+                           GL_REFERENCED_BY_VERTEX_SHADER, GL_IS_PER_PATCH, GL_LOCATION_INDEX}),
+                  (std::vector<GLint>{15, GL_FLOAT_VEC4, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, -1}));
+        EXPECT_EQ(TakeError(), GL_NO_ERROR);
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------- separate-programs-geometry --
+    // Both boundaries are a middle stage here. The input block carries an instance name
+    // (gl_in[]) so its members are prefixed with the BLOCK name, and the arrayed-ness of the
+    // block itself is dropped: "gl_PerVertex.gl_Position", array size 1.
+    TEST_F(ProgramInterfaceTest, SeparableGeometryProgramEnumeratesBothBlockBoundaries) {
+        const char* gs = R"(#version 430
+layout(triangles) in;
+layout(triangle_strip, max_vertices = 4) out;
+out gl_PerVertex { vec4 gl_Position; float gl_PointSize; float gl_ClipDistance[]; };
+in gl_PerVertex { vec4 gl_Position; float gl_PointSize; float gl_ClipDistance[]; } gl_in[];
+void main() {
+  gl_Position = vec4(-1, 1, 0, 1); EmitVertex();
+  gl_Position = gl_in[0].gl_Position; EmitVertex();
+  EndPrimitive();
+}
+)";
+        const GLuint p = CreateShaderProgramv(GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER, 1, &gs);
+        ExpectLinked(p);
+        ClearErrors();
+
+        ExpectResource(p, GL_PROGRAM_INPUT, "gl_PerVertex.gl_Position", "gl_PerVertex.gl_Position");
+        ExpectResource(p, GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT, "gl_Position", "gl_Position");
+        // A non-fragment stage's outputs are varyings: no color number, so no color index.
+        EXPECT_EQ(PropsOf(p, GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT, "gl_Position", {GL_LOCATION_INDEX}), (std::vector<GLint>{-1}));
+
+        const std::vector<GLenum> stageProps = {
+            GL_NAME_LENGTH,
+            GL_TYPE,
+            GL_ARRAY_SIZE,
+            GL_REFERENCED_BY_COMPUTE_SHADER,
+            GL_REFERENCED_BY_FRAGMENT_SHADER,
+            GL_REFERENCED_BY_GEOMETRY_SHADER,
+            GL_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER,
+            GL_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER,
+            GL_REFERENCED_BY_VERTEX_SHADER,
+            GL_IS_PER_PATCH};
+        EXPECT_EQ(PropsOf(p, GL_PROGRAM_INPUT, "gl_PerVertex.gl_Position", stageProps),
+                  (std::vector<GLint>{25, GL_FLOAT_VEC4, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0}));
+        EXPECT_EQ(PropsOf(p, GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT, "gl_Position", stageProps),
+                  (std::vector<GLint>{12, GL_FLOAT_VEC4, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0}));
+        EXPECT_EQ(TakeError(), GL_NO_ERROR);
+    }
+
     // ------------------------------------------------------- separate-programs-fragment --
     TEST_F(ProgramInterfaceTest, SeparableFragmentProgramSeparatesUniformsFromBufferVariables) {
         const char* fs = R"(#version 430
@@ -817,11 +968,12 @@ void main() { fs_color = vs_color + x + a; }
         ExpectLinked(p);
         ClearErrors();
 
-        // KNOWN GAP, not an expectation - the same one SimpleShaders documents: a separable
+        // GL_PROGRAM_INPUT is the input interface of the program's FIRST stage, which for a
-        // FRAGMENT program's own inputs are absent from the glslang reflection, so
+        // separable fragment program is the fragment stage: "vs_color", name length 9.
-        // GL_PROGRAM_INPUT is empty. Spec-correct values here would be 1 and 9 ("vs_color").
+        EXPECT_EQ(Interfaceiv(p, GL_PROGRAM_INPUT, GL_ACTIVE_RESOURCES), 1);
-        EXPECT_EQ(Interfaceiv(p, GL_PROGRAM_INPUT, GL_ACTIVE_RESOURCES), 0);
+        EXPECT_EQ(Interfaceiv(p, GL_PROGRAM_INPUT, GL_MAX_NAME_LENGTH), 9);
-        EXPECT_EQ(Interfaceiv(p, GL_PROGRAM_INPUT, GL_MAX_NAME_LENGTH), 0);
+        EXPECT_EQ(GetProgramResourceIndex(p, GL_PROGRAM_INPUT, "vs_color"), 0u);
+        EXPECT_EQ(ResourceName(p, GL_PROGRAM_INPUT, 0), "vs_color");
         EXPECT_EQ(Interfaceiv(p, GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT, GL_ACTIVE_RESOURCES), 1);
         EXPECT_EQ(Interfaceiv(p, GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT, GL_MAX_NAME_LENGTH), 9);
         // The buffer variable is NOT a uniform, even though the frontend reflection keeps

MobileGL/MG_Test/SanityTest.cpp

@@ -346,8 +346,10 @@ void main() {
 
     EXPECT_NE(rewritten.find("int instance = mg_ZeroBasedInstanceID + mg_BaseInstanceLowered;"),
               MobileGL::String::npos);
-    EXPECT_NE(rewritten.find("#define mg_ZeroBasedInstanceID (gl_InstanceID - ((mg_BaseInstanceWordIndex >= 0) ? "
+    // One-based word index: zero is the "not an indirect draw" sentinel because that is
-                             "int(mg_indirectWords[uint(mg_BaseInstanceWordIndex)]) : 0))"),
+    // the value a GLSL uniform starts at and no draw path writes it before the first draw.
+    EXPECT_NE(rewritten.find("#define mg_ZeroBasedInstanceID (gl_InstanceID - ((mg_BaseInstanceWordIndex > 0) ? "
+                             "int(mg_indirectWords[uint(mg_BaseInstanceWordIndex - 1)]) : 0))"),
               MobileGL::String::npos);
     EXPECT_NE(rewritten.find(
                   "layout(std430, binding = 12) readonly buffer mg_IndirectParams { highp uint mg_indirectWords[]; };"),
@@ -356,6 +358,38 @@ void main() {
     EXPECT_EQ(CountOccurrences(rewritten, "gl_InstanceID"), 1u);
 }
 
+// The sentinel itself, on the builtin it exists for. A zero-based index with a
+// negative "off" value made every NON-indirect draw of such a program read
+// mg_indirectWords[0] out of a storage buffer nothing had bound - the uniform starts
+// at zero and no non-indirect draw path writes it - which is where the CTS
+// shader_draw_parameters cases lost their geometry on Adreno. Pinned as text because
+// this contract lives in two places at once: the generated ESSL below and the +1 that
+// BackendProgramObjectImpl::SetBaseInstanceWordIndex applies.
+TEST(DirectGLESSanity, TheIndirectWordIndexIsOneBasedSoItsUnwrittenValueMeansNotIndirect) {
+    const ScopedGLESCapabilitiesOverride capsGuard;
+    auto& caps = MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::g_GLESCapabilities;
+    caps.IndirectDrawInstanceIdIncludesBaseInstance = false;
+    caps.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings = 13;
+
+    const MobileGL::String source = R"(#version 310 es
+highp int mg_BaseInstanceLowered;
+void main() {
+    gl_Position = vec4(float(mg_BaseInstanceLowered));
+}
+)";
+
+    const auto rewritten = MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::PromoteDrawParameterGlobalsToUniforms(
+        source, GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
+
+    EXPECT_NE(rewritten.find("#define mg_BaseInstanceLowered ((mg_BaseInstanceWordIndex > 0) ? "
+                             "int(mg_indirectWords[uint(mg_BaseInstanceWordIndex - 1)]) : mg_BaseInstance)"),
+              MobileGL::String::npos)
+        << rewritten;
+    // A zero-based form would spell either of these; neither may survive.
+    EXPECT_EQ(rewritten.find("mg_BaseInstanceWordIndex >= 0"), MobileGL::String::npos);
+    EXPECT_EQ(rewritten.find("uint(mg_BaseInstanceWordIndex)"), MobileGL::String::npos);
+}
+
 TEST(DirectGLESSanity, KeepsInstanceIdWhenIndirectDrawsAreConforming) {
     const ScopedGLESCapabilitiesOverride capsGuard;
     auto& caps = MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::g_GLESCapabilities;

MobileGL/MG_Test/ShaderTranspiler/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.14)
 add_executable(
         SpirvPassTest
         SpirvPassTest.cpp
+        DemoteFloat64Test.cpp
+        FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksTest.cpp
 )
 
 target_include_directories(SpirvPassTest PRIVATE

MobileGL/MG_Test/ShaderTranspiler/DemoteFloat64Test.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Test/ShaderTranspiler/DemoteFloat64Test.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "Includes.h"
+#include "Init.h"
+#include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/ShaderCompiler.h>
+#include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpvcSession.h>
+#include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/Types.h>
+
+#include <spirv-tools/libspirv.hpp>
+
+using namespace MobileGL;
+using MobileGL::MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler;
+
+namespace {
+    // The test-side reference walker, deliberately independent of the production code: a bug in
+    // the pass must not be able to hide behind the same helper. Counts OpTypeFloat declarations of
+    // a given width and collects the Offset literal of every OpMemberDecorate, in module order.
+    constexpr Uint32 kSpirvHeaderWordCount = 5;
+    constexpr Uint32 kOpTypeFloat = 22;
+    constexpr Uint32 kOpName = 5;
+    constexpr Uint32 kOpMemberDecorate = 72;
+    constexpr Uint32 kOpFConvert = 115;
+    constexpr Uint32 kOpCapability = 17;
+    constexpr Uint32 kDecorationOffset = 35;
+    constexpr Uint32 kCapabilityFloat64 = 10;
+
+    template <typename Visitor>
+    void ForEachInstruction(const Vector<Uint32>& spirv, Visitor&& visit) {
+        for (SizeT i = kSpirvHeaderWordCount; i < spirv.size();) {
+            const Uint32 wordCount = spirv[i] >> 16;
+            const Uint32 opcode = spirv[i] & 0xFFFFu;
+            if (wordCount == 0 || i + wordCount > spirv.size()) break;
+            visit(opcode, &spirv[i], wordCount);
+            i += wordCount;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Uint32 CountFloatTypesOfWidth(const Vector<Uint32>& spirv, Uint32 width) {
+        Uint32 count = 0;
+        ForEachInstruction(spirv, [&](Uint32 opcode, const Uint32* words, Uint32 wordCount) {
+            if (opcode == kOpTypeFloat && wordCount >= 3 && words[2] == width) ++count;
+        });
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    Uint32 CountFConverts(const Vector<Uint32>& spirv) {
+        Uint32 count = 0;
+        ForEachInstruction(spirv, [&](Uint32 opcode, const Uint32*, Uint32) {
+            if (opcode == kOpFConvert) ++count;
+        });
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    Bool DeclaresFloat64Capability(const Vector<Uint32>& spirv) {
+        Bool found = false;
+        ForEachInstruction(spirv, [&](Uint32 opcode, const Uint32* words, Uint32 wordCount) {
+            if (opcode == kOpCapability && wordCount >= 2 && words[1] == kCapabilityFloat64) found = true;
+        });
+        return found;
+    }
+
+    // Byte offset of every member of the struct named `blockName`, in member order.
+    Vector<Uint32> CollectOffsetsOf(const Vector<Uint32>& spirv, const String& blockName) {
+        Uint32 structId = 0;
+        ForEachInstruction(spirv, [&](Uint32 opcode, const Uint32* words, Uint32 wordCount) {
+            if (opcode != kOpName || wordCount < 3 || structId != 0) return;
+            const char* text = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&words[2]);
+            const SizeT maxBytes = (wordCount - 2) * sizeof(Uint32);
+            if (std::strncmp(text, blockName.c_str(), maxBytes) == 0) structId = words[1];
+        });
+        if (structId == 0) return {};
+
+        std::map<Uint32, Uint32> offsetByMember;
+        ForEachInstruction(spirv, [&](Uint32 opcode, const Uint32* words, Uint32 wordCount) {
+            if (opcode == kOpMemberDecorate && wordCount >= 5 && words[1] == structId &&
+                words[3] == kDecorationOffset) {
+                offsetByMember[words[2]] = words[4];
+            }
+        });
+
+        Vector<Uint32> offsets;
+        for (const auto& [member, offset] : offsetByMember) offsets.push_back(offset);
+        return offsets;
+    }
+
+    // Everything the production pipeline does to a source before the pass sees it.
+    Vector<Uint32> CompileToSpirv(GLenum stage, const String& source) {
+        using namespace MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler;
+        ShaderAttrib shaderAttrib{.shaderType = stage, .sourceStr = source};
+        auto shaderResult = ShaderCompiler::CompileShader(shaderAttrib);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(shaderResult) << (shaderResult ? String{} : shaderResult.error().log);
+        if (!shaderResult) return {};
+
+        ProgramAttrib programAttrib{.shaders = {shaderResult.value()}};
+        auto programResult = ShaderCompiler::LinkProgram(programAttrib);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(programResult) << (programResult ? String{} : programResult.error().log);
+        if (!programResult) return {};
+
+        ProgramBinaryAttrib binaryAttrib{.shaderTypes = {stage}, .program = *programResult.value()};
+        auto binaryResult = ShaderCompiler::GetSpirvBinaryFromProgram(binaryAttrib);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(binaryResult) << (binaryResult ? String{} : binaryResult.error().log);
+        if (!binaryResult || binaryResult->empty()) return {};
+        return binaryResult->front();
+    }
+
+    String Disassemble(const Vector<Uint32>& spirv) {
+        spvtools::SpirvTools tools(SPV_ENV_VULKAN_1_1);
+        String text;
+        tools.Disassemble(spirv, &text);
+        return text;
+    }
+
+    // A vertex shader that exercises every shape the pass has to handle at once: a block with
+    // double / dvec2 / dvec3 / dvec4 / dmat4 members between two floats (so a shifted offset would
+    // be visible), a default-block double uniform, a 64-bit vertex input, a double-typed array, an
+    // implicit float->double conversion and an explicit double->float one.
+    const char* kWideVertexSource = R"(#version 460 core
+layout(std140, binding = 0) uniform Blk {
+    float a;
+    double d;
+    dvec2  v2;
+    dvec3  v3;
+    dvec4  v4;
+    dmat4  m4;
+    double arr[3];
+    float  z;
+};
+layout(location = 0) uniform double uScale;
+layout(location = 0) in dvec3 inPos;
+layout(location = 1) in vec3 inNormal;
+layout(location = 0) out float vOut;
+void main() {
+    double s = d * uScale + a;
+    dvec3 p = inPos * v3 + v2.xyx + v4.xyz + dvec3(m4[0].xyz);
+    s += p.x + p.y + p.z + arr[0] + arr[1] + arr[2] + z + 0.5lf;
+    vOut = float(s) + inNormal.x;
+    gl_Position = vec4(float(s));
+}
+)";
+} // namespace
+
+class DemoteFloat64Test : public ::testing::Test {
+protected:
+    void SetUp() override {
+        MobileGL::Initialize();
+        ShaderCompiler::SetSpirvValidationEnabled(true);
+        m_validationFailuresAtStart = ShaderCompiler::SpirvValidationFailureCount();
+    }
+
+    void TearDown() override {
+        // The wrapper validates its OUTPUT on every run, so this covers every demotion the test
+        // performed without any of them having to say so.
+        EXPECT_EQ(ShaderCompiler::SpirvValidationFailureCount(), m_validationFailuresAtStart)
+            << "the demoted module did not survive spirv-val";
+    }
+
+    Uint64 m_validationFailuresAtStart = 0;
+};
+
+TEST_F(DemoteFloat64Test, DemotesEveryWidthAndDropsTheCapability) {
+    const Vector<Uint32> input = CompileToSpirv(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kWideVertexSource);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(input.empty());
+    ASSERT_EQ(CountFloatTypesOfWidth(input, 64), 1u) << Disassemble(input);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(DeclaresFloat64Capability(input));
+
+    Vector<Uint32> output;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ShaderCompiler::DemoteFloat64ToFloat32(input, output));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(CountFloatTypesOfWidth(output, 64), 0u) << Disassemble(output);
+    // And exactly one 32-bit float type survives: the merge has to happen, or spirv-val rejects
+    // the second declaration.
+    EXPECT_EQ(CountFloatTypesOfWidth(output, 32), 1u) << Disassemble(output);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(DeclaresFloat64Capability(output));
+}
+
+TEST_F(DemoteFloat64Test, RederivesTheStd140LayoutOfADemotedUniformBlock) {
+    const String source = R"(#version 460 core
+layout(std140, binding = 0) uniform Blk {
+    float  a;
+    double d;
+    dvec2  v2;
+    dvec3  v3;
+    dvec4  v4;
+    dmat4  m4;
+    double arr[3];
+    float  z;
+};
+layout(location = 0) out float vOut;
+void main() {
+    vOut = float(d + v2.x + v3.y + v4.z + m4[2].w + arr[1] + a + z);
+    gl_Position = vec4(vOut);
+}
+)";
+    const Vector<Uint32> input = CompileToSpirv(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, source);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(input.empty());
+    // What glslang laid out for the 64-bit members, which is what an application computing
+    // std140 by hand would also get.
+    EXPECT_EQ(CollectOffsetsOf(input, "Blk"), (Vector<Uint32>{0, 8, 16, 32, 64, 96, 224, 272}))
+        << Disassemble(input);
+
+    Vector<Uint32> output;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ShaderCompiler::DemoteFloat64ToFloat32(input, output));
+
+    // std140 for the demoted members: float at 4, vec2 at 8, vec3 at 16 (aligned like a vec4),
+    // vec4 at 32, mat4 at 48 with a 16-byte column stride, the array at 112 with the std140
+    // 16-byte element stride, and the trailing float at 160. This is what SPIRV-Cross has to be
+    // able to re-derive for GLSL ES, which has no member layout(offset=) to fall back on.
+    EXPECT_EQ(CollectOffsetsOf(output, "Blk"), (Vector<Uint32>{0, 4, 8, 16, 32, 48, 112, 160}))
+        << Disassemble(output);
+    const String text = Disassemble(output);
+    EXPECT_NE(text.find("MatrixStride 16"), String::npos) << text;
+    EXPECT_NE(text.find("ArrayStride 16"), String::npos) << text;
+}
+
+TEST_F(DemoteFloat64Test, RederivesTheStd430LayoutOfADemotedStorageBlock) {
+    const String source = R"(#version 460 core
+layout(std430, binding = 0) buffer Ssbo {
+    double head;
+    dvec4  wide;
+    double tail[4];
+};
+layout(location = 0) out float vOut;
+void main() {
+    vOut = float(head + wide.w + tail[3]);
+    gl_Position = vec4(vOut);
+}
+)";
+    const Vector<Uint32> input = CompileToSpirv(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, source);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(input.empty());
+    EXPECT_EQ(CollectOffsetsOf(input, "Ssbo"), (Vector<Uint32>{0, 32, 64})) << Disassemble(input);
+
+    Vector<Uint32> output;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ShaderCompiler::DemoteFloat64ToFloat32(input, output));
+
+    // std430, so the array packs at its element size rather than being rounded to 16: float at 0,
+    // vec4 at 16, float[4] at 32 with a 4-byte stride. A storage block must NOT come out std140,
+    // which is the whole reason the packing is chosen per storage class.
+    EXPECT_EQ(CollectOffsetsOf(output, "Ssbo"), (Vector<Uint32>{0, 16, 32})) << Disassemble(output);
+    EXPECT_NE(Disassemble(output).find("ArrayStride 4"), String::npos) << Disassemble(output);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DemoteFloat64Test, LeavesTheLayoutOfABlockWithoutDoublesAlone) {
+    const String source = R"(#version 460 core
+layout(std140, binding = 0) uniform Blk {
+    float a;
+    vec3  v3;
+    mat4  m4;
+};
+layout(std140, binding = 1) uniform Wide {
+    float w;
+    double d;
+};
+layout(location = 0) out float vOut;
+void main() {
+    vOut = float(a + v3.y + m4[1].z + float(d) + w);
+    gl_Position = vec4(vOut);
+}
+)";
+    const Vector<Uint32> input = CompileToSpirv(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, source);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(input.empty());
+    const Vector<Uint32> before = CollectOffsetsOf(input, "Blk");
+    ASSERT_FALSE(before.empty());
+
+    Vector<Uint32> output;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ShaderCompiler::DemoteFloat64ToFloat32(input, output));
+
+    // Only the block that actually narrowed is re-laid-out. Touching the other one would be
+    // churn at best, and a disagreement with glslang's own layout at worst.
+    EXPECT_EQ(CollectOffsetsOf(output, "Blk"), before) << Disassemble(output);
+    EXPECT_EQ(CollectOffsetsOf(output, "Wide"), (Vector<Uint32>{0, 4})) << Disassemble(output);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DemoteFloat64Test, FoldsTheConversionsThatBecameIdentities) {
+    const Vector<Uint32> input = CompileToSpirv(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kWideVertexSource);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(input.empty());
+    ASSERT_GT(CountFConverts(input), 0u) << "the fixture no longer converts between the two widths";
+
+    Vector<Uint32> output;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ShaderCompiler::DemoteFloat64ToFloat32(input, output));
+
+    // SPIR-V requires the two component widths of an OpFConvert to differ, so every one of them
+    // has to be gone: both sides are 32 bits now.
+    EXPECT_EQ(CountFConverts(output), 0u) << Disassemble(output);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DemoteFloat64Test, NarrowsDoubleConstantsToTheirFloatValue) {
+    const String source = R"(#version 460 core
+layout(location = 0) out float outValue;
+void main() {
+    double d = 0.5lf;
+    outValue = float(d * 0.25lf);
+    gl_Position = vec4(0.0);
+}
+)";
+    const Vector<Uint32> input = CompileToSpirv(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, source);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(input.empty());
+
+    Vector<Uint32> output;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ShaderCompiler::DemoteFloat64ToFloat32(input, output));
+
+    // A 64-bit literal is two words wide and a 32-bit one is a single word, so a constant left
+    // unconverted is not merely imprecise - it is an unparseable instruction. Disassembling both
+    // values proves the re-encode produced the right number, not just the right width.
+    const String text = Disassemble(output);
+    EXPECT_NE(text.find("OpConstant %float 0.5"), String::npos) << text;
+    EXPECT_NE(text.find("OpConstant %float 0.25"), String::npos) << text;
+}
+
+TEST_F(DemoteFloat64Test, LeavesAModuleWithoutDoublesByteIdentical) {
+    const String source = R"(#version 460 core
+layout(location = 0) in vec4 inPos;
+void main() { gl_Position = inPos; }
+)";
+    const Vector<Uint32> input = CompileToSpirv(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, source);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(input.empty());
+
+    Vector<Uint32> output;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ShaderCompiler::DemoteFloat64ToFloat32(input, output));
+    // The pass reports SuccessWithoutChange here, and SPIRV-Tools asserts (in assert-enabled
+    // builds) that such a run round-trips byte-identically.
+    EXPECT_EQ(output, input);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DemoteFloat64Test, DeclinesAModuleThatBitcastsAcrossTheWidthBoundary) {
+    // packDouble2x32 is defined only for a 64-bit result: there is no 32-bit answer to give, and
+    // narrowing one side of the surrounding OpBitcast alone produces a module spirv-val rejects.
+    // The contract is that such a module comes back untouched rather than broken.
+    const String source = R"(#version 460 core
+#extension GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 : require
+layout(location = 0) uniform uvec2 uPacked;
+layout(location = 0) out float outValue;
+void main() {
+    double d = packDouble2x32(uPacked);
+    outValue = float(d);
+    gl_Position = vec4(0.0);
+}
+)";
+    const Vector<Uint32> input = CompileToSpirv(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, source);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(input.empty());
+    ASSERT_EQ(CountFloatTypesOfWidth(input, 64), 1u) << Disassemble(input);
+
+    Vector<Uint32> output;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ShaderCompiler::DemoteFloat64ToFloat32(input, output));
+    EXPECT_EQ(output, input) << Disassemble(output);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ShaderCompiler::ModuleDeclaresFloat64(output));
+}
+
+TEST_F(DemoteFloat64Test, ModuleDeclaresFloat64AnswersBothWays) {
+    const Vector<Uint32> wide = CompileToSpirv(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kWideVertexSource);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(wide.empty());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ShaderCompiler::ModuleDeclaresFloat64(wide));
+
+    Vector<Uint32> demoted;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ShaderCompiler::DemoteFloat64ToFloat32(wide, demoted));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(ShaderCompiler::ModuleDeclaresFloat64(demoted));
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(ShaderCompiler::ModuleDeclaresFloat64({}));
+}
+
+TEST_F(DemoteFloat64Test, TheSharedChainDemotesToo) {
+    // Production never calls the pass on its own: it reaches it through the one chain every
+    // module goes through at link, on both backends.
+    const Vector<Uint32> input = CompileToSpirv(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kWideVertexSource);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(input.empty());
+
+    Vector<Uint32> output;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ShaderCompiler::SanitizeAndOptimizeBinary(input, output));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(ShaderCompiler::ModuleDeclaresFloat64(output)) << Disassemble(output);
+}
+
+// The payoff on the Espryt path: SPIRV-Cross throws "FP64 not supported in ES profile" for every
+// one of these before demotion, so the program simply could not be transpiled at all.
+class DemoteFloat64EsslTest : public DemoteFloat64Test, public ::testing::WithParamInterface<const char*> {};
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+    Shapes, DemoteFloat64EsslTest,
+    ::testing::Values(
+        // A double that never reaches an interface: locals and literals only.
+        R"(#version 460 core
+layout(location = 0) out float vOut;
+void main() {
+    double s = 0.5lf;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) s = s * 1.5lf + 0.25lf;
+    vOut = float(s);
+    gl_Position = vec4(float(s));
+}
+)",
+        // A default-block double uniform: the glUniform*d path, and the block MobileGL lays out
+        // itself.
+        R"(#version 460 core
+layout(location = 0) uniform double uScale;
+layout(location = 1) uniform dvec3 uOffset;
+layout(location = 2) uniform dmat4 uTransform;
+layout(location = 0) out float vOut;
+void main() {
+    dvec3 p = uOffset * uScale + dvec3(uTransform[1].xyz);
+    vOut = float(p.x + p.y + p.z);
+    gl_Position = vec4(float(p.x));
+}
+)",
+        // An application-declared std140 block whose members are 64-bit.
+        R"(#version 460 core
+layout(std140, binding = 0) uniform Blk {
+    float  a;
+    double d;
+    dvec2  v2;
+    dvec3  v3;
+    dvec4  v4;
+    dmat4  m4;
+    double arr[3];
+    float  z;
+};
+layout(location = 0) out float vOut;
+void main() {
+    double s = d + v2.x + v3.y + v4.z + m4[2].w + arr[1] + a + z;
+    vOut = float(s);
+    gl_Position = vec4(float(s));
+}
+)",
+        // A 64-bit vertex input, which is what glVertexAttribLFormat feeds.
+        R"(#version 460 core
+layout(location = 0) in dvec3 inPos;
+layout(location = 2) in double inWeight;
+layout(location = 0) out float vOut;
+void main() {
+    vOut = float(inPos.x + inPos.y + inPos.z + inWeight);
+    gl_Position = vec4(vOut);
+}
+)",
+        // An std430 storage block, whose double members pack differently again.
+        R"(#version 460 core
+layout(std430, binding = 0) buffer Ssbo {
+    double head;
+    dvec4  wide;
+    double tail[4];
+};
+layout(location = 0) out float vOut;
+void main() {
+    double s = head + wide.w + tail[3];
+    vOut = float(s);
+    gl_Position = vec4(float(s));
+}
+)"));
+
+TEST_P(DemoteFloat64EsslTest, TheDemotedModuleCanBeEmittedAsEssl) {
+    using namespace MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler;
+    const Vector<Uint32> input = CompileToSpirv(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, GetParam());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(input.empty());
+
+    Vector<Uint32> output;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ShaderCompiler::SanitizeAndOptimizeBinary(input, output));
+
+    SpvcSession session(output, SessionUsageBit::Transpile);
+    spvc_compiler_options options;
+    ASSERT_EQ(session.CreateOptions(&options), SPVC_SUCCESS);
+    spvc_compiler_options_set_uint(options, SPVC_COMPILER_OPTION_GLSL_VERSION, 320);
+    spvc_compiler_options_set_bool(options, SPVC_COMPILER_OPTION_GLSL_ES, SPVC_TRUE);
+    spvc_compiler_options_set_bool(options, SPVC_COMPILER_OPTION_GLSL_VULKAN_SEMANTICS, SPVC_FALSE);
+    ASSERT_EQ(session.SetOptions(options), SPVC_SUCCESS);
+
+    auto essl = ShaderCompiler::DecompileShader(session);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(essl) << essl.error().log;
+    EXPECT_NE(essl->find("#version 320 es"), String::npos) << *essl;
+    // ESSL has no 64-bit float spelling at all, so any of these in the output is SPIRV-Cross
+    // having emitted something no ES driver will compile.
+    EXPECT_EQ(essl->find("double"), String::npos) << *essl;
+    EXPECT_EQ(essl->find("dvec"), String::npos) << *essl;
+    EXPECT_EQ(essl->find("dmat"), String::npos) << *essl;
+}
+
+TEST_F(DemoteFloat64Test, RejectsGarbageInput) {
+    const Vector<Uint32> notSpirv{0xdeadbeefu, 0u, 0u, 0u, 0u};
+    Vector<Uint32> output;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(ShaderCompiler::DemoteFloat64ToFloat32(notSpirv, output));
+}

MobileGL/MG_Test/ShaderTranspiler/FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksTest.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Test/ShaderTranspiler/FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksTest.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <set>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "Includes.h"
+#include "Init.h"
+#include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/ShaderCompiler.h>
+#include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpvcSession.h>
+#include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/Types.h>
+
+#include <spirv-tools/libspirv.hpp>
+
+using namespace MobileGL;
+using MobileGL::MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::SessionUsageBit;
+using MobileGL::MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler;
+using MobileGL::MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::SpvcSession;
+
+namespace {
+    Vector<Uint32> CompileToSpirv(GLenum stage, const String& source) {
+        using namespace MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler;
+        ShaderAttrib shaderAttrib{.shaderType = stage, .sourceStr = source};
+        auto shaderResult = ShaderCompiler::CompileShader(shaderAttrib);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(shaderResult) << (shaderResult ? String{} : shaderResult.error().log);
+        if (!shaderResult) return {};
+
+        ProgramAttrib programAttrib{.shaders = {shaderResult.value()}};
+        auto programResult = ShaderCompiler::LinkProgram(programAttrib);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(programResult) << (programResult ? String{} : programResult.error().log);
+        if (!programResult) return {};
+
+        ProgramBinaryAttrib binaryAttrib{.shaderTypes = {stage}, .program = *programResult.value()};
+        auto binaryResult = ShaderCompiler::GetSpirvBinaryFromProgram(binaryAttrib);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(binaryResult) << (binaryResult ? String{} : binaryResult.error().log);
+        if (!binaryResult || binaryResult->empty()) return {};
+        return binaryResult->front();
+    }
+
+    String Disassemble(const Vector<Uint32>& spirv) {
+        spvtools::SpirvTools tools(SPV_ENV_VULKAN_1_1);
+        String text;
+        tools.Disassemble(spirv, &text);
+        return text;
+    }
+
+    String Transpile(const Vector<Uint32>& spirv) {
+        SpvcSession session(spirv, SessionUsageBit::Transpile);
+        auto essl = ShaderCompiler::DecompileShader(session);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(essl) << (essl ? String{} : essl.error().log);
+        return essl ? essl.value() : String{};
+    }
+
+    // The KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding.basic-input capture program's output side, verbatim:
+    // a 16-element vec4 array inside a named output block, which is what the capture list
+    // addresses member by member ("StageData.attrib[0]" ... "StageData.attrib[15]").
+    const char* kCaptureVertexSource = R"(#version 430 core
+layout(location = 0) in vec4 vs_in_attrib;
+out StageData {
+  vec4 attrib[16];
+} vs_out;
+void main() {
+  for (int i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
+    vs_out.attrib[i] = vs_in_attrib;
+  }
+}
+)";
+
+    // Mixed member widths, so a member that claims the wrong number of locations moves every
+    // member after it.
+    // 440, because a location on the BLOCK is ARB_enhanced_layouts.
+    const char* kMixedBlockVertexSource = R"(#version 440 core
+layout(location = 0) in vec4 vs_in_attrib;
+layout(location = 0) out StageData {
+  vec4 first;
+  vec2 second;
+  mat4 third;
+  vec4 fourth;
+} vs_out;
+void main() {
+  vs_out.first = vs_in_attrib;
+  vs_out.second = vs_in_attrib.xy;
+  vs_out.third = mat4(vs_in_attrib.x);
+  vs_out.fourth = vs_in_attrib;
+}
+)";
+} // namespace
+
+class FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksTest : public ::testing::Test {
+protected:
+    void SetUp() override {
+        MobileGL::Initialize();
+        ShaderCompiler::SetSpirvValidationEnabled(true);
+        m_validationFailuresAtStart = ShaderCompiler::SpirvValidationFailureCount();
+    }
+
+    void TearDown() override {
+        EXPECT_EQ(ShaderCompiler::SpirvValidationFailureCount(), m_validationFailuresAtStart)
+            << "the flattened module did not survive spirv-val";
+    }
+
+    Uint64 m_validationFailuresAtStart = 0;
+};
+
+TEST_F(FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksTest, FlattensACapturedBlockIntoOneVariablePerMember) {
+    const Vector<Uint32> input = CompileToSpirv(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kCaptureVertexSource);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(input.empty());
+
+    std::set<String> flattened;
+    Vector<Uint32> output;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ShaderCompiler::FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksForEssl(input, {"StageData"}, flattened, output));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(output.empty());
+    EXPECT_EQ(flattened, (std::set<String>{"StageData"}));
+
+    const String dis = Disassemble(output);
+    spvtools::SpirvTools tools(SPV_ENV_VULKAN_1_1);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tools.Validate(output)) << dis;
+    EXPECT_NE(dis.find("StageData_attrib"), String::npos) << dis;
+    // The block itself must have stopped being an interface variable, or the driver would see
+    // both spellings of the same data.
+    EXPECT_NE(dis.find("Private"), String::npos) << dis;
+}
+
+// The declaration is the point of the whole exercise: the emitted ESSL has to declare a plain
+// output ARRAY, not an interface block, because that is the shape the Adreno driver can capture.
+// SPIR-V validation does NOT catch the difference - leaving the struct's Block decoration on the
+// demoted shadow produced a module that validated and emitted `StageData vs_out;` next to a block
+// declaration the driver rejected with a bare "'vs_out' : syntax error".
+TEST_F(FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksTest, TheEmittedDeclarationIsAPlainArrayNotABlock) {
+    const Vector<Uint32> input = CompileToSpirv(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kCaptureVertexSource);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(input.empty());
+
+    // Negative control: untouched, the block is emitted AS a block.
+    const String before = Transpile(input);
+    EXPECT_NE(before.find("out StageData"), String::npos) << before;
+    EXPECT_EQ(before.find("StageData_attrib"), String::npos) << before;
+
+    std::set<String> flattened;
+    Vector<Uint32> output;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ShaderCompiler::FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksForEssl(input, {"StageData"}, flattened, output));
+
+    const String after = Transpile(output);
+    EXPECT_NE(after.find("StageData_attrib[16]"), String::npos) << after;
+    EXPECT_EQ(after.find("out StageData"), String::npos)
+        << "the block must not still be declared as an output block:\n"
+        << after;
+}
+
+// GL 4.6 core 11.1.2.1: consecutive members take consecutive locations, and a member takes as
+// many as its type needs. Getting a span wrong silently moves every member after it.
+TEST_F(FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksTest, GivesEachMemberItsOwnConsecutiveLocations) {
+    const Vector<Uint32> input = CompileToSpirv(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kMixedBlockVertexSource);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(input.empty());
+
+    std::set<String> flattened;
+    Vector<Uint32> output;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ShaderCompiler::FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksForEssl(input, {"StageData"}, flattened, output));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(output.empty());
+
+    const String dis = Disassemble(output);
+    spvtools::SpirvTools tools(SPV_ENV_VULKAN_1_1);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tools.Validate(output)) << dis;
+    EXPECT_NE(dis.find("OpDecorate %StageData_first Location 0"), String::npos) << dis;
+    EXPECT_NE(dis.find("OpDecorate %StageData_second Location 1"), String::npos) << dis;
+    EXPECT_NE(dis.find("OpDecorate %StageData_third Location 2"), String::npos) << dis;
+    // mat4 takes four, so the member after it starts at 2 + 4.
+    EXPECT_NE(dis.find("OpDecorate %StageData_fourth Location 6"), String::npos) << dis;
+}
+
+// Nothing captures this block, so nothing may touch it: a shader that merely HAS an output
+// block must reach the driver exactly as it was.
+TEST_F(FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksTest, LeavesABlockNoCaptureNamesAlone) {
+    const Vector<Uint32> input = CompileToSpirv(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kCaptureVertexSource);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(input.empty());
+
+    std::set<String> flattened;
+    Vector<Uint32> output;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(
+        ShaderCompiler::FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksForEssl(input, {"SomeOtherBlock"}, flattened, output));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(flattened.empty());
+
+    const String after = Transpile(output);
+    EXPECT_NE(after.find("out StageData"), String::npos) << after;
+    EXPECT_EQ(after.find("StageData_attrib"), String::npos) << after;
+}
+
+// An empty request must not even run the optimizer: every program without transform feedback
+// takes this path on every build.
+TEST_F(FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksTest, DeclinesAnEmptyRequestWithoutRewriting) {
+    const Vector<Uint32> input = CompileToSpirv(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kCaptureVertexSource);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(input.empty());
+
+    std::set<String> flattened;
+    Vector<Uint32> output;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(ShaderCompiler::FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksForEssl(input, {}, flattened, output));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(flattened.empty());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(output.empty());
+}
+
+// The capture list has to follow the declaration exactly, and only for blocks that were
+// actually rewritten - a member of a block left alone keeps the application's spelling, and so
+// does a name with no block prefix at all (gl_Position, a plain varying).
+TEST_F(FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksTest, RewritesOnlyTheCaptureNamesOfFlattenedBlocks) {
+    String rewritten;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ShaderCompiler::RewriteXfbCaptureNameForFlattenedBlock("StageData.attrib[0]", {"StageData"},
+                                                                       rewritten));
+    EXPECT_EQ(rewritten, "StageData_attrib[0]");
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(
+        ShaderCompiler::RewriteXfbCaptureNameForFlattenedBlock("StageData.attrib", {"StageData"}, rewritten));
+    EXPECT_EQ(rewritten, "StageData_attrib");
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(
+        ShaderCompiler::RewriteXfbCaptureNameForFlattenedBlock("Other.member", {"StageData"}, rewritten));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(ShaderCompiler::RewriteXfbCaptureNameForFlattenedBlock("gl_Position", {"StageData"}, rewritten));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(ShaderCompiler::RewriteXfbCaptureNameForFlattenedBlock("vColor", {"StageData"}, rewritten));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(ShaderCompiler::RewriteXfbCaptureNameForFlattenedBlock(".leading", {"StageData"}, rewritten));
+}

MobileGL/MG_Test/State/NegativeApiErrorsTest.cpp

@@ -128,6 +128,134 @@ namespace {
         DrainErrors();
     }
 
+    // KHR-GL44.multi_bind.errors_bind_textures / .errors_bind_image_textures / .errors_bind_samplers.
+    // Both entry points were silent no-op stubs, so every row here answered GL_NO_ERROR.
+    // errors_bind_samplers is in the list because that case checks the invalid-name rule by calling
+    // glBindTextures with a sampler-name array - a name from the wrong namespace is simply not an
+    // existing texture.
+    TEST_F(NegativeApiErrorsTest, MultiBindTexturesRejectsBadRangesAndNames) {
+        GLint maxUnits = 0;
+        GetIntegerv(GL_MAX_COMBINED_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS, &maxUnits);
+        ASSERT_GT(maxUnits, 0);
+        GLint maxImageUnits = 0;
+        GetIntegerv(GL_MAX_IMAGE_UNITS, &maxImageUnits);
+
+        GLuint texture = 0;
+        GenTextures(1, &texture);
+        BindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
+        TexStorage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 1, GL_RGBA8, 4, 4);
+
+        // Reserved by glGenTextures but never bound: not an object yet, so the multi-bind entry
+        // points must refuse it instead of creating it the way glBindTexture would.
+        GLuint reservedOnly = 0;
+        GenTextures(1, &reservedOnly);
+        ASSERT_NE(reservedOnly, 0u);
+        ASSERT_EQ(IsTexture(reservedOnly), GL_FALSE);
+        DrainErrors();
+
+        const GLuint good[1] = {texture};
+        const GLuint mixed[2] = {texture, reservedOnly};
+
+        std::vector<Row> rows = {
+            {"glBindTextures with negative count", [&] { BindTextures(0, -1, good); }, GL_INVALID_VALUE},
+            {"glBindTextures with first + count past the last unit",
+             [&] { BindTextures(static_cast<GLuint>(maxUnits), 1, good); }, GL_INVALID_OPERATION},
+            {"glBindTextures with a reserved-but-uncreated name", [&] { BindTextures(0, 2, mixed); },
+             GL_INVALID_OPERATION},
+            {"glBindImageTextures with negative count", [&] { BindImageTextures(0, -1, good); }, GL_INVALID_VALUE},
+        };
+        if (maxImageUnits > 0) {
+            rows.push_back({"glBindImageTextures with first + count past the last image unit",
+                            [&] { BindImageTextures(static_cast<GLuint>(maxImageUnits), 1, good); },
+                            GL_INVALID_OPERATION});
+            rows.push_back({"glBindImageTextures with a reserved-but-uncreated name",
+                            [&] { BindImageTextures(0, 2, mixed); }, GL_INVALID_OPERATION});
+        }
+        RunRows(rows);
+
+        // The loop semantics again: the good element at index 0 binds, the bad one does not.
+        GLint bound = -1;
+        GetIntegeri_v(GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_2D, 0, &bound);
+        EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<GLuint>(bound), texture) << "a rejected element must not take the valid ones with it";
+        GetIntegeri_v(GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_2D, 1, &bound);
+        EXPECT_EQ(bound, 0) << "the rejected element must not have bound anything";
+        DrainErrors();
+    }
+
+    // KHR-GL44.multi_bind.functional_bind_textures / .functional_bind_image_textures: the binding
+    // has to land on the texture's OWN target - glBindTextures takes no target parameter - and
+    // element zero has to unbind every target of its unit.
+    TEST_F(NegativeApiErrorsTest, MultiBindTexturesBindsToTheTexturesOwnTarget) {
+        GLuint textures[2] = {0, 0};
+        GenTextures(2, textures);
+        BindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_1D, textures[0]);
+        TexStorage1D(GL_TEXTURE_1D, 1, GL_RGBA8, 4);
+        BindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_3D, textures[1]);
+        TexStorage3D(GL_TEXTURE_3D, 1, GL_RGBA8, 4, 4, 4);
+        // Leave the active unit's slots clean so only the multi-bind result is under test.
+        BindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_1D, 0);
+        BindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_3D, 0);
+        DrainErrors();
+
+        BindTextures(0, 2, textures);
+        EXPECT_EQ(GetError(), GL_NO_ERROR);
+
+        GLint bound = -1;
+        GetIntegeri_v(GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_1D, 0, &bound);
+        EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<GLuint>(bound), textures[0]) << "a 1D texture must land on the unit's 1D slot";
+        GetIntegeri_v(GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_3D, 0, &bound);
+        EXPECT_EQ(bound, 0) << "no other target of the unit may be touched";
+        GetIntegeri_v(GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_3D, 1, &bound);
+        EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<GLuint>(bound), textures[1]) << "a 3D texture must land on the unit's 3D slot";
+
+        // A zero element - and a NULL array - unbind EVERY target of the unit, not just one.
+        const GLuint zeros[1] = {0};
+        BindTextures(0, 1, zeros);
+        GetIntegeri_v(GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_1D, 0, &bound);
+        EXPECT_EQ(bound, 0);
+        BindTextures(1, 1, nullptr);
+        GetIntegeri_v(GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_3D, 1, &bound);
+        EXPECT_EQ(bound, 0) << "a NULL <textures> unbinds the range";
+        EXPECT_EQ(GetError(), GL_NO_ERROR);
+
+        GLint maxImageUnits = 0;
+        GetIntegerv(GL_MAX_IMAGE_UNITS, &maxImageUnits);
+        if (maxImageUnits > 0) {
+            // ARB_multi_bind fixes every glBindImageTexture parameter but the unit and the name:
+            // level 0, layered, layer 0, READ_WRITE, and the texture's own internal format.
+            BindImageTextures(0, 1, &textures[1]);
+            EXPECT_EQ(GetError(), GL_NO_ERROR);
+            GetIntegeri_v(GL_IMAGE_BINDING_NAME, 0, &bound);
+            EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<GLuint>(bound), textures[1]);
+            GetIntegeri_v(GL_IMAGE_BINDING_LEVEL, 0, &bound);
+            EXPECT_EQ(bound, 0);
+            GetIntegeri_v(GL_IMAGE_BINDING_LAYERED, 0, &bound);
+            EXPECT_EQ(bound, GL_TRUE);
+            GetIntegeri_v(GL_IMAGE_BINDING_ACCESS, 0, &bound);
+            EXPECT_EQ(bound, GL_READ_WRITE);
+            GetIntegeri_v(GL_IMAGE_BINDING_FORMAT, 0, &bound);
+            EXPECT_EQ(bound, GL_RGBA8);
+
+            BindImageTextures(0, 1, nullptr);
+            GetIntegeri_v(GL_IMAGE_BINDING_NAME, 0, &bound);
+            EXPECT_EQ(bound, 0) << "a NULL <textures> resets the image unit";
+        }
+
+        // Through the EXPORTED entry points, not just the GLImpl functions: both of these were
+        // declared with the stub macro, so a working implementation that is never wired into
+        // Definitions.cpp still answers GL_NO_ERROR and binds nothing.
+        ::glBindTextures(0, 1, &textures[0]);
+        GetIntegeri_v(GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_1D, 0, &bound);
+        EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<GLuint>(bound), textures[0]) << "glBindTextures is still exported as a no-op stub";
+        if (maxImageUnits > 0) {
+            ::glBindImageTextures(0, 1, &textures[1]);
+            GetIntegeri_v(GL_IMAGE_BINDING_NAME, 0, &bound);
+            EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<GLuint>(bound), textures[1])
+                << "glBindImageTextures is still exported as a no-op stub";
+        }
+        DrainErrors();
+    }
+
     TEST_F(NegativeApiErrorsTest, BufferRangeOffsetAlignmentAppliesToTheBindingPoint) {
         GLint ssboAlignment = 0;
         GetIntegerv(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER_OFFSET_ALIGNMENT, &ssboAlignment);

MobileGL/MG_Util/BackendLoaders/OpenGL/Loader.cpp

@@ -540,6 +540,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Util::BackendLoader {
             INIT_GLES_FUNC_OPTIONAL(glMultiDrawArraysIndirectEXT)
             INIT_GLES_FUNC_OPTIONAL(glMultiDrawElementsIndirectEXT)
             INIT_GLES_FUNC_OPTIONAL(glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertexEXT)
+
+            INIT_GLES_FUNC_OPTIONAL(glDrawArraysInstancedBaseInstanceEXT)
+            INIT_GLES_FUNC_OPTIONAL(glDrawElementsInstancedBaseInstanceEXT)
+            INIT_GLES_FUNC_OPTIONAL(glDrawElementsInstancedBaseVertexBaseInstanceEXT)
         }
     }
 
@@ -851,6 +855,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Util::BackendLoader {
         // Resolved into caps.TextureBufferSupport below, once the ES version is also known.
         Bool hasExtTextureBuffer = false;
         Bool hasOesTextureBuffer = false;
+        // Combined with the three entry points below; DirectGLES emulates baseInstance when this
+        // comes out false, so a stub pointer counting as support would silently break the draws.
+        Bool hasBaseInstanceExtension = false;
         for (GLint i = 0; i < extCount; ++i) {
             const char* extension = (const char*)glesFuncs.glGetStringi(GL_EXTENSIONS, i);
             if (extension) {
@@ -891,7 +898,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Util::BackendLoader {
                     hasOesTextureBuffer = true;
                 }
                 if (std::strcmp(extension, "GL_EXT_base_instance") == 0) {
-                    caps.SupportsBaseInstance = true;
+                    hasBaseInstanceExtension = true;
                 }
                 if (std::strcmp(extension, "GL_EXT_disjoint_timer_query") == 0) {
                     caps.SupportsDisjointTimerQuery = true;
@@ -929,6 +936,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Util::BackendLoader {
         caps.SupportsMultiDrawElementsBaseVertex = hasDrawElementsBaseVertexExtension &&
                                                    hasMultiDrawArraysExtension &&
                                                    glesFuncs.glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertexEXT != nullptr;
+        // All three, not any: DirectGLES picks native-vs-emulated once per draw entry point off
+        // this single flag, so a driver that resolved only some of them must count as absent.
+        caps.SupportsBaseInstance = hasBaseInstanceExtension &&
+                                    glesFuncs.glDrawArraysInstancedBaseInstanceEXT != nullptr &&
+                                    glesFuncs.glDrawElementsInstancedBaseInstanceEXT != nullptr &&
+                                    glesFuncs.glDrawElementsInstancedBaseVertexBaseInstanceEXT != nullptr;
         // Core from ES 3.2 on, so an extension string is not required there; below 3.2 the
         // extension is, and the pointer still has to have resolved either way.
         const Bool esAtLeast32 = caps.GLESVersion.Major > 3 ||
@@ -963,6 +976,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Util::BackendLoader {
         MGLOG_I("    draw elements base vertex (ES 3.2 core or EXT/OES_draw_elements_base_vertex): %s",
                 caps.SupportsDrawElementsBaseVertex ? "yes" : "no");
         MGLOG_I("    compute shaders (ES 3.1 core): %s", caps.SupportsComputeShader ? "yes" : "no");
+        MGLOG_I("    base instance (EXT_base_instance; emulated by attribute offsets when absent): %s",
+                caps.SupportsBaseInstance ? "yes" : "no");
 
         MGLOG_I("OpenGL ES capabilities:");
         glesFuncs.glGetIntegerv(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_OFFSET_ALIGNMENT, &caps.UniformBufferOffsetAlignment);

MobileGL/MG_Util/BackendLoaders/OpenGL/Loader.h

@@ -638,6 +638,17 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             GL_FUNC_TYPEDEF(void, glBruh)
             GL_FUNC_TYPEDEF(void, glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertexEXT, GLenum mode, const GLsizei* count, GLenum type,
                             const void* const* indices, GLsizei drawcount, const GLint* basevertex)
+
+            // GL_EXT_base_instance. Where a driver has these, the "+ baseInstance" of the
+            // instanced-array element index is the driver's job; where it does not, DirectGLES
+            // folds it into the attribute offsets instead (VertexArrayImpl::BaseInstanceByteShift).
+            GL_FUNC_TYPEDEF(void, glDrawArraysInstancedBaseInstanceEXT, GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count,
+                            GLsizei instancecount, GLuint baseinstance)
+            GL_FUNC_TYPEDEF(void, glDrawElementsInstancedBaseInstanceEXT, GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type,
+                            const void* indices, GLsizei instancecount, GLuint baseinstance)
+            GL_FUNC_TYPEDEF(void, glDrawElementsInstancedBaseVertexBaseInstanceEXT, GLenum mode, GLsizei count,
+                            GLenum type, const void* indices, GLsizei instancecount, GLint basevertex,
+                            GLuint baseinstance)
             /*
                 namespace Caps {
                     struct GLESCaps {
@@ -1034,6 +1045,10 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             GL_FUNC_DECL(glMultiDrawElementsIndirectEXT)
             GL_FUNC_DECL(glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertexEXT)
 
+            GL_FUNC_DECL(glDrawArraysInstancedBaseInstanceEXT)
+            GL_FUNC_DECL(glDrawElementsInstancedBaseInstanceEXT)
+            GL_FUNC_DECL(glDrawElementsInstancedBaseVertexBaseInstanceEXT)
+
             GL_FUNC_DECL(glBruh)
         };
 

MobileGL/MG_Util/SelfTest/DriverPost.cpp

@@ -46,6 +46,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Util::SelfTest {
             RankMobileGLReported = 5,
         };
 
+        // Both backends' fp64 rows end the same way, and the sentence they end with depends on
+        // a config flag rather than on anything either backend probes: the demotion is what
+        // makes doubles work, but GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 promises the PRECISION the demotion
+        // cannot deliver, so the string is opt-in and the row has to say which way it went.
+        String AppendFp64AdvertisementNote(String detail) {
+            if (MG_Config::Features.AdvertiseFp64) {
+                return Move(detail) +
+                       ". GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 IS advertised (MOBILEGL_ADVERTISE_FP64): an application "
+                       "that checks the string will believe it has 64-bit precision, and it does not";
+            }
+            return Move(detail) +
+                   ". GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 is not advertised, because the precision it promises is the "
+                   "one thing the demotion cannot provide; set MOBILEGL_ADVERTISE_FP64=1 to advertise it "
+                   "anyway";
+        }
+
         struct ReportBuilder {
             BackendPostReport report;
             Bool fatalFailed = false;
@@ -336,8 +352,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Util::SelfTest {
                 builder.Pass("GL_EXT_base_instance", "supported (native baseInstance draws)");
             } else {
                 builder.Info("GL_EXT_base_instance",
-                             "not supported; no impact: the native indirect path deliberately does not "
+                             "not supported; direct baseInstance draws are emulated by shifting the "
-                             "rely on it (shader-side emulation handles baseInstance semantics)");
+                             "instanced arrays' attribute offsets, and gl_BaseInstance by a uniform. "
+                             "The one gap is an INDIRECT draw whose command carries a non-zero "
+                             "baseInstance and is executed natively: its vertex fetch is not shifted");
             }
             // Both multi-draw rows gate on the capability flags, not the entry-point pointers:
             // eglGetProcAddress may hand back a non-NULL stub for these on drivers without the
@@ -484,14 +502,24 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Util::SelfTest {
                     break;
                 }
             }
-            // Reported rather than probed: this one cannot come out any other way. OpenGL ES has no
+            // Both rows are reported rather than probed: neither can come out any other way.
-            // double-precision vertex format and ESSL has no fp64 type, so there is no driver and no
+            // ESSL has no 64-bit float type at all, so no driver and no extension could change
-            // extension that could make it work - the row exists so the loss is named at startup
+            // either answer, and the rows exist so the two halves of the loss are named at
-            // instead of discovered as an unexplained GL_INVALID_OPERATION at draw setup.
+            // startup instead of discovered as a shader that will not compile or an
+            // unexplained GL_INVALID_OPERATION at draw setup.
+            builder.Pass("fp64", AppendFp64AdvertisementNote(
+                                     "demoted to fp32 - ESSL has no 64-bit float type, so every double / "
+                                     "dvec / dmat in a shader is narrowed to 32 bits before transpilation "
+                                     "(DemoteFloat64Pass). Such shaders COMPILE AND RUN, at single "
+                                     "precision; a block containing a double is re-laid-out for the "
+                                     "narrowed members, so an application that hard-codes std140 offsets "
+                                     "computed for doubles must query them instead"));
             builder.Warn("64-bit vertex attributes",
-                         "not supported on any GLES driver (ES has no GL_DOUBLE vertex format and ESSL has "
+                         "not supported (ES has no GL_DOUBLE vertex format, and after the fp64 demotion "
-                         "no fp64 type); glVertexAttribLFormat / glVertexArrayAttribLFormat report "
+                         "above there is no 64-bit shader input left to feed either); "
-                         "GL_INVALID_OPERATION - use the Vulkan backend if the application needs them");
+                         "glVertexAttribLFormat / glVertexArrayAttribLFormat report "
+                         "GL_INVALID_OPERATION - feed the attribute with glVertexAttribPointer(GL_FLOAT), "
+                         "which a demoted dvec input reads correctly");
             if (glesFuncs.glPatchParameteri != nullptr) {
                 builder.Pass("Tessellation patch parameters",
                              "glPatchParameteri present (GL_PATCH_VERTICES reaches the driver)");
@@ -1843,14 +1871,25 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Util::SelfTest {
                          "unsupported; a GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY texture gets no image at all, so sampling "
                          "one reads nothing and glFramebufferTextureLayer on one is declined");
         }
-        if (features.shaderFloat64 == VK_TRUE) {
+        // Reported whichever way the device answers, because MobileGL no longer follows the
-            builder.Pass("shaderFloat64",
+        // device here: every 64-bit float is narrowed to 32 bits before any module reaches this
-                         "GLSL double/dvec/dmat and 64-bit vertex attributes (glVertexAttribLFormat) supported");
+        // backend (DemoteFloat64Pass), so the Float64 capability is never declared and a device
-        } else {
+        // that HAS the feature gains nothing from it. The device's own answer is still worth
-            builder.Warn("shaderFloat64",
+        // printing - it is the reason the demotion is unconditional.
-                         "unsupported; any shader declaring a double fails to create a shader module, and "
+        builder.Pass("fp64", AppendFp64AdvertisementNote(
-                         "glVertexAttribLFormat reports GL_INVALID_OPERATION instead of feeding the attribute");
+                                 format("demoted to fp32 (device shaderFloat64 = {}) - every double / dvec / "
-        }
+                                        "dmat in a shader is narrowed to 32 bits before pipeline creation, so "
+                                        "such shaders BUILD AND RUN at single precision on every device "
+                                        "instead of failing to create a shader module on the ones without the "
+                                        "feature. A block containing a double is re-laid-out for the narrowed "
+                                        "members, so an application that hard-codes std140 offsets computed "
+                                        "for doubles must query them instead",
+                                        features.shaderFloat64 == VK_TRUE ? "supported" : "unsupported")));
+        builder.Warn("64-bit vertex attributes",
+                     "not supported; there is no 64-bit shader input left to feed after the fp64 demotion "
+                     "above, and no VK_FORMAT_R64*_SFLOAT vertex fetch to feed it with on most devices "
+                     "anyway. glVertexAttribLFormat reports GL_INVALID_OPERATION - feed the attribute with "
+                     "glVertexAttribPointer(GL_FLOAT), which a demoted dvec input reads correctly");
 
         Bool shaderDrawParameters = false;
         if (vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2Fn != nullptr && properties.apiVersion >= VK_API_VERSION_1_1) {

MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/ShaderCompiler.cpp

@@ -18,9 +18,13 @@
 #include "SpirvPasses/RenameBuiltinShadowingFunctionsPass.h"
 #include "SpirvPasses/DecomposeWorkgroupVec3Pass.h"
 #include "SpirvPasses/DecoratePositionInvariantPass.h"
+#include "SpirvPasses/DemoteFloat64Pass.h"
 #include "SpirvPasses/LowerDrawParametersPass.h"
 #include "SpirvPasses/PackDoubleVertexInputsPass.h"
+#include "SpirvPasses/FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass.h"
+#include "SpirvPasses/SplitArrayVertexInputsPass.h"
 #include "SpirvPasses/RebaseInstanceIndexPass.h"
+#include "SpirvPasses/ZeroBaseVertexPass.h"
 #include "SpirvPasses/NormalizeRectCoordinatesPass.h"
 #include "SpirvPasses/PrivateToEntryLocalPass.h"
 #include "SpirvPasses/StripUniformLocationsPass.h"
@@ -576,6 +580,37 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 return false;
             }
 
+            Bool ShaderCompiler::ModuleDeclaresFloat64(const Vector<Uint32>& spirv) {
+                if (spirv.empty()) {
+                    // Same reasoning as ModuleDeclaresBufferTextureSampler: a stage that produced
+                    // no SPIR-V is not a verdict about 64-bit floats, and parsing it would push a
+                    // spurious diagnostic through the message consumer.
+                    return false;
+                }
+                std::unique_ptr<spvtools::opt::IRContext> context = spvtools::BuildModule(
+                    SPV_ENV_VULKAN_1_1, MakeSpirvMessageConsumer("ModuleDeclaresFloat64"), spirv.data(),
+                    spirv.size());
+                if (!context) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                for (const spvtools::opt::Instruction& type : context->types_values()) {
+                    if (type.opcode() == spv::Op::OpTypeFloat && type.NumInOperands() >= 1 &&
+                        type.GetSingleWordInOperand(0) == 64) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            bool ShaderCompiler::DemoteFloat64ToFloat32(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
+                                                        Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary) {
+                using namespace spvtools;
+                Optimizer optimizer(SPV_ENV_VULKAN_1_1);
+                optimizer.RegisterPass(DemoteFloat64Pass::CreateDemoteFloat64Pass());
+
+                return RunOptimizerChecked("DemoteFloat64ToFloat32", optimizer, inputBinary, outputBinary);
+            }
+
             bool ShaderCompiler::SanitizeAndOptimizeBinary(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
                                                            Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary) {
                 using namespace spvtools;
@@ -614,6 +649,17 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                     RenameBuiltinShadowingFunctionsPass::CreateRenameBuiltinShadowingFunctionsPass());
                 optimizer.RegisterPass(EliminateFloatEqualsZeroPass::CreateEliminateFloatEqualsZeroPass());
                 optimizer.RegisterPass(DecomposeWorkgroupVec3Pass::CreateDecomposeWorkgroupVec3Pass());
+                // No mobile GPU has 64-bit floats: Adreno and Mali both report shaderFloat64 ==
+                // VK_FALSE, and ESSL has no fp64 type for SPIRV-Cross to emit. Demoting here - in
+                // the one chain every module goes through, on both backends, at link - is what
+                // makes `double` compile at all, and makes it behave the SAME everywhere, which
+                // matters because the GL frontend's uniform storage cannot be per-backend: the
+                // glUniform*d shadow narrows to float unconditionally to match this. Runs last so
+                // no earlier pass ever has to reason about a width it will not see in the output;
+                // in particular it runs before the backends' PackDoubleVertexInputsPass, whose
+                // OpBitcast this one would otherwise decline on. Costs one types_values() walk on
+                // the overwhelming majority of modules, which declare no 64-bit float at all.
+                optimizer.RegisterPass(DemoteFloat64Pass::CreateDemoteFloat64Pass());
 
                 return RunOptimizerChecked("SanitizeAndOptimizeBinary", optimizer, inputBinary,
                                            outputBinary);
@@ -629,6 +675,36 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                                            outputBinary);
             }
 
+            bool ShaderCompiler::SplitArrayVertexInputsForEssl(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
+                                                               Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary) {
+                using namespace spvtools;
+                Optimizer optimizer(SPV_ENV_VULKAN_1_1);
+                optimizer.RegisterPass(SplitArrayVertexInputsPass::CreateSplitArrayVertexInputsPass());
+
+                return RunOptimizerChecked("SplitArrayVertexInputsForEssl", optimizer, inputBinary,
+                                           outputBinary);
+            }
+
+            bool ShaderCompiler::FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksForEssl(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
+                                                                  const std::set<String>& blockNames,
+                                                                  std::set<String>& flattenedBlockNames,
+                                                                  Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary) {
+                using namespace spvtools;
+                if (blockNames.empty()) return false;
+                Optimizer optimizer(SPV_ENV_VULKAN_1_1);
+                optimizer.RegisterPass(FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass::CreateFlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass(
+                    blockNames, &flattenedBlockNames));
+
+                return RunOptimizerChecked("FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksForEssl", optimizer, inputBinary,
+                                           outputBinary);
+            }
+
+            bool ShaderCompiler::RewriteXfbCaptureNameForFlattenedBlock(
+                const String& captureName, const std::set<String>& flattenedBlockNames, String& outName) {
+                return FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass::RewriteCaptureName(captureName, flattenedBlockNames,
+                                                                         outName);
+            }
+
             bool ShaderCompiler::PackDoubleVertexInputsForVulkan(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
                                                                  Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary) {
                 using namespace spvtools;
@@ -758,6 +834,15 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                                            outputBinary);
             }
 
+            bool ShaderCompiler::ZeroBaseVertexForVulkan(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
+                                                         Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary) {
+                using namespace spvtools;
+                Optimizer optimizer(SPV_ENV_VULKAN_1_1);
+                optimizer.RegisterPass(ZeroBaseVertexPass::CreateZeroBaseVertexPass());
+
+                return RunOptimizerChecked("ZeroBaseVertexForVulkan", optimizer, inputBinary, outputBinary);
+            }
+
             bool ShaderCompiler::DecoratePositionInvariantForVulkan(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
                                                                     Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary) {
                 using namespace spvtools;

MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/ShaderCompiler.h

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 #include "glslang/TVarEntryInfo.h"
 #include "glslang/TMglGlslIoResolver.h"
 
+#include <set>
+
 namespace MobileGL {
     namespace MG_Util {
         namespace ShaderTranspiler {
@@ -27,6 +29,30 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 // Only for backends without native draw-parameter support (DirectGLES).
                 static bool LowerDrawParametersForEssl(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
                                                        Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary);
+                // Replaces an ARRAY vertex input with one input per element at consecutive
+                // locations, seeding a Private copy of the array so indexed reads still work.
+                // GLSL ES has no array vertex inputs and SPIRV-Cross refuses the whole module
+                // rather than emulating them, so without this the stage never reaches the
+                // driver. Only for the DirectGLES transpile path.
+                static bool SplitArrayVertexInputsForEssl(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
+                                                          Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary);
+                // Replaces the named interface BLOCKS with one variable per member, named
+                // "<Block>_<member>", shadowing the block itself so the body is untouched. The
+                // Adreno ES driver silently captures NOTHING for a transform-feedback varying
+                // named as a block member, so a capture list that names one has to be respelled
+                // - and the declaration with it. `flattenedBlockNames` reports which blocks
+                // this stage actually rewrote, which is what the capture list must follow.
+                // Only for the DirectGLES transpile path.
+                static bool FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksForEssl(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
+                                                             const std::set<String>& blockNames,
+                                                             std::set<String>& flattenedBlockNames,
+                                                             Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary);
+                // The capture request "StageData.attrib[0]" as the pass above renamed it,
+                // "StageData_attrib[0]", or false when it does not name a member of a block
+                // that was flattened.
+                static bool RewriteXfbCaptureNameForFlattenedBlock(const String& captureName,
+                                                                   const std::set<String>& flattenedBlockNames,
+                                                                   String& outName);
                 // Drops RelaxedPrecision member decorations from uniform-block structs so
                 // SPIRV-Cross prints the same (highp) member precision in every stage; ES
                 // drivers reject cross-stage uniform blocks whose member precisions differ.
@@ -65,6 +91,12 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 static bool LowerRectImages(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary, Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary);
                 static bool RebaseInstanceIndexForVulkan(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
                                                          Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary);
+                // Builds the non-indexed-draw variant of a vertex shader: every gl_BaseVertex
+                // read becomes zero, which is what GL defines for a command carrying no
+                // baseVertex parameter while Vulkan's builtin would report firstVertex.
+                // See ZeroBaseVertexPass.
+                static bool ZeroBaseVertexForVulkan(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
+                                                    Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary);
                 // Re-declares 64-bit float vertex inputs as their 32-bit unsigned word pair
                 // (double -> uvec2, dvec2 -> uvec4) and bitcasts them back to double at entry, so no
                 // VK_FORMAT_R64*_SFLOAT is needed - lavapipe advertises none of them for vertex
@@ -87,6 +119,12 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 // reinterpretation paths (for example, R32F storage accessed as r32ui).
                 static bool UseUnformattedFloatStorageImagesForVulkan(
                     const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary, Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary);
+                // Rewrites every 64-bit float in the module to a 32-bit one, preserving every
+                // block offset and stride exactly (see DemoteFloat64Pass). Already part of
+                // SanitizeAndOptimizeBinary, which is where production reaches it; exposed
+                // separately so a test can drive the demotion on its own.
+                static bool DemoteFloat64ToFloat32(const Vector<Uint32>& inputBinary,
+                                                   Vector<uint32_t>& outputBinary);
                 static Result<String> DecompileShader(SpvcSession& session);
 
                 // Parses one trivial shader in each configuration the production path can
@@ -146,6 +184,12 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 // check exists so that failure can be reported as the missing capability it is,
                 // naming the shader, rather than as a driver info log nobody sees.
                 static Bool ModuleDeclaresBufferTextureSampler(const Vector<Uint32>& spirv);
+
+                // True when the module still declares a 64-bit float type. After
+                // SanitizeAndOptimizeBinary that can only mean DemoteFloat64Pass declined the
+                // module (see its header for the two operations that make it decline), which is
+                // what the backends report: no mobile driver can build such a module.
+                static Bool ModuleDeclaresFloat64(const Vector<Uint32>& spirv);
             };
         } // namespace ShaderTranspiler
     } // namespace MG_Util

MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DemoteFloat64Pass.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,547 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DemoteFloat64Pass.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#include "DemoteFloat64Pass.h"
+
+#include "spirv.hpp"
+#include "source/latest_version_glsl_std_450_header.h"
+#include "source/opt/def_use_manager.h"
+#include "source/opt/instruction.h"
+#include "source/opt/ir_context.h"
+#include "source/opt/module.h"
+#include "source/util/make_unique.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace MobileGL {
+    namespace MG_Util {
+        namespace ShaderTranspiler {
+            namespace {
+                using spvtools::opt::IRContext;
+                using spvtools::opt::Instruction;
+                using spvtools::opt::Operand;
+
+                constexpr Uint32 kFloat64Width = 64;
+                constexpr Uint32 kFloat32Width = 32;
+
+                // OpTypeFloat <id> <Width>. SPIR-V 1.6 added an optional FP Encoding operand after
+                // it; the width stays operand 0 either way, and an encoded (non-IEEE) float is not
+                // something glslang can emit for `double`, so it is left alone by the width guard.
+                Bool IsFloatTypeOfWidth(const Instruction& type, Uint32 width) {
+                    return type.opcode() == spv::Op::OpTypeFloat && type.NumInOperands() >= 1 &&
+                           type.GetSingleWordInOperand(0) == width;
+                }
+
+                // Exactly the types spirv-val forbids a second declaration of. Aggregates - arrays
+                // and structs - are excluded on purpose: the spec permits duplicates of those, and
+                // merging them would take one of the two OpNames and one of the two ArrayStride /
+                // Offset decoration sets with it.
+                Bool IsDuplicableType(spv::Op opcode) {
+                    switch (opcode) {
+                        case spv::Op::OpTypeFloat:
+                        case spv::Op::OpTypeVector:
+                        case spv::Op::OpTypeMatrix:
+                        case spv::Op::OpTypePointer:
+                        case spv::Op::OpTypeFunction: return true;
+                        default: return false;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Uint32 RoundUp(Uint32 value, Uint32 alignment) {
+                    if (alignment == 0) return value;
+                    return (value + alignment - 1) / alignment * alignment;
+                }
+
+                // Re-derives the std140 / std430 layout of a block whose members have just become
+                // 32 bits wide, and writes it back as Offset / ArrayStride / MatrixStride.
+                //
+                // Why the layout is recomputed rather than preserved. Preserving it - leaving each
+                // member at the byte offset glslang picked for the 64-bit type and letting the
+                // freed 4 bytes become padding - keeps the application's byte layout intact and is
+                // the obvious first choice, but it does not survive contact with the Espryt path:
+                // SPIRV-Cross has to print an ESSL block, GLSL ES has no member `layout(offset=)`
+                // (no ARB_enhanced_layouts), so it refuses any block whose declared offsets are not
+                // exactly what std140 or std430 computes - "Buffer block cannot be expressed as any
+                // of std430, std140, scalar". Every shader with a double in a block would fail to
+                // transpile at all, which is the case this whole demotion exists to fix. Padding
+                // members back in cannot rescue it either: a dmat4 member carries MatrixStride 32
+                // and std140 demands 16 for the demoted mat4, and no amount of padding BETWEEN
+                // members changes a stride INSIDE one.
+                //
+                // What recomputing costs: a block laid out for 64-bit members changes its
+                // driver-visible byte layout, so an application that hard-codes std140 offsets
+                // computed for doubles addresses the wrong bytes. Applications that query their
+                // offsets are unaffected, and MobileGL's own default-uniform block is unaffected by
+                // construction - the frontend builds its uniform routing by reflecting THIS module
+                // (ProgramSpirvTask::BuildGlobalUboRouting), so glUniform*d writes wherever the
+                // demoted shader reads.
+                class BlockRelayout {
+                public:
+                    BlockRelayout(IRContext* irContext, Bool std140)
+                        : m_irContext(irContext), m_std140(std140) {}
+
+                    // Size and alignment of `typeId`, applying every stride decoration it implies
+                    // on the way down. Zero size means "not a type this layout knows how to
+                    // describe"; the caller then leaves the block alone rather than guessing.
+                    struct Extent {
+                        Uint32 size = 0;
+                        Uint32 alignment = 0;
+                    };
+
+                    Extent Measure(Uint32 typeId) {
+                        const auto memo = m_extents.find(typeId);
+                        if (memo != m_extents.end()) return memo->second;
+
+                        const Extent extent = MeasureUncached(typeId);
+                        m_extents.emplace(typeId, extent);
+                        return extent;
+                    }
+
+                private:
+                    Extent MeasureUncached(Uint32 typeId) {
+                        const Instruction* type = m_irContext->get_def_use_mgr()->GetDef(typeId);
+                        if (type == nullptr) return {};
+
+                        switch (type->opcode()) {
+                            case spv::Op::OpTypeInt:
+                            case spv::Op::OpTypeFloat: {
+                                const Uint32 bytes = type->GetSingleWordInOperand(0) / 8;
+                                return {bytes, bytes};
+                            }
+                            case spv::Op::OpTypeBool: return {4, 4};
+                            case spv::Op::OpTypeVector: {
+                                const Extent component = Measure(type->GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
+                                if (component.size == 0) return {};
+                                const Uint32 count = type->GetSingleWordInOperand(1);
+                                // A three-component vector aligns like a four-component one.
+                                return {component.size * count,
+                                        component.alignment * (count == 3 ? 4 : count)};
+                            }
+                            case spv::Op::OpTypeMatrix: {
+                                const Extent column = Measure(type->GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
+                                if (column.size == 0) return {};
+                                const Uint32 stride = MatrixOrArrayStride(column.alignment);
+                                return {stride * type->GetSingleWordInOperand(1), stride};
+                            }
+                            case spv::Op::OpTypeArray:
+                            case spv::Op::OpTypeRuntimeArray: {
+                                const Extent element = Measure(type->GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
+                                if (element.size == 0) return {};
+                                const Uint32 alignment = MatrixOrArrayStride(element.alignment);
+                                const Uint32 stride = RoundUp(element.size, alignment);
+                                SetTypeDecoration(typeId, spv::Decoration::ArrayStride, stride);
+                                if (type->opcode() == spv::Op::OpTypeRuntimeArray) {
+                                    // An unsized array contributes its stride and nothing more; the
+                                    // block's size is whatever the application bound.
+                                    return {stride, alignment};
+                                }
+                                return {stride * ArrayLength(type->GetSingleWordInOperand(1)), alignment};
+                            }
+                            case spv::Op::OpTypeStruct: return MeasureStruct(*type);
+                            default: return {};
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    Extent MeasureStruct(const Instruction& structType) {
+                        Uint32 cursor = 0;
+                        Uint32 alignment = m_std140 ? 16u : 1u;
+                        for (Uint32 member = 0; member < structType.NumInOperands(); ++member) {
+                            const Uint32 memberTypeId = structType.GetSingleWordInOperand(member);
+                            const Extent extent = Measure(memberTypeId);
+                            if (extent.size == 0) return {};
+
+                            const Uint32 offset = RoundUp(cursor, extent.alignment);
+                            SetMemberDecoration(structType.result_id(), member, spv::Decoration::Offset, offset);
+                            // A matrix member carries the stride between its columns on the MEMBER,
+                            // not on the type, so it has to be (re)stated here - including for a
+                            // matrix reached through an array.
+                            const Instruction* memberType =
+                                m_irContext->get_def_use_mgr()->GetDef(PeelArrays(memberTypeId));
+                            if (memberType != nullptr && memberType->opcode() == spv::Op::OpTypeMatrix) {
+                                const Extent column = Measure(memberType->GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
+                                SetMemberDecoration(structType.result_id(), member,
+                                                    spv::Decoration::MatrixStride,
+                                                    MatrixOrArrayStride(column.alignment));
+                            }
+
+                            cursor = offset + extent.size;
+                            alignment = std::max(alignment, extent.alignment);
+                        }
+                        return {RoundUp(cursor, alignment), alignment};
+                    }
+
+                    // std140 rounds every array and matrix stride up to a four-component vector.
+                    Uint32 MatrixOrArrayStride(Uint32 elementAlignment) const {
+                        return m_std140 ? RoundUp(elementAlignment, 16) : elementAlignment;
+                    }
+
+                    Uint32 PeelArrays(Uint32 typeId) const {
+                        const Instruction* type = m_irContext->get_def_use_mgr()->GetDef(typeId);
+                        while (type != nullptr && (type->opcode() == spv::Op::OpTypeArray ||
+                                                   type->opcode() == spv::Op::OpTypeRuntimeArray)) {
+                            type = m_irContext->get_def_use_mgr()->GetDef(type->GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
+                        }
+                        return type != nullptr ? type->result_id() : 0;
+                    }
+
+                    Uint32 ArrayLength(Uint32 lengthConstantId) const {
+                        const Instruction* length = m_irContext->get_def_use_mgr()->GetDef(lengthConstantId);
+                        if (length == nullptr || length->opcode() != spv::Op::OpConstant ||
+                            length->NumInOperands() < 1) {
+                            return 1;
+                        }
+                        return length->GetSingleWordInOperand(0);
+                    }
+
+                    void SetTypeDecoration(Uint32 targetId, spv::Decoration decoration, Uint32 value) {
+                        for (Instruction& annotation : m_irContext->annotations()) {
+                            if (annotation.opcode() != spv::Op::OpDecorate) continue;
+                            if (annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(0) != targetId) continue;
+                            if (static_cast<spv::Decoration>(annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(1)) != decoration) {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            annotation.SetInOperand(2, {value});
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    void SetMemberDecoration(Uint32 structId, Uint32 member, spv::Decoration decoration,
+                                             Uint32 value) {
+                        for (Instruction& annotation : m_irContext->annotations()) {
+                            if (annotation.opcode() != spv::Op::OpMemberDecorate) continue;
+                            if (annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(0) != structId) continue;
+                            if (annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(1) != member) continue;
+                            if (static_cast<spv::Decoration>(annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(2)) != decoration) {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            annotation.SetInOperand(3, {value});
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    IRContext* m_irContext = nullptr;
+                    Bool m_std140 = true;
+                    std::unordered_map<Uint32, Extent> m_extents;
+                };
+            } // namespace
+
+            spvtools::opt::Pass::Status DemoteFloat64Pass::Process() {
+                auto* irContext = context();
+                auto* defUseMgr = irContext->get_def_use_mgr();
+
+                // --- 1. the leaf types -------------------------------------------------------
+                std::vector<Instruction*> float64Types;
+                for (Instruction& type : irContext->types_values()) {
+                    if (IsFloatTypeOfWidth(type, kFloat64Width)) {
+                        float64Types.push_back(&type);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (float64Types.empty()) return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+
+                std::unordered_set<Uint32> float64TypeIds;
+                for (const Instruction* type : float64Types) {
+                    float64TypeIds.insert(type->result_id());
+                }
+
+                // Every type a *value* can have that is 64-bit float underneath: the scalar itself
+                // plus the vectors and matrices built from it. The types-and-values section is in
+                // declaration order and SPIR-V forbids a type from forward-referencing another, so
+                // one forward walk is already the complete transitive closure. Aggregates and
+                // pointers are deliberately not included: no operand of the instructions checked
+                // below is ever an aggregate or a pointer.
+                std::unordered_set<Uint32> float64ValueTypeIds = float64TypeIds;
+                for (Instruction& type : irContext->types_values()) {
+                    if (type.opcode() != spv::Op::OpTypeVector && type.opcode() != spv::Op::OpTypeMatrix) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if (float64ValueTypeIds.count(type.GetSingleWordInOperand(0)) != 0) {
+                        float64ValueTypeIds.insert(type.result_id());
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Every type that has a 64-bit float anywhere underneath it, which is exactly the
+                // set of blocks whose layout has to be re-derived once the leaves narrow. Computed
+                // now, before the rewrite makes a demoted float indistinguishable from one that was
+                // always 32 bits; the same single forward walk is a complete closure.
+                std::unordered_set<Uint32> wideTypeIds = float64TypeIds;
+                for (Instruction& type : irContext->types_values()) {
+                    const auto contains = [&](Uint32 operand) {
+                        return wideTypeIds.count(type.GetSingleWordInOperand(operand)) != 0;
+                    };
+                    switch (type.opcode()) {
+                        case spv::Op::OpTypeVector:
+                        case spv::Op::OpTypeMatrix:
+                        case spv::Op::OpTypeArray:
+                        case spv::Op::OpTypeRuntimeArray:
+                            if (contains(0)) wideTypeIds.insert(type.result_id());
+                            break;
+                        case spv::Op::OpTypePointer:
+                            if (contains(1)) wideTypeIds.insert(type.result_id());
+                            break;
+                        case spv::Op::OpTypeStruct:
+                            for (Uint32 member = 0; member < type.NumInOperands(); ++member) {
+                                if (contains(member)) {
+                                    wideTypeIds.insert(type.result_id());
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        default: break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                const auto valueIsFloat64 = [&](Uint32 id) {
+                    const Instruction* def = defUseMgr->GetDef(id);
+                    return def != nullptr && float64ValueTypeIds.count(def->type_id()) != 0;
+                };
+
+                // --- 2. decline before touching anything ------------------------------------
+                // These are the operations that mean "the 64 bits themselves", not "a wide float".
+                // Narrowing one side of them produces a module spirv-val rejects, and rebuilding
+                // the value would mean emulating fp64 in software. Bail out with the module
+                // byte-identical instead; the caller still has its "module declares Float64"
+                // diagnostic for it.
+                Uint32 glslStd450SetId = 0;
+                for (const Instruction& import : irContext->ext_inst_imports()) {
+                    if (import.GetInOperand(0).AsString() == "GLSL.std.450") {
+                        glslStd450SetId = import.result_id();
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                const char* declineReason = nullptr;
+                irContext->module()->ForEachInst(
+                    [&](Instruction* inst) {
+                        if (declineReason != nullptr) return;
+                        switch (inst->opcode()) {
+                            case spv::Op::OpBitcast: {
+                                // "Total bit width of Result Type and Operand must match" - true
+                                // today, false the moment one of the two sides halves.
+                                const Bool resultIs64 = float64ValueTypeIds.count(inst->type_id()) != 0;
+                                const Bool operandIs64 = valueIsFloat64(inst->GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
+                                if (resultIs64 != operandIs64) {
+                                    declineReason = "an OpBitcast across the 64-bit boundary "
+                                                    "(doubleBitsToUint64 / uint64BitsToDouble / "
+                                                    "packDouble2x32)";
+                                }
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            case spv::Op::OpExtInst: {
+                                if (glslStd450SetId == 0 ||
+                                    inst->GetSingleWordInOperand(0) != glslStd450SetId) {
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                                const Uint32 extOpcode = inst->GetSingleWordInOperand(1);
+                                if (extOpcode == GLSLstd450PackDouble2x32 ||
+                                    extOpcode == GLSLstd450UnpackDouble2x32) {
+                                    declineReason = "GLSL.std.450 PackDouble2x32 / UnpackDouble2x32, "
+                                                    "which are defined only for a 64-bit float";
+                                }
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            default: break;
+                        }
+                    },
+                    /*run_on_debug_line_insts=*/false);
+
+                if (declineReason != nullptr) {
+                    MGLOG_D("DemoteFloat64Pass: declined - the module uses %s; its 64-bit floats are "
+                            "left in place",
+                            declineReason);
+                    return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+                }
+
+                // --- 3. re-encode the literals ----------------------------------------------
+                // A 64-bit float constant carries two literal words and a 32-bit one carries a
+                // single word, so the value has to be narrowed before the type changes underneath
+                // it - afterwards there is no way left to tell how wide the literal was meant to
+                // be. Composite constants hold <id>s, not literals, and need nothing.
+                for (Instruction& value : irContext->types_values()) {
+                    if (value.opcode() != spv::Op::OpConstant && value.opcode() != spv::Op::OpSpecConstant) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if (float64TypeIds.count(value.type_id()) == 0) continue;
+                    if (value.NumInOperands() < 1) continue;
+                    const Operand& literal = value.GetInOperand(0);
+                    if (literal.words.size() != 2) continue;
+
+                    const Uint64 bits =
+                        (static_cast<Uint64>(literal.words[1]) << 32) | static_cast<Uint64>(literal.words[0]);
+                    double wide = 0.0;
+                    std::memcpy(&wide, &bits, sizeof(wide));
+                    // Deliberately the ordinary narrowing conversion: a magnitude no float can
+                    // hold becomes an infinity, which is the same answer the demoted arithmetic
+                    // around it would produce.
+                    const float narrow = static_cast<float>(wide);
+                    Uint32 narrowedBits = 0;
+                    std::memcpy(&narrowedBits, &narrow, sizeof(narrowedBits));
+
+                    Operand narrowedLiteral = literal;
+                    narrowedLiteral.words = {narrowedBits};
+                    value.SetInOperands({std::move(narrowedLiteral)});
+                }
+
+                // --- 4. the demotion itself --------------------------------------------------
+                // In place, so every composite type, every pointer, every struct member offset and
+                // every debug name that referred to the 64-bit type keeps referring to the same
+                // <id>. This is the whole reason the pass does not build parallel types.
+                for (Instruction* type : float64Types) {
+                    type->SetInOperand(0, {kFloat32Width});
+                }
+                // The cached analysis::Type objects were built against the old widths.
+                irContext->InvalidateAnalyses(IRContext::kAnalysisTypes);
+
+                // --- 5. the conversions that just became identities --------------------------
+                // `float(someDouble)` and `double(someFloat)` are both OpFConvert, and SPIR-V
+                // requires the two component widths to differ. Both sides are 32 bits now, so each
+                // one is replaced by its operand. Walking in module order means a chain of them
+                // resolves in a single sweep: by the time the second is reached its operand has
+                // already been rewritten to the ultimate source.
+                const auto componentWidth = [&](Uint32 typeId) -> Uint32 {
+                    const Instruction* def = defUseMgr->GetDef(typeId);
+                    if (def == nullptr) return 0;
+                    if (def->opcode() == spv::Op::OpTypeVector) {
+                        def = defUseMgr->GetDef(def->GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
+                    }
+                    if (def == nullptr || def->opcode() != spv::Op::OpTypeFloat) return 0;
+                    return def->GetSingleWordInOperand(0);
+                };
+
+                std::vector<Instruction*> identityConversions;
+                irContext->module()->ForEachInst(
+                    [&](Instruction* inst) {
+                        if (inst->opcode() != spv::Op::OpFConvert) return;
+                        const Instruction* operandDef = defUseMgr->GetDef(inst->GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
+                        if (operandDef == nullptr) return;
+                        const Uint32 resultWidth = componentWidth(inst->type_id());
+                        if (resultWidth == 0 || resultWidth != componentWidth(operandDef->type_id())) {
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        identityConversions.push_back(inst);
+                    },
+                    /*run_on_debug_line_insts=*/false);
+
+                for (Instruction* conversion : identityConversions) {
+                    irContext->ReplaceAllUsesWith(conversion->result_id(),
+                                                  conversion->GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
+                    irContext->KillInst(conversion);
+                }
+
+                // --- 6. the capability -------------------------------------------------------
+                std::vector<Instruction*> deadCapabilities;
+                for (Instruction& capability : irContext->capabilities()) {
+                    if (static_cast<spv::Capability>(capability.GetSingleWordInOperand(0)) ==
+                        spv::Capability::Float64) {
+                        deadCapabilities.push_back(&capability);
+                    }
+                }
+                for (Instruction* capability : deadCapabilities) {
+                    irContext->KillInst(capability);
+                }
+
+                // --- 7. merge what the rewrite made into a duplicate -------------------------
+                // `double` and `float` are now the same declaration, and so is every vector,
+                // matrix, pointer and function type spelled in terms of them. Walking the section
+                // in declaration order and replacing each duplicate the moment it is found means
+                // the later types are already canonical by the time they are keyed: SPIR-V forbids
+                // a type from forward-referencing another, so every operand of the instruction
+                // being looked at has been through this loop already.
+                std::map<std::vector<Uint32>, Uint32> keptTypeByShape;
+                for (Instruction* type = &*irContext->types_values_begin(); type != nullptr;) {
+                    Instruction* next = type->NextNode();
+                    if (!IsDuplicableType(type->opcode())) {
+                        type = next;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    std::vector<Uint32> shape{static_cast<Uint32>(type->opcode())};
+                    for (Uint32 i = 0; i < type->NumInOperands(); ++i) {
+                        const Operand& operand = type->GetInOperand(i);
+                        shape.insert(shape.end(), operand.words.begin(), operand.words.end());
+                    }
+
+                    const auto kept = keptTypeByShape.find(shape);
+                    if (kept == keptTypeByShape.end()) {
+                        keptTypeByShape.emplace(std::move(shape), type->result_id());
+                        type = next;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    irContext->KillNamesAndDecorates(type->result_id());
+                    irContext->ReplaceAllUsesWith(type->result_id(), kept->second);
+                    irContext->KillInst(type);
+                    type = next;
+                }
+
+                // --- 8. re-derive the layout of every block that held a 64-bit float -----------
+                // See BlockRelayout for why this is a recomputation and not a preservation. Only
+                // blocks that actually narrowed are touched: relaying out an untouched block would
+                // be pure churn, and would risk disagreeing with glslang over a layout that was
+                // already correct.
+                for (Instruction& variable : irContext->types_values()) {
+                    if (variable.opcode() != spv::Op::OpVariable) continue;
+                    const auto storageClass =
+                        static_cast<spv::StorageClass>(variable.GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
+                    if (storageClass != spv::StorageClass::Uniform &&
+                        storageClass != spv::StorageClass::StorageBuffer &&
+                        storageClass != spv::StorageClass::PushConstant) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    const Instruction* pointerType = defUseMgr->GetDef(variable.type_id());
+                    if (pointerType == nullptr) continue;
+
+                    // An arrayed block (`uniform Blk { ... } blocks[4];`) is a pointer to an array
+                    // of the struct; the layout lives on the struct either way.
+                    const Instruction* blockType = defUseMgr->GetDef(pointerType->GetSingleWordInOperand(1));
+                    while (blockType != nullptr && (blockType->opcode() == spv::Op::OpTypeArray ||
+                                                    blockType->opcode() == spv::Op::OpTypeRuntimeArray)) {
+                        blockType = defUseMgr->GetDef(blockType->GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
+                    }
+                    if (blockType == nullptr || blockType->opcode() != spv::Op::OpTypeStruct) continue;
+                    if (wideTypeIds.count(blockType->result_id()) == 0) continue;
+
+                    // A storage block packs std430, a uniform block std140. Before SPIR-V 1.3 a
+                    // storage block was a Uniform-storage variable whose struct carried
+                    // BufferBlock, so the decoration decides rather than the storage class alone.
+                    Bool isStorageBlock = storageClass == spv::StorageClass::StorageBuffer;
+                    for (const Instruction& annotation : irContext->annotations()) {
+                        if (annotation.opcode() != spv::Op::OpDecorate) continue;
+                        if (annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(0) != blockType->result_id()) continue;
+                        if (static_cast<spv::Decoration>(annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(1)) ==
+                            spv::Decoration::BufferBlock) {
+                            isStorageBlock = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    BlockRelayout relayout(irContext, /*std140=*/!isStorageBlock);
+                    if (relayout.Measure(blockType->result_id()).size == 0) {
+                        // A member shape the layout rules here do not describe. Leaving the block
+                        // at its 64-bit offsets keeps the module valid for Vulkan; SPIRV-Cross will
+                        // decline it for ESSL, which is the same outcome as before the demotion.
+                        MGLOG_D("DemoteFloat64Pass: block %%%u contains a member this pass cannot lay "
+                                "out; its 64-bit offsets are left in place",
+                                blockType->result_id());
+                    }
+                }
+
+                irContext->InvalidateAnalysesExceptFor(IRContext::kAnalysisNone);
+                return Status::SuccessWithChange;
+            }
+
+            spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken DemoteFloat64Pass::CreateDemoteFloat64Pass() {
+                return spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken(MakeUnique<DemoteFloat64Pass>());
+            }
+        } // namespace ShaderTranspiler
+    } // namespace MG_Util
+} // namespace MobileGL

MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DemoteFloat64Pass.h

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DemoteFloat64Pass.h
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#pragma once
+#include "source/opt/pass.h"
+#include "spirv-tools/optimizer.hpp"
+
+#include <Includes.h>
+
+namespace MobileGL {
+    namespace MG_Util {
+        namespace ShaderTranspiler {
+            // Rewrites every 64-bit float in the module to a 32-bit one: `OpTypeFloat 64` becomes
+            // `OpTypeFloat 32` in place, so every vector, matrix, array, struct, pointer and
+            // function type that named it keeps its <id> and every decoration attached to it, and
+            // only the meaning of the leaf type changes. The double literals are re-encoded, the
+            // now-width-preserving OpFConvert pairs collapse to their operand, and the Float64
+            // capability goes away.
+            //
+            // Why demote at all: no mobile GPU has it. Adreno and Mali both report
+            // VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures::shaderFloat64 == VK_FALSE (the Magma POST has a row for it),
+            // so a module declaring Float64 cannot become a pipeline there; and ESSL has no 64-bit
+            // float type at all, so SPIRV-Cross throws "FP64 not supported in ES profile" and the
+            // Espryt path never even reaches the driver. Demotion is what makes `double` in an
+            // application's GLSL compile and run everywhere, at fp32 precision.
+            //
+            // BLOCK LAYOUT IS RE-DERIVED, NOT PRESERVED, and that was not the first choice - see
+            // BlockRelayout in the .cpp for the measurement that forced it. Preserving the 64-bit
+            // offsets (float + 4 bytes of padding in each slot) keeps the application's byte layout
+            // intact and is what a Vulkan-only implementation would do, but GLSL ES has no member
+            // `layout(offset=)`, so SPIRV-Cross recomputes std140/std430 from the declared types
+            // and refuses any block whose stated offsets disagree - "Buffer block cannot be
+            // expressed as any of std430, std140, scalar". Every shader with a double in a block
+            // would then fail to transpile for Espryt at all, which is the case this demotion
+            // exists to fix. Nor can padding members rescue it: a dmat4 member carries
+            // MatrixStride 32 and std140 requires 16 for the demoted mat4, and padding BETWEEN
+            // members cannot change a stride INSIDE one.
+            //
+            // What re-deriving costs, stated plainly: a block that held 64-bit members changes its
+            // driver-visible byte layout, so an application that hard-codes std140 offsets it
+            // computed for doubles addresses the wrong bytes. Applications that query their offsets
+            // are unaffected. MobileGL's own default-uniform block is unaffected by construction:
+            // the frontend builds its uniform routing by reflecting the module this pass produced
+            // (ProgramSpirvTask::BuildGlobalUboRouting), so glUniform*d - which narrows to float
+            // for the same reason - writes exactly where the demoted shader reads. Blocks with no
+            // 64-bit member anywhere are never touched.
+            //
+            // Declines (leaves the module byte-identical, so the caller's existing "this module
+            // still declares Float64" failure path reports it) when the module contains an
+            // operation whose validity depends on the operand really being 64 bits wide:
+            //   - OpBitcast across the boundary - packDouble2x32 / doubleBitsToUint64 and friends,
+            //     where SPIR-V requires both sides to have the same total bit width;
+            //   - GLSL.std.450 PackDouble2x32 / UnpackDouble2x32, which are defined only for a
+            //     64-bit float result/operand.
+            //
+            // ORDERING: must run before PackDoubleVertexInputsPass, which introduces exactly the
+            // OpBitcast this pass declines on. After demotion no 64-bit vertex input is left, so
+            // that pass becomes a no-op rather than a conflict.
+            //
+            // The in-place rewrite creates duplicate type declarations by construction - a module
+            // that had both `double` and `float` ends up with two `OpTypeFloat 32`, and spirv-val
+            // rejects that ("Duplicate non-aggregate type declarations are not allowed") - so the
+            // pass merges them itself afterwards. Deliberately NOT by registering spvtools'
+            // RemoveDuplicates alongside it: that pass also merges structurally identical STRUCTS
+            // and calls KillNamesAndDecorates on the loser, which would silently delete the OpName
+            // of one of two distinct-but-identically-shaped interface blocks - and OpName is how
+            // MobileGL resolves block and varying names. Only the non-aggregate types spirv-val
+            // actually forbids duplicates of are merged here; arrays and structs are left alone,
+            // which also keeps a `double[]`'s ArrayStride from being merged into a `float[]`'s.
+            class DemoteFloat64Pass : public spvtools::opt::Pass {
+            public:
+                const char* name() const override { return "mobilegl-demote-float64"; }
+                Status Process() override;
+
+                static spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken CreateDemoteFloat64Pass();
+            };
+        } // namespace ShaderTranspiler
+    } // namespace MG_Util
+} // namespace MobileGL

MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,636 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#include "FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass.h"
+
+#include "spirv.hpp"
+#include "source/opt/def_use_manager.h"
+#include "source/opt/instruction.h"
+#include "source/opt/ir_context.h"
+#include "source/opt/module.h"
+#include "source/opt/types.h"
+#include "source/util/make_unique.h"
+#include "source/util/string_utils.h"
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace MobileGL {
+    namespace MG_Util {
+        namespace ShaderTranspiler {
+            namespace {
+                using spvtools::opt::IRContext;
+                using spvtools::opt::Instruction;
+                using spvtools::opt::Operand;
+                namespace analysis = spvtools::opt::analysis;
+
+                // Decorations that describe how ONE member is interpolated or stored, and
+                // therefore have to travel from the block member to the variable that replaces
+                // it. Location is handled separately (it is computed per member); everything
+                // else about a block - Block itself, member Offsets, builtin decorations - is
+                // about the aggregate and stays behind on the shadow.
+                Bool IsMemberDecorationToCarry(spv::Decoration decoration) {
+                    switch (decoration) {
+                    case spv::Decoration::RelaxedPrecision:
+                    case spv::Decoration::Flat:
+                    case spv::Decoration::NoPerspective:
+                    case spv::Decoration::Centroid:
+                    case spv::Decoration::Sample:
+                    case spv::Decoration::Invariant:
+                    case spv::Decoration::Patch:
+                        return true;
+                    default:
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Decorations that say something about a member's placement WITHIN the block's
+                // location, which a free-standing variable cannot express the same way. Rather
+                // than move a member to a place the consumer will not look for it, decline.
+                Bool IsMemberDecorationThatBlocksFlattening(spv::Decoration decoration) {
+                    switch (decoration) {
+                    case spv::Decoration::Component:
+                    case spv::Decoration::XfbBuffer:
+                    case spv::Decoration::XfbStride:
+                    case spv::Decoration::Stream:
+                        return true;
+                    default:
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Every name the module already spells, so a synthesised "<Block>_<member>" that
+                // would collide with one declines instead of emitting two declarations of the
+                // same identifier (which the driver rejects, taking the whole program with it).
+                std::unordered_set<String> CollectNames(IRContext& irContext) {
+                    std::unordered_set<String> names;
+                    for (auto& debugInst : irContext.debugs2()) {
+                        if (debugInst.opcode() != spv::Op::OpName) continue;
+                        names.insert(debugInst.GetInOperand(1).AsString());
+                    }
+                    return names;
+                }
+
+                // Locations one value of `type` occupies (GL 4.6 core 11.1.2.1 / 15.2): a
+                // matrix takes one per column, a double-precision vector wider than two takes
+                // two, an array takes its element's span once per element. 0 means "this pass
+                // cannot place it", which declines the whole block rather than guessing.
+                Uint32 LocationSpan(const analysis::Type* type) {
+                    if (type == nullptr) return 0;
+                    if (type->AsFloat() != nullptr || type->AsInteger() != nullptr ||
+                        type->AsBool() != nullptr) {
+                        return 1u;
+                    }
+                    if (const auto* vector = type->AsVector()) {
+                        const auto* element = vector->element_type();
+                        if (element->AsFloat() == nullptr && element->AsInteger() == nullptr &&
+                            element->AsBool() == nullptr) {
+                            return 0;
+                        }
+                        const auto* elementFloat = element->AsFloat();
+                        const Bool is64Bit = elementFloat != nullptr && elementFloat->width() == 64;
+                        return (is64Bit && vector->element_count() > 2) ? 2u : 1u;
+                    }
+                    if (const auto* matrix = type->AsMatrix()) {
+                        const Uint32 columnSpan = LocationSpan(matrix->element_type());
+                        return columnSpan == 0 ? 0 : columnSpan * matrix->element_count();
+                    }
+                    if (const auto* array = type->AsArray()) {
+                        const Uint32 elementSpan = LocationSpan(array->element_type());
+                        if (elementSpan == 0) return 0;
+                        // A runtime array has no span; a vertex-stage interface never has one.
+                        if (!array->length_info().words.empty() &&
+                            array->length_info().words[0] !=
+                                static_cast<Uint32>(analysis::Array::LengthInfo::kConstant)) {
+                            return 0;
+                        }
+                        // words[0] is the tag, words[1..] the constant value; only a
+                        // single-word length can be an array size here.
+                        if (array->length_info().words.size() != 2) return 0;
+                        const Uint32 count = array->length_info().words[1];
+                        return count == 0 ? 0 : elementSpan * count;
+                    }
+                    // Structs (a nested block member) carry their own layout rules and are not
+                    // worth guessing at: declining leaves the module exactly as it was.
+                    return 0;
+                }
+
+                // The Location a variable carries, or false when it carries none.
+                Bool FindLocationDecoration(IRContext& irContext, Uint32 variableId, Uint32& outLocation) {
+                    for (auto& annotation : irContext.annotations()) {
+                        if (annotation.opcode() != spv::Op::OpDecorate) continue;
+                        if (annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(0) != variableId) continue;
+                        if (static_cast<spv::Decoration>(annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(1)) !=
+                            spv::Decoration::Location) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        outLocation = annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(2);
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                // The Location decorating member `member` of struct type `typeId`, if any.
+                Bool FindMemberLocationDecoration(IRContext& irContext, Uint32 typeId, Uint32 member,
+                                                  Uint32& outLocation) {
+                    for (auto& annotation : irContext.annotations()) {
+                        if (annotation.opcode() != spv::Op::OpMemberDecorate) continue;
+                        if (annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(0) != typeId) continue;
+                        if (annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(1) != member) continue;
+                        if (static_cast<spv::Decoration>(annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(2)) !=
+                            spv::Decoration::Location) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        outLocation = annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(3);
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                String FindName(IRContext& irContext, Uint32 id) {
+                    for (auto& debugInst : irContext.debugs2()) {
+                        if (debugInst.opcode() != spv::Op::OpName) continue;
+                        if (debugInst.GetSingleWordInOperand(0) != id) continue;
+                        return debugInst.GetInOperand(1).AsString();
+                    }
+                    return String();
+                }
+
+                String FindMemberName(IRContext& irContext, Uint32 typeId, Uint32 member) {
+                    for (auto& debugInst : irContext.debugs2()) {
+                        if (debugInst.opcode() != spv::Op::OpMemberName) continue;
+                        if (debugInst.GetSingleWordInOperand(0) != typeId) continue;
+                        if (debugInst.GetSingleWordInOperand(1) != member) continue;
+                        return debugInst.GetInOperand(2).AsString();
+                    }
+                    return String();
+                }
+            } // namespace
+
+            Bool FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass::RewriteCaptureName(const String& captureName,
+                                                                   const std::set<String>& flattenedBlockNames,
+                                                                   String& outName) {
+                const SizeT dot = captureName.find('.');
+                if (dot == String::npos || dot == 0) return false;
+                const String blockName = captureName.substr(0, dot);
+                if (flattenedBlockNames.find(blockName) == flattenedBlockNames.end()) return false;
+                outName = blockName + "_" + captureName.substr(dot + 1);
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            spvtools::opt::Pass::Status FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass::Process() {
+                if (m_blockNames.empty()) return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+
+                auto* irContext = context();
+                auto entryPoints = irContext->module()->entry_points();
+                if (entryPoints.begin() == entryPoints.end()) return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+                Instruction* entryPoint = &*entryPoints.begin();
+
+                // A stage whose outputs are published somewhere other than the end of the entry
+                // point cannot take the shadow-and-copy-out shape: a geometry shader's outputs
+                // are captured by every OpEmitVertex, and a tessellation control shader's are
+                // per-invocation slots of an arrayed interface. Copying at OpReturn would
+                // publish once, at the end, which is silently the wrong data rather than a
+                // failure - so those stages keep their blocks and the capture keeps its
+                // spelling.
+                const auto executionModel =
+                    static_cast<spv::ExecutionModel>(entryPoint->GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
+                if (executionModel == spv::ExecutionModel::Geometry ||
+                    executionModel == spv::ExecutionModel::TessellationControl) {
+                    MGLOG_I("FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass: execution model %u publishes outputs outside "
+                            "the entry point's return; leaving its blocks declared as blocks",
+                            static_cast<Uint32>(executionModel));
+                    return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+                }
+
+                auto* defUseMgr = irContext->get_def_use_mgr();
+                auto* typeMgr = irContext->get_type_mgr();
+
+                struct Member {
+                    Uint32 typeId = 0;
+                    Uint32 interfacePointerTypeId = 0;
+                    Uint32 privatePointerTypeId = 0;
+                    Uint32 variableId = 0;
+                    Uint32 location = 0;
+                    Bool hasLocation = false;
+                    String name;
+                };
+                struct Target {
+                    Instruction* variable = nullptr;
+                    Uint32 structTypeId = 0;
+                    Uint32 privatePointerTypeId = 0;
+                    spv::StorageClass storageClass = spv::StorageClass::Output;
+                    String blockName;
+                    std::vector<Member> members;
+                };
+                std::vector<Target> targets;
+                const std::unordered_set<String> existingNames = CollectNames(*irContext);
+
+                for (Instruction& inst : irContext->types_values()) {
+                    if (inst.opcode() != spv::Op::OpVariable) continue;
+                    const auto storageClass =
+                        static_cast<spv::StorageClass>(inst.GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
+                    if (storageClass != spv::StorageClass::Input &&
+                        storageClass != spv::StorageClass::Output) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    Instruction* pointerType = defUseMgr->GetDef(inst.type_id());
+                    if (pointerType == nullptr) continue;
+                    const Uint32 pointeeTypeId = pointerType->GetSingleWordInOperand(1);
+                    const analysis::Type* pointeeType = typeMgr->GetType(pointeeTypeId);
+                    const auto* structType = pointeeType != nullptr ? pointeeType->AsStruct() : nullptr;
+                    if (structType == nullptr) continue;
+
+                    const String blockName = FindName(*irContext, pointeeTypeId);
+                    if (blockName.empty() ||
+                        m_blockNames.find(blockName) == m_blockNames.end()) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    Target target;
+                    target.variable = &inst;
+                    target.structTypeId = pointeeTypeId;
+                    target.storageClass = storageClass;
+                    target.blockName = blockName;
+
+                    Uint32 blockLocation = 0;
+                    const Bool hasBlockLocation =
+                        FindLocationDecoration(*irContext, inst.result_id(), blockLocation);
+
+                    Bool usable = true;
+                    for (auto& annotation : irContext->annotations()) {
+                        if (annotation.opcode() != spv::Op::OpMemberDecorate) continue;
+                        if (annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(0) != pointeeTypeId) continue;
+                        if (IsMemberDecorationThatBlocksFlattening(
+                                static_cast<spv::Decoration>(annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(2)))) {
+                            usable = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Uint32 runningLocation = blockLocation;
+                    const auto& memberTypes = structType->element_types();
+                    for (Uint32 memberIndex = 0; usable && memberIndex < memberTypes.size(); ++memberIndex) {
+                        Member member;
+                        member.typeId = typeMgr->GetId(memberTypes[memberIndex]);
+                        member.name = FindMemberName(*irContext, pointeeTypeId, memberIndex);
+                        if (member.typeId == 0 || member.name.empty() ||
+                            existingNames.count(blockName + "_" + member.name) != 0) {
+                            usable = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        const Uint32 span = LocationSpan(memberTypes[memberIndex]);
+                        if (span == 0) {
+                            usable = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        Uint32 memberLocation = 0;
+                        if (FindMemberLocationDecoration(*irContext, pointeeTypeId, memberIndex,
+                                                         memberLocation)) {
+                            member.location = memberLocation;
+                            member.hasLocation = true;
+                        } else if (hasBlockLocation) {
+                            member.location = runningLocation;
+                            member.hasLocation = true;
+                        }
+                        runningLocation += span;
+                        target.members.push_back(member);
+                    }
+                    if (!usable || target.members.empty()) {
+                        MGLOG_I("FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass: block '%s' has a member this pass cannot "
+                                "place; leaving it declared as a block",
+                                blockName.c_str());
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    targets.push_back(std::move(target));
+                }
+
+                if (targets.empty()) return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+
+                // The entry point's first block, past the leading OpVariable run SPIR-V
+                // requires to stay at the top of a function. Resolved BEFORE anything is
+                // mutated: a decline after the rewrite has started would leave a half-converted
+                // module behind, and the optimizer serialises whatever the module holds
+                // regardless of the status this returns.
+                const Uint32 entryFunctionId = entryPoint->GetSingleWordInOperand(1);
+                spvtools::opt::Function* entryFunction = nullptr;
+                for (auto& function : *irContext->module()) {
+                    if (function.result_id() == entryFunctionId) {
+                        entryFunction = &function;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (entryFunction == nullptr || entryFunction->begin() == entryFunction->end()) {
+                    return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+                }
+                {
+                    auto& probeBlock = *entryFunction->begin();
+                    auto probe = probeBlock.begin();
+                    while (probe != probeBlock.end() && probe->opcode() == spv::Op::OpVariable) ++probe;
+                    if (probe == probeBlock.end()) return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+                }
+
+                // Demoting the block changes the STORAGE CLASS of every pointer derived from it,
+                // and a derived pointer's own result type still says Input/Output - which is an
+                // invalid module ("the result pointer storage class and base pointer storage
+                // class in OpAccessChain do not match") that spirv-val rejects and a driver may
+                // silently miscompile. Collected before anything is mutated so an unsupported
+                // use can still decline the whole rewrite rather than leave the module broken.
+                std::unordered_set<Uint32> derivedPointers;
+                for (const auto& target : targets) {
+                    derivedPointers.insert(target.variable->result_id());
+                }
+                std::vector<Instruction*> pointersToRetype;
+                for (auto& function : *irContext->module()) {
+                    for (auto& block : function) {
+                        for (auto& inst : block) {
+                            const spv::Op opcode = inst.opcode();
+                            const Bool indexes = opcode == spv::Op::OpAccessChain ||
+                                                 opcode == spv::Op::OpInBoundsAccessChain ||
+                                                 opcode == spv::Op::OpCopyObject;
+                            if (indexes) {
+                                if (inst.NumInOperands() > 0 &&
+                                    derivedPointers.count(inst.GetSingleWordInOperand(0)) != 0) {
+                                    derivedPointers.insert(inst.result_id());
+                                    pointersToRetype.push_back(&inst);
+                                }
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            // Reads and writes are exactly what a shadowed block is for; the
+                            // pointer they use does not change shape.
+                            if (opcode == spv::Op::OpLoad || opcode == spv::Op::OpStore) continue;
+                            for (Uint32 i = 0; i < inst.NumInOperands(); ++i) {
+                                const Operand& operand = inst.GetInOperand(i);
+                                if (operand.type != SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID || operand.words.size() != 1) {
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                                if (derivedPointers.count(operand.words[0]) == 0) continue;
+                                MGLOG_I("FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass: interface block %%%u reaches a "
+                                        "SPIR-V opcode %u that this pass cannot follow; leaving it "
+                                        "declared as a block",
+                                        operand.words[0], static_cast<Uint32>(opcode));
+                                return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Every type this pass names has to exist before the variables that name it.
+                for (auto& target : targets) {
+                    target.privatePointerTypeId =
+                        typeMgr->FindPointerToType(target.structTypeId, spv::StorageClass::Private);
+                    for (auto& member : target.members) {
+                        member.interfacePointerTypeId =
+                            typeMgr->FindPointerToType(member.typeId, target.storageClass);
+                        member.privatePointerTypeId =
+                            typeMgr->FindPointerToType(member.typeId, spv::StorageClass::Private);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                std::vector<Operand> interfaceOperands;
+                for (Uint32 i = 0; i < entryPoint->NumInOperands(); ++i) {
+                    interfaceOperands.push_back(entryPoint->GetInOperand(i));
+                }
+
+                std::unordered_set<Uint32> strippedBlockStructTypes;
+                for (auto& target : targets) {
+                    Instruction* variable = target.variable;
+                    const Uint32 oldVariableId = variable->result_id();
+
+                    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Instruction>> newDecorations;
+                    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Instruction>> newNames;
+                    for (auto& member : target.members) {
+                        member.variableId = irContext->TakeNextId();
+                        irContext->AddGlobalValue(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                            irContext, spv::Op::OpVariable, member.interfacePointerTypeId, member.variableId,
+                            std::initializer_list<Operand>{
+                                {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_STORAGE_CLASS,
+                                 {static_cast<Uint32>(target.storageClass)}}}));
+
+                        // The name IS the contract: it is what the rewritten capture request
+                        // asks the driver for, and what makes the producer and consumer of a
+                        // flattened block still match each other by name.
+                        const String flatName = target.blockName + "_" + member.name;
+                        std::vector<Operand> nameOperands;
+                        nameOperands.push_back({SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {member.variableId}});
+                        nameOperands.push_back(
+                            {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_LITERAL_STRING,
+                             spvtools::utils::MakeVector(flatName)});
+                        newNames.push_back(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(irContext, spv::Op::OpName, 0, 0,
+                                                                             nameOperands));
+
+                        if (member.hasLocation) {
+                            newDecorations.push_back(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                                irContext, spv::Op::OpDecorate, 0, 0,
+                                std::initializer_list<Operand>{
+                                    {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {member.variableId}},
+                                    {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_DECORATION,
+                                     {static_cast<Uint32>(spv::Decoration::Location)}},
+                                    {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_LITERAL_INTEGER, {member.location}}}));
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // Member decorations that describe the member (not the aggregate) move to
+                    // the variable that now carries it.
+                    for (auto& annotation : irContext->annotations()) {
+                        if (annotation.opcode() != spv::Op::OpMemberDecorate) continue;
+                        if (annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(0) != target.structTypeId) continue;
+                        const Uint32 memberIndex = annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(1);
+                        if (memberIndex >= target.members.size()) continue;
+                        const auto decoration =
+                            static_cast<spv::Decoration>(annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(2));
+                        if (!IsMemberDecorationToCarry(decoration)) continue;
+                        std::vector<Operand> operands;
+                        operands.push_back({SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {target.members[memberIndex].variableId}});
+                        for (Uint32 i = 2; i < annotation.NumInOperands(); ++i) {
+                            operands.push_back(annotation.GetInOperand(i));
+                        }
+                        newDecorations.push_back(
+                            spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(irContext, spv::Op::OpDecorate, 0, 0, operands));
+                    }
+
+                    // The block's own Location described where its members start and means
+                    // nothing on a Private shadow; leaving it would also make SPIRV-Cross print
+                    // a location for a variable that no longer has an interface.
+                    std::vector<Instruction*> deadDecorations;
+                    // A struct type shared by two flattened variables would otherwise have its
+                    // Block decoration killed twice - and the second kill is a use-after-free,
+                    // not a no-op.
+                    const Bool structTypeAlreadyStripped =
+                        strippedBlockStructTypes.count(target.structTypeId) != 0;
+                    strippedBlockStructTypes.insert(target.structTypeId);
+                    for (auto& annotation : irContext->annotations()) {
+                        if (annotation.opcode() != spv::Op::OpDecorate) continue;
+                        const Uint32 target0 = annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(0);
+                        if (target0 == oldVariableId) {
+                            deadDecorations.push_back(&annotation);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        if (structTypeAlreadyStripped) continue;
+                        // The struct type stops being an interface block the moment its only
+                        // interface variable becomes a Private shadow, and SPIRV-Cross prints a
+                        // Block-decorated struct as a BLOCK declaration - `out StageData {...}
+                        // vs_out;` for a variable that is no longer an output, which is not
+                        // ESSL and which the driver rejects with a bare syntax error on the
+                        // instance name. A block name is unique per stage, so nothing else can
+                        // still need this decoration.
+                        if (target0 == target.structTypeId &&
+                            static_cast<spv::Decoration>(annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(1)) ==
+                                spv::Decoration::Block) {
+                            deadDecorations.push_back(&annotation);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    for (auto* annotation : deadDecorations) {
+                        irContext->KillInst(annotation);
+                    }
+                    for (auto& decoration : newDecorations) {
+                        irContext->AddAnnotationInst(std::move(decoration));
+                    }
+                    for (auto& debugName : newNames) {
+                        irContext->AddDebug2Inst(std::move(debugName));
+                    }
+
+                    // Demote the block to a Private shadow. Every OpAccessChain and OpStore the
+                    // body already performs on it stays valid and keeps its types; only the
+                    // storage class changed, and Private is the one storage class a pointer of
+                    // any shape may live in.
+                    variable->SetResultType(target.privatePointerTypeId);
+                    variable->SetInOperand(0, {static_cast<Uint32>(spv::StorageClass::Private)});
+                    variable->RemoveFromList();
+                    irContext->AddGlobalValue(std::unique_ptr<Instruction>(variable));
+
+                    // SPIR-V 1.3 lists only Input/Output in the entry-point interface, and the
+                    // block is neither any more: it is replaced in place by its members.
+                    std::vector<Operand> rebuilt;
+                    for (Uint32 i = 0; i < interfaceOperands.size(); ++i) {
+                        const Operand& operand = interfaceOperands[i];
+                        if (i >= 3 && operand.type == SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID && operand.words.size() == 1 &&
+                            operand.words[0] == oldVariableId) {
+                            for (const auto& member : target.members) {
+                                rebuilt.push_back({SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {member.variableId}});
+                            }
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        rebuilt.push_back(operand);
+                    }
+                    interfaceOperands = std::move(rebuilt);
+                }
+
+                entryPoint->SetInOperands(std::move(interfaceOperands));
+
+                // Index constants for the copy access chains. Appended after the variables
+                // above, which is legal: nothing declared before them names them, and the only
+                // instructions that do are the ones inserted into the function body below.
+                auto* constMgr = irContext->get_constant_mgr();
+                std::vector<Uint32> memberIndexConstants;
+                Uint32 maxMembers = 0;
+                for (const auto& target : targets) {
+                    maxMembers = std::max(maxMembers, static_cast<Uint32>(target.members.size()));
+                }
+                memberIndexConstants.resize(maxMembers, 0);
+                for (Uint32 index = 0; index < maxMembers; ++index) {
+                    memberIndexConstants[index] = constMgr->GetUIntConstId(index);
+                }
+
+                // Input: seed the shadow once, before any code that reads it. Output: publish
+                // it at every exit, after all the code that writes it.
+                auto& entryBlock = *entryFunction->begin();
+                auto insertPoint = entryBlock.begin();
+                while (insertPoint != entryBlock.end() && insertPoint->opcode() == spv::Op::OpVariable) {
+                    ++insertPoint;
+                }
+                if (insertPoint == entryBlock.end()) return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+
+                for (const auto& target : targets) {
+                    if (target.storageClass != spv::StorageClass::Input) continue;
+                    for (Uint32 memberIndex = 0; memberIndex < target.members.size(); ++memberIndex) {
+                        const auto& member = target.members[memberIndex];
+                        const Uint32 loadedId = irContext->TakeNextId();
+                        const Uint32 memberPointerId = irContext->TakeNextId();
+                        insertPoint = insertPoint.InsertBefore(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                            irContext, spv::Op::OpLoad, member.typeId, loadedId,
+                            std::initializer_list<Operand>{{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {member.variableId}}}));
+                        ++insertPoint;
+                        insertPoint = insertPoint.InsertBefore(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                            irContext, spv::Op::OpAccessChain, member.privatePointerTypeId, memberPointerId,
+                            std::initializer_list<Operand>{
+                                {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {target.variable->result_id()}},
+                                {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {memberIndexConstants[memberIndex]}}}));
+                        ++insertPoint;
+                        insertPoint = insertPoint.InsertBefore(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                            irContext, spv::Op::OpStore, 0, 0,
+                            std::initializer_list<Operand>{{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {memberPointerId}},
+                                                           {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {loadedId}}}));
+                        ++insertPoint;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // EVERY return, not just the last block: a shader with an early `return` would
+                // otherwise publish nothing on that path.
+                std::vector<Instruction*> returns;
+                for (auto& block : *entryFunction) {
+                    Instruction* terminator = block.terminator();
+                    if (terminator != nullptr && terminator->opcode() == spv::Op::OpReturn) {
+                        returns.push_back(terminator);
+                    }
+                }
+                for (Instruction* returnInst : returns) {
+                    for (const auto& target : targets) {
+                        if (target.storageClass != spv::StorageClass::Output) continue;
+                        for (Uint32 memberIndex = 0; memberIndex < target.members.size(); ++memberIndex) {
+                            const auto& member = target.members[memberIndex];
+                            const Uint32 memberPointerId = irContext->TakeNextId();
+                            const Uint32 loadedId = irContext->TakeNextId();
+                            returnInst->InsertBefore(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                                irContext, spv::Op::OpAccessChain, member.privatePointerTypeId,
+                                memberPointerId,
+                                std::initializer_list<Operand>{
+                                    {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {target.variable->result_id()}},
+                                    {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {memberIndexConstants[memberIndex]}}}));
+                            returnInst->InsertBefore(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                                irContext, spv::Op::OpLoad, member.typeId, loadedId,
+                                std::initializer_list<Operand>{{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {memberPointerId}}}));
+                            returnInst->InsertBefore(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                                irContext, spv::Op::OpStore, 0, 0,
+                                std::initializer_list<Operand>{{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {member.variableId}},
+                                                               {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {loadedId}}}));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Retype the derived pointers collected above. Done last, so the pointer types it
+                // appends land after the variables.
+                for (Instruction* pointer : pointersToRetype) {
+                    Instruction* resultType = defUseMgr->GetDef(pointer->type_id());
+                    if (resultType == nullptr || resultType->opcode() != spv::Op::OpTypePointer) continue;
+                    if (static_cast<spv::StorageClass>(resultType->GetSingleWordInOperand(0)) ==
+                        spv::StorageClass::Private) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    pointer->SetResultType(typeMgr->FindPointerToType(resultType->GetSingleWordInOperand(1),
+                                                                      spv::StorageClass::Private));
+                }
+
+                if (m_flattenedBlockNames != nullptr) {
+                    for (const auto& target : targets) {
+                        m_flattenedBlockNames->insert(target.blockName);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                irContext->InvalidateAnalysesExceptFor(IRContext::kAnalysisNone);
+                return Status::SuccessWithChange;
+            }
+
+            spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass::CreateFlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass(
+                const std::set<String>& blockNames, std::set<String>* flattenedBlockNames) {
+                return spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken(
+                    MakeUnique<FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass>(blockNames, flattenedBlockNames));
+            }
+        } // namespace ShaderTranspiler
+    } // namespace MG_Util
+} // namespace MobileGL

MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass.h

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass.h
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#pragma once
+#include "source/opt/pass.h"
+#include "spirv-tools/optimizer.hpp"
+
+#include <Includes.h>
+
+#include <set>
+
+namespace MobileGL {
+    namespace MG_Util {
+        namespace ShaderTranspiler {
+            // Replaces a named interface BLOCK whose members transform feedback captures with
+            // one free-standing variable per member, named "<BlockName>_<MemberName>", and
+            // demotes the block itself to a Private shadow that the entry point copies into
+            // (Input) or out of (Output). The block's own body code is untouched: every
+            // OpAccessChain into it - dynamically indexed ones included - keeps working
+            // against the shadow.
+            //
+            // WHY. The Adreno ES driver accepts "BlockName.member" in
+            // glTransformFeedbackVaryings, links, and reports the names straight back from
+            // glGetTransformFeedbackVarying - and then captures NONE of them: the recorded
+            // stream holds gl_Position in slot 0 and leaves the rest of every vertex's record
+            // untouched. Proven on an Adreno 830 by writing a recognisable gl_Position into
+            // the KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding.basic-input capture program: the value landed
+            // in the slot that had asked for StageData.attrib[0]. The same program with the
+            // block flattened into a plain output array captures every member correctly, which
+            // is what this pass produces. Requesting the members under the ESSL instance-name
+            // spelling ("vs_out.attrib[0]") instead makes the driver fail the link outright, so
+            // the capture list cannot be spelled around the defect - only the declaration can.
+            //
+            // The rename is deterministic and derived only from names that GLSL interface
+            // matching already requires both sides of a stage boundary to agree on (block name
+            // and member names), so running this pass over EVERY stage of a program with the
+            // same block set keeps a producer and its consumer matched.
+            //
+            // DirectGLES only: Vulkan captures by xfb_offset, never by name.
+            class FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass : public spvtools::opt::Pass {
+            public:
+                // `blockNames` are block TYPE names, i.e. the "StageData" of
+                // "StageData.attrib[0]". `flattenedBlockNames` receives the subset this pass
+                // actually rewrote, so the caller can rename exactly those capture requests
+                // and leave the rest spelled as the application wrote them.
+                FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass(const std::set<String>& blockNames,
+                                              std::set<String>* flattenedBlockNames)
+                    : m_blockNames(blockNames), m_flattenedBlockNames(flattenedBlockNames) {}
+
+                const char* name() const override { return "mobilegl-flatten-xfb-interface-blocks"; }
+                Status Process() override;
+
+                // The member of `blockName` spelled by a capture request, as this pass names
+                // it: "StageData.attrib[0]" -> "StageData_attrib[0]". Returns false when the
+                // name does not address a member of a flattened block.
+                static Bool RewriteCaptureName(const String& captureName, const std::set<String>& flattenedBlockNames,
+                                               String& outName);
+
+                static spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken CreateFlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass(
+                    const std::set<String>& blockNames, std::set<String>* flattenedBlockNames);
+
+            private:
+                std::set<String> m_blockNames;
+                std::set<String>* m_flattenedBlockNames = nullptr;
+            };
+        } // namespace ShaderTranspiler
+    } // namespace MG_Util
+} // namespace MobileGL

MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/SplitArrayVertexInputsPass.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/SplitArrayVertexInputsPass.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#include "SplitArrayVertexInputsPass.h"
+
+#include "spirv.hpp"
+#include "source/opt/constants.h"
+#include "source/opt/def_use_manager.h"
+#include "source/opt/instruction.h"
+#include "source/opt/ir_context.h"
+#include "source/opt/module.h"
+#include "source/opt/types.h"
+#include "source/util/make_unique.h"
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace MobileGL {
+    namespace MG_Util {
+        namespace ShaderTranspiler {
+            namespace {
+                using spvtools::opt::IRContext;
+                using spvtools::opt::Instruction;
+                using spvtools::opt::Operand;
+                namespace analysis = spvtools::opt::analysis;
+
+                // How many attribute locations one element of the array consumes. GL 4.6 core
+                // 11.1.1: a scalar or vector of up to four 32-bit components takes one; a
+                // double-precision vector wider than two takes two; a matrix takes one per
+                // column. Zero means "this pass will not touch it" - the module keeps its array
+                // input and SPIRV-Cross will say so, which is a better outcome than a silently
+                // mis-located split.
+                Uint32 LocationsPerElement(const analysis::Type* type) {
+                    if (type == nullptr) return 0;
+                    // Any scalar takes one location, a 64-bit one included.
+                    if (type->AsFloat() != nullptr || type->AsInteger() != nullptr ||
+                        type->AsBool() != nullptr) {
+                        return 1u;
+                    }
+                    if (const auto* vector = type->AsVector()) {
+                        const auto* element = vector->element_type();
+                        const auto* elementFloat = element->AsFloat();
+                        const Bool is64Bit = elementFloat != nullptr && elementFloat->width() == 64;
+                        if (element->AsFloat() == nullptr && element->AsInteger() == nullptr &&
+                            element->AsBool() == nullptr) {
+                            return 0;
+                        }
+                        return (is64Bit && vector->element_count() > 2) ? 2u : 1u;
+                    }
+                    // Matrices, structs, images and nested arrays are left alone deliberately:
+                    // an array of them is vanishingly rare as a vertex input and each carries its
+                    // own location-assignment rule, so getting one wrong would corrupt every
+                    // attribute after it rather than fail loudly.
+                    return 0;
+                }
+
+                // The Location a variable is decorated with, or `false` when it carries none.
+                // A vertex input without an explicit location cannot be split: the split has to
+                // name base+i, and inventing a base would collide with whatever the linker
+                // assigned.
+                Bool FindLocationDecoration(IRContext& irContext, Uint32 variableId, Uint32& outLocation) {
+                    for (auto& annotation : irContext.annotations()) {
+                        if (annotation.opcode() != spv::Op::OpDecorate) continue;
+                        if (annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(0) != variableId) continue;
+                        if (static_cast<spv::Decoration>(annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(1)) !=
+                            spv::Decoration::Location) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        outLocation = annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(2);
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    return false;
+                }
+            } // namespace
+
+            spvtools::opt::Pass::Status SplitArrayVertexInputsPass::Process() {
+                auto* irContext = context();
+                auto entryPoints = irContext->module()->entry_points();
+                if (entryPoints.begin() == entryPoints.end()) return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+
+                Instruction* entryPoint = &*entryPoints.begin();
+                if (static_cast<spv::ExecutionModel>(entryPoint->GetSingleWordInOperand(0)) !=
+                    spv::ExecutionModel::Vertex) {
+                    return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+                }
+
+                auto* defUseMgr = irContext->get_def_use_mgr();
+                auto* typeMgr = irContext->get_type_mgr();
+                auto* constMgr = irContext->get_constant_mgr();
+
+                struct Target {
+                    Instruction* variable = nullptr;
+                    Uint32 arrayTypeId = 0;
+                    Uint32 elementTypeId = 0;
+                    Uint32 elementCount = 0;
+                    Uint32 baseLocation = 0;
+                    Uint32 locationsPerElement = 1;
+                    Uint32 elementInputPointerTypeId = 0;
+                    Uint32 elementPrivatePointerTypeId = 0;
+                    Uint32 arrayPrivatePointerTypeId = 0;
+                };
+                std::vector<Target> targets;
+
+                for (Instruction& inst : irContext->types_values()) {
+                    if (inst.opcode() != spv::Op::OpVariable) continue;
+                    if (static_cast<spv::StorageClass>(inst.GetSingleWordInOperand(0)) !=
+                        spv::StorageClass::Input) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    Instruction* pointerType = defUseMgr->GetDef(inst.type_id());
+                    if (pointerType == nullptr) continue;
+                    const Uint32 pointeeTypeId = pointerType->GetSingleWordInOperand(1);
+                    const analysis::Type* pointeeType = typeMgr->GetType(pointeeTypeId);
+                    const auto* arrayType = pointeeType != nullptr ? pointeeType->AsArray() : nullptr;
+                    if (arrayType == nullptr) continue;
+
+                    // A builtin input array (gl_ClipDistance and friends) is not an attribute and
+                    // has no location; SPIRV-Cross emits those itself.
+                    Uint32 baseLocation = 0;
+                    if (!FindLocationDecoration(*irContext, inst.result_id(), baseLocation)) continue;
+
+                    const Uint32 elementTypeId = typeMgr->GetId(arrayType->element_type());
+                    const Uint32 locationsPerElement = LocationsPerElement(arrayType->element_type());
+                    if (elementTypeId == 0 || locationsPerElement == 0) {
+                        MGLOG_I("SplitArrayVertexInputsPass: vertex input %%%u is an array whose element "
+                                "type has no single-location mapping; leaving it declared as an array",
+                                inst.result_id());
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    // OpTypeArray's length is an id of an integer constant.
+                    Instruction* arrayTypeInst = defUseMgr->GetDef(pointeeTypeId);
+                    if (arrayTypeInst == nullptr || arrayTypeInst->NumInOperands() < 2) continue;
+                    const analysis::Constant* lengthConstant =
+                        constMgr->FindDeclaredConstant(arrayTypeInst->GetSingleWordInOperand(1));
+                    if (lengthConstant == nullptr || lengthConstant->AsIntConstant() == nullptr) continue;
+                    const Uint32 elementCount = lengthConstant->AsIntConstant()->GetU32();
+                    if (elementCount == 0) continue;
+
+                    Target target;
+                    target.variable = &inst;
+                    target.arrayTypeId = pointeeTypeId;
+                    target.elementTypeId = elementTypeId;
+                    target.elementCount = elementCount;
+                    target.baseLocation = baseLocation;
+                    target.locationsPerElement = locationsPerElement;
+                    targets.push_back(target);
+                }
+
+                if (targets.empty()) return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+
+                // Everything the demoted array's pointer flows into, in SSA order. Demoting the
+                // variable changes the STORAGE CLASS of every pointer derived from it, and a
+                // derived pointer's own result type still says Input - which is an invalid
+                // module ("the result pointer storage class and base pointer storage class in
+                // OpAccessChain do not match"), so each one has to be retyped too. Collected
+                // before anything is mutated so an unsupported use can still decline the whole
+                // rewrite rather than leave a half-converted module behind.
+                std::unordered_set<Uint32> derivedPointers;
+                for (const auto& target : targets) {
+                    derivedPointers.insert(target.variable->result_id());
+                }
+                std::vector<Instruction*> pointersToRetype;
+                for (auto& function : *irContext->module()) {
+                    for (auto& block : function) {
+                        for (auto& inst : block) {
+                            const spv::Op opcode = inst.opcode();
+                            // A pointer this pass moved may only be loaded from or indexed into.
+                            // Anything else (handing it to a function, storing THROUGH it, casting
+                            // it) either cannot happen for a vertex input or would need the callee
+                            // rewritten as well, and silently getting that wrong is worse than
+                            // leaving the module for SPIRV-Cross to reject out loud.
+                            const Bool indexes =
+                                opcode == spv::Op::OpAccessChain ||
+                                opcode == spv::Op::OpInBoundsAccessChain ||
+                                opcode == spv::Op::OpCopyObject;
+                            if (indexes) {
+                                if (inst.NumInOperands() > 0 &&
+                                    derivedPointers.count(inst.GetSingleWordInOperand(0)) != 0) {
+                                    derivedPointers.insert(inst.result_id());
+                                    pointersToRetype.push_back(&inst);
+                                }
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            if (opcode == spv::Op::OpLoad) continue; // reads are always fine
+                            for (Uint32 i = 0; i < inst.NumInOperands(); ++i) {
+                                const Operand& operand = inst.GetInOperand(i);
+                                if (operand.type != SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID || operand.words.size() != 1) {
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                                if (derivedPointers.count(operand.words[0]) == 0) continue;
+                                MGLOG_I("SplitArrayVertexInputsPass: array vertex input %%%u reaches a "
+                                        "SPIR-V opcode %u that this pass cannot follow; leaving it "
+                                        "declared as an "
+                                        "array",
+                                        operand.words[0], static_cast<Uint32>(opcode));
+                                return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Entry block insertion point: after the block's leading OpVariable run, which
+                // SPIR-V requires to stay at the top of a function's first block.
+                const Uint32 entryFunctionId = entryPoint->GetSingleWordInOperand(1);
+                spvtools::opt::Function* entryFunction = nullptr;
+                for (auto& function : *irContext->module()) {
+                    if (function.result_id() == entryFunctionId) {
+                        entryFunction = &function;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (entryFunction == nullptr || entryFunction->begin() == entryFunction->end()) {
+                    return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+                }
+                auto& entryBlock = *entryFunction->begin();
+                auto insertPoint = entryBlock.begin();
+                while (insertPoint != entryBlock.end() && insertPoint->opcode() == spv::Op::OpVariable) {
+                    ++insertPoint;
+                }
+                if (insertPoint == entryBlock.end()) return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+
+                // Every type this pass names has to exist before the variables that name it: the
+                // types-and-variables section is emitted in order and a forward reference to a
+                // type is invalid SPIR-V. Same staging as PackDoubleVertexInputsPass.
+                for (auto& target : targets) {
+                    target.elementInputPointerTypeId =
+                        typeMgr->FindPointerToType(target.elementTypeId, spv::StorageClass::Input);
+                    target.elementPrivatePointerTypeId =
+                        typeMgr->FindPointerToType(target.elementTypeId, spv::StorageClass::Private);
+                    target.arrayPrivatePointerTypeId =
+                        typeMgr->FindPointerToType(target.arrayTypeId, spv::StorageClass::Private);
+                }
+
+                // Index constants for the seeding access chains, all of them before any variable.
+                Uint32 maxElementCount = 0;
+                for (const auto& target : targets) {
+                    maxElementCount = std::max(maxElementCount, target.elementCount);
+                }
+                std::vector<Uint32> indexConstantIds(maxElementCount, 0);
+                for (Uint32 index = 0; index < maxElementCount; ++index) {
+                    indexConstantIds[index] = constMgr->GetUIntConstId(index);
+                }
+
+                std::vector<Operand> interfaceOperands;
+                for (Uint32 i = 0; i < entryPoint->NumInOperands(); ++i) {
+                    interfaceOperands.push_back(entryPoint->GetInOperand(i));
+                }
+
+                for (const auto& target : targets) {
+                    Instruction* variable = target.variable;
+                    const Uint32 oldVariableId = variable->result_id();
+
+                    // Collected, never added inline: AddAnnotationInst mutates the annotation
+                    // list this function is still walking below.
+                    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Instruction>> newDecorations;
+                    std::vector<Uint32> elementVariableIds(target.elementCount, 0);
+                    for (Uint32 element = 0; element < target.elementCount; ++element) {
+                        const Uint32 elementVariableId = irContext->TakeNextId();
+                        elementVariableIds[element] = elementVariableId;
+                        irContext->AddGlobalValue(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                            irContext, spv::Op::OpVariable, target.elementInputPointerTypeId,
+                            elementVariableId,
+                            std::initializer_list<Operand>{
+                                {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_STORAGE_CLASS,
+                                 {static_cast<Uint32>(spv::StorageClass::Input)}}}));
+                        newDecorations.push_back(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                            irContext, spv::Op::OpDecorate, 0, 0,
+                            std::initializer_list<Operand>{
+                                {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {elementVariableId}},
+                                {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_DECORATION,
+                                 {static_cast<Uint32>(spv::Decoration::Location)}},
+                                {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_LITERAL_INTEGER,
+                                 {target.baseLocation + element * target.locationsPerElement}}}));
+                    }
+
+                    // The array's own decorations move to the elements, except Location (each
+                    // element got its own above) and anything that only described the aggregate.
+                    // RelaxedPrecision is the one that MUST travel: dropping it changes the
+                    // declared precision of the input in the emitted ESSL.
+                    std::vector<Instruction*> deadDecorations;
+                    for (auto& annotation : irContext->annotations()) {
+                        if (annotation.opcode() != spv::Op::OpDecorate) continue;
+                        if (annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(0) != oldVariableId) continue;
+                        const auto decoration =
+                            static_cast<spv::Decoration>(annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(1));
+                        if (decoration == spv::Decoration::RelaxedPrecision ||
+                            decoration == spv::Decoration::Flat ||
+                            decoration == spv::Decoration::NoPerspective ||
+                            decoration == spv::Decoration::Centroid ||
+                            decoration == spv::Decoration::Sample) {
+                            for (const Uint32 elementVariableId : elementVariableIds) {
+                                std::vector<Operand> operands;
+                                operands.push_back({SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {elementVariableId}});
+                                for (Uint32 i = 1; i < annotation.NumInOperands(); ++i) {
+                                    operands.push_back(annotation.GetInOperand(i));
+                                }
+                                newDecorations.push_back(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                                    irContext, spv::Op::OpDecorate, 0, 0, operands));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        deadDecorations.push_back(&annotation);
+                    }
+                    for (auto* annotation : deadDecorations) {
+                        irContext->KillInst(annotation);
+                    }
+                    for (auto& decoration : newDecorations) {
+                        irContext->AddAnnotationInst(std::move(decoration));
+                    }
+
+                    // Demote the original to a Private global: every existing OpLoad and
+                    // OpAccessChain on it stays valid and keeps its array type, dynamic indices
+                    // included. Moved to the end of the section for the same reason as in
+                    // PackDoubleVertexInputsPass - a variable may not forward-reference its type.
+                    variable->SetResultType(target.arrayPrivatePointerTypeId);
+                    variable->SetInOperand(0, {static_cast<Uint32>(spv::StorageClass::Private)});
+                    variable->RemoveFromList();
+                    irContext->AddGlobalValue(std::unique_ptr<Instruction>(variable));
+
+                    // SPIR-V 1.3 lists only Input/Output in the entry-point interface, and the
+                    // array is no longer an Input: replace it with the elements in place, so the
+                    // interface keeps one entry per live interface variable.
+                    std::vector<Operand> rebuilt;
+                    for (Uint32 i = 0; i < interfaceOperands.size(); ++i) {
+                        const Operand& operand = interfaceOperands[i];
+                        if (i >= 3 && operand.type == SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID &&
+                            operand.words.size() == 1 && operand.words[0] == oldVariableId) {
+                            for (const Uint32 elementVariableId : elementVariableIds) {
+                                rebuilt.push_back({SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {elementVariableId}});
+                            }
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        rebuilt.push_back(operand);
+                    }
+                    interfaceOperands = std::move(rebuilt);
+
+                    // Seed the Private array once, at the top of the entry point, before any of
+                    // the code that reads it.
+                    for (Uint32 element = 0; element < target.elementCount; ++element) {
+                        const Uint32 loadedId = irContext->TakeNextId();
+                        const Uint32 elementPointerId = irContext->TakeNextId();
+                        insertPoint = insertPoint.InsertBefore(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                            irContext, spv::Op::OpLoad, target.elementTypeId, loadedId,
+                            std::initializer_list<Operand>{
+                                {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {elementVariableIds[element]}}}));
+                        ++insertPoint;
+                        insertPoint = insertPoint.InsertBefore(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                            irContext, spv::Op::OpAccessChain, target.elementPrivatePointerTypeId,
+                            elementPointerId,
+                            std::initializer_list<Operand>{
+                                {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {oldVariableId}},
+                                {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {indexConstantIds[element]}}}));
+                        ++insertPoint;
+                        insertPoint = insertPoint.InsertBefore(spvtools::MakeUnique<Instruction>(
+                            irContext, spv::Op::OpStore, 0, 0,
+                            std::initializer_list<Operand>{{SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {elementPointerId}},
+                                                           {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {loadedId}}}));
+                        ++insertPoint;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                entryPoint->SetInOperands(std::move(interfaceOperands));
+
+                // Retype the derived pointers collected above. Done last, so the pointer types
+                // it appends land after the variables (nothing in the types-and-variables
+                // section names them - they are only ever the result type of an instruction in
+                // a function body).
+                for (Instruction* pointer : pointersToRetype) {
+                    Instruction* resultType = defUseMgr->GetDef(pointer->type_id());
+                    if (resultType == nullptr || resultType->opcode() != spv::Op::OpTypePointer) continue;
+                    if (static_cast<spv::StorageClass>(resultType->GetSingleWordInOperand(0)) ==
+                        spv::StorageClass::Private) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    pointer->SetResultType(typeMgr->FindPointerToType(resultType->GetSingleWordInOperand(1),
+                                                                      spv::StorageClass::Private));
+                }
+
+                irContext->InvalidateAnalysesExceptFor(IRContext::kAnalysisNone);
+                return Status::SuccessWithChange;
+            }
+
+            spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken SplitArrayVertexInputsPass::CreateSplitArrayVertexInputsPass() {
+                return spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken(MakeUnique<SplitArrayVertexInputsPass>());
+            }
+        } // namespace ShaderTranspiler
+    } // namespace MG_Util
+} // namespace MobileGL

MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/SplitArrayVertexInputsPass.h

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/SplitArrayVertexInputsPass.h
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#pragma once
+#include "source/opt/pass.h"
+#include "spirv-tools/optimizer.hpp"
+
+#include <Includes.h>
+
+namespace MobileGL {
+    namespace MG_Util {
+        namespace ShaderTranspiler {
+            // Replaces an ARRAY vertex input with one input variable per element, at
+            // consecutive locations, and demotes the original array to a Private global
+            // seeded once at the top of the entry point.
+            //
+            // GLSL ES has no array vertex inputs at all (GLSL ES 3.20 4.3.4: a vertex shader
+            // input "cannot be ... arrays"), and SPIRV-Cross does not emulate the difference:
+            // it refuses the whole module with "OpenGL ES doesn't support array input
+            // variables in vertex shader". The stage then never reaches the driver, the
+            // program links without a vertex shader, and every draw using it is a silent
+            // no-op - which is how the entire KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding.basic-input*
+            // family (its capture program declares `in vec4 vs_in_attrib[16]`) failed on
+            // DirectGLES with no symptom other than "the draw captured zeros".
+            //
+            // Desktop GL DOES allow the declaration, and it means exactly what the split
+            // produces: element i of an input array consumes location base+i (GL 4.6 core
+            // 11.1.1). So the split is a spelling change, not a semantic one - the same
+            // vertex attributes feed the same components, and the frontend's reflection
+            // (which the backends bind attributes from) is not involved.
+            //
+            // Downstream code is untouched on purpose: the original variable keeps its id and
+            // its array type, so every OpAccessChain into it - including the DYNAMICALLY
+            // indexed ones a `for` loop produces, which is precisely what an input array is
+            // usually written for - stays valid against the Private copy.
+            //
+            // DirectGLES only. Vulkan takes array vertex inputs as they are.
+            class SplitArrayVertexInputsPass : public spvtools::opt::Pass {
+            public:
+                const char* name() const override { return "mobilegl-split-array-vertex-inputs"; }
+                Status Process() override;
+
+                static spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken CreateSplitArrayVertexInputsPass();
+            };
+        } // namespace ShaderTranspiler
+    } // namespace MG_Util
+} // namespace MobileGL

MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/ZeroBaseVertexPass.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/ZeroBaseVertexPass.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#include "ZeroBaseVertexPass.h"
+
+#include "spirv.hpp"
+#include "source/opt/constants.h"
+#include "source/opt/def_use_manager.h"
+#include "source/opt/instruction.h"
+#include "source/opt/ir_context.h"
+#include "source/opt/module.h"
+#include "source/util/make_unique.h"
+
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace MobileGL {
+    namespace MG_Util {
+        namespace ShaderTranspiler {
+            namespace {
+                using spvtools::opt::Instruction;
+                using spvtools::opt::IRContext;
+                using spvtools::opt::Operand;
+
+                // Returns the Input OpVariable decorated with |builtin|, or nullptr if none.
+                Instruction* FindBuiltinInputVariable(IRContext* context, spv::BuiltIn builtin) {
+                    auto* defUseMgr = context->get_def_use_mgr();
+                    for (auto& annotation : context->annotations()) {
+                        if (annotation.opcode() != spv::Op::OpDecorate || annotation.NumInOperands() < 3) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        if (static_cast<spv::Decoration>(annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(1)) !=
+                            spv::Decoration::BuiltIn) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        if (static_cast<spv::BuiltIn>(annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(2)) != builtin) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        Instruction* variable = defUseMgr->GetDef(annotation.GetSingleWordInOperand(0));
+                        if (variable == nullptr || variable->opcode() != spv::Op::OpVariable ||
+                            static_cast<spv::StorageClass>(variable->GetSingleWordInOperand(0)) !=
+                                spv::StorageClass::Input) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        return variable;
+                    }
+                    return nullptr;
+                }
+            } // namespace
+
+            spvtools::opt::Pass::Status ZeroBaseVertexPass::Process() {
+                auto* irContext = context();
+                auto* defUseMgr = irContext->get_def_use_mgr();
+
+                Instruction* baseVertexVar = FindBuiltinInputVariable(irContext, spv::BuiltIn::BaseVertex);
+                if (baseVertexVar == nullptr) {
+                    return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+                }
+                const uint32_t baseVertexVarId = baseVertexVar->result_id();
+
+                // Collect every load before mutating: rewriting invalidates the use list.
+                //
+                // Every OTHER kind of user is enumerated and refused rather than ignored. A read
+                // that reaches the variable through a copied pointer or a pointer function
+                // parameter would keep Vulkan's firstVertex while the pass still reported
+                // success, i.e. a partial rewrite indistinguishable from a complete one. glslang
+                // emits neither shape from GLSL today, so this fails closed on something that
+                // cannot happen yet rather than silently half-doing it when it can.
+                std::vector<Instruction*> baseVertexLoads;
+                Bool sawUnexpectedUser = false;
+                defUseMgr->ForEachUser(baseVertexVar, [&](Instruction* user) {
+                    switch (user->opcode()) {
+                    case spv::Op::OpLoad:
+                        if (user->GetSingleWordInOperand(0) == baseVertexVarId) {
+                            baseVertexLoads.push_back(user);
+                        } else {
+                            sawUnexpectedUser = true;
+                        }
+                        return;
+                    // Declarations of the variable, not reads of it.
+                    case spv::Op::OpDecorate:
+                    case spv::Op::OpDecorateId:
+                    case spv::Op::OpDecorateString:
+                    case spv::Op::OpName:
+                    case spv::Op::OpEntryPoint:
+                        return;
+                    default:
+                        sawUnexpectedUser = true;
+                        return;
+                    }
+                });
+
+                if (sawUnexpectedUser) {
+                    return Status::Failure;
+                }
+                if (baseVertexLoads.empty()) {
+                    // Declared but never read - the variant is already the shader itself.
+                    return Status::SuccessWithoutChange;
+                }
+
+                // Materialize every zero constant BEFORE touching a single instruction, so the
+                // constant/type managers are never consulted against a module this pass has
+                // already half-rewritten - and so the rewrite loop below cannot fail partway
+                // and leave one behind.
+                auto* constantMgr = irContext->get_constant_mgr();
+                auto* typeMgr = irContext->get_type_mgr();
+                std::vector<uint32_t> zeroIds(baseVertexLoads.size(), 0);
+                for (size_t i = 0; i < baseVertexLoads.size(); ++i) {
+                    // The zero is built from the LOAD's own type, because a shader may declare
+                    // the builtin as either int or uint.
+                    const uint32_t typeId = baseVertexLoads[i]->type_id();
+                    const spvtools::opt::analysis::Type* type = typeMgr->GetType(typeId);
+                    if (type == nullptr) {
+                        return Status::Failure;
+                    }
+                    const spvtools::opt::analysis::Constant* zero = constantMgr->GetConstant(type, {0u});
+                    if (zero == nullptr) {
+                        return Status::Failure;
+                    }
+                    const Instruction* zeroInst = constantMgr->GetDefiningInstruction(zero, typeId);
+                    if (zeroInst == nullptr) {
+                        return Status::Failure;
+                    }
+                    zeroIds[i] = zeroInst->result_id();
+                }
+
+                // `OpLoad %ty %res %baseVertex` becomes `OpCopyObject %ty %res %zero`. Keeping
+                // %res makes every downstream use pick the zero up with no further rewriting.
+                for (size_t i = 0; i < baseVertexLoads.size(); ++i) {
+                    baseVertexLoads[i]->SetOpcode(spv::Op::OpCopyObject);
+                    baseVertexLoads[i]->SetInOperands(Instruction::OperandList{
+                        {SPV_OPERAND_TYPE_ID, {zeroIds[i]}}});
+                }
+
+                irContext->InvalidateAnalysesExceptFor(IRContext::kAnalysisNone);
+                return Status::SuccessWithChange;
+            }
+
+            spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken ZeroBaseVertexPass::CreateZeroBaseVertexPass() {
+                return spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken(MakeUnique<ZeroBaseVertexPass>());
+            }
+        } // namespace ShaderTranspiler
+    } // namespace MG_Util
+} // namespace MobileGL

MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/ZeroBaseVertexPass.h

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/ZeroBaseVertexPass.h
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#pragma once
+#include "source/opt/pass.h"
+#include "spirv-tools/optimizer.hpp"
+
+#include <Includes.h>
+
+namespace MobileGL {
+    namespace MG_Util {
+        namespace ShaderTranspiler {
+            // GL and Vulkan disagree about gl_BaseVertex on NON-INDEXED draws: GL defines it as
+            // "the value passed to the baseVertex parameter, or zero for a command that has
+            // none", so every DrawArrays form reads zero, while Vulkan's BaseVertex builtin
+            // carries the draw's firstVertex there. (For indexed draws both mean the same thing,
+            // GL's basevertex / Vulkan's vertexOffset, so those must keep the native builtin.)
+            //
+            // This pass produces the non-indexed variant of a vertex shader by replacing every
+            // read of the BaseVertex builtin with a constant zero. The variable itself is left
+            // declared - removing it would also have to reason about the DrawParameters
+            // capability that a BaseInstance read in the same module still needs.
+            //
+            // Vulkan backend only, and only for the ZeroBaseVertex program variant: the
+            // DirectGLES path has no BaseVertex builtin at all (see LowerDrawParametersPass).
+            class ZeroBaseVertexPass : public spvtools::opt::Pass {
+            public:
+                const char* name() const override { return "zero-base-vertex"; }
+                Status Process() override;
+
+                static spvtools::Optimizer::PassToken CreateZeroBaseVertexPass();
+            };
+        } // namespace ShaderTranspiler
+    } // namespace MG_Util
+} // namespace MobileGL

README.md

@@ -159,6 +159,7 @@ MobileGL supports runtime configuration via environment variables.
 | `MOBILEGL_DISABLE_TIMERQUERY` | Disable GPU timer-query exposure and use. | `0`, `1` | `0` |
 | `MOBILEGL_USE_ANGLE` | Load ANGLE EGL/GLES libraries. | `0`, `1` | `0` |
 | `MOBILEGL_DISABLE_SUBGROUP` | Disable Vulkan shader subgroup support. | `0`, `1` | `0` |
+| `MOBILEGL_ADVERTISE_FP64` | Advertise `GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64`. GLSL `double`/`dvec`/`dmat` compile and run either way - they are narrowed to 32 bits - so this only changes whether an application is told it has 64-bit precision, which it does not. | `0`, `1` | `0` |
 | `MOBILEGL_MAGMA_R11G11B10F_FALLBACK` | Use Magma's R11G11B10F format fallback. | `0`, `1` | `0` |
 | `MOBILEGL_MAGMA_FRAMESINFLIGHT` | Set Magma frames in flight. | Integer `1`–`64` | `3` |
 | `MOBILEGL_AVOID_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MIN_FILTER` | Avoid sampler mipmap minification filters. | `0`, `1` | `0` |