[Fix] (SelfTest): stop optional-capability failures from declaring the whole backend unsupported, and log the POST report in chunks

fixed Asio include bug and added the ignored dir item .gradle

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -270,6 +270,7 @@ set(SOURCE_FILES
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/ShaderCompiler.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpvcSession.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/ShaderSourceProcessor.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/TranslationCache.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/glslang/TMglGlslIoResolver.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/FlattenInterfaceStructPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/EliminateFloatEqualsZeroPass.cpp
@@ -278,9 +279,12 @@ set(SOURCE_FILES
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DecomposeWorkgroupVec3Pass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DecoratePositionInvariantPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DemoteFloat64Pass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/FlattenFloat64StorageBlockPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/LowerDrawParametersPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/LowerViewportIndexPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/PackDoubleVertexInputsPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/UniquifyIoBlockNamesPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/SplitArrayVertexInputsPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/RebaseInstanceIndexPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/ZeroBaseVertexPass.cpp
@@ -290,17 +294,23 @@ set(SOURCE_FILES
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/EmulateSubgroupsPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/NormalizeRectCoordinatesPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/Lower1DArrayImagesPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/Lower1DSampledImagesPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/BakeImageFormatsPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/WidenImageFormatsPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/ClampMultisampleFetchPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/PrivateToEntryLocalPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/StripUniformLocationsPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/StripUboMemberRelaxedPrecisionPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/StripNoPerspectivePass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/EmulateNoPerspectivePass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/LegalizeFragmentOutputIndexPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/LegalizeResourceArrayIndexPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/FlattenAtomicCounterBlockPass.cpp
 
     MobileGL/MG_Util/BackendLoaders/OpenGL/Loader.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/BackendLoaders/Vulkan/Loader.cpp
 
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/SelfTest/DriverBugProbes.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/SelfTest/DriverPost.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/SelfTest/DriverPostIterationRPWitness.cpp
 
@@ -386,6 +396,7 @@ set(SOURCE_FILES
     MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/TextureState/TextureState.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramObject.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramLinkTask.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramTranslationCache.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramSpirvTask.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ShaderCompileTask.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ShaderObject.cpp

MobileGL/Config.h

@@ -203,6 +203,28 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Config {
         // immediately stay serial by their own construction). Off by default; never
         // advertise it.
         QuirkOverride AsyncOptimisticShaderStatus = QuirkOverride::Auto;
+        // MOBILEGL_SHADER_CACHE: the three-level, in-memory shader translation memo
+        // (MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/TranslationCache.h). The levels follow the GL
+        // entry points - L1c memoizes one glCompileShader's PARSE VERDICT, L1 a
+        // linked program's whole front end, L2 DirectGLES's emitted ESSL. Auto is
+        // ON; ForceOff turns ALL THREE off and makes every translation run from
+        // scratch. The escape hatch exists because a wrong cache hit is a silently
+        // miscompiled shader: if a device ever renders differently with the cache
+        // on, one run with this falsy says so.
+        QuirkOverride ShaderTranslationCache = QuirkOverride::Auto;
+        // MOBILEGL_FORCE_VIEWPORT_ARRAY_EMULATION: DirectGLES' gl_ViewportIndex routing
+        // emulation - the builtin becomes a flat varying, the fragment stage gets a
+        // per-pass gate, and a routed draw is REPLAYED once per distinct viewport state
+        // with the real glViewport/glScissor/glDepthRangef set for it. Auto is ON, and
+        // it is ON even where the driver advertises GL_OES_viewport_array, because that
+        // extension only ever gave the SHADER a compilable name: MobileGL has never
+        // programmed a driver's INDEXED viewport state (SyncRenderState pushes index 0
+        // and nothing else), so on an extension-capable driver every index rasterized as
+        // index 0 exactly as it did without one. ForceOff returns to that behaviour -
+        // the pre-emulation path, extension passthrough where it exists and
+        // LowerViewportIndexPass' demote-to-a-plain-global where it does not - and is
+        // the negative control the emulation is measured against.
+        QuirkOverride ViewportArrayEmulation = QuirkOverride::Auto;
     };
     extern FeaturesTable Features;
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Config

MobileGL/ConfigLoader.cpp

@@ -194,6 +194,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_ConfigLoader {
         features.AsyncShaderCompileThreads = QueryEnvUint32("MOBILEGL_ASYNC_SHADER_COMPILE_THREADS", 0, 0, 64);
         features.AsyncOptimisticShaderStatus =
             QueryEnvQuirkOverride("MOBILEGL_ASYNC_OPTIMISTIC_SHADER_STATUS");
+        features.ShaderTranslationCache = QueryEnvQuirkOverride("MOBILEGL_SHADER_CACHE");
+        features.ViewportArrayEmulation =
+            QueryEnvQuirkOverride("MOBILEGL_FORCE_VIEWPORT_ARRAY_EMULATION");
     }
 
     inline void InitBackendType() {

MobileGL/Init.cpp

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 #include <MG_Impl/GLImpl/Query/GL_Query.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Async/ShaderCompilePool.h>
 #include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/ShaderCompiler.h>
+#include <MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramTranslationCache.h>
+#include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/TranslationCache.h>
 
 #include <atomic>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -72,6 +74,14 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             // built-in symbol tables the prewarm latch stands for, so leaving it set would
             // make the next Initialize() skip a prewarm it genuinely needs.
             MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::ResetPrewarmLatch();
+            // The two-level translation memo. Nothing in it references a glslang object -
+            // both levels hold plain bytes - so this is RSS hygiene rather than a lifetime
+            // requirement, and it is safe either side of FinalizeProcess. Stats first: an
+            // fordebug build gets one line per level saying how the run went.
+            MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::LogShaderTranslationCacheStats();
+            MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ClearShaderTranslationCaches();
+            MG_State::GLState::LogProgramTranslationCacheStats();
+            MG_State::GLState::ClearProgramTranslationCache();
             MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable = {};
             g_isInitialized = false;
             if (logLifecycle) {

MobileGL/MG_Backend/BackendObject.h

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ namespace MobileGL {
     namespace MG_State::GLState {
         class FramebufferObject;
         class ITextureObject;
+        class RenderbufferObject;
     }
 
     enum class BackendType {
@@ -24,6 +25,19 @@ namespace MobileGL {
     };
 
     namespace MG_Backend {
+        // One endpoint of a glCopyImageSubData. GL 4.6 core 18.3.2 accepts GL_RENDERBUFFER
+        // alongside the ten whole-image texture targets, and a renderbuffer name lives in a
+        // namespace of its own - so an endpoint is a sum type, not an ITextureObject. At most
+        // one of the two pointers is set; neither is set when the name named nothing, which is
+        // the INVALID_VALUE the frontend validator reports.
+        struct CopyImageEndpoint {
+            SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject> Texture;
+            SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::RenderbufferObject> Renderbuffer;
+
+            Bool IsRenderbuffer() const { return Renderbuffer != nullptr; }
+            Bool Exists() const { return Texture != nullptr || Renderbuffer != nullptr; }
+        };
+
         enum class FormatCapability : Uint64 {
             Creatable = 1ull << 0,
 
@@ -160,9 +174,9 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                                    GLsizei height, GLint border);
             void (*CopyTexSubImage2D)(GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint x, GLint y,
                                       GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
-            void (*CopyImageSubData)(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& srcTexture,
+            void (*CopyImageSubData)(const CopyImageEndpoint& src,
                                      GLenum srcTarget, GLint srcLevel, GLint srcX, GLint srcY, GLint srcZ,
-                                     const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& dstTexture,
+                                     const CopyImageEndpoint& dst,
                                      GLenum dstTarget, GLint dstLevel, GLint dstX, GLint dstY, GLint dstZ,
                                      GLsizei srcWidth, GLsizei srcHeight, GLsizei srcDepth);
             void (*GenerateMipmap)(GLenum target);
@@ -236,6 +250,14 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             // (optional; null = frontend falls back to CPU accounting).
             BackendQueryHandle (*BeginXfbPrimitivesQuery)(Bool generated);
             void (*EndXfbPrimitivesQuery)(BackendQueryHandle query);
+            // Whether GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_PRIMITIVES_WRITTEN should be answered from the
+            // frontend's own accounting wherever that accounting is exact - a capture with no
+            // geometry stage - instead of from the query above. Set by DirectGLES, whose result
+            // is whatever the ES driver's PRIMITIVES_WRITTEN counter says: Adreno reports twice
+            // the written count for a vertex-only capture that follows a large render pass,
+            // where the desktop-exact answer is the one the frontend already computed. Defaults
+            // to false, so a backend that never sets it keeps using its GPU result.
+            Bool PrefersCpuXfbPrimitiveAccounting = false;
             // Transform feedback capture spans, for backends whose own GL/ES driver
             // performs the capture (DirectGLES). Both optional; null means the backend
             // drives capture from its draw recording instead (DirectVulkan). End is
@@ -318,6 +340,22 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             Int MaxVertexAttribs = 16;
             Int MaxComputeShaderStorageBlocks = 8;
             Int MaxCombinedShaderStorageBlocks = 32;
+            // Per-stage GL_MAX_*_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS. Zero is a legal answer for the four
+            // non-compute, non-fragment stages and these defaults are the spec minimums, not
+            // placeholders: GL 4.6 table 23.64 and ES 3.2 table 21.44 both set the minimum for
+            // vertex, tessellation control, tessellation evaluation and geometry at 0, and only
+            // fragment (8 in GL, 4 in ES) and compute are guaranteed to have any. Every real ARM
+            // GLES driver takes that allowance - a Mali-G925 reports 0 for all four - so a
+            // backend that cannot honour a graphics-stage storage block MUST report 0 here
+            // rather than a hopeful number. Advertising a non-zero count the driver will refuse
+            // does not make the block work; it only moves the failure from an honest
+            // "unsupported" at query time to a backend link error the frontend never surfaces,
+            // after which every draw with that program silently renders nothing.
+            Int MaxVertexShaderStorageBlocks = 0;
+            Int MaxTessControlShaderStorageBlocks = 0;
+            Int MaxTessEvaluationShaderStorageBlocks = 0;
+            Int MaxGeometryShaderStorageBlocks = 0;
+            Int MaxFragmentShaderStorageBlocks = 8;
             Int MaxComputeUniformBlocks = 12;
             Int MaxComputeWorkGroupInvocations = 128;
             Int MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings = 8;
@@ -334,8 +372,32 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             Int MaxComputeImageUniforms = 8;
             Int MaxDrawBuffers = 8;
             Int MaxColorAttachments = 8;
+            // GL_MAX_CLIP_DISTANCES. Zero is a legal answer here, not a placeholder, and a
+            // backend that cannot host a clip distance MUST report it: advertising eight the
+            // backend will refuse does not make gl_ClipDistance work, it only moves the failure
+            // from an honest "unsupported" at query time to a backend shader-compile error the
+            // frontend never surfaces, after which every draw with that program silently renders
+            // nothing. DirectGLES fills it from GL_EXT_clip_cull_distance, DirectVulkan from the
+            // shaderClipDistance device feature. The DEFAULT stays at the GL 4.3 core minimum
+            // because it describes the no-backend case (standalone shader compiles, unit tests),
+            // where there is no device to be honest about and BuildTBuiltInResource still has to
+            // hand glslang a workable gl_MaxClipDistances.
             Int MaxClipDistances = 8;
             Int MaxViewports = 16;
+            // GL_LAYER_PROVOKING_VERTEX / GL_VIEWPORT_INDEX_PROVOKING_VERTEX: which vertex of a
+            // primitive supplies gl_Layer and gl_ViewportIndex. GL 4.6 table 23.65 makes
+            // GL_UNDEFINED_VERTEX a legal answer for both, and it is the honest default - naming
+            // a convention is a statement about behaviour, so a backend that does not pin one
+            // must not claim it does. DirectGLES fills the layer one from the ES 3.2 query and
+            // the viewport one from GL_OES_viewport_array, and leaves UNDEFINED where the
+            // capability is absent: without the viewport array extension only viewport 0 is ever
+            // rasterized, so no convention selects anything. DirectVulkan keeps UNDEFINED for
+            // both - which vertex provokes is decided per pipeline by
+            // VulkanRenderer::SelectProvokingVertexMode out of VK_EXT_provoking_vertex,
+            // provokingVertexModePerPipeline and the topology, so no single convention is true
+            // of the backend.
+            GLenum LayerProvokingVertex = GL_UNDEFINED_VERTEX;
+            GLenum ViewportIndexProvokingVertex = GL_UNDEFINED_VERTEX;
             Int MaxViewportWidth = 16384;
             Int MaxViewportHeight = 16384;
             Float ViewportBoundsRangeMin = 0.0f;
@@ -383,12 +445,36 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 const Uint32 bit = PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentBit(target);
                 return bit != 0 && (PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentTargets & bit) != 0;
             }
+            // Whether this backend can CONSUME a shader module that still declares 64-bit floats,
+            // i.e. whether `double` survives the transpile instead of being narrowed to `float`
+            // (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass). Detected, never assumed:
+            //   * DirectVulkan sets it from VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures::shaderFloat64, the feature
+            //     VUID-VkShaderModuleCreateInfo-pCode-08740 requires before a module declaring
+            //     OpCapability Float64 may be created at all. lavapipe has it; Adreno and Mali
+            //     both report VK_FALSE, so no real mobile device does.
+            //   * DirectGLES can NEVER have it. GLSL ES has no 64-bit float type in any version
+            //     or extension, so SPIRV-Cross cannot emit one ("FP64 not supported in ES
+            //     profile") and the demotion there is mathematically mandatory, always.
+            // Defaults to false so a backend that never sets it - and the no-backend case, which
+            // is what standalone shader compiles and the unit tests run under - keeps the
+            // demotion, which is the behaviour that works everywhere.
+            Bool SupportsShaderFloat64 = false;
             // Whether glVertexAttribLFormat / glVertexArrayAttribLFormat can be honoured, i.e.
             // whether a 64-bit vertex attribute can actually reach a shader unconverted. Detected,
             // never assumed: DirectVulkan needs VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures::shaderFloat64 (the
             // attribute travels as its 32-bit word pair, so no VK_FORMAT_R64* is required, but the
             // bitcast result is Float64); DirectGLES can never have it, ESSL having no fp64 type at
             // all. Defaults to false so a backend that never sets it gets the conservative answer.
+            //
+            // INDEPENDENT of SupportsShaderFloat64, and it has to be: this flag decides a VkFormat
+            // from the VAO ATTRIBUTE alone, which does not know what type the shader declared, and
+            // glVertexAttribFormat(GL_DOUBLE) feeding a plain `in vec4` is both legal and common
+            // (KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding.basic-input-case4/5, advanced-bindingUpdate). A
+            // backend with native fp64 that still cannot FETCH 64 bits keeps this false and relies
+            // on the per-MODULE rule in ShaderCompiler::SanitizeAndOptimizeBinary instead: a vertex
+            // module that declares a 64-bit float INPUT is demoted whole, so the two shader-side
+            // halves (PackDoubleVertexInputsPass and VertexInputStateFactory::ToVkVertexFormat)
+            // still see one consistent world.
             Bool SupportsFloat64VertexAttributes = false;
             SizeT MaxShaderStorageBlockSize = 128 * 1024 * 1024;
             Uint32 SubgroupSize = 0;

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/BackendObject_DirectGLES.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 #include "BackendObject_DirectGLES.h"
 #include "MG_Backend/BackendObject.h"
+#include "MG_Backend/BackendObjects.h"
 #include <MG_Backend/DirectGLES/DirectGLES.h>
 #include <MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Managers.h>
 #include <MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Utils.h>
@@ -212,7 +213,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             if (options & PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit::NoThreeChannelRenderTarget) {
                 reasons.push_back("no colour-renderable three-channel format on OpenGL ES");
             }
-            if (options & PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit::NoSnorm16RenderTarget) {
+            // A format is either 8- or 16-bit signed normalized, so at most one of the two ever
+            // survives GetApplicablePixelFormatNormalizeOptions and the reason is not duplicated.
+            if ((options & PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit::NoSnorm16RenderTarget) ||
+                (options & PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit::NoSnorm8RenderTarget)) {
                 reasons.push_back("EXT_render_snorm not supported");
             }
 
@@ -406,9 +410,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             return complete;
         }
 
+        // `samples` only reaches the multisample targets; every other target ignores it. The
+        // descending sample walk (ProbeTextureSampleCounts) reuses this whole routine rather than
+        // repeating the gen/bind/completeness/delete dance.
         Bool ProbeTexture(const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& gl, TextureTarget target, GLenum internalFormat,
                           GLenum imageFormat, GLenum imageType, TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat,
-                          Bool* outRenderable) {
+                          Bool* outRenderable, Int samples = 1) {
             if (!IsGLESProbeTextureTarget(target) || !gl.glGenTextures || !gl.glBindTexture || !gl.glDeleteTextures) {
                 return false;
             }
@@ -428,10 +435,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
 
             const Bool isMultisample = IsGLESProbeMultisampleTarget(target);
             if (isMultisample) {
+                const auto probeSamples = static_cast<GLsizei>(std::max(samples, 1));
                 if (target == TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisample && gl.glTexStorage2DMultisample) {
-                    gl.glTexStorage2DMultisample(glTarget, 1, internalFormat, 1, 1, GL_TRUE);
+                    gl.glTexStorage2DMultisample(glTarget, probeSamples, internalFormat, 1, 1, GL_TRUE);
                 } else if (target == TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisampleArray && gl.glTexStorage3DMultisample) {
-                    gl.glTexStorage3DMultisample(glTarget, 1, internalFormat, 1, 1, 1, GL_TRUE);
+                    gl.glTexStorage3DMultisample(glTarget, probeSamples, internalFormat, 1, 1, 1, GL_TRUE);
                 } else {
                     gl.glBindTexture(glTarget, static_cast<GLuint>(previousBinding));
                     gl.glDeleteTextures(1, &texture);
@@ -527,6 +535,29 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             return sampleCounts;
         }
 
+        // The multisample TEXTURE twin of ProbeRenderbufferSampleCounts. It used to be a
+        // hardcoded {1}, which made glGetInternalformativ(GL_SAMPLES) claim a one-sample maximum
+        // for every format on the multisample targets even where glTexImage2DMultisample happily
+        // accepts four - GL 4.6 core 8.8 makes that query the definition of the maximum, so the
+        // two answers cannot both be right. Completeness is required at every count, exactly as
+        // the renderbuffer walk requires it; the caller only reaches here once the one-sample
+        // probe has already succeeded, so 1 terminates the list without being re-probed.
+        Vector<Int> ProbeTextureSampleCounts(const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& gl, TextureTarget target,
+                                             GLenum internalFormat, GLenum imageFormat, GLenum imageType,
+                                             TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat, Int maxSamples) {
+            Vector<Int> sampleCounts;
+            for (Int samples = std::max(maxSamples, 1); samples > 1; samples >>= 1) {
+                Bool renderable = false;
+                const Bool created = ProbeTexture(gl, target, internalFormat, imageFormat, imageType, logicalFormat,
+                                                  &renderable, samples);
+                if (created && renderable) {
+                    sampleCounts.push_back(samples);
+                }
+            }
+            sampleCounts.push_back(1);
+            return sampleCounts;
+        }
+
         void PopulateFormatCapabilitiesImpl(const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& gl,
                                             const MG_External::GLESCapabilities& capabilities,
                                             FormatCapabilityCache& cache) {
@@ -627,7 +658,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                             AddFullFormatCaps(cache, targetIndex, formatIndex,
                                               BuildTextureCapsFromProbe(logicalFormat, target, nativeRenderable));
                             if (IsGLESProbeMultisampleTarget(target)) {
-                                cache.SampleCounts[targetIndex][formatIndex] = {1};
+                                const Int maxSamples =
+                                    GetGLESFormatMaxSamples(capabilities, logicalFormat, nativeInfo.ImageFormat);
+                                cache.SampleCounts[targetIndex][formatIndex] = ProbeTextureSampleCounts(
+                                    gl, probeTarget, nativeInfo.InternalFormat, nativeInfo.ImageFormat,
+                                    nativeInfo.ImageType, logicalFormat, maxSamples);
                             }
                         }
                         shouldProbeFallback = !nativeCreated || !nativeRenderable;
@@ -645,7 +680,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                                 LogGLESFormatCaveat(logicalFormat, targetIndex, fallbackInfo);
                             }
                             if (IsGLESProbeMultisampleTarget(target)) {
-                                cache.SampleCounts[targetIndex][formatIndex] = {1};
+                                const Int maxSamples =
+                                    GetGLESFormatMaxSamples(capabilities, logicalFormat, fallbackInfo.ImageFormat);
+                                cache.SampleCounts[targetIndex][formatIndex] = ProbeTextureSampleCounts(
+                                    gl, probeTarget, fallbackInfo.InternalFormat, fallbackInfo.ImageFormat,
+                                    fallbackInfo.ImageType, logicalFormat, maxSamples);
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -747,6 +786,29 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         PopulateFormatCapabilitiesImpl(gl, capabilities, cache);
     }
 
+    Int ClampSamplesToBackendSupport(SizeT targetIndex, TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat, GLenum imageFormat,
+                                     Int samples) {
+        if (samples <= 1) {
+            return samples;
+        }
+
+        Int maxSamples = 0;
+        const SizeT formatIndex = static_cast<SizeT>(logicalFormat);
+        if (pActiveBackendObject && targetIndex < kFormatCapabilityTargetCount &&
+            formatIndex < kFormatCapabilityFormatCount) {
+            // Descending, so the head is the largest count this device actually allocated.
+            const Vector<Int>& probedCounts =
+                pActiveBackendObject->GetFormatCapabilities().SampleCounts[targetIndex][formatIndex];
+            if (!probedCounts.empty()) {
+                maxSamples = probedCounts.front();
+            }
+        }
+        if (maxSamples <= 0) {
+            maxSamples = GetGLESFormatMaxSamples(g_GLESCapabilities, logicalFormat, imageFormat);
+        }
+        return std::min(samples, std::max(maxSamples, 1));
+    }
+
     BackendObject_DirectGLES::~BackendObject_DirectGLES() {
         DestroyEGLContext();
     }
@@ -1107,6 +1169,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             // geometry shader's amplification.
             funcsTable.GL.BeginXfbPrimitivesQuery = BeginXfbPrimitivesQuery;
             funcsTable.GL.EndXfbPrimitivesQuery = EndXfbPrimitivesQuery;
+            // ...but where it CAN see the whole capture - no geometry stage - the frontend's
+            // own count is the desktop-exact one and the ES driver's is only as good as the
+            // vendor made it (Adreno doubles PRIMITIVES_WRITTEN for a vertex-only capture that
+            // follows a large render pass). The query above stays installed: it is still what
+            // answers an amplifying span, and PRIMITIVES_GENERATED always.
+            funcsTable.GL.PrefersCpuXfbPrimitiveAccounting = true;
             funcsTable.GL.IsQueryResultAvailable = IsQueryResultAvailable;
             funcsTable.GL.GetQueryResult64 = GetQueryResult64;
             funcsTable.GL.DeleteBackendQuery = DeleteBackendQuery;
@@ -1186,9 +1254,31 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                      static_cast<Int>(MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS));
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxComputeShaderStorageBlocks = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxComputeShaderStorageBlocks;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxCombinedShaderStorageBlocks = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxCombinedShaderStorageBlocks;
+        // Per-stage storage-block counts, forwarded from the host driver rather than invented.
+        // A stage the driver cannot serve reports 0, which is a legal answer everywhere these
+        // limits appear (GL 4.6 table 23.64, ES 3.2 table 21.44 - the minimum is 0 for every
+        // graphics stage except fragment) and is the only answer that lets an application take
+        // its own fallback instead of building a program the driver will refuse to link. The
+        // stage limit cannot exceed the combined limit or the number of binding points there
+        // are to bind buffers to, so clamp to both.
+        const auto clampStageStorageBlocks = [this](Int stageLimit) {
+            return std::min({std::max(stageLimit, 0), std::max(m_dynamicParameters.MaxCombinedShaderStorageBlocks, 0),
+                             std::max(m_dynamicParameters.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings, 0)});
+        };
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings;
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxVertexShaderStorageBlocks =
+            clampStageStorageBlocks(m_GLESCapabilities.MaxVertexShaderStorageBlocks);
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxTessControlShaderStorageBlocks =
+            clampStageStorageBlocks(m_GLESCapabilities.MaxTessControlShaderStorageBlocks);
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxTessEvaluationShaderStorageBlocks =
+            clampStageStorageBlocks(m_GLESCapabilities.MaxTessEvaluationShaderStorageBlocks);
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxGeometryShaderStorageBlocks =
+            clampStageStorageBlocks(m_GLESCapabilities.MaxGeometryShaderStorageBlocks);
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxFragmentShaderStorageBlocks =
+            clampStageStorageBlocks(m_GLESCapabilities.MaxFragmentShaderStorageBlocks);
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxComputeUniformBlocks = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxComputeUniformBlocks;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxComputeWorkGroupInvocations = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxComputeWorkGroupInvocations;
-        m_dynamicParameters.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings;
+        // (MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings is assigned above, before the per-stage clamp reads it.)
         // This is the number glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE) hands the application, and
         // on a host without buffer textures it is knowingly a floor MobileGL cannot honour rather
         // than a driver answer (m_GLESCapabilities.MaxTextureBufferSizeIsDriverReported says
@@ -1241,14 +1331,26 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                     DynParams::PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentBit(TextureTarget::TextureCubeMapArray);
             }
         }
-        // Not a driver question and never will be: OpenGL ES has no double-precision vertex format
+        // Not a driver question and never will be: GLSL ES has no 64-bit float type in ANY version
-        // and ESSL has no fp64 type to consume one with, so a 64-bit vertex attribute has nowhere to
+        // or extension, so SPIRV-Cross cannot emit one ("FP64 not supported in ES profile") and a
-        // land on this backend regardless of what the driver underneath happens to support.
+        // module that still declared Float64 would never reach the driver at all. The demotion is
+        // mathematically mandatory here, on every device, forever - which is why this stays false
+        // regardless of what the driver underneath happens to support.
+        m_dynamicParameters.SupportsShaderFloat64 = false;
+        // Follows the line above, and must: OpenGL ES has no double-precision vertex format and no
+        // fp64 type to consume one with, so a 64-bit vertex attribute has nowhere to land here.
         m_dynamicParameters.SupportsFloat64VertexAttributes = false;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxDrawBuffers = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxDrawBuffers;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxColorAttachments = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxColorAttachments;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxClipDistances = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxClipDistances;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxViewports = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxViewports;
+        // Whatever the driver said about which vertex supplies gl_Layer, and GL_UNDEFINED_VERTEX
+        // for gl_ViewportIndex on every driver without GL_OES_viewport_array - which is both test
+        // devices. That is not a shortfall being hidden: without the extension only viewport 0 is
+        // ever rasterized, so no vertex "selects" a viewport index and naming a convention would
+        // describe behaviour this backend does not implement.
+        m_dynamicParameters.LayerProvokingVertex = m_GLESCapabilities.LayerProvokingVertex;
+        m_dynamicParameters.ViewportIndexProvokingVertex = m_GLESCapabilities.ViewportIndexProvokingVertex;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxViewportWidth = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxViewportWidth;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxViewportHeight = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxViewportHeight;
         m_dynamicParameters.ViewportBoundsRangeMin = m_GLESCapabilities.ViewportBoundsRangeMin;

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/BackendObject_DirectGLES.h

@@ -18,6 +18,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                                     const MG_External::GLESCapabilities& capabilities,
                                     FormatCapabilityCache& cache);
 
+    // Clamps a requested sample count down to what the ES driver can really deliver for this
+    // format on this format-capability target: the probed per-format list when there is one, the
+    // driver's per-class GL_MAX_*_SAMPLES otherwise. The frontend deliberately validates against
+    // the count MobileGL advertises instead (GL_Getter's GetAdvertisedMaxSamples), which on a
+    // driver reporting GL_MAX_INTEGER_SAMPLES 1 is higher than the driver accepts, so every ES
+    // allocation call has to come through here. The shadow state keeps the requested count, so
+    // GL_TEXTURE_SAMPLES and framebuffer completeness still answer what the application asked for.
+    Int ClampSamplesToBackendSupport(SizeT targetIndex, TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat, GLenum imageFormat,
+                                     Int samples);
+
     class BackendObject_DirectGLES : public BackendObject {
     public:
         ~BackendObject_DirectGLES() override;

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/DirectGLES.h

@@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                         GLsizei height, GLint border);
     void CopyTexSubImage2D(GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width,
                            GLsizei height);
-    void CopyImageSubData(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& srcTexture,
+    void CopyImageSubData(const CopyImageEndpoint& src,
                           GLenum srcTarget, GLint srcLevel, GLint srcX, GLint srcY, GLint srcZ,
-                          const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& dstTexture,
+                          const CopyImageEndpoint& dst,
                           GLenum dstTarget, GLint dstLevel, GLint dstX, GLint dstY, GLint dstZ,
                           GLsizei srcWidth, GLsizei srcHeight, GLsizei srcDepth);
     void GenerateMipmap(GLenum target);

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Managers.h

@@ -21,6 +21,29 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
     String EmulateBaseInstanceInVertexShader(String source, GLenum shaderType);
     String PromoteDrawParameterGlobalsToUniforms(String source, GLenum shaderType);
 
+    // The ESSL half of the gl_ViewportIndex routing emulation, in the order a program's stages
+    // meet it. Both are pure String -> String rewrites over what SPIRV-Cross emitted once
+    // LowerViewportIndexPass has demoted the builtin to the plain global `mg_ViewportIndex`.
+    //
+    // The producing stage's global becomes an ordinary flat varying; true when there was one to
+    // promote, which is also the answer to "does this program route viewports at all".
+    Bool PromoteViewportIndexGlobalToVarying(String& source);
+    // The fragment stage grows a matching flat input, the mg_ViewportPassMask uniform the draw
+    // path writes, and a wrapper entry point that discards every fragment whose primitive routed
+    // to an index the current replay pass is not drawing. False when the stage has no entry point
+    // to wrap, which leaves the program renderable but unrouted.
+    Bool InjectViewportIndexPassGate(String& source);
+
+    // Whether a vertex shader may declare a storage block at all, given what the host driver
+    // reports for GL_MAX_VERTEX_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS. Pure, and separated from the capability
+    // global purely so the decision can be tested without one.
+    //
+    // The indirect half of the gl_BaseInstance lowering in PromoteDrawParameterGlobalsToUniforms
+    // is the only thing that needs this, and it needs exactly one block. A driver reporting 0 is
+    // conformant - the minimum is 0 in GL 4.6 table 23.64 and ES 3.2 table 21.44 - and ARM's
+    // GLES driver does report 0, so this is a live path, not a defensive one.
+    Bool VertexStageStorageBlockUsable(Int maxVertexShaderStorageBlocks);
+
     // True once the process has entered exit(): past that point the EGL library and
     // the driver may already be unloaded, so a backend twin's destructor must not
     // call into g_GLESFuncs (the observed crash is a jump through an unmapped driver
@@ -103,6 +126,58 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
     // link.
     Bool CurrentProgramMayNeedPerSubDrawBuiltins(Bool batchCarriesBaseVertices);
 
+    // ---- gl_ViewportIndex routing emulation, draw half ---------------------------------------
+    //
+    // GLES has ONE viewport, ONE scissor rectangle and ONE depth range; GL 4.1 has sixteen of
+    // each, selected per primitive by gl_ViewportIndex. There is no ES entry point to program the
+    // other fifteen with (GL_OES_viewport_array exists but Adreno 830 does not have it, verified
+    // three ways), so the only way to rasterize a primitive against index i's rectangle is to
+    // make index i's rectangle THE viewport for the duration of a draw - which means issuing the
+    // draw once per distinct viewport state and letting the fragment stage throw away the
+    // primitives that belong to the other indices (the gate Managers.cpp injects).
+    //
+    // Indices whose whole state tuple (viewport rectangle, scissor rectangle, scissor-test enable,
+    // depth range) is identical share ONE pass, so the overwhelmingly common case - every index
+    // still holding what glViewport/glScissor/glDepthRange broadcast to all sixteen - collapses
+    // to a single pass with an all-ones gate mask, i.e. one draw and no behaviour change at all.
+    //
+    // Whether emulation runs. Off only under MOBILEGL_FORCE_VIEWPORT_ARRAY_EMULATION falsy, which
+    // restores the pre-emulation path as a negative control.
+    Bool ViewportArrayEmulationEnabled();
+    // Whether ANY program built in this process has come out with a viewport gate. Sticky once
+    // true; it exists so that BeginViewportRoutingPasses - which runs on every draw of every
+    // workload - can answer with one static load in the case that matters, which is every
+    // application that has never heard of gl_ViewportIndex.
+    extern Bool g_anyProgramRoutesViewportIndex;
+    // Number of times the current draw has to be issued. Always >= 1, and exactly 1 - with no
+    // state touched - whenever the current program does not route viewports, whenever every
+    // configured index shares one state, and whenever replaying would multiply a side effect the
+    // fragment gate cannot undo (transform feedback, rasterizer discard). Also seeds the pass
+    // mask uniform for that single-pass case, so a gated fragment shader never runs against the
+    // zero every GLSL uniform starts at - which would discard the whole draw.
+    Uint BeginViewportRoutingPasses();
+    // Push pass `pass`'s viewport / scissor / scissor-test / depth range onto the ES context and
+    // set the gate mask to the indices it serves. Only called when the count above exceeds 1.
+    void ApplyViewportRoutingPass(Uint pass);
+    // Restore the gate mask and mark the render-state shadow dirty, so the next ordinary draw
+    // re-pushes index 0's state. Takes the count so it can do nothing at all in the common case.
+    void EndViewportRoutingPasses(Uint passCount);
+
+    // Issue one draw, replayed once per viewport-routing pass. Every application-visible draw
+    // entry point wraps its native glDraw* call in this; the internal blit and clear helpers
+    // deliberately do not, because they bind their own programs, which never route.
+    template <typename IssueDraw>
+    inline void ForEachViewportRoutingPass(IssueDraw&& issue) {
+        const Uint passCount = BeginViewportRoutingPasses();
+        for (Uint pass = 0; pass < passCount; ++pass) {
+            if (passCount > 1) {
+                ApplyViewportRoutingPass(pass);
+            }
+            issue();
+        }
+        EndViewportRoutingPasses(passCount);
+    }
+
     template <typename StateObject, typename BackendObject>
     class StateBackendObjectRegistry {
     public:
@@ -129,7 +204,28 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             // Twin creation is the moment a driver-owned id starts needing a guarded
             // destructor; cold path, so the once-guard costs nothing per draw.
             EnsureProcessTeardownSentinel();
+            // Sweep BEFORE the entry reference below exists: the map is open-addressed and an
+            // erase relocates the rest of the probe cluster, so collecting once that reference
+            // is taken would invalidate it. The sweep is therefore owed from an earlier call
+            // rather than triggered by this one.
+            if (m_creationTick >= kCreationGCInterval) {
+                m_creationTick = 0;
+                CollectGarbage();
+            }
+            const SizeT entryCountBeforeInsert = m_entries.size();
             auto& entry = m_entries[stateObj.get()];
+            if (m_entries.size() != entryCountBeforeInsert) {
+                // A key the registry has never held. Nothing tells the backend that a texture or
+                // renderbuffer was DELETED - the twin, and the driver storage it owns, lives
+                // until a collection - and CollectGarbageIfNeeded is ticked only from the
+                // per-draw sync paths, which a CTS-shaped workload runs about ten times per
+                // case. 1024 of those ticks then span ~100 cases, so ~100 cases' worth of dead
+                // (and, for this suite, gigabyte-sized) objects stay allocated at once. Object
+                // CHURN rather than draw count is what makes the sweep urgent, so a twin the
+                // registry has never seen ticks it too - and it does so on the path that is
+                // about to allocate, which is exactly when the memory is needed.
+                ++m_creationTick;
+            }
             if (entry.stateRef.expired()) {
                 // The previous owner of this address is gone and the allocator handed it
                 // to a new object: its twin describes ids the new state object never made.
@@ -203,8 +299,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
 
     private:
         static constexpr Uint32 kGCInterval = 1024;
+        // Creations are far rarer than draws, so this counts in a much smaller unit than
+        // kGCInterval does.
+        static constexpr Uint32 kCreationGCInterval = 64;
         BackendMap m_entries;
         Uint32 m_gcTick = 0;
+        Uint32 m_creationTick = 0;
         Bool m_isCollecting = false;
     };
 
@@ -361,6 +461,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         void BindBufferBaseCached(GLenum glTarget, Uint index, Uint id);
         void BindBufferRangeCached(GLenum glTarget, Uint index, Uint id, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size);
         void InvalidateIndexedBufferBindingCache();
+        // Re-issues the GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER binding points a program's shaders declare as
+        // GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER bindings at the reserved slots the transpiled ESSL was built
+        // against (BackendProgramObjectImpl::GetAtomicCounterBindings /
+        // GetAtomicCounterEsslBindingTop). ES has no counter-buffer target at all, so without
+        // this the shader reads a storage block nobody ever bound a buffer to and the buffer the
+        // application bound never reaches the driver.
+        void SyncAtomicCounterBuffers(const Vector<Int>& glBindings, Int esslBindingTop);
         // Buffer-storage pool maintenance. TrimBufferPool evicts over-budget entries
         // (called once per frame from Present); ClearBufferPool drops all pooled ids
         // without glDeleteBuffers (called when the ES context is going away).
@@ -467,10 +574,44 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             PendingAttribValueMask& GetPendingAttribValueMaskMemo() { return m_pendingAttribValueMask; }
 
         private:
+            // Narrows one enabled GL_DOUBLE array into a tightly packed float32 stream held in
+            // this VAO's own scratch buffer and declares the attribute against it. ES has no
+            // 64-bit vertex format, but the source bytes are ordinary IEEE-754 doubles and every
+            // fp64 value in every shader is already narrowed to 32 bits (DemoteFloat64Pass), so
+            // narrowing the ARRAY is the coherent completion of that decision rather than
+            // dropping it. Returns false when the stream cannot be built, in which case the
+            // caller must DISABLE the array - leaving a 64-bit array enabled with no pointer is
+            // what the Adreno driver turns into a SIGSEGV at the next draw.
+            Bool SyncFloat64AttributeAsFloat32(Uint attribIndex, const MG_State::GLState::VertexAttribute& attrib,
+                                               Uint32 fetchBaseInstance);
+
+            // What the converted float32 stream in m_convertedAttributeBufferIds[i] was built
+            // from. A hit skips the CPU conversion and the re-upload; the buffer's change serial
+            // is part of the key, so a glBufferSubData into the source invalidates it.
+            struct ConvertedFloat64Stream {
+                Bool valid = false;
+                Uint64 sourceLifetimeId = 0;
+                Uint64 sourceChangeSerial = 0;
+                SizeT sourceOffset = 0;
+                SizeT sourceStride = 0;
+                SizeT componentCount = 0;
+                SizeT elementCount = 0;
+            };
+
             ResolvedDrawBuffers m_resolvedDrawBuffers;
             PendingAttribValueMask m_pendingAttribValueMask;
             Uint m_backendVAOId = 0;
             Array<Uint, MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS> m_clientAttributeBufferIds;
+            // Scratch stores for the buffer-backed GL_DOUBLE narrowing. Deliberately separate
+            // from m_clientAttributeBufferIds: that one holds the per-draw upload of a
+            // CLIENT-MEMORY array, and an attribute index can carry both shapes over its life.
+            Array<Uint, MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS> m_convertedAttributeBufferIds;
+            Array<ConvertedFloat64Stream, MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS>
+                m_convertedAttributeStreams;
+            // True while at least one attribute of this VAO is fed by a converted stream. Such a
+            // stream is derived from buffer CONTENT, which no VAO version covers, so the config
+            // version early-out in SyncToBackend must not be trusted while it is set.
+            Bool m_hasConvertedFloat64Attribute = false;
             Bool m_isInitialized = false;
             Uint16 m_syncedIndexBufferVersion = 0;
             // Identity of the buffer the version above was stamped against. Raw and never
@@ -604,9 +745,21 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         // Returns `data` untouched when no widening applies. Pure CPU and context-free so a unit
         // test can exercise the exact packing the driver is handed; `widenedData` is the caller's
         // scratch buffer and has to outlive the returned pointer.
+        // `alphaOneCodeOverride`, when non-zero, replaces the value written into the synthetic
+        // alpha channel: an image carrier that holds a NORMALIZED format's channel CODES has to
+        // pad alpha with that channel's saturated CODE (65535, 32767, 3), which neither of the
+        // transfer type's own "ones" is.
         const void* PrepareChannelWidenedUpload(Uint componentCount, const IntVec3& texelSize, const void* data,
                                                 SizeT byteSize, GLenum uploadType, Vector<Uint8>& widenedData,
-                                                Bool integerData = false);
+                                                Bool integerData = false, Uint32 alphaOneCodeOverride = 0u);
+
+        // Splits a GL_UNSIGNED_INT_2_10_10_10_REV shadow (rgb10_a2, rgb10_a2ui) into the four
+        // GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT channel CODES its GL_RGBA16UI image carrier is uploaded as: red in
+        // bits 0-9, green 10-19, blue 20-29, alpha 30-31. Pure CPU and context-free so a unit test
+        // can pin the exact fields; `widenedData` is the caller's scratch and has to outlive the
+        // returned pointer.
+        const void* PreparePackedIntWidenedUpload(const IntVec3& texelSize, const void* data, SizeT byteSize,
+                                                  Vector<Uint8>& widenedData);
 
         struct StateTextureBasicInfo { // Used for tracking texture state changes
             TextureInternalFormat internalFormat = TextureInternalFormat::Unknown;
@@ -641,10 +794,24 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             void SyncMipmapsToBackend(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& stateTextureObject);
             void SyncBuiltinSamplerToBackend(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& stateTextureObject);
             void SyncTextureParamsToBackend(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& stateTextureObject);
-            void RequireImageBindableStorage();
+            // Marks the texture as one whose ES storage has to be image-bindable, which for a
+            // non-core image format means re-minting it in the widening's carrier. Takes the state
+            // object because the levels already uploaded have to be marked dirty again: the
+            // re-mint allocates fresh storage and only replays what the shadow still calls dirty.
+            void RequireImageBindableStorage(
+                const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& stateTextureObject);
+            // Whether this texture's ES storage was minted in an image carrier rather than in the
+            // frontend format's own layout - the readback has to ask, because for a NORMALIZED
+            // carrier the storage is an integer texture holding codes and glGetTexImage still owes
+            // the application floats.
+            Bool RequiresImageBindableStorage() const { return m_imageBindableStorageRequired; }
             void Bind(GLenum target, Uint unit = TempTextureUnit);
             Uint GetBackendTextureId() const;
 
+            // The id to hand glBindImageTexture for a SPLIT buffer image, or 0 when this texture
+            // takes no split. See m_bufferImageSplitViewId.
+            Uint GetBufferImageSplitViewId() const { return m_bufferImageSplitViewId; }
+
             // Aggregate first-level clean gate for the per-draw trio
             // SyncTextureParamsToBackend + SyncBuiltinSamplerToBackend +
             // SyncMipmapsToBackend: EXACTLY the conjunction of their own early-outs
@@ -681,6 +848,25 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             void RecreateBackendTexture();
 
             Uint m_backendTextureId = 0;
+            // A SECOND buffer-texture name over the SAME buffer object, viewed in the split's
+            // single-channel base format, used only as the glBindImageTexture target.
+            //
+            // The split needs the view to say r32f where the application said rg32f, but a buffer
+            // texture that is image-bound may ALSO be read through a samplerBuffer - and the
+            // sampler side is not subscript-rewritten, so re-describing the application's own
+            // texture broke it: texelFetch(s, i) returned component 2i of the base view instead of
+            // texel i's pair. That is exactly and only
+            // KHR-GL42/43.shader_image_load_store.advanced-sync-imageAccess, which image-stores
+            // into a GL_RG32F buffer texture and then reads the same texture through both an
+            // imageBuffer and a samplerBuffer in one shader, comparing the two.
+            //
+            // Two names over one buffer cost nothing and alias exactly: a buffer texture owns no
+            // storage, so both views are the application's bytes, and the split's whole premise is
+            // that the two describe the same memory. The application's own name therefore keeps
+            // the format it asked for - rg32f IS a legal SAMPLED buffer-texture format in ES 3.2,
+            // it is only the IMAGE binding ES cannot spell - and the private name below carries
+            // the split the shader was rewritten against. 0 when this texture takes no split.
+            Uint m_bufferImageSplitViewId = 0;
             // ES context generation the id was created under; a dtor running after
             // that context died must not delete a foreign (recycled) name.
             Uint m_contextGeneration = 0;
@@ -1027,23 +1213,51 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
     // Image uniforms take their unit from the layout(binding=N) qualifier baked into
     // the transpiled ESSL; unlike samplers they must not (and in ES cannot) be
     // assigned through glUniform1i.
+    //
+    // ALL THIRTY-THREE of them, in the one contiguous block ARB_shader_image_load_store allocated
+    // (GL_IMAGE_1D 0x904C through GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY 0x906C). The list
+    // used to hold only the fifteen whose TARGET exists in ES, which read as a reasonable
+    // shortcut and was two bugs: an image uniform this says "no" to is one
+    // CollectImageFormatBakeInputs never walks, so its non-core format is neither baked nor
+    // widened and SPIRV-Cross throws for the whole stage ("Attempting to use image format not
+    // supported in ES profile"), and it is also one SyncToBackend then treats as a SAMPLER and
+    // assigns with glUniform1i, which ES makes an INVALID_OPERATION. A GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY
+    // image - which ES 3.2 has in core, so it is not even an emulated target - hit both.
     inline Bool IsImageUniformType(GLenum type) {
         switch (type) {
+        case 0x904C: /*GL_IMAGE_1D*/
         case 0x904D: /*GL_IMAGE_2D*/
         case 0x904E: /*GL_IMAGE_3D*/
+        case 0x904F: /*GL_IMAGE_2D_RECT*/
         case 0x9050: /*GL_IMAGE_CUBE*/
         case 0x9051: /*GL_IMAGE_BUFFER*/
+        case 0x9052: /*GL_IMAGE_1D_ARRAY*/
         case 0x9053: /*GL_IMAGE_2D_ARRAY*/
+        case 0x9054: /*GL_IMAGE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY*/
+        case 0x9055: /*GL_IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE*/
+        case 0x9056: /*GL_IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY*/
+        case 0x9057: /*GL_INT_IMAGE_1D*/
         case 0x9058: /*GL_INT_IMAGE_2D*/
         case 0x9059: /*GL_INT_IMAGE_3D*/
+        case 0x905A: /*GL_INT_IMAGE_2D_RECT*/
         case 0x905B: /*GL_INT_IMAGE_CUBE*/
         case 0x905C: /*GL_INT_IMAGE_BUFFER*/
+        case 0x905D: /*GL_INT_IMAGE_1D_ARRAY*/
         case 0x905E: /*GL_INT_IMAGE_2D_ARRAY*/
+        case 0x905F: /*GL_INT_IMAGE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY*/
+        case 0x9060: /*GL_INT_IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE*/
+        case 0x9061: /*GL_INT_IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY*/
+        case 0x9062: /*GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_1D*/
         case 0x9063: /*GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_2D*/
         case 0x9064: /*GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_3D*/
+        case 0x9065: /*GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_2D_RECT*/
         case 0x9066: /*GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_CUBE*/
         case 0x9067: /*GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_BUFFER*/
+        case 0x9068: /*GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_1D_ARRAY*/
         case 0x9069: /*GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_2D_ARRAY*/
+        case 0x906A: /*GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY*/
+        case 0x906B: /*GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE*/
+        case 0x906C: /*GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY*/
             return true;
         default:
             return false;
@@ -1051,6 +1265,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
     }
 
     namespace PrgramImpl {
+        // Defined further down, next to CollectImageFormatBakeInputs; only referenced here.
+        struct ImageFormatBakeInputs;
+
         class BackendProgramObjectImpl {
         public:
             // Per-link cache of a sampler-style uniform's backend location: built once in
@@ -1110,7 +1327,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             BackendProgramObjectImpl();
             ~BackendProgramObjectImpl();
             void SyncToBackend(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject>& stateProgramObject);
-            void Use() const;
+            void Use();
             void SetBaseInstance(Uint32 baseInstance) const;
             void SetBaseInstanceWordIndex(Int32 wordIndex) const;
             void SetDrawID(Uint32 drawId) const;
@@ -1121,6 +1338,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             // Same for gl_BaseVertex: only a program that reads it pays for the per-draw
             // uniform write, and only such a program needs the reset after one.
             Bool ReadsBaseVertex() const { return m_baseVertexUniformLocation >= 0; }
+            // Which viewport indices the next draw's fragments may keep, one bit each. Written
+            // once per replay pass; see ForEachViewportRoutingPass.
+            void SetViewportPassMask(Uint32 indexMask) const;
+            // True when this build injected the fragment-stage viewport gate, i.e. when a
+            // pre-rasterization stage routes by gl_ViewportIndex AND the fragment stage can act
+            // on it. The uniform is the honest test for both halves: it exists only where the
+            // gate was injected, and the gate is injected only where a stage routes.
+            Bool RoutesViewportIndex() const { return m_viewportPassMaskUniformLocation >= 0; }
             Int GetIndirectParamsBinding() const { return m_indirectParamsBinding; }
             Uint GetBackendProgramId() const { return m_backendProgramId; }
             // False when the last SyncToBackend could not produce a usable program (a
@@ -1136,6 +1361,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             // qualifier, so the overrides are baked into the source). A mismatch means the
             // program is stale exactly like the clamp masks above.
             Uint64 GetShaderStorageBlockBindingSignature() const { return m_shaderStorageBlockBindingSignature; }
+            // GL atomic-counter binding points the transpiled stages declare (sorted, unique),
+            // and the top of the reserved shader-storage range their counter blocks were
+            // transpiled against - the slot for GL binding N is `top - N`. Empty for every
+            // program that uses no atomic counter, which is what keeps the per-draw cost of the
+            // counter sync at one empty-vector test.
+            const Vector<Int>& GetAtomicCounterBindings() const { return m_atomicCounterGlBindings; }
+            Int GetAtomicCounterEsslBindingTop() const { return m_atomicCounterEsslBindingTop; }
+            // GL_PATCH_VERTICES the synthesized pass-through tessellation control stage was built
+            // for, or -1 when this program needed no such stage. Another of the same shape as the
+            // signatures above: the value is compiled INTO the synthesized stage as
+            // `layout(vertices = N) out`, so a program built for one patch size is stale for
+            // another and the draw path has to say so. -1 compares equal to itself for every
+            // program that has a control stage of its own, i.e. for all but a handful.
+            Int GetPassthroughTessControlPatchVertices() const {
+                return m_passthroughTessControlPatchVertices;
+            }
 
             Bool HasGlobalUboBlock() const { return m_globalUboBackendBlockIndex >= 0; }
             const Vector<Int>& GetUniformBlockBackendIndices() const { return m_uniformBlockBackendIndices; }
@@ -1184,6 +1425,33 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         private:
             void CacheResourceLocations(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject>& stateProgramObject);
 
+            // Builds, compiles and attaches the pass-through tessellation control stage GL 4.6
+            // core 11.2.2 describes, for a program that has an evaluation stage and none of its
+            // own - which ES 3.2 rejects outright. Called from SyncToBackend after every real
+            // stage has been attached and before the link; see the definition for why it cannot
+            // regress a program that works today.
+            void AttachPassthroughTessControlStage(
+                const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& stateProgramObject, Int tessEvalShaderIndex,
+                const Vector<Vector<unsigned int>>& shaderSpirvs, const String& vertexStageEssl,
+                const String& tessEvalStageEssl);
+
+            // One stage's SPIR-V through the DirectGLES pass chain and SPIRV-Cross, producing
+            // the raw emitted ESSL and the interface blocks this stage's XFB flattening
+            // rewrote. This is the segment the L2 shader-translation memo keys on, so every
+            // input it reads must appear in EsslTranslationKeyInputs - see the definition's
+            // header comment in Managers.cpp and MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/TranslationCache.h.
+            // False means SPIRV-Cross refused the module; `outError` then carries its message.
+            Bool TranspileSpirvToEssl(const Vector<unsigned int>& spirvCode, GLenum glShaderType,
+                                      const std::set<String>& xfbCaptureBlockNames,
+                                      const ImageFormatBakeInputs& imageFormatBake,
+                                      const UnorderedMap<String, Int>& storageBlockBindingOverrides,
+                                      const std::map<String, String>& inputBlockRenames,
+                                      const std::map<String, String>& outputBlockRenames,
+                                      Int atomicCounterEsslBindingTop, Bool enableSpirvValidation,
+                                      String& outSource,
+                                      std::set<String>& outFlattenedXfbBlockNames,
+                                      Vector<Int>& outAtomicCounterGlBindings, String& outError) const;
+
             Uint m_backendProgramId = 0;
             // GL name of the frontend program this was last synced from; diagnostics only, so
             // an unusable backend program can be traced back to the glCreateProgram id the app
@@ -1194,6 +1462,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             Int m_drawIdUniformLocation = -1;
             Int m_baseVertexUniformLocation = -1;
             Int m_baseInstanceWordIndexUniformLocation = -1;
+            Int m_viewportPassMaskUniformLocation = -1;
             Int m_indirectParamsBinding = -1;
             Uint32 m_snormFallbackClampOutputMask = 0;
             Uint32 m_unormFallbackClampOutputMask = 0;
@@ -1202,8 +1471,19 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             Uint m_fragColorBroadcastCount = 1;
             // 0 is the signature of an empty override set, i.e. what almost every program has.
             Uint64 m_shaderStorageBlockBindingSignature = 0;
+            Vector<Int> m_atomicCounterGlBindings;
+            Int m_atomicCounterEsslBindingTop = -1;
+            // -1 for every program that has a tessellation control stage of its own (or none at
+            // all); otherwise the GL_PATCH_VERTICES the synthesized pass-through stage was built
+            // with. See GetPassthroughTessControlPatchVertices.
+            Int m_passthroughTessControlPatchVertices = -1;
             Bool m_isInitialized = false;
             Bool m_backendProgramUsable = false;
+            // Set by SyncToBackend every time it relinks the driver program, cleared by the
+            // next Use(). Use() dedupes on a GL program NAME, and a relink replaces the
+            // executable behind that name without changing it - see the note at the
+            // glLinkProgram in SyncToBackend for what the driver runs otherwise.
+            Bool m_rebindAfterRelink = false;
 
             Int m_globalUboBackendBlockIndex = -1;
             Int m_globalUboBackendBlockSize = 0;
@@ -1293,6 +1573,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             // Some format in play - declared or baked - is outside the GLSL ES core image
             // format set, so the emitted ESSL needs the GL_NV_image_formats directive.
             Bool needsExtendedImageFormats = false;
+            // Some DECLARED format in play is one WidenImageFormatsForEssl will re-declare in a
+            // core carrier. Answered from the uniform reflection rather than from a module parse
+            // on purpose: the widening is armed on every driver, so a per-stage BuildModule to
+            // find out would land on every stage of every program - which is the cost
+            // SpirvGateFeatures exists to avoid. Program-wide, so it can over-arm a stage that
+            // declares no image; the pass then finds nothing, reports no change, and the caller
+            // keeps the module it already had.
+            Bool declaresWidenableImageFormat = false;
         };
         ImageFormatBakeInputs CollectImageFormatBakeInputs(
             const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& stateProgramObject);

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/MultiDraw.cpp

@@ -414,14 +414,18 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::MultiDrawImpl {
             const Uint previousIndirectBinding = BoundDrawIndirectBufferId();
             BufferImpl::BindBufferId(GL_DRAW_INDIRECT_BUFFER, g_indirectCommands.id);
             if (batched) {
-                g_GLESFuncs.glMultiDrawElementsIndirectEXT(mode, type, reinterpret_cast<const void*>(commandBase),
+                ForEachViewportRoutingPass([&] {
-                                                           drawcount, 0);
+                    g_GLESFuncs.glMultiDrawElementsIndirectEXT(mode, type, reinterpret_cast<const void*>(commandBase),
+                                                               drawcount, 0);
+                });
             } else {
                 for (GLsizei i = 0; i < drawcount; ++i) {
                     if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(static_cast<Uint32>(i));
                     if (feedBaseVertex) SetCurrentBaseVertex(basevertex ? basevertex[i] : 0);
                     const SizeT commandOffset = commandBase + static_cast<SizeT>(i) * sizeof(DrawElementsIndirectCommand);
-                    g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElementsIndirect(mode, type, reinterpret_cast<const void*>(commandOffset));
+                    ForEachViewportRoutingPass([&] {
+                        g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElementsIndirect(mode, type, reinterpret_cast<const void*>(commandOffset));
+                    });
                 }
                 if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(0);
                 if (feedBaseVertex) SetCurrentBaseVertex(0);
@@ -442,8 +446,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::MultiDrawImpl {
                 if (count[i] <= 0) continue;
                 if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(static_cast<Uint32>(i));
                 if (feedBaseVertex) SetCurrentBaseVertex(basevertex ? basevertex[i] : 0);
-                g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElementsBaseVertex(mode, count[i], type, indices[i],
+                ForEachViewportRoutingPass([&] {
-                                                     basevertex ? basevertex[i] : 0);
+                    g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElementsBaseVertex(mode, count[i], type, indices[i],
+                                                         basevertex ? basevertex[i] : 0);
+                });
             }
             if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(0);
             if (feedBaseVertex) SetCurrentBaseVertex(0);
@@ -515,8 +521,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::MultiDrawImpl {
                 // driver sees none - but gl_BaseVertex still has to report the value the
                 // application passed for this sub-draw.
                 if (feedBaseVertex) SetCurrentBaseVertex(basevertex ? basevertex[i] : 0);
-                g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElements(mode, count[i], GL_UNSIGNED_INT,
+                ForEachViewportRoutingPass([&] {
-                                           reinterpret_cast<const void*>(indexBase + cursor * sizeof(Uint32)));
+                    g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElements(mode, count[i], GL_UNSIGNED_INT,
+                                               reinterpret_cast<const void*>(indexBase + cursor * sizeof(Uint32)));
+                });
                 cursor += static_cast<SizeT>(count[i]);
             }
             if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(0);
@@ -870,7 +878,9 @@ void main() {
         if (flattened.indexCount != 0) {
             const Uint previousIndexBinding = BoundIndexBufferId();
             BufferImpl::BindBufferId(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, flattened.bufferId);
-            g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElements(mode, static_cast<GLsizei>(flattened.indexCount), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, nullptr);
+            ForEachViewportRoutingPass([&] {
+                g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElements(mode, static_cast<GLsizei>(flattened.indexCount), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, nullptr);
+            });
             BufferImpl::BindBufferId(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, previousIndexBinding);
             return;
         }

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Utils.cpp

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "MG_Backend/BackendObjects.h"
 #include "MG_Util/Converters/GLToMG/FramebufferEnumConverter.h"
 #include "MG_Util/Texture/TextureFormatProcessor.h"
+#include "MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/ShaderCompiler.h"
 
 #include <MG_State/GLState/Core.h>
 #include <MG_Util/BackendLoaders/OpenGL/Loader.h>
@@ -171,6 +172,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             if (!capabilities.SupportsRenderSnorm || !capabilities.SupportsNorm16Texture) {
                 options |= PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit::NoSnorm16RenderTarget;
             }
+            // 8-bit signed-normalized storage is core ES, so only the rendering half is in
+            // question here; the 16-bit bit above additionally needs EXT_texture_norm16 for the
+            // encoding to exist at all.
+            if (!capabilities.SupportsRenderSnorm) {
+                options |= PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit::NoSnorm8RenderTarget;
+            }
             return options;
         }
 
@@ -227,6 +234,105 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         Bool BackendRenderbufferFormatAddsAlpha(TextureInternalFormat internalFormat) {
             return BackendFormatAddsAlpha(internalFormat, GetRenderbufferFormatCapabilityTargetIndex());
         }
+
+        ImageBindableStorageWidening GetImageBindableStorageWidening(TextureInternalFormat internalFormat) {
+            const GLenum requested = MG_Util::ConvertTextureInternalFormatToGLEnum(internalFormat);
+            const auto carrier = static_cast<GLenum>(
+                MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::WidenedCoreEsslImageFormat(requested));
+            if (carrier == 0) {
+                return {};
+            }
+            // EXACTLY the arming WidenImageFormatsForEssl uses, and it has to be: the shader, the
+            // storage and the bind must all widen or none of them may, or the shader addresses a
+            // texel size the storage does not have (which every driver tested accepts silently,
+            // reading and writing out of bounds).
+            //
+            // A driver WITH GL_NV_image_formats can spell the narrow format - but only for the
+            // formats SPIRV-Cross will actually print. It throws for its is_desktop_only_format
+            // set instead of emitting a token, and the throw loses the stage whatever the driver
+            // would have accepted: on Mesa, which advertises the extension, `layout(r8ui)
+            // uimage2D` still lost its whole program until the widening ran for it too.
+            if (g_GLESCapabilities.SupportsExtendedImageFormats &&
+                MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::SpirvCrossCanPrintEsslImageFormat(requested)) {
+                return {};
+            }
+            ImageBindableStorageWidening widening;
+            widening.InternalFormat = carrier;
+            widening.SourceChannels =
+                MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::ImageFormatChannelCount(requested);
+            switch (carrier) {
+            case GL_RGBA32UI:
+            case GL_RGBA16UI:
+            case GL_RGBA8UI:
+            case GL_RGBA32I:
+            case GL_RGBA16I:
+            case GL_RGBA8I:
+                widening.IntegerData = true;
+                break;
+            default:
+                widening.IntegerData = false;
+                break;
+            }
+            // The carrier is a core ES format in every case, so it needs no fallback options of
+            // its own; this call is only here to spell the transfer pair that describes it.
+            MG_Util::TextureFormatProcessor::NormalizePixelFormat(carrier, Flags<PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit>{},
+                                                                  nullptr, &widening.Format, &widening.Type);
+            // The two carriers that are not channel widenings, whose transfer pair has to say so.
+            // Every other entry keeps the frontend format's own component type - a GL_RG16F shadow
+            // is halves and so is its GL_RGBA16F carrier, so padding the channels is the whole
+            // conversion. These two shadows are a PACKED 32-bit word per texel
+            // (TextureFormatProcessor::NormalizePixelFormat), and no ES driver accepts either
+            // packed type for the carrier's level, so the transfer names the carrier's own layout
+            // and PrepareImageWidenedUpload splits the word into it.
+            switch (internalFormat) {
+            case TextureInternalFormat::R11FG11FB10F:
+                // GL_UNSIGNED_INT_10F_11F_11F_REV -> GL_RGBA / GL_FLOAT, legal for GL_RGBA16F.
+                widening.Format = GL_RGBA;
+                widening.Type = GL_FLOAT;
+                widening.SourceEncoding = ImageWidenSourceEncoding::PackedFloat11f11f10f;
+                break;
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB10A2UI:
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB10A2:
+                // GL_UNSIGNED_INT_2_10_10_10_REV -> the GL_RGBA_INTEGER / GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT the
+                // GL_RGBA16UI carrier already asked for above; only the split is new. The two
+                // formats share it: rgb10_a2's channel codes are the same fields rgb10_a2ui's are,
+                // and what the shader divides them by is not the transfer's business.
+                widening.SourceEncoding = ImageWidenSourceEncoding::PackedInt2101010Rev;
+                break;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            // The seven normalized formats whose carrier holds CODES rather than values. Both
+            // halves of the transfer need to know: a missing alpha is padded with the saturated
+            // code rather than the integer 1, and glGetTexImage has to divide the codes back out.
+            bool signedNormalized = false;
+            Uint32 channelMax[4] = {0u, 0u, 0u, 0u};
+            if (MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::NormalizedImageCarrierCodes(requested, channelMax,
+                                                                                       signedNormalized)) {
+                for (SizeT channel = 0; channel < 4; ++channel) {
+                    widening.ChannelMax[channel] = channelMax[channel];
+                }
+                widening.SignedNormalized = signedNormalized;
+            }
+            return widening;
+        }
+
+        GLenum GetImageBindableBufferSplitFormat(TextureInternalFormat internalFormat) {
+            const GLenum requested = MG_Util::ConvertTextureInternalFormatToGLEnum(internalFormat);
+            const auto base = static_cast<GLenum>(
+                MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::SplitCoreEsslBufferImageFormat(requested));
+            if (base == 0) {
+                return GL_UNKNOWN_MGL;
+            }
+            // EXACTLY the arming WidenImageFormatsForEssl uses, for the reason the widening's is:
+            // the shader, the glTexBuffer view and the glBindImageTexture argument must all split
+            // or none of them may, or the shader subscripts a view the buffer is not described as.
+            if (g_GLESCapabilities.SupportsExtendedImageFormats &&
+                MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::SpirvCrossCanPrintEsslImageFormat(requested)) {
+                return GL_UNKNOWN_MGL;
+            }
+            return base;
+        }
     } // namespace TextureImpl
     namespace PrgramImpl {
         String ProcessOutColorLocations(const String& glslCode) {
@@ -569,6 +675,43 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             return glslCode;
         }
 
+        String RequestViewportArrayExtension(String glslCode, Bool needed) {
+#ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
+            ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
+#endif
+            // gl_ViewportIndex is desktop GL 4.1 core and is in ESSL only under
+            // GL_OES_viewport_array. SPIRV-Cross prints the identifier as-is and requests no
+            // extension for it - three lines away from the BuiltInLayer case, which DOES ask for
+            // one on ES - so an untouched decompile reaches the driver naming a builtin its core
+            // language has never heard of. The stage then fails to compile, the program is marked
+            // unusable and every draw made with it renders nothing while raising no GL error.
+            //
+            // Same `needed` contract as RequestExtendedImageFormats, and the same hard rule:
+            // `#extension` on a name the driver does not advertise is itself a compile error
+            // (ARM's compiler is strict about it), so this must never be emitted speculatively.
+            // A driver without the extension does not come through here at all - its module took
+            // the LowerViewportIndexPass fallback and the emitted source no longer names the
+            // builtin.
+            static constexpr const char* kDirective = "#extension GL_OES_viewport_array : require\n";
+            static constexpr const char* kExtName = "GL_OES_viewport_array";
+            if (!needed || glslCode.find(kExtName) != String::npos) {
+                return glslCode;
+            }
+            // Right after the #version line, for the reason spelled out above: it is the only
+            // position that must stay first, and ForceSupporterOutput's scan for the LAST
+            // #extension directive still finds whichever one that ends up being.
+            const SizeT versionPos = glslCode.find("#version");
+            if (versionPos == String::npos) {
+                return kDirective + glslCode;
+            }
+            const SizeT lineEnd = glslCode.find('\n', versionPos);
+            if (lineEnd == String::npos) {
+                return glslCode + "\n" + kDirective;
+            }
+            glslCode.insert(lineEnd + 1, kDirective);
+            return glslCode;
+        }
+
         String BakeImageFormatQualifiers(String glslCode,
                                          const UnorderedMap<String, String>& esslFormatByUniformName) {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
@@ -657,6 +800,82 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             return result;
         }
 
+        std::optional<String> ExtractPerVertexBlockMembers(const String& essl, const Bool input) {
+#ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
+            ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
+#endif
+            // Deliberately a scan for the DECLARATION rather than a regex over the whole text:
+            // "gl_PerVertex" also appears inside the block's own body in some emissions, and the
+            // direction keyword has to be the one immediately preceding the name for the match to
+            // mean what this needs it to mean.
+            const auto isIdentifierChar = [](char c) {
+                return std::isalnum(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) != 0 || c == '_';
+            };
+            const String keyword = input ? String("in") : String("out");
+            SizeT pos = 0;
+            while ((pos = essl.find("gl_PerVertex", pos)) != String::npos) {
+                // Walk back over whitespace to the direction keyword.
+                SizeT before = pos;
+                while (before > 0 && std::isspace(static_cast<unsigned char>(essl[before - 1]))) --before;
+                const Bool matches = before >= keyword.size() &&
+                                     essl.compare(before - keyword.size(), keyword.size(), keyword) == 0 &&
+                                     (before == keyword.size() ||
+                                      !isIdentifierChar(essl[before - keyword.size() - 1]));
+                if (!matches) {
+                    pos += 1;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                const SizeT open = essl.find('{', pos);
+                if (open == String::npos) return std::nullopt;
+                const SizeT close = essl.find('}', open);
+                if (close == String::npos) return std::nullopt;
+                return essl.substr(open + 1, close - open - 1);
+            }
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
+
+        String BuildPassthroughTessControlEssl(const Uint esslVersion, const Uint patchVertices,
+                                               const String& inPerVertexMembers,
+                                               const String& outPerVertexMembers) {
+#ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
+            ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
+#endif
+            // Tessellation is core in ES 3.2 and reachable in 3.1 only through
+            // GL_EXT_tessellation_shader. The caller has already established that the driver runs
+            // the evaluation stage at all, so the only question here is which spelling to use.
+            const Bool core = esslVersion >= 320;
+            String source = "#version " + std::to_string(core ? 320u : 310u) + " es\n";
+            if (!core) {
+                source += "#extension GL_EXT_tessellation_shader : require\n";
+            }
+            source += "precision highp float;\n";
+            source += "precision highp int;\n";
+            source += "layout(vertices = " + std::to_string(patchVertices) + ") out;\n";
+            // Mirrored, never invented. An empty member list means the neighbouring stage did not
+            // redeclare the block either, and the driver's own built-in declaration is then what
+            // both sides agree on - redeclaring here would be the thing that broke the match.
+            if (!inPerVertexMembers.empty()) {
+                source += "in gl_PerVertex {" + inPerVertexMembers + "} gl_in[gl_MaxPatchVertices];\n";
+            }
+            if (!outPerVertexMembers.empty()) {
+                source += "out gl_PerVertex {" + outPerVertexMembers + "} gl_out[];\n";
+            }
+            source += "void main() {\n";
+            // Only gl_Position is forwarded. That is the whole of what the pass-through owes the
+            // evaluation stage: a program whose evaluation stage reads anything else per-vertex
+            // was declined before this was ever called (ModuleReadsLocatedInput), and gl_PointSize
+            // from a tessellation stage is a separate capability on both targets.
+            source += "    gl_out[gl_InvocationID].gl_Position = gl_in[gl_InvocationID].gl_Position;\n";
+            source += "    gl_TessLevelOuter[0] = 1.0;\n";
+            source += "    gl_TessLevelOuter[1] = 1.0;\n";
+            source += "    gl_TessLevelOuter[2] = 1.0;\n";
+            source += "    gl_TessLevelOuter[3] = 1.0;\n";
+            source += "    gl_TessLevelInner[0] = 1.0;\n";
+            source += "    gl_TessLevelInner[1] = 1.0;\n";
+            source += "}\n";
+            return source;
+        }
+
         namespace {
             Bool IsImagePassIdentifierChar(char c) {
                 return std::isalnum(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) || c == '_';
@@ -768,6 +987,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
 
             struct ImageUniformDecl {
                 String name;
+                String aliasName;   // the repair-tagged name the rewritten declaration takes; empty
+                                    // for a declaration this pass leaves alone
                 String writeName;   // the writeonly half's name, when split
                 String layout;      // raw contents of layout(...)
                 String qualifiers;  // memory/precision qualifiers, normalized, no trailing space
@@ -775,19 +996,35 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                 String arraySuffix; // "" or "[7]"
                 SizeT declStart = 0;
                 SizeT declLength = 0;
+                SizeT nameStart = 0;   // the name token alone, for a rename that edits nothing else
+                SizeT nameLength = 0;
                 SizeT referenceCount = 0; // uses this pass recognized and accounted for
                 Bool loaded = false;
                 Bool stored = false;
                 Bool unknownUse = false;
                 Bool split = false;
+                // SPIRV-Cross already tagged this one readonly or writeonly, so it needs no
+                // qualifier repair - only the rename that keeps two stages from merging it.
+                Bool preTaggedReadonly = false;
+                Bool preTaggedWriteonly = false;
             };
 
             // A rebuilt declaration. Keeps SPIRV-Cross's own word order (`uniform readonly
             // highp image2D`) so the image-rebinding regex in Managers.cpp still matches what
             // comes out of here, whichever order the two passes end up running in.
+            //
+            // `forceCoherent` is for the SPLIT pair only. GLSL guarantees that a write through
+            // one image variable is visible to a read through a DIFFERENT one only when both are
+            // declared coherent, and the split turns a same-variable read-after-write - which
+            // desktop GLSL orders by construction, so the source almost never says `coherent` -
+            // into exactly that cross-variable shape. Without it the driver may serve the load
+            // from a cache that never saw the store through the writeonly half.
             String BuildImageDeclaration(const ImageUniformDecl& decl, const char* memoryQualifier,
-                                         const String& variableName) {
+                                         const String& variableName, Bool forceCoherent = false) {
                 String out = "layout(" + decl.layout + ") uniform ";
+                if (forceCoherent && !ContainsIdentifier(decl.qualifiers, "coherent")) {
+                    out += "coherent ";
+                }
                 out += memoryQualifier;
                 out += ' ';
                 if (!decl.qualifiers.empty()) {
@@ -802,11 +1039,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                 return out;
             }
 
-            // A name for the writeonly half that no identifier in the shader (and no other
+            // A name for a rewritten declaration that no identifier in the shader (and no other
-            // half already minted) can collide with.
+            // alias already minted for this stage) can collide with.
-            String MakeImageWriteAliasName(const String& name, const String& source,
+            String MakeImageAliasName(const String& prefix, const String& name, const String& source,
-                                           const Vector<String>& taken) {
+                                      const Vector<String>& taken) {
-                String candidate = String(IMAGE_WRITE_ALIAS_PREFIX) + name;
+                String candidate = prefix + name;
                 // "__" anywhere in an identifier is reserved (GLSL ES 3.20 3.7), which a name
                 // that already starts with '_' would otherwise produce.
                 for (SizeT doubled = candidate.find("__"); doubled != String::npos;
@@ -829,12 +1066,265 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                 SizeT length;
                 String text;
             };
+
+            // The offset just past the `;` that terminates the call whose argument list opens at
+            // `openParen`, or npos when what follows is not a plain statement. Parentheses alone
+            // are counted: every other bracket a GLSL argument list can contain is balanced
+            // inside them, and imageStore returns void, so a well-formed call site is always
+            // `imageStore(...);` and anything else is a shape this pass declines to edit.
+            SizeT FindEndOfCallStatement(const String& code, SizeT openParen) {
+                Int depth = 0;
+                SizeT scan = openParen;
+                for (; scan < code.size(); ++scan) {
+                    if (code[scan] == '(') {
+                        ++depth;
+                    } else if (code[scan] == ')' && --depth == 0) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (scan >= code.size()) return String::npos;
+                const SizeT after = code.find_first_not_of(" \t\r\n", scan + 1);
+                if (after == String::npos || code[after] != ';') return String::npos;
+                return after + 1;
+            }
         } // namespace
 
-        String SplitReadWriteImageUniforms(const String& glslCode) {
+        namespace {
+            // The digits of an array extent or of an element subscript, or -1 for "not a plain
+            // decimal literal".
+            //
+            // One trailing `u`/`U` is PART of the literal rather than grounds for rejection.
+            // SPIRV-Cross prints an index in the type SPIR-V gave it, and
+            // LegalizeResourceArrayIndexPass mints its per-element constants in the type of the
+            // index it replaced (ConstantLikeIndex reads that index's own type_id), so an image
+            // array reached through anything unsigned - `for (uint i = 0u; i < 4u; ++i)`, or any
+            // expression on gl_LocalInvocationIndex, which is uint by definition - arrives here
+            // spelled `g_image[0u]`. Reading that as "not a literal" declined the array and left
+            // it on one layout(binding = N), which hands its elements the consecutive units
+            // N, N+1, ... - exactly the silently-wrong-units defect the split exists to remove.
+            Int ParseNonNegativeIntLiteral(const String& text) {
+                if (text.empty()) return -1;
+                SizeT digitCount = text.size();
+                if (text[digitCount - 1] == 'u' || text[digitCount - 1] == 'U') --digitCount;
+                if (digitCount == 0) return -1;
+                Int value = 0;
+                for (SizeT i = 0; i < digitCount; ++i) {
+                    const char c = text[i];
+                    if (c < '0' || c > '9') return -1;
+                    value = value * 10 + (c - '0');
+                    if (value > 4096) return -1; // no image array is anywhere near this
+                }
+                return value;
+            }
+        } // namespace
+
+        String RemapImageArrayElementUnits(const String& glslCode, const Vector<ImageArrayUnitPlan>& plans,
+                                           Vector<String>* outDeclined) {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
             ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+            if (outDeclined != nullptr) outDeclined->clear();
+            if (plans.empty() || glslCode.find("image") == String::npos) return glslCode;
+
+            // Same declaration shape as the split pass reads, with the array extent captured.
+            static const std::regex imageDeclRegex(
+                R"(layout\s*\(([^)]*)\)\s*uniform\s+)"
+                R"(((?:(?:readonly|writeonly|coherent|volatile|restrict|highp|mediump|lowp)\s+)*))"
+                R"(([iu]?image[A-Za-z0-9_]*)\s+([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)\s*(?:\[\s*([0-9]*)\s*\])?\s*;)");
+            static const std::regex bindingValueRegex(R"(binding\s*=\s*\d+)");
+
+            struct StageImageDecl {
+                String name;
+                String layout;
+                String qualifiers;
+                String type;
+                Int elementCount = 1;
+                SizeT declStart = 0;
+                SizeT declLength = 0;
+            };
+            // Every image declaration in the stage; the plans are program-wide and name arrays
+            // this stage may not declare at all.
+            Vector<StageImageDecl> decls;
+            for (std::sregex_iterator it(glslCode.begin(), glslCode.end(), imageDeclRegex), last; it != last; ++it) {
+                const std::smatch& match = *it;
+                StageImageDecl decl;
+                decl.layout = match[1].str();
+                decl.qualifiers = NormalizeDeclarationSpacing(match[2].str());
+                decl.type = match[3].str();
+                decl.name = match[4].str();
+                decl.elementCount = match[5].matched ? ParseNonNegativeIntLiteral(match[5].str()) : 1;
+                decl.declStart = static_cast<SizeT>(match.position(0));
+                decl.declLength = match[0].str().size();
+                decls.push_back(Move(decl));
+            }
+
+            Vector<ImageSourceEdit> edits;
+            Vector<String> takenNames;
+            for (const ImageArrayUnitPlan& plan : plans) {
+                const auto decline = [&](const char* why) {
+                    if (outDeclined != nullptr) outDeclined->push_back(plan.name + ": " + why);
+                };
+                if (plan.units.size() < 2) continue;
+
+                const StageImageDecl* decl = nullptr;
+                for (const auto& candidate : decls) {
+                    if (candidate.name == plan.name) {
+                        decl = &candidate;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (decl == nullptr) {
+                    // Absent from this stage entirely is the normal outcome - the reflection is
+                    // program-wide and this pass runs per stage. Named but not RECOGNIZED is not:
+                    // it means the declaration is spelled in some shape the regex above does not
+                    // read, and staying quiet about that is how the wrong units got shipped.
+                    if (ContainsIdentifier(glslCode, plan.name)) {
+                        decline("the stage names it but declares it in a shape this pass cannot read");
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (decl->elementCount < 0 || static_cast<SizeT>(decl->elementCount) != plan.units.size()) {
+                    decline("the emitted array extent disagrees with the reflected element count");
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                Bool consecutive = true;
+                Bool everyElementHasAUnit = true;
+                for (SizeT element = 0; element < plan.units.size(); ++element) {
+                    const Int unit = plan.units[element];
+                    if (unit < 0) {
+                        everyElementHasAUnit = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    if (unit != plan.units[0] + static_cast<Int>(element)) consecutive = false;
+                }
+                if (!everyElementHasAUnit) {
+                    decline("an element has no image unit");
+                    continue;
+                }
+                // Already exactly what ESSL would do on its own. The caller filters these out;
+                // repeating the test here keeps the pass correct on its own terms.
+                if (consecutive) continue;
+
+                // Every use has to be `name[<literal>]`. The literal is what the split turns
+                // into a name, and by the time this runs there is always one:
+                // LegalizeResourceArrayIndexingForEssl has already folded or lowered every
+                // dynamic image-array subscript in the module, because ESSL forbids one
+                // outright ("image arrays indexed with non-constant expressions are forbidden
+                // in GLSL ES"). A subscript that is still an expression here is therefore a
+                // stage that was never going to compile, and guessing which element it meant
+                // would only change which unit it addressed wrongly.
+                struct ElementUse {
+                    SizeT start;   // the first character of the name
+                    SizeT length;  // through the closing ']'
+                    SizeT element;
+                };
+                Vector<ElementUse> uses;
+                const char* refusal = nullptr;
+                for (SizeT pos = glslCode.find(plan.name); pos != String::npos;
+                     pos = glslCode.find(plan.name, pos + 1)) {
+                    if (pos > 0 && IsImagePassIdentifierChar(glslCode[pos - 1])) continue;
+                    const SizeT after = pos + plan.name.size();
+                    if (after < glslCode.size() && IsImagePassIdentifierChar(glslCode[after])) continue;
+                    if (pos >= decl->declStart && pos < decl->declStart + decl->declLength) {
+                        continue; // the declaration's own name
+                    }
+                    const SizeT open = glslCode.find_first_not_of(" \t\r\n", after);
+                    if (open == String::npos || glslCode[open] != '[') {
+                        refusal = "it is reached by something other than a subscript, so there is no "
+                                  "element index to rewrite";
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    Int depth = 0;
+                    SizeT scan = open;
+                    for (; scan < glslCode.size(); ++scan) {
+                        if (glslCode[scan] == '[') {
+                            ++depth;
+                        } else if (glslCode[scan] == ']' && --depth == 0) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (scan >= glslCode.size() || open + 1 >= scan) {
+                        refusal = "it is reached by something other than a subscript, so there is no "
+                                  "element index to rewrite";
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    const Int element = ParseNonNegativeIntLiteral(
+                        NormalizeDeclarationSpacing(glslCode.substr(open + 1, scan - open - 1)));
+                    if (element < 0 || element >= decl->elementCount) {
+                        refusal = "its subscript is not a literal element index, so which unit the "
+                                  "access reaches cannot be decided here";
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    uses.push_back({pos, scan + 1 - pos, static_cast<SizeT>(element)});
+                }
+                if (refusal != nullptr) {
+                    decline(refusal);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // One SCALAR declaration per element, each carrying its own binding. ESSL nails
+                // an ARRAY's elements to consecutive units and offers no way to move them, so
+                // the only spelling that reaches an arbitrary set of units is one declaration
+                // per unit - and with every subscript a literal, every use has exactly one of
+                // them to be rewritten to.
+                //
+                // It costs precisely the image uniforms the application declared, which is why
+                // there is no budget test here: an array of four elements becomes four scalars
+                // however far apart their units are.
+                const SizeT elementCount = plan.units.size();
+                Vector<String> elementNames;
+                String replacement;
+                for (SizeT element = 0; element < elementCount; ++element) {
+                    const String elementName =
+                        MakeImageAliasName(IMAGE_ARRAY_ELEMENT_PREFIX,
+                                           plan.name + "_" + std::to_string(element), glslCode, takenNames);
+                    takenNames.push_back(elementName);
+                    elementNames.push_back(elementName);
+
+                    String layout = decl->layout;
+                    const String bindingText = "binding = " + std::to_string(plan.units[element]);
+                    if (std::regex_search(layout, bindingValueRegex)) {
+                        layout = std::regex_replace(layout, bindingValueRegex, bindingText);
+                    } else {
+                        layout = bindingText + (layout.empty() ? String() : ", " + layout);
+                    }
+                    if (element != 0) replacement += '\n';
+                    replacement += "layout(" + layout + ") uniform ";
+                    if (!decl->qualifiers.empty()) {
+                        replacement += decl->qualifiers;
+                        replacement += ' ';
+                    }
+                    replacement += decl->type + " " + elementName + ";";
+                }
+                edits.push_back({decl->declStart, decl->declLength, Move(replacement)});
+
+                // `name[k]` -> the scalar declared for element k, subscript and all.
+                for (const ElementUse& use : uses) {
+                    edits.push_back({use.start, use.length, elementNames[use.element]});
+                }
+            }
+            if (edits.empty()) return glslCode;
+
+            // Back to front, so an earlier edit's offsets stay valid. No two edits overlap: each
+            // one covers either a whole declaration or a whole `name[k]`, the declaration's own
+            // name is skipped when the uses are collected, and one occurrence of a name yields at
+            // most one edit.
+            std::sort(edits.begin(), edits.end(),
+                      [](const ImageSourceEdit& a, const ImageSourceEdit& b) { return a.start > b.start; });
+            String result = glslCode;
+            for (const ImageSourceEdit& edit : edits) {
+                result.replace(edit.start, edit.length, edit.text);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        String SplitReadWriteImageUniforms(const String& glslCode, Uint* outSplitCount) {
+#ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
+            ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
+#endif
+            // Written before any early return, so the caller never reads a stale count.
+            if (outSplitCount != nullptr) *outSplitCount = 0;
             if (glslCode.find("image") == String::npos) {
                 return glslCode;
             }
@@ -853,10 +1343,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             for (std::sregex_iterator it(glslCode.begin(), glslCode.end(), imageDeclRegex), last; it != last; ++it) {
                 const std::smatch& match = *it;
                 const String qualifiers = match[2].str();
-                // Already legal: SPIRV-Cross decided one way, leave it alone.
+                const Bool hasReadonly = ContainsIdentifier(qualifiers, "readonly");
-                if (ContainsIdentifier(qualifiers, "readonly") || ContainsIdentifier(qualifiers, "writeonly")) {
+                const Bool hasWriteonly = ContainsIdentifier(qualifiers, "writeonly");
-                    continue;
+                // Carrying BOTH is a spelling no per-stage access analysis produces (SPIRV-Cross
-                }
+                // clears one decoration or the other as soon as it sees a load or a store), so it
+                // came from the application and is identical in every stage. Nothing to do.
+                if (hasReadonly && hasWriteonly) continue;
 
                 Bool hasFormat = false;
                 Bool exemptFormat = false;
@@ -865,10 +1357,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                     hasFormat = true;
                     exemptFormat = IsMemoryQualifierExemptImageFormat(token);
                 }
-                // No format qualifier at all is a different (and, in ES, unconditionally
+                // A declaration carrying neither qualifier is illegal ES unless its format is
-                // illegal) shape that GL_EXT_shader_image_load_formatted would be needed for;
+                // r32f/r32i/r32ui, and no format qualifier at all is a shape SPIRV-Cross refuses
-                // SPIRV-Cross refuses to emit it for an ES target, so nothing to do here.
+                // to emit for an ES target. Either way there is no repair to make - and no rename
-                if (!hasFormat || exemptFormat) continue;
+                // to make either, because a declaration with no access qualifier is spelled the
+                // same in every stage.
+                if (!hasReadonly && !hasWriteonly && (!hasFormat || exemptFormat)) continue;
 
                 ImageUniformDecl decl;
                 decl.layout = match[1].str();
@@ -878,6 +1372,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                 decl.arraySuffix = NormalizeDeclarationSpacing(match[5].str());
                 decl.declStart = static_cast<SizeT>(match.position(0));
                 decl.declLength = match[0].str().size();
+                decl.nameStart = static_cast<SizeT>(match.position(4));
+                decl.nameLength = match[4].str().size();
+                decl.preTaggedReadonly = hasReadonly;
+                decl.preTaggedWriteonly = hasWriteonly;
                 decls.push_back(Move(decl));
             }
             if (decls.empty()) {
@@ -892,12 +1390,17 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             };
 
             // Walk every `image*(` call and attribute its first argument to a declaration.
-            struct StoreSite {
+            // EVERY recognized use is recorded, not only the stores: a declaration this pass
+            // renames has to take all of its uses with it, and the "every occurrence was one I
+            // saw" check below is what makes the recorded set provably the complete set.
+            struct ImageUseSite {
                 SizeT declIndex;
                 SizeT start;
                 SizeT length;
+                SizeT callOpen; // the '(' of the call this argument belongs to
+                Bool stores;    // an imageStore, i.e. the use a split redirects to the write half
             };
-            Vector<StoreSite> storeSites;
+            Vector<ImageUseSite> useSites;
             for (SizeT pos = glslCode.find("image"); pos != String::npos; pos = glslCode.find("image", pos + 1)) {
                 if (pos > 0 && IsImagePassIdentifierChar(glslCode[pos - 1])) continue; // uimage2D, myimageFoo
                 SizeT tokenEnd = pos;
@@ -942,12 +1445,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                 switch (ClassifyImageBuiltin(builtin)) {
                 case ImageBuiltinAccess::Load:
                     decl.loaded = true;
+                    useSites.push_back({declIndex, argStart, argEnd - argStart, openParen, false});
                     break;
                 case ImageBuiltinAccess::Store:
                     decl.stored = true;
-                    storeSites.push_back({declIndex, argStart, argEnd - argStart});
+                    useSites.push_back({declIndex, argStart, argEnd - argStart, openParen, true});
                     break;
                 case ImageBuiltinAccess::None:
+                    // imageSize/imageSamples touch nothing, but they still NAME the variable, so
+                    // a rename has to reach them.
+                    useSites.push_back({declIndex, argStart, argEnd - argStart, openParen, false});
                     break;
                 default:
                     decl.unknownUse = true;
@@ -964,30 +1471,122 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             }
 
             Vector<ImageSourceEdit> edits;
-            Vector<String> takenAliases;
+            Vector<String> takenNames;
             for (auto& decl : decls) {
                 if (decl.unknownUse) continue; // leave it exactly as it was; no guessing
+                // EVERY declaration this pass rewrites is also RENAMED, under the prefix of the
+                // repair it is about to receive - the qualifier below is a decision about ONE
+                // STAGE's accesses, and GLSL requires a uniform declared in two stages to be
+                // declared IDENTICALLY (GLSL 4.3 4.3.9 / GLSL ES 3.20 4.3.9). A shader that
+                // stores to an image in the vertex stage and loads it in the fragment stage gets
+                // `writeonly` on one and `readonly` on the other, and on Adreno the linker merges
+                // the two same-named declarations and SILENTLY DISCARDS the vertex-stage stores:
+                // no GL error, no link log, LINK_STATUS = 1, and the image still holding its
+                // initial contents afterwards
+                // (KHR-GL4x.shader_image_load_store.advanced-memory-dependentInvocation, and any
+                // shader pack that writes an image in one stage to read it in another).
+                //
+                // Keyed on the REPAIR and not on the stage, which is what makes the rename
+                // exactly as wide as the problem. Two stages that use the image the same way
+                // reach the same prefix and emit byte-identical declarations, so they keep ONE
+                // shared uniform and there is nothing mismatched to merge; two that use it
+                // differently reach different prefixes and cannot be merged at all. Tagging by
+                // stage instead also broke the merge - but it broke it for the agreeing stages
+                // too, turning one image uniform into one PER STAGE that names it, and Adreno
+                // allocates image locations per distinct uniform: the five stages of
+                // KHR-GL43.shading_language_420pack.binding_images_texture_type_* went from 6
+                // image uniforms to 30 and the link failed outright with "Error: Image Image
+                // location or component exceeds max allowed." on an Adreno 830, where Mali and
+                // Mesa both accept the same text.
+                //
+                // Nothing downstream reads these names: the two passes that key on the GL uniform
+                // name (RebindImageUniformsToFrontendUnits, BakeImageFormatQualifiers) both run
+                // BEFORE this one, RemoveLayoutBinding recognises an image declaration by its TYPE
+                // token, and CacheResourceLocations skips image uniforms outright because ES image
+                // units come only from layout(binding=N). The declarations this pass LEAVES ALONE -
+                // already readonly/writeonly in the source, or r32f/r32i/r32ui, which need no
+                // qualifier - keep their names, and they are exactly the ones that already match
+                // across stages.
+                if (decl.preTaggedReadonly || decl.preTaggedWriteonly) {
+                    // No repair: SPIRV-Cross already emitted a legal qualifier. But it derived
+                    // that qualifier from THIS STAGE's accesses, so a uniform stored in one stage
+                    // and loaded in another arrives here `writeonly` in one and `readonly` in the
+                    // other under ONE name - precisely the same-name/mismatched-qualifier pair
+                    // Adreno merges while silently discarding the writing stage's stores
+                    // (advanced-memory-dependentInvocation; a raw-ES probe reproduces it with no
+                    // MobileGL in the process, and renaming either half fixes it). Keyed on the
+                    // qualifier for the same reason the repair below is: two stages that agree
+                    // spell the same alias and stay merged, so no shader gains an image uniform.
+                    const char* preTagPrefix =
+                        decl.preTaggedReadonly ? IMAGE_READONLY_ALIAS_PREFIX : IMAGE_WRITEONLY_ALIAS_PREFIX;
+                    decl.aliasName = MakeImageAliasName(preTagPrefix, decl.name, glslCode, takenNames);
+                    takenNames.push_back(decl.aliasName);
+                    // The name token alone: the qualifiers are already right, and re-emitting the
+                    // whole declaration would only risk changing them.
+                    edits.push_back({decl.nameStart, decl.nameLength, decl.aliasName});
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                const char* aliasPrefix = decl.loaded && decl.stored ? IMAGE_SPLIT_READ_ALIAS_PREFIX
+                                          : decl.stored             ? IMAGE_WRITEONLY_ALIAS_PREFIX
+                                                                    : IMAGE_READONLY_ALIAS_PREFIX;
+                decl.aliasName = MakeImageAliasName(aliasPrefix, decl.name, glslCode, takenNames);
+                takenNames.push_back(decl.aliasName);
                 if (decl.loaded && decl.stored) {
-                    decl.writeName = MakeImageWriteAliasName(decl.name, glslCode, takenAliases);
+                    // Minted from the ALREADY access-tagged name, so the write half of a split
-                    takenAliases.push_back(decl.writeName);
+                    // can never collide with the single declaration another stage's repair mints
+                    // for the same image.
+                    decl.writeName =
+                        MakeImageAliasName(IMAGE_WRITE_ALIAS_PREFIX, decl.aliasName, glslCode, takenNames);
+                    takenNames.push_back(decl.writeName);
                     decl.split = true;
+                    if (outSplitCount != nullptr) ++*outSplitCount;
+                    // Both halves carry `coherent`; see BuildImageDeclaration. The
+                    // single-declaration cases below stay as they were - nothing aliases them, so
+                    // there is no visibility to restore and no reason to pay for the cache
+                    // behaviour.
                     edits.push_back({decl.declStart, decl.declLength,
-                                     BuildImageDeclaration(decl, "readonly", decl.name) + "\n" +
+                                     BuildImageDeclaration(decl, "readonly", decl.aliasName,
-                                         BuildImageDeclaration(decl, "writeonly", decl.writeName)});
+                                                           /*forceCoherent=*/true) +
+                                         "\n" +
+                                         BuildImageDeclaration(decl, "writeonly", decl.writeName,
+                                                               /*forceCoherent=*/true)});
                 } else if (decl.stored) {
                     edits.push_back({decl.declStart, decl.declLength,
-                                     BuildImageDeclaration(decl, "writeonly", decl.name)});
+                                     BuildImageDeclaration(decl, "writeonly", decl.aliasName)});
                 } else {
                     // Loaded only, or only ever handed to imageSize (or unused): readonly is
                     // the qualifier that keeps every one of those legal.
                     edits.push_back({decl.declStart, decl.declLength,
-                                     BuildImageDeclaration(decl, "readonly", decl.name)});
+                                     BuildImageDeclaration(decl, "readonly", decl.aliasName)});
                 }
             }
-            for (const StoreSite& site : storeSites) {
+            for (const ImageUseSite& site : useSites) {
                 const ImageUniformDecl& decl = decls[site.declIndex];
-                if (!decl.split) continue;
+                // Empty exactly when the declaration was poisoned above and left untouched; its
-                edits.push_back({site.start, site.length, decl.writeName});
+                // uses must keep naming the variable that is still called that.
+                if (decl.aliasName.empty()) continue;
+                edits.push_back(
+                    {site.start, site.length, decl.split && site.stores ? decl.writeName : decl.aliasName});
+                if (!decl.split || !site.stores) continue;
+                // ...and an explicit barrier behind it. `coherent` on both halves is what makes
+                // the store VISIBLE to a load through the other variable, but it says nothing
+                // about ORDER within one invocation - and the whole reason a declaration is split
+                // is that the shader both stores and loads through it, which on the ES side is now
+                // a write to one variable followed by a read of another the compiler has no reason
+                // to believe alias. Adreno duly serves the load from before the store
+                // (KHR-GL4x.shader_image_load_store.advanced-memory-order's store/load/compare
+                // loop reads back the previous iteration's value). memoryBarrierImage() is the
+                // GLSL primitive for exactly that ordering, is core GLSL ES 3.10 in every stage,
+                // and is not an execution barrier, so it is legal in non-uniform control flow too.
+                //
+                // Confined to the split pair: a single-declaration repair has nothing aliasing it
+                // and must not pay for this, and a shader that never got split never sees it at
+                // all.
+                const SizeT statementEnd = FindEndOfCallStatement(glslCode, site.callOpen);
+                if (statementEnd != String::npos) {
+                    edits.push_back({statementEnd, 0, " memoryBarrierImage();"});
+                }
             }
             if (edits.empty()) {
                 return glslCode;

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Utils.h

@@ -60,6 +60,115 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         Bool BackendTextureFormatAddsAlpha(TextureInternalFormat internalFormat, TextureTarget target);
         Bool BackendRenderbufferFormatAddsAlpha(TextureInternalFormat internalFormat);
         Bool ShouldUseCaveatRenderbufferFormat(TextureInternalFormat internalFormat);
+
+        // The CHANNEL WIDENING an image-bindable texture's ES storage takes, so that a format
+        // GLSL ES cannot spell as an image is carried by one it can.
+        //
+        // GL has forty image formats, GLSL ES core has thirteen, and no test device advertises
+        // GL_NV_image_formats - so a shader declaring one of the other twenty-six has no legal
+        // ESSL at all and glBindImageTexture rejects the narrow format outright for most of them
+        // (GL_INVALID_VALUE for nineteen of twenty-six on Adreno, twenty-five on both Malis).
+        // Seventeen have a core format of the SAME per-channel width and component type,
+        // differing only in channel count, and in one of those the emulation is EXACT: GL already
+        // defines an imageLoad from a narrower format as (r, 0, 0, 1) and an imageStore as
+        // dropping the components the format does not have, so the carrier's surplus channels
+        // hold values GL has already named. WidenImageFormatsPass pins them in the shader; this
+        // is the storage half, and DirectGLES::TextureImpl::SyncImageTextureBinding the bind
+        // half. All three ask WidenedCoreEsslImageFormat, so they cannot pick different carriers.
+        //
+        // Reports nothing (InternalFormat == GL_UNKNOWN_MGL) for a format that is core already,
+        // for the nine with no exact carrier (r11f_g11f_b10f, rgb10_a2, rgb10_a2ui, rgba16, rg16,
+        // r16, rgba16_snorm, rg16_snorm, r16_snorm - those keep the honest "no GLSL ES spelling"
+        // diagnostic rather than a silent approximation), and on a driver that HAS
+        // GL_NV_image_formats, where the shader keeps the declared format and no widening may
+        // happen behind it.
+        //
+        // The widened triple REPLACES what GenerateTextureFormatInfo chose, including any
+        // renderability substitution: an image that cannot be image-bound is useless whatever its
+        // attachment behaviour, so the image constraint wins. In practice that only bites
+        // RG8_SNORM/R8_SNORM on a driver without EXT_render_snorm, where the storage stays
+        // signed-normalized instead of becoming the half float that fallback would have picked -
+        // so an image-bound texture in one of those two formats is no longer attachable, and
+        // glGetTexImage on it falls through to the CPU shadow, which a shader-side imageStore
+        // does not update. Accepted deliberately: before the widening, an image binding in either
+        // format was refused outright by every driver tested and the stage that declared it never
+        // compiled at all, so nothing that works today is being given up.
+        //
+        // KNOWN GAP, for the same "all three layers move together" reason: a widened texture that
+        // is ALSO an FBO colour attachment gains one to three writable channels, and a draw into
+        // it can leave values in channels GL says are 0 and 1. Sampling and imageLoad are covered
+        // (the swizzle composition in SyncTextureParamsToBackend and the shader-side mask), but a
+        // glReadPixels/glGetTexImage that asks for more channels than the frontend format has
+        // would see them. Closing it needs the per-draw-buffer colour mask the three-channel
+        // widening already carries (FramebufferImpl::g_alphaWidenedDrawBufferMask) generalized
+        // from "alpha" to a channel count, which is its own change.
+        // How the FRONTEND's CPU shadow for a widened format is laid out relative to the carrier's
+        // transfer, i.e. what the upload has to do to it. Almost every entry is `Components`: the
+        // shadow already holds SourceChannels components of exactly the carrier's own type, so
+        // padding it out to four is the whole conversion. The packed entries do not - their shadow
+        // is ONE 32-bit word per texel - and reading such a word as components of the carrier's
+        // type takes twelve or sixteen bytes out of four and shears the level.
+        enum class ImageWidenSourceEncoding : Uint8 {
+            Components = 0,
+            // r11f_g11f_b10f: GL_UNSIGNED_INT_10F_11F_11F_REV -> four GL_FLOATs of an rgba16f.
+            PackedFloat11f11f10f,
+            // rgb10_a2 and rgb10_a2ui: GL_UNSIGNED_INT_2_10_10_10_REV -> four GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT
+            // channel CODES of an rgba16ui. The same split serves both: the two formats differ
+            // only in what the codes MEAN, which is the shader's business and not the transfer's.
+            PackedInt2101010Rev,
+        };
+
+        struct ImageBindableStorageWidening {
+            GLenum InternalFormat = GL_UNKNOWN_MGL;
+            GLenum Format = GL_UNKNOWN_MGL;
+            GLenum Type = GL_UNKNOWN_MGL;
+            // Channels the FRONTEND format has, i.e. how many of the carrier's four the client
+            // data fills. The rest are uploaded as 0, and the fourth as the format's implied 1.
+            Uint SourceChannels = 0;
+            // Whether that implied 1 is the integer one or a saturated normalized field - the
+            // transfer type cannot tell the two apart (GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE serves both RG8 and
+            // RG8UI), so the carrier decides.
+            Bool IntegerData = false;
+            // What the upload has to do to the frontend shadow before it describes the level to
+            // the driver (PrepareImageWidenedUpload).
+            ImageWidenSourceEncoding SourceEncoding = ImageWidenSourceEncoding::Components;
+            // Non-zero when the carrier holds this format's channels as the INTEGER CODES of a
+            // NORMALIZED value - the seven 16-bit and 10-bit normalized formats, which core ESSL
+            // has no image format of any width for and which a float carrier would requantise.
+            // Each entry is the largest code that channel can hold, i.e. the denominator of GL 4.6
+            // 2.3.5; SignedNormalized picks which of the two conversions it is the denominator of.
+            //
+            // Two things depend on it, both because the ES storage no longer shares the frontend
+            // format's component class: the upload pads a missing alpha with ChannelMax[3] instead
+            // of the transfer type's own "one" (through a uint carrier the saturated field IS the
+            // one), and glGetTexImage divides the codes back out into the floats the application
+            // is still owed.
+            Uint ChannelMax[4] = {0u, 0u, 0u, 0u};
+            Bool SignedNormalized = false;
+
+            Bool CarriesNormalizedCodes() const { return ChannelMax[0] != 0u; }
+            explicit operator Bool() const { return InternalFormat != GL_UNKNOWN_MGL; }
+        };
+        ImageBindableStorageWidening GetImageBindableStorageWidening(TextureInternalFormat internalFormat);
+
+        // The single-channel core format an image-bindable BUFFER texture's view is SPLIT into, or
+        // GL_UNKNOWN_MGL for a format that needs no split (or has no core base).
+        //
+        // A buffer texture cannot be widened: its texels are the application's buffer object, at
+        // the size and layout the application gave it, and it is usually also a vertex, index or
+        // storage buffer whose bytes are not ours to restride. But an rg32f view of N texels and
+        // an r32f view of 2N texels describe exactly the SAME bytes, so the split changes only
+        // how the shader subscripts them - component j of texel i is texel 2i + j of the base
+        // view - which WidenImageFormatsPass rewrites every access to do. The same rule as the
+        // widening decides WHETHER: a driver that can spell rg32f for an imageBuffer needs
+        // nothing.
+        //
+        // KNOWN GAP, and the reason this is not applied to a texture that is merely sampled: a
+        // buffer texture that is BOTH image-bound and read through a samplerBuffer would have its
+        // sampled view split too, and the sampler side is not rewritten. Accepted for the same
+        // reason the storage widening's gaps are - on a driver where the split applies at all
+        // there is no legal ESSL for the image declaration, so such a program did not compile.
+        GLenum GetImageBindableBufferSplitFormat(TextureInternalFormat internalFormat);
     } // namespace TextureImpl
 
     namespace FramebufferImpl {} // namespace FramebufferImpl
@@ -154,6 +263,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         // extension - requesting an unadvertised extension is itself a compile error, so this is
         // never emitted speculatively. A no-op when not needed or already present.
         String RequestExtendedImageFormats(String glslCode, Bool needed);
+        // Adds `#extension GL_OES_viewport_array : require` when the emitted ESSL names
+        // gl_ViewportIndex. SPIRV-Cross prints that identifier and asks for nothing (unlike
+        // gl_Layer, which it backs with GL_NV_viewport_array2 on ES) and ESSL has no core
+        // spelling for it at any version, so the request has to be made here or the stage does
+        // not compile - which loses the whole program, not just the multi-viewport routing.
+        // `needed` is the caller's answer for the same reason as above: only it knows whether the
+        // driver advertises the extension, and requesting an unadvertised one is itself a compile
+        // error, so this is never emitted speculatively. A no-op when not needed or already
+        // present.
+        String RequestViewportArrayExtension(String glslCode, Bool needed);
         // Writes a format layout qualifier into the image declarations named in
         // `esslFormatByUniformName` that still have none. The completion half of the image-format
         // bake, and ONLY that: the SPIR-V pass (BakeImageFormatsPass) is what normally puts the
@@ -168,9 +287,113 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         // stops being safe to edit by hand.
         String BakeImageFormatQualifiers(String glslCode, const UnorderedMap<String, String>& esslFormatByUniformName);
         String RemoveLayoutBinding(const String& glslCode);
+        // Prefix of the per-element scalar declarations RemapImageArrayElementUnits splits an
+        // image array into; the suffix is the array's own name and the element's index.
+        constexpr const char* IMAGE_ARRAY_ELEMENT_PREFIX = "mg_imageElem_";
+        // One image ARRAY whose elements the application pointed at units that are not
+        // consecutive-from-element-zero.
+        struct ImageArrayUnitPlan {
+            String name;       // the array's name, exactly as the emitted ESSL declares it
+            Vector<Int> units; // the frontend image unit element k has to reach
+        };
+        // Desktop GL lets an application give each element of an image array an ARBITRARY unit
+        // (glUniform1i per element). ES has no such call at all - "ES image units come
+        // exclusively from the layout(binding=N) qualifier" - and one declaration carries one
+        // binding, so ESSL nails an array's elements to the CONSECUTIVE units N, N+1, N+2, ...
+        // MobileGL used to stamp element [0]'s unit as the binding and let the rest fall where
+        // they fell: KHR-GL4x.shader_image_load_store.advanced-sso-simple assigns 0,2,4,6 and
+        // 1,3,5,7, so its two programs actually addressed 0,1,2,3 and 1,2,3,4 - one layer got the
+        // wrong value and three were never written, with no GL error and no link log. The same
+        // defect for SAMPLER arrays was fixed API-side (SubscriptUniformNameForElement); an image
+        // array has no API side to fix, because ES makes glUniform1i on an image uniform an
+        // INVALID_OPERATION.
+        //
+        // Repaired by SPLITTING the array into one SCALAR image uniform per element, each with
+        // its own layout(binding = N), and rewriting `name[k]` to the scalar declared for
+        // element k. One declaration carries one binding, so one declaration per unit is the
+        // only spelling that reaches an arbitrary set of them.
+        //
+        // That rewrite needs every k in the emitted text to be a LITERAL, and it is:
+        // LegalizeResourceArrayIndexingForEssl has already folded or lowered every dynamic
+        // image-array subscript in the module, because ESSL forbids one outright ("image arrays
+        // indexed with non-constant expressions are forbidden in GLSL ES", Mesa 26.1.4 at
+        // ES 3.2, on a raw GLES probe with no MobileGL in the loop). The earlier shape here -
+        // widening the array to cover the whole span of units and routing each subscript through
+        // a `const highp int` offset table - was written before that pass covered images, and
+        // the table lookup was itself one of the non-constant expressions the same probe refuses.
+        // The split also costs exactly the image uniforms the application declared, where the
+        // widening cost the whole SPAN (seven for the four elements of
+        // KHR-GL42.shader_image_load_store.advanced-sso-simple), so there is no budget for it to
+        // fail to fit in.
+        //
+        // Declines - leaving the array exactly as it was, and naming it in `outDeclined` for the
+        // caller to report - when the emitted extent disagrees with the reflection, when the
+        // array is reached by anything other than a subscript, or when a subscript is not a
+        // literal element index. Silence was the whole defect here, so a decline must be audible.
+        //
+        // Must run AFTER RebindImageUniformsToFrontendUnits and BakeImageFormatQualifiers (both
+        // key on the GL uniform name and on a binding already being stamped) and BEFORE
+        // SplitReadWriteImageUniforms (so each element that is both read and written is split
+        // with its own binding already on it) and RemoveLayoutBinding (which is what preserves
+        // image bindings). Like them, it is downstream of the L2 shader-translation memo, so the
+        // per-program units it reads need no entry in BuildEsslTranslationKey.
+        String RemapImageArrayElementUnits(const String& glslCode, const Vector<ImageArrayUnitPlan>& plans,
+                                           Vector<String>* outDeclined = nullptr);
+        // The member list of a `gl_PerVertex { ... }` redeclaration in already-emitted ESSL -
+        // the text between the braces, verbatim - or nullopt when the shader does not redeclare
+        // the block in that direction. `input` selects the `in gl_PerVertex` form over the
+        // `out` one.
+        //
+        // Exists so BuildPassthroughTessControlEssl can MIRROR the stages it has to sit between
+        // rather than guess at them. Whether SPIRV-Cross redeclares the built-in block, and with
+        // which members, depends on what the application's shader touched; a synthesized stage
+        // that redeclares a different shape than its neighbours is an ES link error against a
+        // program that has no other problem.
+        std::optional<String> ExtractPerVertexBlockMembers(const String& essl, Bool input);
+        // The pass-through tessellation control stage GL 4.6 core 11.2.2 describes: "the input
+        // patch is passed through unmodified", the output patch has PATCH_VERTICES vertices, and
+        // the levels come from the PATCH_DEFAULT_OUTER_LEVEL / PATCH_DEFAULT_INNER_LEVEL state.
+        //
+        // Desktop GL makes the control stage OPTIONAL. OpenGL ES 3.2 does not: it has no
+        // PATCH_DEFAULT_*_LEVEL state at all (only glPatchParameteri, for PATCH_VERTICES) and
+        // rejects a program that has an evaluation stage without a control stage - with an EMPTY
+        // info log, verified on an Adreno 830 with no MobileGL in the process. MobileGL's own
+        // frontend link succeeds, so the program reports GL_LINK_STATUS = TRUE, program 0 is
+        // bound in its place, and every draw silently renders nothing.
+        //
+        // `inPerVertexMembers` / `outPerVertexMembers` are the member lists to redeclare gl_in
+        // and gl_out with - normally taken from the neighbouring stages' own emitted ESSL via
+        // ExtractPerVertexBlockMembers, and empty to leave the driver's built-in declaration
+        // alone, which is what matching a neighbour that did not redeclare requires.
+        //
+        // All four outer levels and both inner levels are written unconditionally: writing a
+        // level the evaluation stage's domain does not use is legal and ignored, and it saves
+        // this from having to know the domain. They are literal 1.0 because that is the GL
+        // default and glPatchParameterfv - their only setter - is a stub in this frontend
+        // (MG_Impl/GLImpl/Exporting/Definitions.cpp). Implementing that entry point means making
+        // the levels a parameter here AND part of what makes a built program stale, exactly as
+        // PATCH_VERTICES already is; the two must move together, so they are named together.
+        //
+        // The same stage, for the same reason, that DirectVulkan synthesizes in
+        // ProgramFactory::BuildPassthroughTessControlSource - Vulkan likewise requires both
+        // tessellation stages. Kept as two generators rather than one because the two targets
+        // disagree on everything but the algorithm: desktop GLSL 450 against ESSL, a fixed
+        // gl_PerVertex shape that Vulkan matches structurally against a mirrored one, and a
+        // VkShaderModule against a driver shader object.
+        String BuildPassthroughTessControlEssl(Uint esslVersion, Uint patchVertices,
+                                               const String& inPerVertexMembers,
+                                               const String& outPerVertexMembers);
         // Prefix of the writeonly half a read+write image uniform is split into (see
-        // SplitReadWriteImageUniforms); the suffix is the image's own name.
+        // SplitReadWriteImageUniforms); the suffix is the image's own (already access-tagged) name.
         constexpr const char* IMAGE_WRITE_ALIAS_PREFIX = "mg_imageWrite_";
+        // The three names SplitReadWriteImageUniforms renames a rewritten image declaration
+        // under, one per REPAIR it can apply. Which one a stage picks is decided by that stage's
+        // own accesses, so two stages that use an image the same way arrive at the SAME name and
+        // two that use it differently arrive at different ones - which is exactly the property
+        // the rename exists for, at no cost to the stages that agree. Exposed for the tests.
+        constexpr const char* IMAGE_READONLY_ALIAS_PREFIX = "mg_imageRo_";
+        constexpr const char* IMAGE_WRITEONLY_ALIAS_PREFIX = "mg_imageWo_";
+        constexpr const char* IMAGE_SPLIT_READ_ALIAS_PREFIX = "mg_imageRw_";
         // ESSL refuses an image variable that carries a format qualifier other than r32f /
         // r32i / r32ui unless it also carries `readonly` or `writeonly` (GLSL ES 3.10 4.9 /
         // 3.20 4.10; glslang enforces it verbatim in ParseHelper.cpp's layoutObjectCheck).
@@ -182,15 +405,74 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         // bare declaration, so the frontend raises no error and the illegal ESSL only shows
         // up as a device compile failure - and then as a silently no-op draw.
         //
-        // Restores a legal declaration:
+        // Restores a legal declaration, and RENAMES it after the repair it applied while doing so:
-        //  * loaded only            -> add `readonly`
+        //  * loaded only            -> add `readonly`, rename under IMAGE_READONLY_ALIAS_PREFIX
-        //  * stored only            -> add `writeonly`
+        //  * stored only            -> add `writeonly`, rename under IMAGE_WRITEONLY_ALIAS_PREFIX
         //  * both                   -> emit TWO declarations on the same binding and of the
-        //                              same type, `readonly <name>` and `writeonly
+        //                              same type, `coherent readonly
-        //                              <IMAGE_WRITE_ALIAS_PREFIX><name>`, and point every
+        //                              <IMAGE_SPLIT_READ_ALIAS_PREFIX><name>` and `coherent
-        //                              imageStore at the second one. Several image variables
+        //                              writeonly <IMAGE_WRITE_ALIAS_PREFIX><that name>`, point
-        //                              may share an image unit as long as they have the same
+        //                              every imageStore at the second one, and follow each of
-        //                              type and format, which is exactly what the pair is.
+        //                              those stores with `memoryBarrierImage();`. Several image
+        //                              variables may share an image unit as long as they have
+        //                              the same type and format, which is exactly what the pair
+        //                              is.
+        //
+        // The rename is the other half of the repair and applies to all three cases. The qualifier
+        // chosen above is a decision about ONE STAGE's accesses, and GLSL requires a uniform
+        // declared in two stages to be declared identically - so a shader that stores an image from
+        // the vertex stage and loads it from the fragment stage came out of here `writeonly` in one
+        // and `readonly` in the other. Adreno merges the two same-named declarations and silently
+        // drops the vertex-stage STORES: no GL error, no link log, LINK_STATUS = 1, and the image
+        // still reads back its initial contents
+        // (KHR-GL4x.shader_image_load_store.advanced-memory-dependentInvocation; a raw-ES probe
+        // isolated the trigger to the same-name/mismatched-qualifier pair, and only when both
+        // carry `coherent`). Renaming leaves no cross-stage variable to merge.
+        //
+        // The name is keyed on the REPAIR, not on the stage, and that distinction is the whole
+        // point: two stages that use an image the same way emit byte-identical declarations, so
+        // letting them keep one shared name costs nothing and merging them is correct, while two
+        // stages that use it differently land on different prefixes and cannot be merged at all.
+        // A per-STAGE tag also satisfied the first requirement but violated the second: it made
+        // the SAME image a distinct uniform in every stage that named it, and Adreno allocates
+        // image LOCATIONS per distinct uniform. KHR-GL43.shading_language_420pack.
+        // binding_images_texture_type_* declares three read+write images in each of its five
+        // stages; merged that is 6 image uniforms, per-stage-tagged it is 30, and the Adreno 830
+        // linker answered "Error: Image Image location or component exceeds max allowed. Error:
+        // Linking failed." - which, the frontend having already published LINK_STATUS = TRUE from
+        // glslang's link, surfaced only as every draw silently doing nothing and the images
+        // reading back zero. Mali and Mesa link the same text, so nothing but a device gate
+        // catches this.
+        //
+        // A declaration SPIRV-Cross already tagged `readonly` or `writeonly` needs no qualifier
+        // repair, but it is NOT stage-independent: that tag is derived from the accesses of the
+        // stage being emitted, so an image stored in the vertex stage and loaded in the fragment
+        // stage arrives here as `coherent writeonly g_image` and `coherent readonly g_image` -
+        // one name, two spellings, which is exactly the pair Adreno merges. Those declarations
+        // are therefore renamed too, keyed on the qualifier they already carry (readonly ->
+        // IMAGE_READONLY_ALIAS_PREFIX, writeonly -> IMAGE_WRITEONLY_ALIAS_PREFIX) and with
+        // nothing but the identifier changed. Stages that agree still reach the same alias and
+        // stay merged, so this costs no shader an extra image uniform.
+        //
+        // The declarations this pass still leaves untouched keep their names: one carrying BOTH
+        // readonly and writeonly (a spelling no access analysis produces, so it came from the
+        // application and is identical everywhere), and one carrying NEITHER, which is legal only
+        // for the r32f/r32i/r32ui formats and is likewise spelled the same in every stage.
+        //
+        // The `coherent` on both halves of the pair is load-bearing, not decoration: GLSL only
+        // guarantees a write through one image variable is visible to a read through a DIFFERENT
+        // one when both are coherent, and the split is what makes a same-variable
+        // read-after-write cross-variable. The single-declaration repairs above do not get it -
+        // nothing aliases them.
+        //
+        // The barrier is the other half of the same problem, and coherent alone did not cover it:
+        // visibility is not ORDER. Within one invocation the ES compiler sees a write to one
+        // variable and a read of another it has no reason to believe alias, and is free to serve
+        // the read from before the write - which is what advanced-memory-order's store/load/
+        // compare loop measured on Adreno. memoryBarrierImage() orders exactly those two, is core
+        // GLSL ES 3.10 in every stage, and is not an execution barrier, so it is legal in
+        // non-uniform control flow. It costs something in a shader that stores to a read+write
+        // image in a loop, which is why it is confined to the split pair.
         //
         // Budget note: the split DOUBLES the image-uniform count of the stage it fires in, so
         // a driver advertising a tight GL_MAX_{FRAGMENT,VERTEX,...}_IMAGE_UNIFORMS can turn a
@@ -200,8 +482,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         //
         // Runs on the transpiled ESSL, so it must see the bindings the frontend units were
         // already rewritten to and must run before those bindings are stripped - see the call
-        // site in Managers.cpp.
+        // site in Managers.cpp. Its output is a function of the emitted text alone - it needs no
-        String SplitReadWriteImageUniforms(const String& glslCode);
+        // stage and no per-program state - so it adds nothing to BuildEsslTranslationKey either.
+        //
+        // `outSplitCount`, when given, receives the number of declarations that were actually
+        // doubled - i.e. exactly how many image uniforms this stage gained over what the
+        // application declared. Zero for every shader but a handful, and the only number the
+        // budget note above can be reported with.
+        String SplitReadWriteImageUniforms(const String& glslCode, Uint* outSplitCount = nullptr);
         // Prefix of the per-sampler float uniform that carries GL_TEXTURE_LOD_BIAS into
         // the shader (see EmulateTextureLodBias); the suffix is the sampler's own name.
         constexpr const char* LOD_BIAS_UNIFORM_PREFIX = "mg_lodBias_";

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/BackendObject_DirectVulkan.cpp

@@ -562,12 +562,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         if (MG_Util::Async::AsyncShaderCompileEnabled()) {
             extensions.push_back(E_GL_KHR_parallel_shader_compile);
         }
-        // GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 is opt-in (MOBILEGL_ADVERTISE_FP64). Every `double` in a
+        // GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 is opt-in (MOBILEGL_ADVERTISE_FP64), and stays opt-in even on a
-        // shader compiles and runs already - it is narrowed to 32 bits before the module
+        // device that HAS shaderFloat64. Every `double` in a shader compiles and runs either way
-        // reaches this backend - so an application that simply uses doubles needs nothing
+        // - narrowed to 32 bits where the device has no 64-bit floats, kept whole where it does -
-        // advertised. What the extension additionally promises is 64-bit PRECISION, which no
+        // so an application that simply uses doubles needs nothing advertised. What the extension
-        // mobile GPU has and the narrowing cannot fake, so advertising it by default would
+        // additionally promises is the whole GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 SURFACE (glUniform*d
-        // make an application that checks the string take a path MobileGL cannot honour.
+        // conformance, the fp64 built-ins, the state queries), and turning the string on is a
+        // decision about all of it rather than about the shader path alone.
         if (MG_Config::Features.AdvertiseFp64) {
             extensions.push_back(E_GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64);
         }
@@ -847,6 +848,38 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings =
             clampLimit("GL_MAX_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER_BINDINGS", m_vulkanCaps.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings,
                        kMaxAdvertisedBufferBlocks);
+        // Per-stage GL_MAX_*_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS. Vulkan has one descriptor limit for every
+        // stage (maxPerStageDescriptorStorageBuffers, which is what MaxComputeShaderStorageBlocks
+        // carries), so the stage limits differ only by whether the stage can have blocks at all.
+        //
+        // Deliberately NOT gated on vertexPipelineStoresAndAtomics, unlike the per-stage image
+        // uniforms below. That gate reads as the obvious one and is wrong here in practice: a
+        // Mali-G925-Immortalis reports vertexPipelineStoresAndAtomics=false (supported AND
+        // enabled) and yet runs all 433 KHR-GL43.constant_expressions.*_tess_* cases correctly
+        // through this backend - those write their result through a storage block declared in a
+        // tessellation stage. Gating would report 0 and turn 433 passing cases into
+        // "unsupported", removing function that demonstrably works.
+        //
+        // The asymmetry with DirectGLES is real and is the point. There, 0 prevents a program
+        // the driver refuses outright at link time; the honest limit converts a silent
+        // wrong-render into a capability an application can route around. Here there is no such
+        // failure to prevent, so the limit stays at what the device can address. If a Vulkan
+        // device is ever found that genuinely rejects such a pipeline, the gate belongs at
+        // pipeline creation where the rejection is observable, not on a feature bit this driver
+        // reports inaccurately.
+        {
+            const Int maxPerStageStorageBlocks =
+                std::min(std::max(m_dynamicParameters.MaxComputeShaderStorageBlocks, 0),
+                         std::min(std::max(m_dynamicParameters.MaxCombinedShaderStorageBlocks, 0),
+                                  std::max(m_dynamicParameters.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings, 0)));
+            m_dynamicParameters.MaxVertexShaderStorageBlocks = maxPerStageStorageBlocks;
+            m_dynamicParameters.MaxTessControlShaderStorageBlocks = maxPerStageStorageBlocks;
+            m_dynamicParameters.MaxTessEvaluationShaderStorageBlocks = maxPerStageStorageBlocks;
+            // The one hard capability in the set: no geometry stage means no blocks in it.
+            m_dynamicParameters.MaxGeometryShaderStorageBlocks =
+                m_vulkanCaps.SupportsGeometryShader ? maxPerStageStorageBlocks : 0;
+            m_dynamicParameters.MaxFragmentShaderStorageBlocks = maxPerStageStorageBlocks;
+        }
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxTextureBufferSize = clampLimit(
             "GL_MAX_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE", m_vulkanCaps.MaxTextureBufferSize, kMaxAdvertisedTextureBufferSize);
         m_dynamicParameters.TextureBufferOffsetAlignment = m_vulkanCaps.TextureBufferOffsetAlignment;
@@ -873,8 +906,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         const Int maxSupportedDrawBuffers = static_cast<Int>(MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject::MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS);
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxDrawBuffers = std::min(m_vulkanCaps.MaxDrawBuffers, maxSupportedDrawBuffers);
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxColorAttachments = std::min(m_vulkanCaps.MaxColorAttachments, maxSupportedDrawBuffers);
-        m_dynamicParameters.MaxClipDistances = m_vulkanCaps.MaxClipDistances;
+        // Same shape as the image-uniform limits three lines above: maxClipDistances is reported
+        // by every device, but declaring ClipDistance in a module needs the shaderClipDistance
+        // FEATURE, which VulkanRenderer enables exactly where the physical device has it. Without
+        // it the limit describes a capacity no shader may use, so report none.
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxClipDistances =
+            m_vulkanCaps.SupportsShaderClipDistance ? std::max(m_vulkanCaps.MaxClipDistances, 0) : 0;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxViewports = m_vulkanCaps.MaxViewports;
+        // Assigned explicitly rather than left to the struct's defaults, like every other
+        // parameter here, so a second fill cannot inherit a stale value. GL_UNDEFINED_VERTEX is
+        // the truthful answer for DirectVulkan and a legal one (GL 4.6 table 23.65): which vertex
+        // provokes is chosen per pipeline by VulkanRenderer::SelectProvokingVertexMode out of
+        // VK_EXT_provoking_vertex, provokingVertexModePerPipeline and the topology, so there is no
+        // one convention to name. Vulkan's own default is FIRST, which is the opposite of the
+        // GL_LAST_VERTEX_CONVENTION this used to claim unconditionally.
+        m_dynamicParameters.LayerProvokingVertex = GL_UNDEFINED_VERTEX;
+        m_dynamicParameters.ViewportIndexProvokingVertex = GL_UNDEFINED_VERTEX;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxViewportWidth = m_vulkanCaps.MaxViewportWidth;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxViewportHeight = m_vulkanCaps.MaxViewportHeight;
         m_dynamicParameters.ViewportBoundsRangeMin = m_vulkanCaps.ViewportBoundsRangeMin;
@@ -919,26 +966,34 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                     DynParams::PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentBit(TextureTarget::TextureCubeMapArray);
             }
         }
-        // Never, on any device, and no longer for the reason it used to be. It used to track
+        // The device feature the whole fp64 story hangs off. With it, a module keeps its
-        // shaderFloat64 because a `dvec3` input needed the Float64 capability to exist in the
+        // OpCapability Float64 and real doubles reach the driver; without it the transpile
-        // module at all; a 64-bit vertex FETCH was already impossible (VK_FORMAT_R64*_SFLOAT is
+        // narrows every 64-bit float to 32 (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass), because
-        // optional and lavapipe reports zero bufferFeatures for all four), so the attribute
+        // VUID-VkShaderModuleCreateInfo-pCode-08740 forbids the capability outright and no
-        // arrived as its 32-bit word pair and PackDoubleVertexInputsPass bitcast it back.
+        // pipeline could be built from such a module. lavapipe reports it; Adreno and Mali both
+        // report VK_FALSE, so on every real mobile device this is false and the demotion runs
+        // exactly as it always has.
+        m_dynamicParameters.SupportsShaderFloat64 = m_vulkanCaps.SupportsShaderFloat64;
+        // Never, on any device, and DELIBERATELY NOT COUPLED to the line above even though it
+        // once tracked the same feature. It used to, because a `dvec` input needed Float64 to
+        // exist in the module at all; a 64-bit vertex FETCH was already impossible
+        // (VK_FORMAT_R64*_SFLOAT is optional and lavapipe reports zero bufferFeatures for all
+        // four), so the attribute arrived as its 32-bit word pair and PackDoubleVertexInputsPass
+        // bitcast it back.
         //
-        // The shader half of that is gone: every 64-bit float is narrowed before any module
+        // Re-coupling it does not work, and the reason is worth recording because it is not
-        // reaches a backend (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass), so there is no `double` input
+        // obvious: this flag decides the VkFormat from the VAO ATTRIBUTE alone, and the attribute
-        // left to bitcast INTO, and feeding a UINT-formatted attribute to what is now a `float`
+        // does not know what the shader declared. glVertexAttribFormat(GL_DOUBLE) against a plain
-        // input would be silent garbage. Reconstructing the value would mean decoding the
+        // `in vec4` is not only legal but the common case
-        // IEEE-754 double bit pattern in the shader - software fp64, which is precisely what the
+        // (KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding.basic-input-case4 does exactly that, and case5 adds
-        // demotion exists to avoid - and on Espryt it would additionally need the ES driver to
+        // normalized=GL_TRUE), and advanced-bindingUpdate feeds a dvec3 the same way - GL defines
-        // fetch 2N uint components where the application declared N doubles, which a dvec3 or
+        // all of them as "doubles in memory, converted to float". Turning the flag on turns the
-        // dvec4 cannot even express within one attribute location.
+        // narrowing OFF for every one of them and the attributes come back unfetched.
         //
-        // So glVertexAttribLFormat / glVertexAttribLPointer are declined here exactly as they
+        // What keeps the two halves honest instead is a per-MODULE decision: a vertex module that
-        // already were on Espryt and on every real mobile device (Adreno and Mali both report
+        // declares a 64-bit float INPUT is demoted whole, even where the backend has native fp64,
-        // shaderFloat64 == VK_FALSE), and for the same visible reason. A `dvec3` INPUT still
+        // so `dvec` inputs are `vec` inputs on this backend exactly as they always were. See
-        // compiles and draws - it is a `vec3` after demotion - as long as the application feeds
+        // ShaderCompiler::SanitizeAndOptimizeBinary.
-        // it with glVertexAttribPointer(GL_FLOAT) rather than 64-bit data.
         m_dynamicParameters.SupportsFloat64VertexAttributes = false;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxShaderStorageBlockSize =
             std::min(m_vulkanCaps.MaxShaderStorageBlockSize, kMaxAdvertisedShaderStorageBlockSize);

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/DirectVulkan.cpp

@@ -632,15 +632,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(MG_State::pGLContext, "DirectVulkan::CopyTexSubImage2D called with null GL context");
         pVulkanRenderer->CopyTexSubImage2D(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, x, y, width, height);
     }
-    void CopyImageSubData(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& srcTexture,
+    void CopyImageSubData(const CopyImageEndpoint& src,
                           GLenum srcTarget, GLint srcLevel, GLint srcX, GLint srcY, GLint srcZ,
-                          const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& dstTexture,
+                          const CopyImageEndpoint& dst,
                           GLenum dstTarget, GLint dstLevel, GLint dstX, GLint dstY, GLint dstZ,
                           GLsizei srcWidth, GLsizei srcHeight, GLsizei srcDepth) {
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(pVulkanRenderer, "DirectVulkan::CopyImageSubData called with null VulkanRenderer");
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(MG_State::pGLContext, "DirectVulkan::CopyImageSubData called with null GL context");
-        pVulkanRenderer->CopyImageSubData(srcTexture, srcTarget, srcLevel, srcX, srcY, srcZ,
+        pVulkanRenderer->CopyImageSubData(src, srcTarget, srcLevel, srcX, srcY, srcZ,
-                                          dstTexture, dstTarget, dstLevel, dstX, dstY, dstZ,
+                                          dst, dstTarget, dstLevel, dstX, dstY, dstZ,
                                           srcWidth, srcHeight, srcDepth);
     }
     void GenerateMipmap(GLenum target) {

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/DirectVulkan.h

@@ -82,9 +82,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                         GLsizei height, GLint border);
     void CopyTexSubImage2D(GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width,
                            GLsizei height);
-    void CopyImageSubData(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& srcTexture,
+    void CopyImageSubData(const CopyImageEndpoint& src,
                           GLenum srcTarget, GLint srcLevel, GLint srcX, GLint srcY, GLint srcZ,
-                          const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& dstTexture,
+                          const CopyImageEndpoint& dst,
                           GLenum dstTarget, GLint dstLevel, GLint dstX, GLint dstY, GLint dstZ,
                           GLsizei srcWidth, GLsizei srcHeight, GLsizei srcDepth);
     void GenerateMipmap(GLenum target);

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/ProgramFactory.cpp

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             Bool isMember = false;
         };
 
-        ShaderStage PickClipFixupStage(const Vector<SharedPtr<ShaderObject>>& shaders);
+        ShaderStage PickClipFixupStage(const Vector<ShaderStage>& stages);
 
         Bool IsVec4Float32(spvtools::opt::IRContext* context, Uint32 typeId, Uint32* outFloatTypeId) {
             auto* vecInst = context->get_def_use_mgr()->GetDef(typeId);
@@ -614,15 +614,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
         void ReflectStageInterface(ShaderStage targetStage,
                                    Bool reflectInputs,
-                                   const Vector<SharedPtr<ShaderObject>>& shaders,
+                                   const Vector<ShaderStage>& stages,
                                    const Vector<Vector<Uint>>& spirv,
                                    StageInterfaceSummary& outSummary,
                                    Uint programExternalIndex,
                                    const char* stageLabel) {
             outSummary.slotSignatures.fill(0);
 
-            for (SizeT moduleIndex = 0; moduleIndex < shaders.size() && moduleIndex < spirv.size(); ++moduleIndex) {
+            for (SizeT moduleIndex = 0; moduleIndex < stages.size() && moduleIndex < spirv.size(); ++moduleIndex) {
-                if (!shaders[moduleIndex] || shaders[moduleIndex]->GetShaderStage() != targetStage) {
+                if (stages[moduleIndex] != targetStage) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
@@ -690,11 +690,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             }
         }
 
-        void ValidateRasterizationStageInterface(const Vector<SharedPtr<ShaderObject>>& shaders,
+        void ValidateRasterizationStageInterface(const Vector<ShaderStage>& stages,
                                                  const Vector<Vector<Uint>>& spirv,
                                                  ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& entry,
                                                  Uint programExternalIndex) {
-            const ShaderStage producerStage = PickClipFixupStage(shaders);
+            const ShaderStage producerStage = PickClipFixupStage(stages);
             entry.rasterizationProducerStage = producerStage;
             entry.producerOutputComponentCount = 0;
             entry.fragmentInputComponentCount = 0;
@@ -703,8 +703,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             }
 
             Bool hasFragmentStage = false;
-            for (const auto& shader : shaders) {
+            for (const ShaderStage stage : stages) {
-                if (shader && shader->GetShaderStage() == ShaderStage::Fragment) {
+                if (stage == ShaderStage::Fragment) {
                     hasFragmentStage = true;
                     break;
                 }
@@ -715,9 +715,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
             StageInterfaceSummary producerOutputs{};
             StageInterfaceSummary fragmentInputs{};
-            ReflectStageInterface(producerStage, false, shaders, spirv, producerOutputs, programExternalIndex,
+            ReflectStageInterface(producerStage, false, stages, spirv, producerOutputs, programExternalIndex,
                                   "producer");
-            ReflectStageInterface(ShaderStage::Fragment, true, shaders, spirv, fragmentInputs, programExternalIndex,
+            ReflectStageInterface(ShaderStage::Fragment, true, stages, spirv, fragmentInputs, programExternalIndex,
                                   "fragment");
             entry.producerOutputComponentCount = CountOccupiedStageInterfaceSlots(producerOutputs);
             entry.fragmentInputComponentCount = CountOccupiedStageInterfaceSlots(fragmentInputs);
@@ -1719,14 +1719,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             return success;
         }
 
-        ShaderStage PickClipFixupStage(const Vector<SharedPtr<ShaderObject>>& shaders) {
+        ShaderStage PickClipFixupStage(const Vector<ShaderStage>& stages) {
             Bool hasGeometry = false;
             Bool hasTessEval = false;
             Bool hasVertex = false;
 
-            for (const auto& shader : shaders) {
+            for (const ShaderStage stage : stages) {
-                if (!shader) continue;
-                const auto stage = shader->GetShaderStage();
                 hasGeometry |= (stage == ShaderStage::Geometry);
                 hasTessEval |= (stage == ShaderStage::TessEval);
                 hasVertex |= (stage == ShaderStage::Vertex);
@@ -2094,7 +2092,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         case SpvImageFormatR11fG11fB10f: return VK_FORMAT_B10G11R11_UFLOAT_PACK32;
         case SpvImageFormatR16f: return VK_FORMAT_R16_SFLOAT;
         case SpvImageFormatRgba16: return VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UNORM;
-        case SpvImageFormatRgb10A2: return VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_UNORM_PACK32;
+        // A2**B**10G10R10, matching MGToVk::ConvertTextureInternalFormatToVkFormat's RGB10A2.
+        // This value becomes the storage image VIEW's format while the image itself was created
+        // from the texture's internal format, so the two must name the same bit layout or the
+        // shader reads the texel through a different component order than the host wrote it.
+        // GL_RGB10_A2 with GL_UNSIGNED_INT_2_10_10_10_REV puts R in bits 0-9, G in 10-19, B in
+        // 20-29 and A in 30-31, which is Vulkan's A2B10G10R10; A2R10G10B10 transposes R and B.
+        // KHR-GL43.shader_image_load_store.basic-allFormats-store read back [2,1,0,3] for an
+        // rgb10_a2ui image stored as [0,1,2,3] while these two converters disagreed.
+        case SpvImageFormatRgb10A2: return VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UNORM_PACK32;
         case SpvImageFormatRg16: return VK_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM;
         case SpvImageFormatRg8: return VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM;
         case SpvImageFormatR16: return VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM;
@@ -2117,7 +2123,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         case SpvImageFormatRgba16ui: return VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UINT;
         case SpvImageFormatRgba8ui: return VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UINT;
         case SpvImageFormatR32ui: return VK_FORMAT_R32_UINT;
-        case SpvImageFormatRgb10a2ui: return VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_UINT_PACK32;
+        case SpvImageFormatRgb10a2ui: return VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UINT_PACK32; // see Rgb10A2 above
         case SpvImageFormatRg32ui: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32_UINT;
         case SpvImageFormatRg16ui: return VK_FORMAT_R16G16_UINT;
         case SpvImageFormatRg8ui: return VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UINT;
@@ -2308,15 +2314,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         }
     }
 
-    void ProgramFactory::ReflectVertexInputs(const Vector<SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ShaderObject>>& shaders,
+    void ProgramFactory::ReflectVertexInputs(const Vector<ShaderStage>& stages,
                                              const Vector<Vector<Uint>>& spirv,
                                              VkProgramObject& entry) const {
         entry.activeVertexInputLocationMask = 0;
         entry.vertexInputTypes.fill(0);
         entry.readsBaseVertexBuiltin = false;
 
-        for (SizeT moduleIndex = 0; moduleIndex < shaders.size() && moduleIndex < spirv.size(); ++moduleIndex) {
+        for (SizeT moduleIndex = 0; moduleIndex < stages.size() && moduleIndex < spirv.size(); ++moduleIndex) {
-            if (!shaders[moduleIndex] || shaders[moduleIndex]->GetShaderStage() != ShaderStage::Vertex) {
+            if (stages[moduleIndex] != ShaderStage::Vertex) {
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -2393,14 +2399,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     // evaluation stages. Rather than guess which one is last, every non-fragment, non-compute
     // module is asked - one writer anywhere means this program's draws need a multi-viewport
     // pipeline, and a false positive costs only a wider viewportCount.
-    void ProgramFactory::ReflectViewportIndexUsage(const Vector<SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ShaderObject>>& shaders,
+    void ProgramFactory::ReflectViewportIndexUsage(const Vector<ShaderStage>& stages,
                                                    const Vector<Vector<Uint>>& spirv,
                                                    VkProgramObject& entry) const {
         entry.writesViewportIndexBuiltin = false;
 
-        for (SizeT moduleIndex = 0; moduleIndex < shaders.size() && moduleIndex < spirv.size(); ++moduleIndex) {
+        for (SizeT moduleIndex = 0; moduleIndex < stages.size() && moduleIndex < spirv.size(); ++moduleIndex) {
-            if (!shaders[moduleIndex]) continue;
+            const ShaderStage stage = stages[moduleIndex];
-            const ShaderStage stage = shaders[moduleIndex]->GetShaderStage();
             if (stage == ShaderStage::Fragment || stage == ShaderStage::Compute) continue;
 
             const auto& module = spirv[moduleIndex];
@@ -2428,15 +2433,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         }
     }
 
-    void ProgramFactory::ReflectFragmentOutputs(const Vector<SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ShaderObject>>& shaders,
+    void ProgramFactory::ReflectFragmentOutputs(const Vector<ShaderStage>& stages,
                                                 const Vector<Vector<Uint>>& spirv,
                                                 VkProgramObject& entry) const {
         entry.activeFragmentOutputLocationMask = 0;
         entry.fragmentOutputTypes.fill(0);
         entry.fragmentReplacesDepth = false;
 
-        for (SizeT moduleIndex = 0; moduleIndex < shaders.size() && moduleIndex < spirv.size(); ++moduleIndex) {
+        for (SizeT moduleIndex = 0; moduleIndex < stages.size() && moduleIndex < spirv.size(); ++moduleIndex) {
-            if (!shaders[moduleIndex] || shaders[moduleIndex]->GetShaderStage() != ShaderStage::Fragment) {
+            if (stages[moduleIndex] != ShaderStage::Fragment) {
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -3142,7 +3147,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         auto& entry = m_cache[hash];
         entry.hash = hash;
         entry.lastUsedFrame = m_frameCounter;
-        auto& shaders = program.GetAttachedShaders();
+        // The EXECUTABLE's stage list, not GetAttachedShaders(): `spirv` is a link artifact with
+        // one module per linked stage, while the attach list is live and grows on
+        // glAttachShader, which GL 4.6 core 7.3 says does not reach the executable until the
+        // next link. Sizing this loop by the attach list therefore ran it past the end of both
+        // `spirv` and `moduleSpirvs` for any program attached to after it linked.
+        const Vector<ShaderStage> stages = program.GetLinkedShaderStages();
         auto& spirv = program.GetGeneratedSpirv();
         Vector<Vector<Uint>> moduleSpirvs(spirv.size());
         const Bool enableSpirvValidation = program.GetSpirvValidationEnabled();
@@ -3150,14 +3160,17 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::PrepareSpirvValidation();
         }
 
-        const ShaderStage fixupStage = PickClipFixupStage(shaders);
+        const ShaderStage fixupStage = PickClipFixupStage(stages);
 
-        for (SizeT i = 0; i < shaders.size(); ++i) {
+        // Both lists come from the same Link(), so they agree by construction; the min() is what
+        // makes that an assumption this loop does not have to bet the process on.
+        const SizeT moduleCount = std::min(stages.size(), spirv.size());
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < moduleCount; ++i) {
             auto& spv = spirv[i];
             if (spv.empty()) continue;
 
             // Apply position fixup if needed
-            if (fixupStage != ShaderStage::Unknown && shaders[i] && shaders[i]->GetShaderStage() == fixupStage) {
+            if (fixupStage != ShaderStage::Unknown && stages[i] == fixupStage) {
                 const Vector<Uint>* fixupInput = &spv;
                 Vector<Uint> xfbSpirv;
                 if ((flags & ProgramFactory::CompileOptionBit::XfbCapture) &&
@@ -3173,16 +3186,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 moduleSpirvs[i] = spv;
             }
 
-            if ((flags & ProgramFactory::CompileOptionBit::ExplicitLod0Sampling) && shaders[i] &&
+            if ((flags & ProgramFactory::CompileOptionBit::ExplicitLod0Sampling) && stages[i] == ShaderStage::Fragment) {
-                shaders[i]->GetShaderStage() == ShaderStage::Fragment) {
                 Vector<Uint> explicitLodSpirv;
                 if (TransformSpirvForExplicitLod0Sampling(moduleSpirvs[i], explicitLodSpirv)) {
                     moduleSpirvs[i] = Move(explicitLodSpirv);
                 }
             }
 
-            if ((flags & ProgramFactory::CompileOptionBit::FragCoordYFlip) && shaders[i] &&
+            if ((flags & ProgramFactory::CompileOptionBit::FragCoordYFlip) && stages[i] == ShaderStage::Fragment) {
-                shaders[i]->GetShaderStage() == ShaderStage::Fragment) {
                 Vector<Uint> fragCoordSpirv;
                 if (TransformSpirvForFragCoordYFlip(moduleSpirvs[i], fragCoordSpirv, m_defaultFramebufferHeight)) {
                     moduleSpirvs[i] = Move(fragCoordSpirv);
@@ -3193,7 +3204,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             // operations execute natively; module repairs keep the GL contract intact
             // around them. The opt-in emulation path replaces them only on devices with no
             // subgroup support at all (MOBILEGL_MAGMA_EMULATE_SUBGROUP).
-            if (shaders[i] && shaders[i]->GetShaderStage() == ShaderStage::Compute) {
+            if (stages[i] == ShaderStage::Compute) {
                 // Program 203 broadcasts the first reduction through
                 // prefixSumCache[0], then lets the second reduction overwrite that
                 // scratch without first rendezvousing all readers. Patch that exact
@@ -3296,8 +3307,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             // The unsupported-device counterpart of this rebase (warning when a shader reads
             // the builtin but shaderDrawParameters is missing) rides along with
             // ReflectVertexInputs, which already reflects this stage.
-            if (shaders[i] && shaders[i]->GetShaderStage() == ShaderStage::Vertex &&
+            if (stages[i] == ShaderStage::Vertex && m_shaderDrawParametersEnabled) {
-                m_shaderDrawParametersEnabled) {
                 Vector<Uint> rebasedSpirv;
                 if (MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::RebaseInstanceIndexForVulkan(moduleSpirvs[i],
                                                                                             rebasedSpirv, enableSpirvValidation)) {
@@ -3314,8 +3324,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             // through CompileOptionBit::ZeroBaseVertex, so the indexed variant of the same
             // program keeps the native builtin and stays correct for glDrawElementsBaseVertex
             // and for the baseVertex word of an indexed indirect command.
-            if (shaders[i] && shaders[i]->GetShaderStage() == ShaderStage::Vertex &&
+            if (stages[i] == ShaderStage::Vertex && (flags & CompileOptionBit::ZeroBaseVertex)) {
-                (flags & CompileOptionBit::ZeroBaseVertex)) {
                 Vector<Uint> zeroedSpirv;
                 if (MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::ZeroBaseVertexForVulkan(moduleSpirvs[i],
                                                                                        zeroedSpirv, enableSpirvValidation)) {
@@ -3338,7 +3347,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             // committed to R32G32{,B32A32}_UINT for the attribute, so a module still declaring
             // `in double` would reconcile to Unknown and build a pipeline with a UINT format under a
             // double input - garbage with no diagnostic anywhere.
-            if (shaders[i] && shaders[i]->GetShaderStage() == ShaderStage::Vertex) {
+            if (stages[i] == ShaderStage::Vertex) {
                 Vector<Uint> packedSpirv;
                 const Bool packOk = MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::PackDoubleVertexInputsForVulkan(
                     moduleSpirvs[i], packedSpirv, enableSpirvValidation);
@@ -3377,17 +3386,17 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         const Bool remapOk = RemapDescriptorBindingsForVulkan(moduleSpirvs, m_maxBindings, moduleSpirvs);
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(remapOk, "ProgramFactory::GetOrCreateProgram: descriptor binding remap failed");
 
-        for (SizeT i = 0; i < shaders.size(); ++i) {
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < moduleCount; ++i) {
             auto& moduleSpv = moduleSpirvs[i];
             if (moduleSpv.empty()) continue;
 
 #if MOBILEGL_LOG_ACTIVE_LEVEL <= MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG
-            ValidateTransformedSpirv(moduleSpv, shaders[i]->GetShaderStage(), program.GetExternalIndex());
+            ValidateTransformedSpirv(moduleSpv, stages[i], program.GetExternalIndex());
 #else
             // Final module the driver receives; also checked in the INFO-level CI/test
             // lanes, where the DEBUG gate above is compiled out.
             if (enableSpirvValidation) {
-                ValidateTransformedSpirv(moduleSpv, shaders[i]->GetShaderStage(), program.GetExternalIndex());
+                ValidateTransformedSpirv(moduleSpv, stages[i], program.GetExternalIndex());
             }
 #endif
 
@@ -3399,7 +3408,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             VK_VERIFY(vkCreateShaderModule(m_device, &smci, nullptr, &module), "vkCreateShaderModule");
 
             VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo stage{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO};
-            ShaderStage shaderStage = shaders[i]->GetShaderStage();
+            ShaderStage shaderStage = stages[i];
             stage.stage = ToVkStage(shaderStage);
             stage.module = module;
             stage.pName = "main";
@@ -3434,12 +3443,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
         // Reflect and create layout as part of the program object
 #if MOBILEGL_LOG_ACTIVE_LEVEL <= MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG
-        ValidateRasterizationStageInterface(shaders, moduleSpirvs, entry, program.GetExternalIndex());
+        ValidateRasterizationStageInterface(stages, moduleSpirvs, entry, program.GetExternalIndex());
 #endif
-        ReflectVertexInputs(shaders, moduleSpirvs, entry);
+        ReflectVertexInputs(stages, moduleSpirvs, entry);
-        ReflectViewportIndexUsage(shaders, moduleSpirvs, entry);
+        ReflectViewportIndexUsage(stages, moduleSpirvs, entry);
-        ReflectFragmentOutputs(shaders, moduleSpirvs, entry);
+        ReflectFragmentOutputs(stages, moduleSpirvs, entry);
-        ReflectPassthroughTessControlNeed(shaders, moduleSpirvs, entry);
+        ReflectPassthroughTessControlNeed(stages, moduleSpirvs, entry);
         ReflectLayout(program, moduleSpirvs, entry);
         // A failed remap means the modules kept glslang's per-stage auto-mapped binding numbers -
         // no cross-stage unification, no set->0 normalisation - so the bindings this layout
@@ -3651,7 +3660,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     }
 
     void ProgramFactory::ReflectPassthroughTessControlNeed(
-        const Vector<SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ShaderObject>>& shaders,
+        const Vector<ShaderStage>& stages,
         const Vector<Vector<Uint>>& spirv,
         VkProgramObject& entry) const {
         entry.needsPassthroughTessControl = false;
@@ -3660,9 +3669,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         Bool hasTessEval = false;
         Bool hasTessControl = false;
         SizeT tessEvalModuleIndex = 0;
-        for (SizeT i = 0; i < shaders.size(); ++i) {
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < stages.size(); ++i) {
-            if (!shaders[i]) continue;
+            const ShaderStage stage = stages[i];
-            const auto stage = shaders[i]->GetShaderStage();
             if (stage == ShaderStage::TessControl) hasTessControl = true;
             if (stage == ShaderStage::TessEval) {
                 hasTessEval = true;

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/ProgramFactory.h

@@ -499,13 +499,17 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         };
 
         static TextureTarget UniformTypeToTextureTarget(GLenum glType);
-        void ReflectVertexInputs(const Vector<SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ShaderObject>>& shaders,
+        // `stages` is ALWAYS ProgramObject::GetLinkedShaderStages() - one entry per module of
+        // `spirv`, at the same index. Taking the stages rather than the shader objects is what
+        // keeps the program's live attach list, which is a longer and differently-indexed list
+        // the moment a glAttachShader lands after the link, from being passed here by mistake.
+        void ReflectVertexInputs(const Vector<ShaderStage>& stages,
                      const Vector<Vector<Uint>>& spirv,
                      VkProgramObject& entry) const;
-        void ReflectViewportIndexUsage(const Vector<SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ShaderObject>>& shaders,
+        void ReflectViewportIndexUsage(const Vector<ShaderStage>& stages,
                                        const Vector<Vector<Uint>>& spirv,
                                        VkProgramObject& entry) const;
-        void ReflectFragmentOutputs(const Vector<SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ShaderObject>>& shaders,
+        void ReflectFragmentOutputs(const Vector<ShaderStage>& stages,
                         const Vector<Vector<Uint>>& spirv,
                         VkProgramObject& entry) const;
         void ReflectLayout(const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program, const Vector<Vector<Uint>>& spirv,
@@ -513,7 +517,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         // Fills needsPassthroughTessControl / passthroughTessControlEmulatable off the linked
         // modules. Const and reflection-only: it decides nothing about the pipeline, it only
         // records what the evaluation stage's input interface is made of.
-        void ReflectPassthroughTessControlNeed(const Vector<SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ShaderObject>>& shaders,
+        void ReflectPassthroughTessControlNeed(const Vector<ShaderStage>& stages,
                                                const Vector<Vector<Uint>>& spirv,
                                                VkProgramObject& entry) const;
 

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VertexInputStateFactory.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 #include "VertexInputStateFactory.h"
 #include "MG_Util/Converters/MGToStr/DataTypeConverter.h"
+#include <MG_Backend/BackendObjects.h>
 #include <utility>
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
@@ -107,8 +108,34 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            const VkFormat sourceVkFormat =
+            VkFormat sourceVkFormat =
                 ToVkVertexFormat(attr.Type, attr.Size, attr.Normalized, attr.IsInteger, attr.IsBgra, attr.IsLong);
+            VertexStreamConversion conversion = VertexStreamConversion::None;
+            // Gated on the SAME flag ToVkVertexFormat gates its 64-bit path on, and that is
+            // load-bearing rather than belt-and-braces: the narrowing is only correct because the
+            // shader's `dvec` input is a `vec` by the time the pipeline is built, and what
+            // guarantees that is the flag being clear. It is clear on every backend today, and a
+            // program with a 64-bit float vertex input is demoted WHOLE for the same reason even
+            // where the device has native fp64 (ProgramSpirvTask::GenerateSpirv). With the flag
+            // set, a dvec3/dvec4 would be declined by ToVkVertexFormat AND left 64-bit in the
+            // module, so a float32 stream would be fed to a Float64 input.
+            const Bool narrowFloat64Arrays =
+                MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject == nullptr ||
+                !MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject->GetDynamicParameters().SupportsFloat64VertexAttributes;
+            if (sourceVkFormat == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED && attr.Type == DataType::Float64 && narrowFloat64Arrays) {
+                // No native 64-bit fetch here (see ToVkVertexFormat's Float64 case), but the
+                // source bytes are ordinary IEEE-754 doubles and DemoteFloat64Pass has already
+                // narrowed every dvec input to a vec, so the array is narrowed to match rather
+                // than dropped. Mirrors what DirectGLES does for the same state.
+                const VkFormat narrowedFormat = ToFloat32VertexFormat(attr.Size);
+                if (narrowedFormat != VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED && SupportsVertexBufferFormat(narrowedFormat)) {
+                    sourceVkFormat = narrowedFormat;
+                    conversion = VertexStreamConversion::Float64ToFloat32;
+                    MGLOG_W_ONCE("Vertex attribute location=%u is a 64-bit (GL_DOUBLE) array; fetching it at "
+                            "float32 precision through format=%d (size=%d long=%s)",
+                            location, static_cast<Int>(narrowedFormat), attr.Size, attr.IsLong ? "true" : "false");
+                }
+            }
             if (sourceVkFormat == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED) {
                 MGLOG_E_ONCE("Unsupported vertex attribute layout (location=%u, type=%s, size=%d): the array is "
                         "enabled but cannot be mapped to a VkFormat",
@@ -118,8 +145,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             }
 
             VkFormat vkFormat = sourceVkFormat;
-            VertexStreamConversion conversion = VertexStreamConversion::None;
+            if (conversion == VertexStreamConversion::None && !SupportsVertexBufferFormat(vkFormat)) {
-            if (!SupportsVertexBufferFormat(vkFormat)) {
                 if (IsScaledIntegerVertexFormat(vkFormat)) {
                     const VkFormat fallbackFormat = ToFloat32VertexFormat(attr.Size);
                     if (fallbackFormat != VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED && SupportsVertexBufferFormat(fallbackFormat)) {
@@ -188,7 +214,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             if (sourceStride != 0) {
                 if (conversion == VertexStreamConversion::Repack) {
                     stride = static_cast<Uint32>(attribByteSize);
-                } else if (conversion == VertexStreamConversion::ScaledIntegerToFloat32) {
+                } else if (conversion == VertexStreamConversion::ScaledIntegerToFloat32 ||
+                           conversion == VertexStreamConversion::Float64ToFloat32) {
                     stride = static_cast<Uint32>(attr.Size * static_cast<Int>(sizeof(Float)));
                 }
             }
@@ -330,6 +357,20 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             // for every R64 float format, so a native 64-bit vertex fetch is simply unavailable there
             // while shaderFloat64 is not. Both halves key off nothing but the attribute being long,
             // so they always agree without extra plumbing.
+            //
+            // ... as long as the shader half still runs. It does not when the backend has declared
+            // no 64-bit vertex attribute support: DemoteFloat64Pass has already narrowed every
+            // `dvec` input to a `vec` by then, so PackDoubleVertexInputsPass finds nothing to pack
+            // and a UINT-formatted attribute would be fed to a float input - garbage with no
+            // diagnostic anywhere. Declining here hands the attribute to the caller's
+            // Float64ToFloat32 fallback instead, which narrows the source doubles to match the
+            // demoted `vec` input - the same thing DirectGLES does for the same state. The
+            // frontend RECORDS the format either way, so this gate is the only thing standing
+            // between a legal glVertexAttribLFormat and a mismatched pipeline.
+            if (MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject == nullptr ||
+                !MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject->GetDynamicParameters().SupportsFloat64VertexAttributes) {
+                return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
+            }
             if (!isLong || isInteger || normalized) return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
             switch (size) {
             case 1: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32_UINT;

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VertexInputStateFactory.h

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             None = 0,
             Repack,
             ScaledIntegerToFloat32,
+            // GL_DOUBLE source data narrowed to a tightly packed float32 stream: the fetch half
+            // of the fp64 demotion the shader side already does unconditionally.
+            Float64ToFloat32,
         };
 
         struct BackendVertexInputState {

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VkTextureManager.cpp

@@ -1494,6 +1494,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         const auto* mipTexture = MG_State::GLState::AsMipmapTexture(&texture);
         const Uint32 mipLevelCount = mipTexture != nullptr ? mipTexture->GetMipmapLevelCount() : 0u;
         return resource.syncedContentVersion != texture.GetContentVersion() ||
+               resource.syncedShapeVersion != texture.GetShapeVersion() ||
                resource.syncedTextureParamsVersion != texture.GetTextureParamsVersion() ||
                resource.syncedMipLevelCount != mipLevelCount;
     }
@@ -1593,11 +1594,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     Bool VkTextureManager::SyncTexture(MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject &texture,
                                        TextureResource &outResource) {
         // Cross-draw fast path: if the resource is already built and neither the texture's
-        // pixel content (bumped in MarkStorageDirty) nor its params changed since the last
+        // pixel content (bumped in MarkStorageDirty), its SHAPE (bumped in BumpShapeVersion)
-        // sync, there is nothing to re-check or re-upload - skip CheckMipmapCompleteness,
+        // nor its params changed since the last sync, there is nothing to re-check or
-        // SyncTextureResource, SyncTextureViews and the per-level dirty scan. Layout is
+        // re-upload - skip CheckMipmapCompleteness, SyncTextureResource, SyncTextureViews and
-        // maintained separately by the transition path, so the resource still reflects truth.
+        // the per-level dirty scan. Layout is maintained separately by the transition path, so
+        // the resource still reflects truth. The shape version is NOT redundant with the
+        // content one: glTexImage2D(..., nullptr) re-specifies a level's size or format
+        // without dirtying a texel, which is exactly how a re-specified image-unit texture used
+        // to keep reporting its old imageSize().
         const Uint64 syncingContentVersion = texture.GetContentVersion();
+        const Uint64 syncingShapeVersion = texture.GetShapeVersion();
         const auto* syncingMipTexture = MG_State::GLState::AsMipmapTexture(&texture);
         const Uint32 syncingMipLevelCount =
             syncingMipTexture != nullptr ? syncingMipTexture->GetMipmapLevelCount() : 0u;
@@ -1609,6 +1615,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             m_storageImageTextures.find(MakeTextureIdentity(&texture)) != m_storageImageTextures.end();
         if (outResource.image != VK_NULL_HANDLE && !storageUpgradePending &&
             outResource.syncedContentVersion == syncingContentVersion &&
+            outResource.syncedShapeVersion == syncingShapeVersion &&
             outResource.syncedTextureParamsVersion == texture.GetTextureParamsVersion() &&
             outResource.syncedMipLevelCount == syncingMipLevelCount) {
             return true;
@@ -1629,6 +1636,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             return false;
         }
 
+        // From here down the size is VULKAN geometry, not GL's: a 1D array's layer count moves
+        // out of the height it occupies GL-side and into z, which is the slot
+        // TryResolveTextureShapeInfo reads arrayLayers from and the only one that leaves
+        // extent.height at the 1 a VK_IMAGE_TYPE_1D image is required to have.
+        texelSize = ToVulkanLevelExtent(texture.GetTarget(), texelSize);
+
         if (!SyncTextureResource(texture, uploadTarget, texelSize, byteSize, mipLevelCount, outResource)) {
             MGLOG_D("%s: SyncTextureResource failed", __func__);
             return false;
@@ -1660,6 +1673,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         if (!hasDirtyMipLevel) {
             outResource.syncedContentVersion = syncingContentVersion;
             outResource.syncedMipLevelCount = syncingMipLevelCount;
+            outResource.syncedShapeVersion = syncingShapeVersion;
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -1669,6 +1683,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         }
         outResource.syncedContentVersion = syncingContentVersion;
         outResource.syncedMipLevelCount = syncingMipLevelCount;
+        outResource.syncedShapeVersion = syncingShapeVersion;
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -1848,6 +1863,19 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                         }
                     }
                 }
+                if (rounded == 0 && (supported & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT) != 0) {
+                    // Nothing at two samples or above. Reachable because the frontend validates
+                    // multisample allocations against the count MobileGL ADVERTISES (GL requires
+                    // GL_MAX_SAMPLES >= 4) rather than against the device's per-format support, so
+                    // a format this device cannot multisample at all now gets here instead of
+                    // being refused up front. Keeping the unsupported count would hand
+                    // vkCreateImage an invalid VkImageCreateInfo; one sample is at least a legal
+                    // image, and the samples-08726 hazard above is the lesser of the two.
+                    MGLOG_W_ONCE("Multisample texture format %d supports no count above one on this device; "
+                                 "backing it with a single sample",
+                                 static_cast<Int>(format));
+                    rounded = static_cast<Uint32>(VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT);
+                }
                 if (rounded != 0) {
                     resolvedSampleCount = static_cast<VkSampleCountFlagBits>(rounded);
                 }
@@ -2523,7 +2551,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 uploadItem.target = target;
                 uploadItem.level = level;
                 uploadItem.baseArrayLayer = ResolveUploadArrayLayer(target);
-                uploadItem.texelSize = texelSize;
+                // Vulkan geometry, like the image this stages into (see SyncTexture): a 1D
+                // array's layers move from y to z, where the copy loop's depthSelectsArrayLayer
+                // branch turns them into layerCount. The shadow needs no repacking to follow -
+                // one layer of a 1D array IS one row of `width` texels, so the tight-packed
+                // per-layer copy the swapped size describes reads the same bytes in the same
+                // order as the row-major level it replaces.
+                uploadItem.texelSize = ToVulkanLevelExtent(mipmapTexture.GetTarget(), texelSize);
                 uploadItem.source = source;
                 uploadItem.offset = stagingSize;
                 uploadItem.uploadByteSize = byteSize;
@@ -2561,6 +2595,23 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                             }
                             uploadItem.uploadByteSize = rectTexels * uploadItem.texelBytes;
                         }
+                        // The boxes came out of the shadow in GL coordinates, where a 1D
+                        // array's layer is the y. They have to follow texelSize across to z or
+                        // they would address rows of an image that now has exactly one, and
+                        // the staging walk would read the wrong bytes for them. Every byte
+                        // count computed above is a product of the three extents, so moving
+                        // the axes leaves all of them alone - and an OFFSET lands on a zero y,
+                        // not on the extent's one, which is why this is spelled out rather than
+                        // handed to ToVulkanLevelExtent.
+                        if (mipmapTexture.GetTarget() == TextureTarget::Texture1DArray) {
+                            uploadItem.regionLo = {uploadItem.regionLo.x(), 0, uploadItem.regionLo.y()};
+                            uploadItem.regionSize = {uploadItem.regionSize.x(), 1,
+                                                     uploadItem.regionSize.y()};
+                            for (auto& rect : uploadItem.rects) {
+                                rect.lo = {rect.lo.x(), 0, rect.lo.y()};
+                                rect.hi = {rect.hi.x(), 1, rect.hi.y()};
+                            }
+                        }
                     }
                 }
                 if (formatInfo.expandRgbToRgba) {

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VkTextureManager.h

@@ -22,6 +22,25 @@ class ITextureObject;
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 enum class SamplerNumericDomain : Uint8;
 
+// A GL 1D-ARRAY level keeps its LAYER COUNT in the state-side HEIGHT: that is what
+// glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY, width, layers) means, and the frontend records the level
+// as {width, layers, 1} (see GL_Texture.cpp's AllocateStorage and the completeness walk in
+// TextureObject.cpp, which shrinks only x down the chain). Vulkan packs it the other way: a
+// 1D array is a VK_IMAGE_TYPE_1D image whose extent.height MUST be 1 and whose layers live in
+// arrayLayers - i.e. in the slot this backend reads out of z. So every place that turns a GL
+// level size into Vulkan image geometry has to move the count across first, and every GL-space
+// sub-box that rides along with it has to move its y the same way. DirectGLES performs the
+// identical remap onto the ES 2D array it maps 1D arrays to (GetBackendUploadSize).
+//
+// Applied to nothing else: a 2D array, a cube array and a 3D texture all already carry their
+// depth/layer count in z, which is where the Vulkan side expects it.
+inline IntVec3 ToVulkanLevelExtent(TextureTarget stateTarget, const IntVec3& glTexelSize) {
+    if (stateTarget == TextureTarget::Texture1DArray) {
+        return {glTexelSize.x(), 1, glTexelSize.y()};
+    }
+    return glTexelSize;
+}
+
 class VkTextureManager {
 public:
     // Monotonic epoch bumped whenever a texture VkImage is (re)created. The render-pass
@@ -206,6 +225,12 @@ public:
         // as defense-in-depth: any path that grows the level set (which resizes the sampled view)
         // busts the skip even if it failed to bump the content version.
         Uint32 syncedMipLevelCount = 0;
+        // Snapshot of ITextureObject::GetShapeVersion() at the last successful sync. The content
+        // version alone does NOT cover a re-specification: glTexImage2D(..., nullptr) on an
+        // already-defined level changes its size or format and dirties no texel, so it moves the
+        // shape version and nothing else. Without this in the early-out key the image, its views
+        // and therefore imageSize() all keep answering with the texture's PREVIOUS shape.
+        Uint64 syncedShapeVersion = 0;
 
         TextureResource() = default;
         TextureResource(const TextureResource&) = delete;
@@ -237,6 +262,7 @@ public:
             std::swap(this->lastRecordingGeneration, that.lastRecordingGeneration);
             std::swap(this->syncedContentVersion, that.syncedContentVersion);
             std::swap(this->syncedMipLevelCount, that.syncedMipLevelCount);
+            std::swap(this->syncedShapeVersion, that.syncedShapeVersion);
         }
 
         void Reset() {
@@ -300,6 +326,7 @@ public:
             syncedTextureParamsVersion = 0;
             syncedContentVersion = 0;
             syncedMipLevelCount = 0;
+            syncedShapeVersion = 0;
         }
 
         ~TextureResource() {

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VulkanRenderer.cpp

@@ -972,6 +972,38 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         }
     }
 
+    // The fetch half of the 64-bit vertex narrowing, whose shader half is guaranteed by
+    // SupportsFloat64VertexAttributes staying false on this backend: any program with a Float64
+    // vertex INPUT is demoted whole, native fp64 or not, so the input is always a 32-bit one. The
+    // source bytes are ordinary IEEE-754 doubles, so a GL_DOUBLE array is deinterleaved into a
+    // tightly packed float32 stream rather than dropped. `normalized` is not consulted - GL
+    // ignores it for floating-point array types.
+    static Bool ConvertFloat64VertexStreamToFloat32(
+        const MG_State::GLState::VertexAttribute& attribute,
+        const Uint8* sourceData,
+        SizeT sourceStride,
+        SizeT elementCount,
+        Vector<Float>& outData) {
+        if (sourceData == nullptr || attribute.Size < 1 || attribute.Size > 4 || sourceStride == 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        const SizeT componentCount = static_cast<SizeT>(attribute.Size);
+        outData.resize(elementCount * componentCount);
+        for (SizeT element = 0; element < elementCount; ++element) {
+            const Uint8* sourceElement = sourceData + element * sourceStride;
+            Float* destinationElement = outData.data() + element * componentCount;
+            for (SizeT component = 0; component < componentCount; ++component) {
+                // GL byte strides and offsets are arbitrary, so no component carries an 8-byte
+                // alignment guarantee; copy it out before narrowing it.
+                Double value = 0.0;
+                Memcpy(&value, sourceElement + component * sizeof(Double), sizeof(Double));
+                destinationElement[component] = static_cast<Float>(value);
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
     static Bool RepackVertexStream(const Uint8* sourceData,
                                    SizeT sourceStride,
                                    SizeT elementSize,
@@ -3595,6 +3627,14 @@ void main() {
                 uploadData = m_vertexConversionScratch.data();
                 uploadSize = static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(m_vertexConversionScratch.size() * sizeof(Float));
                 break;
+            case VertexInputStateFactory::VertexStreamConversion::Float64ToFloat32:
+                if (!ConvertFloat64VertexStreamToFloat32(attribute, sourceData, sourceStride, elementCount,
+                                                         m_vertexConversionScratch)) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                uploadData = m_vertexConversionScratch.data();
+                uploadSize = static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(m_vertexConversionScratch.size() * sizeof(Float));
+                break;
             case VertexInputStateFactory::VertexStreamConversion::None:
                 return false;
             }
@@ -4727,10 +4767,11 @@ void main() {
     // link-time properties, so this is safe to fold into a pipeline keyed on the program hash.
     static Bool ProgramCapturesXfbFromGeometryStage(const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program) {
         if (program.GetTransformFeedbackVaryingCount() == 0) return false;
-        for (const auto& shader : program.GetAttachedShaders()) {
+        // Both halves are link-time properties, so both are asked of the LAST LINK. Reading the
-            if (shader && shader->GetShaderStage() == ShaderStage::Geometry) return true;
+        // live attach list would let a glAttachShader that has not been linked in yet - which GL
-        }
+        // 4.6 core 7.3 says changes nothing about what the program runs - flip a property this
-        return false;
+        // pipeline is cached under, for an executable with no geometry stage in it.
+        return program.HasLinkedShaderStage(ShaderStage::Geometry);
     }
 
     VkPipeline VulkanRenderer::GetOrCreatePipeline(
@@ -8869,7 +8910,7 @@ void main() {
         // A mixed 2D-array <-> 3D pair is legal because maintenance1 - core since Vulkan 1.1 -
         // relaxed the old "layerCounts must match" rule into "the 3D side's extent.depth must
         // equal the array side's layerCount".
-        struct CopyImageEndpoint {
+        struct CopyImageSliceMapping {
             // True for a VK_IMAGE_TYPE_3D image, i.e. slices ride the z axis, not the layer axis.
             Bool slicesAreDepth = false;
             // The GL z offset, kept in whichever field this endpoint's image type reads it from.
@@ -8883,13 +8924,35 @@ void main() {
             Int32 OffsetZ() const { return slicesAreDepth ? static_cast<Int32>(baseSlice) : 0; }
         };
 
-        Bool TryResolveCopyImageEndpoint(TextureTarget target,
+        // The Vulkan image one glCopyImageSubData endpoint names, after the two object kinds GL
-                                         const VkTextureManager::TextureResource& resource, Uint32 mipLevel,
+        // 4.6 core 18.3.2 allows have been collapsed onto the fields this copy reads. A
-                                         GLint glZ, GLsizei glDepth, CopyImageEndpoint& outEndpoint) {
+        // renderbuffer is a single-level, single-layer 2D image, so its shape answers are
+        // constants rather than a mip walk. `trackedLayout` points AT the owning resource's own
+        // layout field - both resource maps are node-based, so the pointer survives the further
+        // lookups the clear materialization below makes.
+        struct CopyImageVkImage {
+            Bool isRenderbuffer = false;
+            VkImage image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            VkImageLayout* trackedLayout = nullptr;
+            VkImageAspectFlags aspect = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_NONE;
+            Uint32 mipLevels = 1;
+            VkExtent2D extent = {0, 0};
+            Uint32 depth = 1;
+            Uint32 arrayLayers = 1;
+        };
+
+        Bool TryResolveCopyImageSliceMapping(TextureTarget target, const CopyImageVkImage& image, Uint32 mipLevel,
+                                             GLint glZ, GLsizei glDepth, CopyImageSliceMapping& outMapping) {
             if (glZ < 0 || glDepth <= 0) {
                 return false;
             }
             const Uint32 baseSlice = static_cast<Uint32>(glZ);
+            if (image.isRenderbuffer) {
+                // A renderbuffer holds one 2D image and nothing else; GL still requires the
+                // z/depth pair and it can only name that one slice.
+                outMapping = {};
+                return baseSlice == 0 && glDepth == 1;
+            }
             switch (target) {
             case TextureTarget::Texture1D:
             case TextureTarget::Texture2D:
@@ -8897,13 +8960,14 @@ void main() {
             case TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisample:
                 // Not layered at all: GL still requires the z/depth pair, and it can only name the
                 // one slice these targets have.
-                outEndpoint = {};
+                outMapping = {};
                 return baseSlice == 0 && glDepth == 1;
             case TextureTarget::Texture3D:
-                outEndpoint.slicesAreDepth = true;
+                outMapping.slicesAreDepth = true;
-                outEndpoint.baseSlice = baseSlice;
+                outMapping.baseSlice = baseSlice;
-                outEndpoint.availableSlices = std::max(1u, resource.depth >> mipLevel);
+                outMapping.availableSlices = std::max(1u, image.depth >> mipLevel);
                 return true;
+            case TextureTarget::Texture1DArray:
             case TextureTarget::Texture2DArray:
             case TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisampleArray:
             case TextureTarget::TextureCubeMap:
@@ -8911,27 +8975,35 @@ void main() {
                 // A cube map is an array of six faces here (see TryResolveTextureShapeInfo), and GL
                 // numbers its faces on the same z axis an array texture numbers its layers, so both
                 // arrive as a plain layer range.
-                outEndpoint.slicesAreDepth = false;
+                //
-                outEndpoint.baseSlice = baseSlice;
+                // GL_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY belongs here too, and needs no remap: this backend STORES it
-                outEndpoint.availableSlices = resource.arrayLayers;
+                // as a VK_IMAGE_TYPE_1D image whose layers live in arrayLayers (ToVulkanLevelExtent
+                // moves the count across), and GL 4.6 core 18.3.2 ADDRESSES it as a stack of slices
+                // on z with an image height of 1 - so the frontend's y/height are already the 0/1
+                // Vulkan requires and the layer lands in baseArrayLayer either way.
+                outMapping.slicesAreDepth = false;
+                outMapping.baseSlice = baseSlice;
+                outMapping.availableSlices = image.arrayLayers;
                 return true;
             default:
-                // GL_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY carries its layers on the Y axis (srcY/srcHeight), which
+                // GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER has no image at all. Declined rather than mis-addressed.
-                // would have to be remapped against a Vulkan extent that also has to stay height 1
-                // for a VK_IMAGE_TYPE_1D image; GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER has no image at all. Declined
-                // rather than mis-addressed.
                 return false;
             }
         }
+
+        Uint CopyImageEndpointName(const CopyImageEndpoint& endpoint) {
+            if (endpoint.IsRenderbuffer()) return endpoint.Renderbuffer->GetExternalIndex();
+            return endpoint.Texture ? endpoint.Texture->GetExternalIndex() : 0u;
+        }
     } // namespace
 
-    void VulkanRenderer::CopyImageSubData(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& srcTexture,
+    void VulkanRenderer::CopyImageSubData(const CopyImageEndpoint& srcEndpoint,
                                           GLenum srcTarget, GLint srcLevel, GLint srcX, GLint srcY, GLint srcZ,
-                                          const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& dstTexture,
+                                          const CopyImageEndpoint& dstEndpoint,
                                           GLenum dstTarget, GLint dstLevel, GLint dstX, GLint dstY, GLint dstZ,
                                           GLsizei srcWidth, GLsizei srcHeight, GLsizei srcDepth) {
-        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(srcTexture != nullptr && dstTexture != nullptr,
+        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(srcEndpoint.Exists() && dstEndpoint.Exists(),
-                        "CopyImageSubData requires valid source and destination textures.");
+                        "CopyImageSubData requires valid source and destination images.");
         // The frontend already declines a zero or negative extent, so anything else here is a
         // caller MobileGL wrote - but it still reaches vkCmdCopyImage in a release build, and a
         // zero extent.depth is as invalid as a zero width.
@@ -8948,9 +9020,9 @@ void main() {
         // and an overlap check). Refused outright, and refused for real rather than through an
         // assertion the release build drops: recording the pair anyway is a validation error and,
         // on a tiler, a copy whose source has already been overwritten.
-        if (srcTexture.get() == dstTexture.get()) {
+        if (srcEndpoint.Texture == dstEndpoint.Texture && srcEndpoint.Renderbuffer == dstEndpoint.Renderbuffer) {
-            MGLOG_E_ONCE("%s: in-place copy on textureId=%d is not supported; declining the copy", __func__,
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("%s: in-place copy on objectId=%u is not supported; declining the copy", __func__,
-                         srcTexture->GetExternalIndex());
+                         CopyImageEndpointName(srcEndpoint));
             return;
         }
 
@@ -8963,8 +9035,42 @@ void main() {
             VkRenderPassManager::EndRenderPass(frame.commandBuffer);
         }
 
-        auto* srcResource = m_textureManager->SyncTextureAndGetDescriptor(*srcTexture);
+        // One resolver for both object kinds. The texture arm is the same
-        auto* dstResource = m_textureManager->SyncTextureAndGetDescriptor(*dstTexture);
+        // SyncTextureAndGetDescriptor the copy always used; the renderbuffer arm goes through the
+        // render-pass manager, which is where a renderbuffer's VkImage lives.
+        const auto resolveImage = [this](const CopyImageEndpoint& endpoint, CopyImageVkImage& out) {
+            if (endpoint.IsRenderbuffer()) {
+                auto* resource = m_renderPassManager->GetOrCreateRenderbufferResource(endpoint.Renderbuffer);
+                if (resource == nullptr) return false;
+                out.isRenderbuffer = true;
+                out.image = resource->image;
+                out.trackedLayout = &resource->layout;
+                out.aspect = resource->aspect;
+                out.mipLevels = 1;
+                out.extent = resource->extent;
+                out.depth = 1;
+                out.arrayLayers = 1;
+                return out.image != VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            }
+            // An endpoint that named nothing is the frontend validator's INVALID_VALUE and never
+            // reaches here - but the assertion that says so is compiled out of a release build.
+            if (endpoint.Texture == nullptr) return false;
+            auto* resource = m_textureManager->SyncTextureAndGetDescriptor(*endpoint.Texture);
+            if (resource == nullptr) return false;
+            out.isRenderbuffer = false;
+            out.image = resource->image;
+            out.trackedLayout = &resource->layout;
+            out.aspect = resource->aspect;
+            out.mipLevels = resource->mipLevels;
+            out.extent = resource->extent;
+            out.depth = resource->depth;
+            out.arrayLayers = resource->arrayLayers;
+            return true;
+        };
+        CopyImageVkImage srcImage{};
+        CopyImageVkImage dstImage{};
+        const Bool srcResolved = resolveImage(srcEndpoint, srcImage);
+        const Bool dstResolved = resolveImage(dstEndpoint, dstImage);
         // Real checks, not MOBILEGL_ASSERT: the assertions this replaces compile to nothing in
         // a release build, which is where both observed failures happened - a null resource
         // dereferenced right below (lavapipe) and a mip level the VkImage does not have handed
@@ -8980,29 +9086,29 @@ void main() {
         // The frontend validator (ValidateTextureLevelExists) is what produces the
         // GL_INVALID_VALUE the application is actually owed. This guard exists so the next gap
         // up there declines a copy instead of taking the process down.
-        if (srcResource == nullptr || dstResource == nullptr) {
+        if (!srcResolved || !dstResolved) {
-            MGLOG_E_ONCE("%s: source or destination texture failed to sync; declining the copy", __func__);
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("%s: source or destination image failed to sync; declining the copy", __func__);
             return;
         }
-        if (srcLevel < 0 || dstLevel < 0 || static_cast<Uint32>(srcLevel) >= srcResource->mipLevels ||
+        if (srcLevel < 0 || dstLevel < 0 || static_cast<Uint32>(srcLevel) >= srcImage.mipLevels ||
-            static_cast<Uint32>(dstLevel) >= dstResource->mipLevels) {
+            static_cast<Uint32>(dstLevel) >= dstImage.mipLevels) {
             MGLOG_E_ONCE("%s: mip level out of range (src %d of %u, dst %d of %u); declining the copy", __func__,
-                         srcLevel, srcResource->mipLevels, dstLevel, dstResource->mipLevels);
+                         srcLevel, srcImage.mipLevels, dstLevel, dstImage.mipLevels);
             return;
         }
         const VkImageAspectFlags copyAspectMask =
-            srcResource->aspect & dstResource->aspect &
+            srcImage.aspect & dstImage.aspect &
             (VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT | VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT | VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_STENCIL_BIT);
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(copyAspectMask != 0 &&
-                        (srcResource->aspect & copyAspectMask) == srcResource->aspect &&
+                        (srcImage.aspect & copyAspectMask) == srcImage.aspect &&
-                        (dstResource->aspect & copyAspectMask) == dstResource->aspect,
+                        (dstImage.aspect & copyAspectMask) == dstImage.aspect,
                         "CopyImageSubData source and destination aspects are incompatible.");
         const Uint32 srcMipLevel = static_cast<Uint32>(srcLevel);
         const Uint32 dstMipLevel = static_cast<Uint32>(dstLevel);
-        const Uint32 srcMipWidth = std::max(1u, srcResource->extent.width >> srcMipLevel);
+        const Uint32 srcMipWidth = std::max(1u, srcImage.extent.width >> srcMipLevel);
-        const Uint32 srcMipHeight = std::max(1u, srcResource->extent.height >> srcMipLevel);
+        const Uint32 srcMipHeight = std::max(1u, srcImage.extent.height >> srcMipLevel);
-        const Uint32 dstMipWidth = std::max(1u, dstResource->extent.width >> dstMipLevel);
+        const Uint32 dstMipWidth = std::max(1u, dstImage.extent.width >> dstMipLevel);
-        const Uint32 dstMipHeight = std::max(1u, dstResource->extent.height >> dstMipLevel);
+        const Uint32 dstMipHeight = std::max(1u, dstImage.extent.height >> dstMipLevel);
         // Promoted for the same reason as the level range above, and it is the same bug class:
         // a VkImageCopy whose region runs past the image is an out-of-bounds promise to the
         // driver, and the frontend does not check the region at all (there is a CTS sibling,
@@ -9025,10 +9131,10 @@ void main() {
         // here: every target whose slices this function can address on one of the two Vulkan axes.
         // A refusal has to be a real decline, not an assertion - the assertion compiled to nothing
         // in a release build and the unsupported shape reached vkCmdCopyImage anyway.
-        CopyImageEndpoint srcEndpoint;
+        CopyImageSliceMapping srcSlices;
-        CopyImageEndpoint dstEndpoint;
+        CopyImageSliceMapping dstSlices;
-        if (!TryResolveCopyImageEndpoint(srcTextureTarget, *srcResource, srcMipLevel, srcZ, srcDepth, srcEndpoint) ||
+        if (!TryResolveCopyImageSliceMapping(srcTextureTarget, srcImage, srcMipLevel, srcZ, srcDepth, srcSlices) ||
-            !TryResolveCopyImageEndpoint(dstTextureTarget, *dstResource, dstMipLevel, dstZ, srcDepth, dstEndpoint)) {
+            !TryResolveCopyImageSliceMapping(dstTextureTarget, dstImage, dstMipLevel, dstZ, srcDepth, dstSlices)) {
             MGLOG_E_ONCE("%s: unsupported target pair src=%s dst=%s (srcZ=%d dstZ=%d depth=%d); declining the copy",
                          __func__, MG_Util::ConvertTextureTargetToString(srcTextureTarget).c_str(),
                          MG_Util::ConvertTextureTargetToString(dstTextureTarget).c_str(), srcZ, dstZ, srcDepth);
@@ -9039,40 +9145,53 @@ void main() {
         // shrinks) and a 3D texture by the selected level's depth (which every level halves), so
         // both come from the endpoint that resolved them.
         const Uint32 copySliceCount = static_cast<Uint32>(srcDepth);
-        if (srcEndpoint.baseSlice + copySliceCount > srcEndpoint.availableSlices ||
+        if (srcSlices.baseSlice + copySliceCount > srcSlices.availableSlices ||
-            dstEndpoint.baseSlice + copySliceCount > dstEndpoint.availableSlices) {
+            dstSlices.baseSlice + copySliceCount > dstSlices.availableSlices) {
             MGLOG_E_ONCE("%s: slice range outside image bounds (srcZ=%d of %u, dstZ=%d of %u, depth=%d); "
                          "declining the copy",
-                         __func__, srcZ, srcEndpoint.availableSlices, dstZ, dstEndpoint.availableSlices, srcDepth);
+                         __func__, srcZ, srcSlices.availableSlices, dstZ, dstSlices.availableSlices, srcDepth);
             return;
         }
 
-        const Bool clearReady = MaterializePendingClearForTexture(frame.commandBuffer, *srcTexture);
+        const auto materializeClear = [this, &frame](const CopyImageEndpoint& endpoint) {
-        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(clearReady, "%s: failed to materialize pending clear for source textureId=%d",
+            if (endpoint.IsRenderbuffer()) {
-                        __func__, srcTexture->GetExternalIndex());
+                return MaterializePendingClearForRenderbuffer(frame.commandBuffer, endpoint.Renderbuffer);
+            }
+            return MaterializePendingClearForTexture(frame.commandBuffer, *endpoint.Texture);
+        };
+        const Bool clearReady = materializeClear(srcEndpoint);
+        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(clearReady, "%s: failed to materialize pending clear for source objectId=%u",
+                        __func__, CopyImageEndpointName(srcEndpoint));
         // A clear still parked on the destination would otherwise materialize AFTER this copy and
         // wipe the texels it just wrote.
-        const Bool dstClearReady = MaterializePendingClearForTexture(frame.commandBuffer, *dstTexture);
+        const Bool dstClearReady = materializeClear(dstEndpoint);
-        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(dstClearReady, "%s: failed to materialize pending clear for destination textureId=%d",
+        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(dstClearReady, "%s: failed to materialize pending clear for destination objectId=%u",
-                        __func__, dstTexture->GetExternalIndex());
+                        __func__, CopyImageEndpointName(dstEndpoint));
 
-        const VkImageLayout srcOriginalLayout = srcResource->layout;
+        const VkImageLayout srcOriginalLayout = *srcImage.trackedLayout;
-        const VkImageLayout dstOriginalLayout = dstResource->layout;
+        const VkImageLayout dstOriginalLayout = *dstImage.trackedLayout;
         // A layout of UNDEFINED means nothing has ever been written to the image, which on the
         // SOURCE side is glTexStorage without an upload: legal GL, and the texels it copies are
         // undefined by the same spec sentence that lets the application ask. Both sides therefore
         // take the same shape - transition the whole image out of UNDEFINED and settle it on a
         // real layout afterwards, since UNDEFINED is not a layout a barrier may transition BACK to.
-        const auto resolveRestoreLayout = [copyAspectMask](VkImageLayout originalLayout) {
+        // A renderbuffer settles on its ATTACHMENT layout instead: it is never sampled, and that is
+        // the layout MaterializePendingClearForRenderbuffer leaves it in.
+        const auto resolveRestoreLayout = [copyAspectMask](VkImageLayout originalLayout, Bool isRenderbuffer) {
             if (originalLayout != VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED) {
                 return originalLayout;
             }
-            return (copyAspectMask & (VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT | VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_STENCIL_BIT)) != 0
+            const Bool depthStencil =
-                ? VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL
+                (copyAspectMask & (VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT | VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_STENCIL_BIT)) != 0;
-                : VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
+            if (isRenderbuffer) {
+                return depthStencil ? VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL
+                                    : VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
+            }
+            return depthStencil ? VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL
+                                : VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
         };
-        const VkImageLayout srcRestoreLayout = resolveRestoreLayout(srcOriginalLayout);
+        const VkImageLayout srcRestoreLayout = resolveRestoreLayout(srcOriginalLayout, srcImage.isRenderbuffer);
-        const VkImageLayout dstRestoreLayout = resolveRestoreLayout(dstOriginalLayout);
+        const VkImageLayout dstRestoreLayout = resolveRestoreLayout(dstOriginalLayout, dstImage.isRenderbuffer);
 
         VkPipelineStageFlags srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
         VkAccessFlags srcAccessMask = 0;
@@ -9083,15 +9202,15 @@ void main() {
         // [baseSlice, baseSlice + depth) the slice mapping above hands the copy.
         if (srcOriginalLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED) {
             Bool srcReady = VkTextureManager::TransitionImageLayout(
-                frame.commandBuffer, srcResource->image, srcResource->layout, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
+                frame.commandBuffer, srcImage.image, *srcImage.trackedLayout, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
                 srcStageMask, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
                 srcAccessMask, VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT,
-                srcResource->aspect, 0, srcResource->mipLevels);
+                srcImage.aspect, 0, srcImage.mipLevels);
             MOBILEGL_ASSERT(srcReady, "%s: failed to transition undefined source image", __func__);
-            srcCopyLayout = srcResource->layout;
+            srcCopyLayout = *srcImage.trackedLayout;
         } else {
             Bool srcReady = VkTextureManager::TransitionImageLayout(
-                frame.commandBuffer, srcResource->image, srcCopyLayout, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
+                frame.commandBuffer, srcImage.image, srcCopyLayout, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
                 srcStageMask, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
                 srcAccessMask, VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT, copyAspectMask, srcMipLevel, 1);
             MOBILEGL_ASSERT(srcReady, "%s: failed to transition source image", __func__);
@@ -9103,15 +9222,15 @@ void main() {
         VkImageLayout dstCopyLayout = dstOriginalLayout;
         if (dstOriginalLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED) {
             Bool dstReady = VkTextureManager::TransitionImageLayout(
-                frame.commandBuffer, dstResource->image, dstResource->layout, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
+                frame.commandBuffer, dstImage.image, *dstImage.trackedLayout, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
                 dstStageMask, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
                 dstAccessMask, VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
-                dstResource->aspect, 0, dstResource->mipLevels);
+                dstImage.aspect, 0, dstImage.mipLevels);
             MOBILEGL_ASSERT(dstReady, "%s: failed to transition undefined destination image", __func__);
-            dstCopyLayout = dstResource->layout;
+            dstCopyLayout = *dstImage.trackedLayout;
         } else {
             Bool dstReady = VkTextureManager::TransitionImageLayout(
-                frame.commandBuffer, dstResource->image, dstCopyLayout, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
+                frame.commandBuffer, dstImage.image, dstCopyLayout, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
                 dstStageMask, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
                 dstAccessMask, VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT, copyAspectMask, dstMipLevel, 1);
             MOBILEGL_ASSERT(dstReady, "%s: failed to transition destination image", __func__);
@@ -9121,18 +9240,18 @@ void main() {
         // on extent.depth as soon as either endpoint IS: a 3D image's subresource is always the
         // single layer (0, 1) and its slices are counted by the depth of the copy extent. With two
         // non-3D endpoints both layer counts carry it and extent.depth stays 1.
-        const Bool copyCrossesDepthAxis = srcEndpoint.slicesAreDepth || dstEndpoint.slicesAreDepth;
+        const Bool copyCrossesDepthAxis = srcSlices.slicesAreDepth || dstSlices.slicesAreDepth;
         VkImageCopy copyRegion{};
         copyRegion.srcSubresource.aspectMask = copyAspectMask;
         copyRegion.srcSubresource.mipLevel = srcMipLevel;
-        copyRegion.srcSubresource.baseArrayLayer = srcEndpoint.BaseArrayLayer();
+        copyRegion.srcSubresource.baseArrayLayer = srcSlices.BaseArrayLayer();
-        copyRegion.srcSubresource.layerCount = srcEndpoint.slicesAreDepth ? 1u : copySliceCount;
+        copyRegion.srcSubresource.layerCount = srcSlices.slicesAreDepth ? 1u : copySliceCount;
-        copyRegion.srcOffset = {srcX, srcY, srcEndpoint.OffsetZ()};
+        copyRegion.srcOffset = {srcX, srcY, srcSlices.OffsetZ()};
         copyRegion.dstSubresource.aspectMask = copyAspectMask;
         copyRegion.dstSubresource.mipLevel = dstMipLevel;
-        copyRegion.dstSubresource.baseArrayLayer = dstEndpoint.BaseArrayLayer();
+        copyRegion.dstSubresource.baseArrayLayer = dstSlices.BaseArrayLayer();
-        copyRegion.dstSubresource.layerCount = dstEndpoint.slicesAreDepth ? 1u : copySliceCount;
+        copyRegion.dstSubresource.layerCount = dstSlices.slicesAreDepth ? 1u : copySliceCount;
-        copyRegion.dstOffset = {dstX, dstY, dstEndpoint.OffsetZ()};
+        copyRegion.dstOffset = {dstX, dstY, dstSlices.OffsetZ()};
         copyRegion.extent = {static_cast<Uint32>(srcWidth), static_cast<Uint32>(srcHeight),
                              copyCrossesDepthAxis ? copySliceCount : 1u};
         MGLOG_D("CopyImageSubData: src(target=%s level=%u layer=%u+%u z=%d) -> dst(target=%s level=%u layer=%u+%u "
@@ -9143,8 +9262,8 @@ void main() {
                 copyRegion.dstSubresource.baseArrayLayer, copyRegion.dstSubresource.layerCount,
                 copyRegion.dstOffset.z, srcWidth, srcHeight, copyRegion.extent.depth);
         vkCmdCopyImage(frame.commandBuffer,
-                       srcResource->image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
+                       srcImage.image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
-                       dstResource->image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
+                       dstImage.image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
                        1, &copyRegion);
 
         VkPipelineStageFlags srcRestoreStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
@@ -9152,14 +9271,14 @@ void main() {
         GetImageTransitionDestinationState(srcRestoreLayout, srcRestoreStageMask, srcRestoreAccessMask);
         if (srcOriginalLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED) {
             Bool srcRestored = VkTextureManager::TransitionImageLayout(
-                frame.commandBuffer, srcResource->image, srcResource->layout, srcRestoreLayout,
+                frame.commandBuffer, srcImage.image, *srcImage.trackedLayout, srcRestoreLayout,
                 VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, srcRestoreStageMask,
                 VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT, srcRestoreAccessMask,
-                srcResource->aspect, 0, srcResource->mipLevels);
+                srcImage.aspect, 0, srcImage.mipLevels);
             MOBILEGL_ASSERT(srcRestored, "%s: failed to restore undefined source image layout", __func__);
         } else {
             Bool srcRestored = VkTextureManager::TransitionImageLayout(
-                frame.commandBuffer, srcResource->image, srcCopyLayout, srcRestoreLayout,
+                frame.commandBuffer, srcImage.image, srcCopyLayout, srcRestoreLayout,
                 VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, srcRestoreStageMask,
                 VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT, srcRestoreAccessMask, copyAspectMask, srcMipLevel, 1);
             MOBILEGL_ASSERT(srcRestored, "%s: failed to restore source image layout", __func__);
@@ -9170,14 +9289,14 @@ void main() {
         GetImageTransitionDestinationState(dstRestoreLayout, dstRestoreStageMask, dstRestoreAccessMask);
         if (dstOriginalLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED) {
             Bool dstRestored = VkTextureManager::TransitionImageLayout(
-                frame.commandBuffer, dstResource->image, dstResource->layout, dstRestoreLayout,
+                frame.commandBuffer, dstImage.image, *dstImage.trackedLayout, dstRestoreLayout,
                 VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, dstRestoreStageMask,
                 VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT, dstRestoreAccessMask,
-                dstResource->aspect, 0, dstResource->mipLevels);
+                dstImage.aspect, 0, dstImage.mipLevels);
             MOBILEGL_ASSERT(dstRestored, "%s: failed to restore undefined destination image layout", __func__);
         } else {
             Bool dstRestored = VkTextureManager::TransitionImageLayout(
-                frame.commandBuffer, dstResource->image, dstCopyLayout, dstRestoreLayout,
+                frame.commandBuffer, dstImage.image, dstCopyLayout, dstRestoreLayout,
                 VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, dstRestoreStageMask,
                 VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT, dstRestoreAccessMask, copyAspectMask, dstMipLevel, 1);
             MOBILEGL_ASSERT(dstRestored, "%s: failed to restore destination image layout", __func__);
@@ -9739,7 +9858,7 @@ void main() {
                                                        VkImageAspectFlags imageAspect, Uint32 mipLevel,
                                                        Uint32 baseArrayLayer, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width,
                                                        GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, void* pixels,
-                                                       Bool defaultFramebufferOrientation) {
+                                                       Bool defaultFramebufferOrientation, Uint32 sourceLayerCount) {
         const Bool wantDepth = format != GL_STENCIL_INDEX;
         const Bool wantStencil = format != GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT;
         auto& frame = m_frameContext.GetCurrent();
@@ -9818,6 +9937,10 @@ void main() {
             if (!mapped) return;
         }
 
+        // See the header: a stack of one-row layers and a single multi-row layer copy out to the
+        // same tightly-packed bytes, so only the region's shape splits the two cases.
+        const Uint32 copyLayerCount = std::max<Uint32>(sourceLayerCount, 1u);
+        const Uint32 copyRowCount = copyLayerCount > 1u ? 1u : copyExtent.height;
         VkBufferImageCopy regions[2]{};
         Uint32 regionCount = 0;
         if (wantDepth) {
@@ -9826,9 +9949,9 @@ void main() {
             region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;
             region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = mipLevel;
             region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = baseArrayLayer;
-            region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
+            region.imageSubresource.layerCount = copyLayerCount;
             region.imageOffset = {copyOffset.x, copyOffset.y, 0};
-            region.imageExtent = {copyExtent.width, copyExtent.height, 1};
+            region.imageExtent = {copyExtent.width, copyRowCount, 1};
         }
         if (wantStencil) {
             auto& region = regions[regionCount++];
@@ -9836,9 +9959,9 @@ void main() {
             region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_STENCIL_BIT;
             region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = mipLevel;
             region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = baseArrayLayer;
-            region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
+            region.imageSubresource.layerCount = copyLayerCount;
             region.imageOffset = {copyOffset.x, copyOffset.y, 0};
-            region.imageExtent = {copyExtent.width, copyExtent.height, 1};
+            region.imageExtent = {copyExtent.width, copyRowCount, 1};
         }
         vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer(frame.commandBuffer, image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL, readback.GetHandle(),
                                regionCount, regions);
@@ -10073,9 +10196,17 @@ void main() {
                     ? static_cast<Uint32>(textureUploadTarget) -
                         static_cast<Uint32>(TextureUploadTarget::CubeMapPositiveX)
                     : 0;
+                // A 1D array's levelSize.y() is its LAYER count, and those layers are the rows
+                // GL wants back - but in Vulkan they are array layers of a one-row image, not
+                // rows of layer 0, so the read has to be told which of the two it is looking at.
+                const Uint32 sourceLayers =
+                    textureObject->GetTarget() == TextureTarget::Texture1DArray
+                        ? static_cast<Uint32>(std::max<Int>(levelSize.y(), 1))
+                        : 1u;
                 ReadDepthStencilImageToClient(resource->image, resource->format, &resource->layout, resource->aspect,
                                               static_cast<Uint32>(level), arrayLayer, 0, 0, levelSize.x(),
-                                              levelSize.y(), format, type, pixels);
+                                              levelSize.y(), format, type, pixels,
+                                              /*defaultFramebufferOrientation=*/false, sourceLayers);
             } else {
                 MGLOG_E_ONCE("DirectVulkan::GetTexImage skipped: color query of a non-color texture");
             }
@@ -10093,12 +10224,19 @@ void main() {
         // destination layout (GL 3.3 section 6.1.4).
         const auto imageTextureTarget = textureObject->GetTarget();
         const Bool is3dImage = imageTextureTarget == TextureTarget::Texture3D;
-        const Bool isArrayImage = imageTextureTarget == TextureTarget::Texture1DArray ||
+        const Bool is1dArrayImage = imageTextureTarget == TextureTarget::Texture1DArray;
+        const Bool isArrayImage = is1dArrayImage ||
                                   imageTextureTarget == TextureTarget::Texture2DArray ||
                                   imageTextureTarget == TextureTarget::TextureCubeMapArray;
         const GLsizei depthSlices = is3dImage ? std::max<GLsizei>(texelSize.z(), 1) : 1;
         const GLsizei arrayLayers = isArrayImage ? static_cast<GLsizei>(resource->arrayLayers) : 1;
-        const GLsizei sliceCount = std::max<GLsizei>(depthSlices * arrayLayers, 1);
+        // A 1D array level comes back as ONE two-dimensional image whose rows are its layers
+        // (GL 4.6 core 8.11.4), so its layers are already counted by `height` above and must not
+        // multiply the slice count the way a 2D-array's or a cube-array's do. Vulkan still keeps
+        // them in arrayLayers on a one-row image, which is what the copy region below says - the
+        // two describe the same tightly-packed bytes.
+        const GLsizei sliceCount =
+            std::max<GLsizei>(depthSlices * (is1dArrayImage ? 1 : arrayLayers), 1);
         if (bufSize >= 0) {
             const Int dstChannels = GetReadbackChannelCount(format);
             if ((type == GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE || type == GL_FLOAT) && dstChannels > 0) {
@@ -10151,7 +10289,8 @@ void main() {
         copyRegion.imageSubresource.mipLevel = static_cast<Uint32>(level);
         copyRegion.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
         copyRegion.imageSubresource.layerCount = static_cast<Uint32>(arrayLayers);
-        copyRegion.imageExtent = {static_cast<Uint32>(width), static_cast<Uint32>(height),
+        copyRegion.imageExtent = {static_cast<Uint32>(width),
+                                  is1dArrayImage ? 1u : static_cast<Uint32>(height),
                                   static_cast<Uint32>(depthSlices)};
         vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer(frame.commandBuffer, resource->image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
                                readback.GetHandle(), 1, &copyRegion);

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VulkanRenderer.h

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include "VkTimerQueryManager.h"
 #include "MG_Util/Math/VectorTypes.h"
 #include <Includes.h>
+#include <MG_Backend/BackendObject.h>
 #include <vk_mem_alloc.h>
 
 #include "../VkIncludes.h"
@@ -197,9 +198,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                                   GLbitfield mask, GLenum filter);
         void CopyTexSubImage2D(GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset,
                        GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
-        void CopyImageSubData(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& srcTexture,
+        void CopyImageSubData(const CopyImageEndpoint& srcEndpoint,
                               GLenum srcTarget, GLint srcLevel, GLint srcX, GLint srcY, GLint srcZ,
-                              const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& dstTexture,
+                              const CopyImageEndpoint& dstEndpoint,
                               GLenum dstTarget, GLint dstLevel, GLint dstX, GLint dstY, GLint dstZ,
                               GLsizei srcWidth, GLsizei srcHeight, GLsizei srcDepth);
         void GenerateMipmap(GLenum target);
@@ -216,10 +217,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         // depth/stencil image, which this renderer stores display-side-up: the copy rect then
         // has to be mapped out of GL's bottom-origin space and the copied rows re-oriented on
         // the way back, exactly as the colour ReadPixels path does.
+        // `sourceLayerCount` above 1 says the `height` rows the client is owed are stored as that
+        // many ARRAY LAYERS of a one-row image rather than as rows of one layer - the shape a GL
+        // 1D array has in Vulkan. The two produce byte-identical tightly-packed readbacks, so
+        // only the copy region differs; everything after it is written against `height`.
         void ReadDepthStencilImageToClient(VkImage image, VkFormat vkFormat, VkImageLayout* trackedLayout,
                                            VkImageAspectFlags imageAspect, Uint32 mipLevel, Uint32 baseArrayLayer,
                                            GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type,
-                                           void* pixels, Bool defaultFramebufferOrientation = false);
+                                           void* pixels, Bool defaultFramebufferOrientation = false,
+                                           Uint32 sourceLayerCount = 1);
         // Same-extent depth blit between images of different depth formats: host
         // round-trip with a per-texel re-encode (see BlitNamedFramebuffer).
         Bool BlitDepthAcrossFormats(FrameContext::FrameData& frame, VkImage srcImage, VkFormat srcFormat,

MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -44,3 +44,5 @@ add_subdirectory(Program)
 add_subdirectory(Buffer)
 add_subdirectory(Driver)
 add_subdirectory(Container)
+add_subdirectory(ShaderCache)
+add_subdirectory(Transpile)

MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/ShaderCache/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.24)
+
+add_executable(
+        TranslationCacheBench
+        TranslationCacheBench.cpp
+)
+
+target_include_directories(TranslationCacheBench PRIVATE
+        ${MGL_ROOT}/include
+        ${MGL_ROOT}/MobileGL
+        ${MGL_ROOT}/3rdparty/SPIRV-Reflect
+)
+
+target_link_libraries(
+        TranslationCacheBench PRIVATE
+        benchmark::benchmark
+        ${LINK_LIBRARIES}
+)
+
+add_test(NAME TranslationCacheBench COMMAND TranslationCacheBench --benchmark_counters_tabular=true)
+set_tests_properties(TranslationCacheBench PROPERTIES LABELS benchmark)

MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/ShaderCache/TranslationCacheBench.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/ShaderCache/TranslationCacheBench.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+// What the two-level shader translation memo is worth, measured on the workload that
+// motivated it: the KHR-GL33.texture_swizzle.smoke_* shape, where one case builds 2592
+// programs out of a handful of distinct sources.
+//
+// Four pairs of cases, each Off/On:
+//
+//   ProgramLink      - the whole glCompileShader + glLinkProgram path for one program, with
+//                      FRESH SHADER OBJECTS every iteration. This is the CTS shape exactly,
+//                      and it is the headline case now. It used to be the PESSIMISTIC one:
+//                      a hit still paid for both glslang parses, because the parse happens
+//                      at glCompileShader - a different entry point from the one L1
+//                      memoizes - and fresh shader objects meant ShaderCompileAdoptionMap
+//                      could not hand the earlier parse over either. L1c is what closed
+//                      that: the compile half of the memo recognises each stage's source
+//                      and publishes its verdict without parsing, so on a hit this case now
+//                      constructs no glslang object at all.
+//
+//   SharedShaderLink - the same program population with the shader objects KEPT ALIVE, so
+//                      the parses happen once outside the measured loop whatever the cache
+//                      does. That makes it the CONTROL for L1c rather than a target: its
+//                      numbers should not move, and if they do, L1c has added cost to a
+//                      path it was supposed to leave alone.
+//
+//   DeferredParseLink - the shape where L1c could LOSE: a constant vertex source (which
+//                      hits L1c and therefore skips its parse) against a fresh fragment
+//                      source every iteration (which makes the PROGRAM key miss, so the
+//                      skipped parse has to happen inside the link after all). Same parse
+//                      count either way, so the pair should land within noise; see its own
+//                      header below.
+//
+//   EsslTranspile    - the DirectGLES backend segment: the SPIR-V pass chain plus
+//                      SPIRV-Cross. Runs the driver-INDEPENDENT half of the real chain (the
+//                      passes SyncToBackend runs unconditionally, plus the two stage-gated
+//                      ones a fragment module reaches) so the miss path costs what
+//                      production costs; the capability-gated passes need a live ES driver
+//                      and are not reachable from a benchmark process.
+//
+// Every On case runs with a warm cache: the first iteration misses and every one after it
+// hits, which is exactly the steady state of a 2592-program smoke case.
+
+#include <benchmark/benchmark.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include "Config.h"
+#include "Includes.h"
+#include "Init.h"
+#include "MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/GL_Program.h"
+#include "MG_State/GLState/Core.h"
+#include "MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramTranslationCache.h"
+#include "MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/ShaderCompiler.h"
+#include "MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpvcSession.h"
+#include "MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/TranslationCache.h"
+#include "MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/Types.h"
+
+using namespace MobileGL;
+using namespace MobileGL::MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler;
+
+namespace {
+    const char* kVertexSource = R"(#version 460
+layout(location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
+out vec3 vPos;
+out vec2 vUv;
+void main() {
+    vPos = aPos;
+    vUv = aPos.xy * 0.5 + 0.5;
+    gl_Position = vec4(aPos, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+    // Shaped after gl3cTextureSwizzleTests.cpp's template: a sampler of one type, one
+    // TEXTURE_ACCESS, one CHANNEL, and an output whose BASIC_TYPE is the only thing that
+    // varies within a case. Padded with enough real arithmetic that the translation chain
+    // is doing work rather than measuring fixed overheads.
+    // `padLines` = 0 is the honest CTS size: gl3cTextureSwizzleTests' smoke template is a
+    // handful of lines, and that is the workload the memo exists for. The padded variant is
+    // kept alongside it because a shaderpack stage is orders of magnitude bigger, and the
+    // two bracket the ratio the cache is worth in practice.
+    String SwizzleLikeFragment(const String& prefix, const int padLines) {
+        String source = "#version 460\n";
+        source += "in vec3 vPos;\n";
+        source += "in vec2 vUv;\n";
+        source += "layout(location = 0) out " + prefix + "vec4 fragColor;\n";
+        source += "uniform sampler2D uTex;\n";
+        source += "uniform vec4 uTint;\n";
+        source += "uniform mat4 uModel;\n";
+        source += "uniform float uArr[8];\n";
+        source += "void main() {\n";
+        source += "    vec4 s = texture(uTex, vUv);\n";
+        source += "    float acc = s.r;\n";
+        for (int i = 0; i < padLines; ++i) {
+            source += "    acc = acc * 1.0001 + sin(acc + " + std::to_string(i) + ".0) * cos(acc);\n";
+        }
+        source += "    for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) acc += uArr[i];\n";
+        source += "    vec4 p = uModel * vec4(vPos, 1.0);\n";
+        source += "    fragColor = " + prefix + "vec4((s + uTint) * acc + p);\n";
+        source += "}\n";
+        return source;
+    }
+
+    class CacheModeScope {
+    public:
+        explicit CacheModeScope(const Bool enabled)
+            : m_saved(MG_Config::Features.ShaderTranslationCache) {
+            MG_Config::Features.ShaderTranslationCache =
+                enabled ? MG_Config::QuirkOverride::ForceOn : MG_Config::QuirkOverride::ForceOff;
+        }
+        ~CacheModeScope() { MG_Config::Features.ShaderTranslationCache = m_saved; }
+
+    private:
+        const MG_Config::QuirkOverride m_saved;
+    };
+
+    class SyncCompileScope {
+    public:
+        SyncCompileScope() : m_saved(MG_Config::Features.AsyncShaderCompile) {
+            MG_Config::Features.AsyncShaderCompile = MG_Config::QuirkOverride::ForceOff;
+        }
+        ~SyncCompileScope() { MG_Config::Features.AsyncShaderCompile = m_saved; }
+
+    private:
+        const MG_Config::QuirkOverride m_saved;
+    };
+
+    // One program, built the way the CTS builds one: fresh shader objects every time.
+    void LinkOneProgram(const String& vertexSource, const String& fragmentSource) {
+        using namespace MG_Impl::GLImpl;
+        const GLuint vs = CreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
+        const char* vsText = vertexSource.c_str();
+        ShaderSource(vs, 1, &vsText, nullptr);
+        CompileShader(vs);
+
+        const GLuint fs = CreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
+        const char* fsText = fragmentSource.c_str();
+        ShaderSource(fs, 1, &fsText, nullptr);
+        CompileShader(fs);
+
+        const GLuint program = CreateProgram();
+        AttachShader(program, vs);
+        AttachShader(program, fs);
+        LinkProgram(program);
+        benchmark::DoNotOptimize(program);
+
+        DeleteProgram(program);
+        DeleteShader(vs);
+        DeleteShader(fs);
+    }
+
+    Vector<Uint32> BuildSanitizedFragmentSpirv(const String& fragmentSource) {
+        ShaderAttrib attrib{.shaderType = GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, .sourceStr = fragmentSource};
+        auto shader = ShaderCompiler::CompileShader(attrib);
+        if (!shader) return {};
+        ProgramAttrib programAttrib{.shaders = {shader.value()}};
+        auto program = ShaderCompiler::LinkProgram(programAttrib);
+        if (!program) return {};
+        ProgramBinaryAttrib binaryAttrib{.shaderTypes = {GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER}, .program = *program.value()};
+        auto binary = ShaderCompiler::GetSpirvBinaryFromProgram(binaryAttrib);
+        if (!binary || binary->empty()) return {};
+        Vector<Uint32> sanitized;
+        if (!ShaderCompiler::SanitizeAndOptimizeBinary(binary->front(), sanitized)) return {};
+        return sanitized;
+    }
+
+    // The driver-independent part of BackendProgramObjectImpl::TranspileSpirvToEssl, in the
+    // same order. What is missing is only the capability-gated passes (viewport lowering,
+    // multisample clamping, noperspective emulation, the image-format bake), which cannot
+    // fire without a live ES driver to arm them.
+    Bool TranspileLikeDirectGles(const Vector<Uint32>& spirv, const Uint esslVersion, String& outEssl) {
+        Vector<Uint32> a;
+        const Vector<Uint32>* effective = &spirv;
+        if (ShaderCompiler::StripUboMemberRelaxedPrecisionForEssl(*effective, a, false) && !a.empty()) {
+            effective = &a;
+        }
+        Vector<Uint32> b;
+        if (ShaderCompiler::LowerRectImages(*effective, b, false) && !b.empty()) effective = &b;
+        Vector<Uint32> c;
+        if (ShaderCompiler::Lower1DArrayImagesForEssl(*effective, c, false) && !c.empty()) effective = &c;
+        Vector<Uint32> d;
+        if (ShaderCompiler::LegalizeFragmentOutputIndexingForEssl(*effective, d, false) && !d.empty()) {
+            effective = &d;
+        }
+
+        SpvcSession session(*effective, SessionUsageBit::Transpile);
+        spvc_compiler_options options;
+        if (session.CreateOptions(&options) != SPVC_SUCCESS) return false;
+        spvc_compiler_options_set_uint(options, SPVC_COMPILER_OPTION_GLSL_VERSION, esslVersion);
+        spvc_compiler_options_set_bool(options, SPVC_COMPILER_OPTION_GLSL_ES, SPVC_TRUE);
+        spvc_compiler_options_set_bool(options, SPVC_COMPILER_OPTION_GLSL_VULKAN_SEMANTICS, SPVC_FALSE);
+        session.SetOptions(options);
+        const char* result = nullptr;
+        session.Compile(&result);
+        if (!result) return false;
+        outEssl = result;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    EsslTranslationKeyInputs EsslInputsFor(const Vector<Uint32>& spirv) {
+        EsslTranslationKeyInputs inputs;
+        inputs.spirv = &spirv;
+        inputs.shaderType = GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER;
+        inputs.maxColorTextureSamples = 4;
+        inputs.maxIntegerSamples = 1;
+        inputs.maxDepthTextureSamples = 4;
+        inputs.advertisedMaxSamples = 4;
+        inputs.esslVersion = 320;
+        return inputs;
+    }
+} // namespace
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// L1, in situ: the full glCompileShader + glLinkProgram path for a repeated program.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Arg(0) = the CTS smoke size; Arg(120) = a heavy stage, bracketing the ratio.
+static void BM_ProgramLink_CacheOff(benchmark::State& state) {
+    MobileGL::Initialize();
+    const SyncCompileScope sync;
+    const CacheModeScope cache(false);
+    const String vs = kVertexSource;
+    const String fs = SwizzleLikeFragment("", static_cast<int>(state.range(0)));
+    for (auto _ : state) {
+        LinkOneProgram(vs, fs);
+    }
+    state.SetLabel("MOBILEGL_SHADER_CACHE=0");
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_ProgramLink_CacheOff)->Arg(0)->Arg(120)->Unit(benchmark::kMicrosecond);
+
+static void BM_ProgramLink_CacheOn(benchmark::State& state) {
+    MobileGL::Initialize();
+    const SyncCompileScope sync;
+    const CacheModeScope cache(true);
+    const String vs = kVertexSource;
+    const String fs = SwizzleLikeFragment("", static_cast<int>(state.range(0)));
+    LinkOneProgram(vs, fs); // prime, so the measured loop is the steady state
+    const TranslationCacheStats before = MG_State::GLState::GetProgramTranslationCache().Stats();
+    const TranslationCacheStats parseBefore = GetShaderParseVerdictCache().Stats();
+    for (auto _ : state) {
+        LinkOneProgram(vs, fs);
+    }
+    const TranslationCacheStats stats = MG_State::GLState::GetProgramTranslationCache().Stats();
+    const TranslationCacheStats parseStats = GetShaderParseVerdictCache().Stats();
+    state.counters["L1_hits"] = static_cast<double>(stats.hits - before.hits);
+    state.counters["L1_misses"] = static_cast<double>(stats.misses - before.misses);
+    // Two stages per iteration, so a clean run shows L1c_hits == 2 * iterations and zero
+    // misses: every glCompileShader in the loop skipped its parse.
+    state.counters["L1c_hits"] = static_cast<double>(parseStats.hits - parseBefore.hits);
+    state.counters["L1c_misses"] = static_cast<double>(parseStats.misses - parseBefore.misses);
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_ProgramLink_CacheOn)->Arg(0)->Arg(120)->Unit(benchmark::kMicrosecond);
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// L1, the shape the memo actually exists for: MANY PROGRAMS OUT OF THE SAME SHADERS.
+//
+// The pair above deletes its shader objects every iteration, which forces a fresh glslang
+// parse per iteration no matter what the link does - glCompileShader parses, and that is a
+// DIFFERENT entry point from the one L1 memoizes. It is a real workload (what an application
+// that never reuses a shader object pays) but it is the pessimistic one, and the residual it
+// leaves is the parse, not the link.
+//
+// This pair keeps the shader objects alive, so the parses happen once before the measured
+// loop and the L1 hit then skips the link, mapIO, the SPIR-V, the reflection and the routing
+// outright.
+//
+// SINCE L1c THIS IS THE CONTROL, NOT THE TARGET. Nothing inside the measured loop calls
+// glCompileShader, so L1c cannot fire here at all - which is exactly what makes the pair
+// useful: it is the shape that says whether the compile-side memo has slowed the LINK path
+// down. Its numbers should be indistinguishable from the pre-L1c ones.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+namespace {
+    struct SharedShaders {
+        GLuint vs = 0;
+        GLuint fs = 0;
+    };
+
+    SharedShaders MakeSharedShaders(const String& vertexSource, const String& fragmentSource) {
+        using namespace MG_Impl::GLImpl;
+        SharedShaders shaders;
+        shaders.vs = CreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
+        const char* vsText = vertexSource.c_str();
+        ShaderSource(shaders.vs, 1, &vsText, nullptr);
+        CompileShader(shaders.vs);
+        shaders.fs = CreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
+        const char* fsText = fragmentSource.c_str();
+        ShaderSource(shaders.fs, 1, &fsText, nullptr);
+        CompileShader(shaders.fs);
+        return shaders;
+    }
+
+    void LinkFromSharedShaders(const SharedShaders& shaders) {
+        using namespace MG_Impl::GLImpl;
+        const GLuint program = CreateProgram();
+        AttachShader(program, shaders.vs);
+        AttachShader(program, shaders.fs);
+        LinkProgram(program);
+        benchmark::DoNotOptimize(program);
+        DeleteProgram(program);
+    }
+} // namespace
+
+static void BM_SharedShaderLink_CacheOff(benchmark::State& state) {
+    MobileGL::Initialize();
+    const SyncCompileScope sync;
+    const CacheModeScope cache(false);
+    const SharedShaders shaders =
+        MakeSharedShaders(kVertexSource, SwizzleLikeFragment("", static_cast<int>(state.range(0))));
+    for (auto _ : state) {
+        LinkFromSharedShaders(shaders);
+    }
+    state.SetLabel("MOBILEGL_SHADER_CACHE=0");
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_SharedShaderLink_CacheOff)->Arg(0)->Arg(120)->Unit(benchmark::kMicrosecond);
+
+static void BM_SharedShaderLink_CacheOn(benchmark::State& state) {
+    MobileGL::Initialize();
+    const SyncCompileScope sync;
+    const CacheModeScope cache(true);
+    const SharedShaders shaders =
+        MakeSharedShaders(kVertexSource, SwizzleLikeFragment("", static_cast<int>(state.range(0))));
+    LinkFromSharedShaders(shaders); // prime, so the measured loop is the steady state
+    const TranslationCacheStats before = MG_State::GLState::GetProgramTranslationCache().Stats();
+    for (auto _ : state) {
+        LinkFromSharedShaders(shaders);
+    }
+    const TranslationCacheStats stats = MG_State::GLState::GetProgramTranslationCache().Stats();
+    state.counters["L1_hits"] = static_cast<double>(stats.hits - before.hits);
+    state.counters["L1_misses"] = static_cast<double>(stats.misses - before.misses);
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_SharedShaderLink_CacheOn)->Arg(0)->Arg(120)->Unit(benchmark::kMicrosecond);
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// L2, component: the DirectGLES SPIR-V pass chain plus SPIRV-Cross for one stage.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+static void BM_EsslTranspile_CacheOff(benchmark::State& state) {
+    MobileGL::Initialize();
+    const Vector<Uint32> spirv =
+        BuildSanitizedFragmentSpirv(SwizzleLikeFragment("", static_cast<int>(state.range(0))));
+    if (spirv.empty()) {
+        state.SkipWithError("could not build the fragment module");
+        return;
+    }
+    String essl;
+    for (auto _ : state) {
+        if (!TranspileLikeDirectGles(spirv, 320, essl)) {
+            state.SkipWithError("transpile failed");
+            break;
+        }
+        benchmark::DoNotOptimize(essl.data());
+    }
+    state.SetLabel("MOBILEGL_SHADER_CACHE=0");
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_EsslTranspile_CacheOff)->Arg(0)->Arg(120)->Unit(benchmark::kMicrosecond);
+
+static void BM_EsslTranspile_CacheOn(benchmark::State& state) {
+    MobileGL::Initialize();
+    const Vector<Uint32> spirv =
+        BuildSanitizedFragmentSpirv(SwizzleLikeFragment("", static_cast<int>(state.range(0))));
+    if (spirv.empty()) {
+        state.SkipWithError("could not build the fragment module");
+        return;
+    }
+    BoundedTranslationCache<EsslTranslationResult> cache("bench L2", 64, 8u << 20);
+    const EsslTranslationKeyInputs inputs = EsslInputsFor(spirv);
+    for (auto _ : state) {
+        const TranslationCacheKey key = BuildEsslTranslationKey(inputs);
+        EsslTranslationResultPtr hit = cache.Find(key);
+        if (!hit) {
+            auto payload = MakeShared<EsslTranslationResult>();
+            if (!TranspileLikeDirectGles(spirv, inputs.esslVersion, payload->essl)) {
+                state.SkipWithError("transpile failed");
+                break;
+            }
+            cache.Insert(key, EsslTranslationResultPtr(payload), EsslTranslationResultBytes(*payload));
+            hit = payload;
+        }
+        benchmark::DoNotOptimize(hit->essl.data());
+    }
+    const TranslationCacheStats stats = cache.Stats();
+    state.counters["L2_hits"] = static_cast<double>(stats.hits);
+    state.counters["L2_misses"] = static_cast<double>(stats.misses);
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_EsslTranspile_CacheOn)->Arg(0)->Arg(120)->Unit(benchmark::kMicrosecond);
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// L1c, the shape where it could LOSE rather than win: the DEFERRED PARSE.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// A stage whose compile hits L1c holds no AST, so if the program-level key then MISSES, the
+// parse it skipped has to happen anyway - inside the link, via ClaimParsedShader. The parse
+// is moved, not removed, and this pair is what says whether moving it costs anything.
+//
+// The shape forces exactly that, every iteration: one CONSTANT vertex source (hits L1c after
+// the first iteration) linked against a FRESH fragment source each time (misses L1c, and
+// makes the program key miss too). So:
+//
+//   cache off - two parses at glCompileShader, then the link.
+//   cache on  - one parse at glCompileShader (the fragment), one deferred parse inside the
+//               link (the vertex), then the link.
+//
+// The parse count is identical, so these two should land within noise of each other. If the
+// On arm is materially SLOWER, L1c is charging for something - the per-compile key build and
+// hash over the full preprocessed source, or the loss of the claim-CAS reuse - and that cost
+// shows up here and nowhere else.
+//
+// The distinct fragment sources also churn both front-end levels through their FIFO caps,
+// which is the eviction behaviour a real shaderpack load produces; over a long run the
+// constant vertex entry is occasionally evicted by that churn and re-inserted, so the L1c
+// hit rate reported below is high but not exactly 1.0 per iteration.
+namespace {
+    String UniqueFragmentSource(const Uint64 serial, const int padLines) {
+        return SwizzleLikeFragment("", padLines) +
+               "\n// unique-" + std::to_string(serial) + "\n";
+    }
+} // namespace
+
+static void BM_DeferredParseLink_CacheOff(benchmark::State& state) {
+    MobileGL::Initialize();
+    const SyncCompileScope sync;
+    const CacheModeScope cache(false);
+    const String vs = kVertexSource;
+    Uint64 serial = 0;
+    for (auto _ : state) {
+        LinkOneProgram(vs, UniqueFragmentSource(serial++, static_cast<int>(state.range(0))));
+    }
+    state.SetLabel("MOBILEGL_SHADER_CACHE=0");
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_DeferredParseLink_CacheOff)->Arg(0)->Arg(120)->Unit(benchmark::kMicrosecond);
+
+static void BM_DeferredParseLink_CacheOn(benchmark::State& state) {
+    MobileGL::Initialize();
+    const SyncCompileScope sync;
+    const CacheModeScope cache(true);
+    const String vs = kVertexSource;
+    Uint64 serial = 0;
+    LinkOneProgram(vs, UniqueFragmentSource(~0ull, static_cast<int>(state.range(0)))); // prime the vertex entry
+    const TranslationCacheStats before = MG_State::GLState::GetProgramTranslationCache().Stats();
+    const TranslationCacheStats parseBefore = GetShaderParseVerdictCache().Stats();
+    for (auto _ : state) {
+        LinkOneProgram(vs, UniqueFragmentSource(serial++, static_cast<int>(state.range(0))));
+    }
+    const TranslationCacheStats stats = MG_State::GLState::GetProgramTranslationCache().Stats();
+    const TranslationCacheStats parseStats = GetShaderParseVerdictCache().Stats();
+    // Expected shape: L1 all misses (every program is new), L1c one hit (vertex) and one miss
+    // (fragment) per iteration.
+    state.counters["L1_hits"] = static_cast<double>(stats.hits - before.hits);
+    state.counters["L1_misses"] = static_cast<double>(stats.misses - before.misses);
+    state.counters["L1c_hits"] = static_cast<double>(parseStats.hits - parseBefore.hits);
+    state.counters["L1c_misses"] = static_cast<double>(parseStats.misses - parseBefore.misses);
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_DeferredParseLink_CacheOn)->Arg(0)->Arg(120)->Unit(benchmark::kMicrosecond);
+
+BENCHMARK_MAIN();

MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/Transpile/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.24)
+
+# Deliberately NOT a google-benchmark target: the interesting quantity is a per-stage
+# breakdown of one program build, which needs its own clock around sub-steps that share
+# set-up, and a plain main() keeps the output a table this can be read straight out of.
+add_executable(
+        TranspileProfile
+        TranspileProfile.cpp
+)
+
+target_include_directories(TranspileProfile PRIVATE
+        ${MGL_ROOT}/include
+        ${MGL_ROOT}/MobileGL
+        ${MGL_ROOT}/3rdparty/SPIRV-Reflect
+)
+
+target_link_libraries(
+        TranspileProfile PRIVATE
+        ${LINK_LIBRARIES}
+)

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Buffer/Validators.cpp

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <MG_Util/Converters/GLToStr/GLEnumConverter.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Converters/MGToGL/BufferEnumConverter.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Converters/MGToStr/BufferEnumConverter.h>
+#include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/Types.h>
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::BufferImpl {
     Bool ValidateBufferTarget(BufferTarget target) {
@@ -67,6 +68,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::BufferImpl {
                 // binding points in GL 3.3 (no ARB_transform_feedback3).
                 pointCount = std::min<SizeT>(pointCount, 4);
             }
+            if (target == BufferTarget::AtomicCounter) {
+                // GL_MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_BINDINGS, which is NOT the state layer's array
+                // size: a counter buffer reaches a shader only as a lowered storage block, so the
+                // reserved range is the ceiling, and glGetIntegerv advertises the same number.
+                pointCount = std::min<SizeT>(
+                    pointCount, static_cast<SizeT>(MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_BINDINGS));
+            }
             return pointCount;
         }
     } // namespace

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Drawing/GL_Drawing.cpp

@@ -45,7 +45,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         const auto& currentProgram = MG_State::pGLContext->GetProgramForDispatch();
         if (!ValidateProgramForExecution(currentProgram, functionName)) return false;
 
-        if (currentProgram->GetShaderIndexByStage(ShaderStage::Compute) < 0) {
+        // Of the EXECUTABLE, not the live attach list: attaching a compute shader to an
+        // already-linked graphics program does not give that program a compute stage to
+        // dispatch (GL 4.6 core 7.3), and letting the dispatch through on the strength of the
+        // attach hands the backend a program whose SPIR-V has no compute module in it.
+        if (!currentProgram->HasLinkedShaderStage(ShaderStage::Compute)) {
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                 ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
                 MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", functionName,
@@ -108,6 +112,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 
         const auto& program = MG_State::pGLContext->GetTransformFeedbackProgram();
         if (program != nullptr) {
+            // A geometry stage writes what it emits, not what the draw assembled, and the
+            // amplification factor lives in the shader. Record that this span contained such
+            // a draw so the transform feedback queries keep their backend result for it.
+            if (program->HasLinkedShaderStage(ShaderStage::Geometry)) {
+                MG_State::pGLContext->AddTransformFeedbackGeometryCaptureDraw();
+            }
             // Capacity in captured vertices = the tightest bound buffer.
             Uint64 capacityVertices = ~0ull;
             for (SizeT i = 0; i < program->GetTransformFeedbackBufferCount(); ++i) {
@@ -127,6 +137,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         }
         MG_State::pGLContext->AddTransformFeedbackPrimitives(primitives);
         MG_State::pGLContext->AddTransformFeedbackCapturedVertices(primitives * verticesPerPrimitive);
+        // Only draws that get this far are in the written counter at all. The instanced and
+        // indirect entry points never call this function, so a span that contains one is NOT
+        // fully accounted, and the queries must be able to tell: they compare this counter's
+        // delta against zero before standing in for the backend's own result.
+        MG_State::pGLContext->AddTransformFeedbackAccountedCaptureDraw();
     }
 
     // Every primitive mode a draw command accepts (GL 4.6 core table 10.1, plus
@@ -151,11 +166,23 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         }
     }
 
+    // The `mode` INVALID_ENUM in isolation, so a draw entry point can raise it BEFORE any of the
+    // state-dependent INVALID_OPERATIONs below. GL 4.6 core 10.4 makes a bad mode INVALID_ENUM
+    // unconditionally, while "no current program" is not even a spec-listed draw error - it is
+    // MobileGL's own null-dereference guard - so it must never shadow the enum check
+    // (KHR-GL31.api.coverage calls glDrawArraysInstanced/glDrawElementsInstanced with mode
+    // GL_POINTS-1 against a bare context and pins GL_INVALID_ENUM).
+    static Bool ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(const char* functionName, GLenum mode) {
+        if (IsAcceptedPrimitiveMode(mode)) return true;
+
+        MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+            ErrorCode::InvalidEnum,
+            MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", functionName, "mode is not an accepted primitive type."));
+        return false;
+    }
+
     static Bool ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(const char* functionName, GLenum mode) {
-        if (!IsAcceptedPrimitiveMode(mode)) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(functionName, mode)) {
-            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
-                ErrorCode::InvalidEnum,
-                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", functionName, "mode is not an accepted primitive type."));
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -176,13 +203,58 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             return false;
         }
 
+        const auto& currentProgram = MG_State::pGLContext->GetProgramForDraw();
+
+        // GL 4.6 core 10.1: the tessellation pipeline's only input primitive is GL_PATCHES, and
+        // GL_PATCHES has no meaning without it. Both directions are INVALID_OPERATION, and
+        // neither was implemented - which is two of the four sites
+        // KHR-GL43.transform_feedback.api_errors_test checks with one shared message string.
+        // The EVALUATION stage is what decides: a control stage cannot run without one, and a
+        // program carrying only an evaluation stage still tessellates, through GL's
+        // fixed-function pass-through control stage (11.2.2).
+        // Asked of the LAST LINK, not the live attach list (GL 4.6 core 7.3): attaching a
+        // tessellation evaluation shader to an already-linked program does not put it in the
+        // executable, so reading the live list here would reject every non-GL_PATCHES draw
+        // against a program that does not tessellate - and keep rejecting them, since a detach
+        // is likewise deferred to the next link.
+        const Bool tessellationActive = currentProgram && currentProgram->HasLinkedShaderStage(ShaderStage::TessEval);
+        if (tessellationActive && mode != GL_PATCHES) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
+                    "MG_Impl/GLImpl", functionName,
+                    "A program with a tessellation evaluation shader can only be drawn with GL_PATCHES."));
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!tessellationActive && mode == GL_PATCHES) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", functionName,
+                                             "GL_PATCHES requires an active tessellation evaluation shader."));
+            return false;
+        }
+
         // A geometry stage only accepts the primitive types that decompose into its declared
         // input primitive (GL 4.6 core 11.3.1); anything else is INVALID_OPERATION. GL_PATCHES
         // is the tessellation pipeline's input and reaches the geometry stage already
         // converted, so it is not constrained here.
-        const auto& currentProgram = MG_State::pGLContext->GetProgramForDraw();
+        //
-        const GLenum gsInput = currentProgram ? currentProgram->GetGeometryInputType() : GL_NONE;
+        // "Is there a geometry stage at all" has to be asked of the STAGE, never of the input
-        if (gsInput != GL_NONE && mode != GL_PATCHES) {
+        // primitive: GL_NONE and GL_POINTS are both 0, so a `layout(points) in` geometry shader
+        // is indistinguishable from no geometry shader by its reflected input type alone. The
+        // sentinel test this replaces therefore skipped the whole rule for exactly the geometry
+        // shaders whose input is the most restrictive one - every mode but GL_POINTS was
+        // accepted (KHR-GL43.transform_feedback.api_errors_test draws a points-in geometry
+        // program with GL_LINES and requires INVALID_OPERATION).
+        //
+        // And it has to be asked of the LAST LINK: gsInputPrimitive is a link artifact, so
+        // pairing it with the live attach list would re-point the very same 0-aliasing rather
+        // than remove it. In the window after glAttachShader(GS) on a linked program the live
+        // list says "geometry present" while the artifact still reads GL_NONE == GL_POINTS, and
+        // the switch below would silently reject every mode but GL_POINTS.
+        const Bool geometryActive = currentProgram && currentProgram->HasLinkedShaderStage(ShaderStage::Geometry);
+        const GLenum gsInput = geometryActive ? currentProgram->GetGeometryInputType() : GL_NONE;
+        if (geometryActive && mode != GL_PATCHES) {
             Bool compatible = false;
             switch (gsInput) {
             case GL_POINTS:
@@ -216,13 +288,20 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         // While transform feedback is active the draw's primitive type must match
         // the feedback primitive mode (GL 3.3 core 13.2.2). With a geometry shader
         // the constraint moves to the shader's output primitive type instead, so
-        // the draw mode itself is unconstrained here. A paused span is exempt: it
+        // the draw mode itself is unconstrained here - and a TESSELLATION EVALUATION
-        // captures nothing, so there is nothing for the mode to be incompatible with
+        // stage relocates it exactly the same way (GL 4.6 core 13.2.2 names both):
-        // (GL 4.6 core 13.2.3).
+        // what is captured is the tessellator's output primitive, and the draw mode
+        // can only ever be GL_PATCHES. A paused span is exempt: it captures nothing,
+        // so there is nothing for the mode to be incompatible with (GL 4.6 core 13.2.3).
+        const auto& feedbackProgram = MG_State::pGLContext->GetTransformFeedbackProgram();
+        // Both stage tests are asked of the last link, for the same reason as the two guards
+        // above: what relocates the constraint is a stage the program actually RUNS, and an
+        // attach that has not been linked in yet gives it none.
+        const Bool feedbackModeIsProgramDriven =
+            feedbackProgram && (feedbackProgram->HasLinkedShaderStage(ShaderStage::Geometry) ||
+                                feedbackProgram->HasLinkedShaderStage(ShaderStage::TessEval));
         if (MG_State::pGLContext->IsTransformFeedbackActive() &&
-            !MG_State::pGLContext->IsTransformFeedbackPaused() &&
+            !MG_State::pGLContext->IsTransformFeedbackPaused() && !feedbackModeIsProgramDriven) {
-            !(MG_State::pGLContext->GetTransformFeedbackProgram() &&
-              MG_State::pGLContext->GetTransformFeedbackProgram()->GetShaderIndexByStage(ShaderStage::Geometry) >= 0)) {
             const GLenum feedbackMode = MG_State::pGLContext->GetTransformFeedbackPrimitiveMode();
             Bool compatible = false;
             switch (feedbackMode) {
@@ -303,10 +382,23 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         }
     }
 
+    // GL 4.6 core 10.9: inside a conditional block whose predicate did not pass, the drawing
+    // commands, Clear, ClearBuffer* and the compute dispatches are DISCARDED. The gate sits on the
+    // wrappers that ISSUE the backend call rather than at the top of each entry point, so that
+    // everything a real driver would still do inside the block - argument validation and the
+    // errors it raises - happens exactly as it does outside one, and only the command itself is
+    // dropped. It is deliberately not on the frontend's transform-feedback accounting either:
+    // that mirrors what the capture stage would have written, and a conditional block around a
+    // capturing draw has no test coverage in either direction.
+    static Bool ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand() {
+        return MG_State::pGLContext->ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommands();
+    }
+
     void Clear_Backend(GLbitfield mask) {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.Clear(mask);
     }
 
@@ -314,6 +406,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.DrawElements(mode, count, type, indices);
     }
 
@@ -322,6 +415,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.MultiDrawElements(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount);
     }
 
@@ -330,6 +424,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.MultiDrawElementsBaseVertex(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount,
                                                                           basevertex);
     }
@@ -338,6 +433,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.DrawArrays(mode, first, count);
     }
 
@@ -345,6 +441,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.MultiDrawArrays(mode, first, count, drawcount);
     }
 
@@ -353,6 +450,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.DrawElementsBaseVertex(mode, count, type, indices, basevertex);
     }
 
@@ -361,6 +459,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.MultiDrawElementsIndirect(mode, type, indirect, drawcount, stride);
     }
 
@@ -368,6 +467,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.MultiDrawArraysIndirect(mode, indirect, drawcount, stride);
     }
 
@@ -376,6 +476,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.MultiDrawElementsIndirectCount(mode, type, indirect, drawcount,
                                                                              maxdrawcount, stride);
     }
@@ -385,6 +486,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.MultiDrawArraysIndirectCount(mode, indirect, drawcount, maxdrawcount,
                                                                            stride);
     }
@@ -394,6 +496,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.DrawRangeElementsBaseVertex(mode, start, end, count, type, indices,
                                                                           basevertex);
     }
@@ -403,6 +506,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.DrawRangeElements(mode, start, end, count, type, indices);
     }
 
@@ -412,6 +516,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.DrawElementsInstancedBaseVertexBaseInstance(
             mode, count, type, indices, instancecount, basevertex, baseinstance);
     }
@@ -421,6 +526,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.DrawElementsInstancedBaseVertex(mode, count, type, indices, instancecount,
                                                                               basevertex);
     }
@@ -430,6 +536,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.DrawElementsInstancedBaseInstance(mode, count, type, indices,
                                                                                 instancecount, baseinstance);
     }
@@ -439,6 +546,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.DrawElementsInstanced(mode, count, type, indices, instancecount);
     }
 
@@ -446,6 +554,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.DrawElementsIndirect(mode, type, indirect);
     }
     void DrawArraysInstancedBaseInstance_Backend(GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count, GLsizei instancecount,
@@ -453,6 +562,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.DrawArraysInstancedBaseInstance(mode, first, count, instancecount,
                                                                               baseinstance);
     }
@@ -461,6 +571,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.DrawArraysInstanced(mode, first, count, instancecount);
     }
 
@@ -468,6 +579,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 #ifdef TRACY_ENABLE
         ZoneScopedC(TRACY_ZONECOLOR_BACKEND);
 #endif
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.DrawArraysIndirect(mode, indirect);
     }
 
@@ -496,6 +608,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                 return;
             }
         }
+        // GL 4.3 added both dispatches to the conditional-render set (GL 4.6 core 10.9), which is
+        // exactly what KHR-GL43.compute_shader.conditional-dispatching checks.
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         dispatchCompute(numGroupsX, numGroupsY, numGroupsZ);
     }
 
@@ -547,6 +662,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             return;
         }
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForCompute(__func__)) return;
+        if (ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommand()) return;
         dispatchComputeIndirect(indirect);
     }
 
@@ -596,12 +712,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     }
 
     void MultiDrawElementsIndirect(GLenum mode, GLenum type, const void* indirect, GLsizei drawcount, GLsizei stride) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForExecution(__func__)) return;
         if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(__func__, mode)) return;
         MultiDrawElementsIndirect_Backend(mode, type, indirect, drawcount, stride);
     }
 
     void MultiDrawArraysIndirect(GLenum mode, const void* indirect, GLsizei drawcount, GLsizei stride) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForExecution(__func__)) return;
         if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(__func__, mode)) return;
         MultiDrawArraysIndirect_Backend(mode, indirect, drawcount, stride);
@@ -715,12 +833,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 
     void DrawRangeElementsBaseVertex(GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, GLsizei count, GLenum type,
                                      const void* indices, GLint basevertex) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForExecution(__func__)) return;
         if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(__func__, mode)) return;
         DrawRangeElementsBaseVertex_Backend(mode, start, end, count, type, indices, basevertex);
     }
 
     void DrawRangeElements(GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const void* indices) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForExecution(__func__)) return;
         if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(__func__, mode)) return;
         DrawRangeElements_Backend(mode, start, end, count, type, indices);
@@ -728,6 +848,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 
     void DrawElementsInstancedBaseVertexBaseInstance(GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const void* indices,
                                                      GLsizei instancecount, GLint basevertex, GLuint baseinstance) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForExecution(__func__)) return;
         if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(__func__, mode)) return;
         DrawElementsInstancedBaseVertexBaseInstance_Backend(mode, count, type, indices, instancecount, basevertex,
@@ -736,6 +857,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 
     void DrawElementsInstancedBaseVertex(GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const void* indices,
                                          GLsizei instancecount, GLint basevertex) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForExecution(__func__)) return;
         if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(__func__, mode)) return;
         DrawElementsInstancedBaseVertex_Backend(mode, count, type, indices, instancecount, basevertex);
@@ -743,18 +865,21 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 
     void DrawElementsInstancedBaseInstance(GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const void* indices,
                                            GLsizei instancecount, GLuint baseinstance) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForExecution(__func__)) return;
         if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(__func__, mode)) return;
         DrawElementsInstancedBaseInstance_Backend(mode, count, type, indices, instancecount, baseinstance);
     }
 
     void DrawElementsInstanced(GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const void* indices, GLsizei instancecount) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForExecution(__func__)) return;
         if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(__func__, mode)) return;
         DrawElementsInstanced_Backend(mode, count, type, indices, instancecount);
     }
 
     void DrawElementsIndirect(GLenum mode, GLenum type, const void* indirect) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForExecution(__func__)) return;
         if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateDrawElementsIndexType(__func__, type)) return;
@@ -764,18 +889,21 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 
     void DrawArraysInstancedBaseInstance(GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count, GLsizei instancecount,
                                          GLuint baseinstance) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForExecution(__func__)) return;
         if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(__func__, mode)) return;
         DrawArraysInstancedBaseInstance_Backend(mode, first, count, instancecount, baseinstance);
     }
 
     void DrawArraysInstanced(GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count, GLsizei instancecount) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForExecution(__func__)) return;
         if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(__func__, mode)) return;
         DrawArraysInstanced_Backend(mode, first, count, instancecount);
     }
 
     void DrawArraysIndirect(GLenum mode, const void* indirect) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForExecution(__func__)) return;
         if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateIndirectDrawSource(__func__, indirect, kDrawArraysIndirectCommandBytes)) return;
@@ -783,6 +911,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     }
 
     void DrawElementsBaseVertex(GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const void* indices, GLint basevertex) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForExecution(__func__)) return;
         if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(__func__, mode)) return;
         AccountTransformFeedbackPrimitives(mode, count);
@@ -790,6 +919,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     }
 
     void DrawArrays(GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForExecution(__func__)) return;
         if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(__func__, mode)) return;
         AccountTransformFeedbackPrimitives(mode, count);
@@ -797,6 +927,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     }
 
     void MultiDrawArrays(GLenum mode, const GLint* first, const GLsizei* count, GLsizei drawcount) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForExecution(__func__)) return;
         if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (drawcount < 0) {
@@ -810,6 +941,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 
     void MultiDrawElements(GLenum mode, const GLsizei* count, GLenum type, const void* const* indices,
                            GLsizei drawcount) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForExecution(__func__)) return;
         if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(__func__, mode)) return;
         MultiDrawElements_Backend(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount);
@@ -817,6 +949,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 
     void MultiDrawElementsBaseVertex(GLenum mode, const GLsizei* count, GLenum type, const void* const* indices,
                                      GLsizei drawcount, const GLint* basevertex) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForExecution(__func__)) return;
         if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(__func__, mode)) return;
         MultiDrawElementsBaseVertex_Backend(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex);
@@ -827,6 +960,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     }
 
     void DrawElements(GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const void* indices) {
+        if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeEnum(__func__, mode)) return;
         if (!ValidateCurrentProgramForExecution(__func__)) return;
         if (!ValidatePrimitiveModeForBackend(__func__, mode)) return;
         AccountTransformFeedbackPrimitives(mode, count);

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Exporting/Definitions.cpp

@@ -725,8 +725,8 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, LoadName, GLuint name) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_S
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, PushName, GLuint name) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, PushName, name)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, PopName) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, PopName)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ClampColor, GLenum target, GLenum clamp) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClampColor, target, clamp)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, BeginConditionalRender, GLuint id, GLenum mode) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, BeginConditionalRender, id, mode)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BeginConditionalRender, GLuint id, GLenum mode) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BeginConditionalRender, id, mode)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, EndConditionalRender, void) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, EndConditionalRender)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, EndConditionalRender) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, EndConditionalRender)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, VertexAttribI1i, GLuint index, GLint x) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, VertexAttribI1i, index, x)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, VertexAttribI2i, GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, VertexAttribI2i, index, x, y)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, VertexAttribI3i, GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, VertexAttribI3i, index, x, y, z)
@@ -982,7 +982,7 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetDoublei_v, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdoub
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DrawArraysInstancedBaseInstance, GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count, GLsizei instancecount, GLuint baseinstance) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawArraysInstancedBaseInstance, mode, first, count, instancecount, baseinstance)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DrawElementsInstancedBaseInstance, GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const void* indices, GLsizei instancecount, GLuint baseinstance) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawElementsInstancedBaseInstance, mode, count, type, indices, instancecount, baseinstance)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DrawElementsInstancedBaseVertexBaseInstance, GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const void* indices, GLsizei instancecount, GLint basevertex, GLuint baseinstance) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawElementsInstancedBaseVertexBaseInstance, mode, count, type, indices, instancecount, basevertex, baseinstance)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetActiveAtomicCounterBufferiv, GLuint program, GLuint bufferIndex, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetActiveAtomicCounterBufferiv, program, bufferIndex, pname, params)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetActiveAtomicCounterBufferiv, GLuint program, GLuint bufferIndex, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetActiveAtomicCounterBufferiv, program, bufferIndex, pname, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DrawTransformFeedbackInstanced, GLenum mode, GLuint id, GLsizei instancecount) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawTransformFeedbackInstanced, mode, id, instancecount)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DrawTransformFeedbackStreamInstanced, GLenum mode, GLuint id, GLuint stream, GLsizei instancecount) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawTransformFeedbackStreamInstanced, mode, id, stream, instancecount)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ClearBufferData, GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClearBufferData, target, internalformat, format, type, data)

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Framebuffer/GL_Framebuffer.cpp

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <MG_Backend/BackendObjects.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Metrics/TextureMetrics.h>
 #include <MG_Impl/GLImpl/Texture/Validators.h>
+#include <MG_Impl/GLImpl/Getter/GL_Getter.h>
 #include <MG_State/GLState/ErrorState/Error.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Converters/GLToStr/GLEnumConverter.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Converters/GLToMG/TextureEnumConverter.h>
@@ -617,16 +618,17 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         if (MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject == nullptr) {
             return std::numeric_limits<Int>::max();
         }
-        return std::max(MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject->GetDynamicParameters().MaxSamples, 1);
+        return GetAdvertisedMaxSamples();
     }
 
-    // GL_MAX_SAMPLES is the ceiling over all formats; an integer format has its own, lower
+    // GL_MAX_SAMPLES is the ceiling over all formats; an integer format has its own
-    // one (GL_MAX_INTEGER_SAMPLES) and GL 4.6 core 9.2.4 makes exceeding it INVALID_OPERATION.
+    // (GL_MAX_INTEGER_SAMPLES) and GL 4.6 core 9.2.4 makes exceeding it INVALID_OPERATION.
-    // The multisample TEXTURE path already resolves the limit per format
+    // The multisample TEXTURE path resolves the limit per format the same way
-    // (GL_Texture.cpp, GetMaxTextureSamplesForFormat); renderbuffers only ever compared
+    // (GL_Texture.cpp, GetMaxSupportedTextureSamples). Both are floored to the value MobileGL
-    // against GL_MAX_SAMPLES, so on a driver where the two differ - Adreno reports
+    // advertises: on a driver where the two differ - Adreno reports GL_MAX_SAMPLES 4 and
-    // GL_MAX_SAMPLES 4 and GL_MAX_INTEGER_SAMPLES 1 - an integer renderbuffer accepted a
+    // GL_MAX_INTEGER_SAMPLES 1 - rejecting the advertised count here only moves the failure
-    // sample count the format cannot deliver, and said GL_NO_ERROR about it.
+    // from the driver into MobileGL, so the frontend accepts it and the backend clamps the
+    // count it actually hands the driver.
     Int GetMaxRenderbufferSamplesForFormat_State(TextureInternalFormat format) {
         if (MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject == nullptr) {
             return std::numeric_limits<Int>::max();
@@ -645,7 +647,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         if (!isIntegerFormat) {
             return GetMaxRenderbufferSamples_State();
         }
-        return std::max(dynamicParameters.MaxIntegerSamples, 1);
+        // Per-format still, but never below the ceiling glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_SAMPLES) promised:
+        // the driver's raw GL_MAX_INTEGER_SAMPLES stays the *backend* limit and the backend
+        // clamps to it, while the frontend honours what it advertised.
+        return std::max(dynamicParameters.MaxIntegerSamples, GetAdvertisedMaxSamples());
     }
 
     Bool ValidateRenderbufferStorageSize_State(GLsizei width, GLsizei height, const char* caller) {
@@ -2608,18 +2613,26 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     }
 
     void ClearBufferfi_Backend(GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, GLfloat depth, GLint stencil) {
+        // GL 4.6 core 10.9 makes ClearBuffer* conditional alongside the drawing commands.
+        if (MG_State::pGLContext->ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommands()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.ClearBufferfi(buffer, drawbuffer, depth, stencil);
     }
 
     void ClearBufferfv_Backend(GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLfloat* value) {
+        // GL 4.6 core 10.9 makes ClearBuffer* conditional alongside the drawing commands.
+        if (MG_State::pGLContext->ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommands()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.ClearBufferfv(buffer, drawbuffer, value);
     }
 
     void ClearBufferuiv_Backend(GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLuint* value) {
+        // GL 4.6 core 10.9 makes ClearBuffer* conditional alongside the drawing commands.
+        if (MG_State::pGLContext->ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommands()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.ClearBufferuiv(buffer, drawbuffer, value);
     }
 
     void ClearBufferiv_Backend(GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLint* value) {
+        // GL 4.6 core 10.9 makes ClearBuffer* conditional alongside the drawing commands.
+        if (MG_State::pGLContext->ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommands()) return;
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.ClearBufferiv(buffer, drawbuffer, value);
     }
 
@@ -3148,15 +3161,55 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         GetNamedFramebufferAttachmentParameteriv_State(framebuffer, attachment, pname, params);
     }
 
+    // The three argument errors GL 4.6 core 18.3.1 asks a blit for. They have to be raised here,
+    // in the backend-independent frontend: DirectGLES drains the driver's error queue around the
+    // blit on purpose (that is how the resolve fallback probes the driver), so an ES-side
+    // rejection never reaches the application and glGetError() answered GL_NO_ERROR for a call
+    // the spec requires to fail (KHR-GL30.api.coverage's glBlitFramebuffer sub-check). DirectVulkan
+    // already dropped the bad-filter and LINEAR-with-depth/stencil calls on the floor with a log
+    // line (VulkanRenderer::BlitFramebuffer), so the only thing that changes for it is that the
+    // error is now visible where the spec says it should be.
+    static Bool ValidateBlitMaskAndFilter(const char* functionName, GLbitfield mask, GLenum filter) {
+        constexpr GLbitfield kBlitMaskBits = GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT | GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT;
+        if ((mask & ~kBlitMaskBits) != 0) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", functionName,
+                                             "mask contains bits other than GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT, "
+                                             "GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT and GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT."));
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (filter != GL_NEAREST && filter != GL_LINEAR) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidEnum,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", functionName,
+                                             "filter must be GL_NEAREST or GL_LINEAR."));
+            return false;
+        }
+        // Depth and stencil have no meaningful interpolation, so GL_LINEAR is rejected outright
+        // rather than downgraded - even when the mask also carries the colour bit.
+        if (filter == GL_LINEAR && (mask & (GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT | GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT)) != 0) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", functionName,
+                                             "GL_LINEAR filtering is not allowed when mask includes "
+                                             "GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT or GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT."));
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
     void BlitNamedFramebuffer(GLuint readFramebuffer, GLuint drawFramebuffer, GLint srcX0, GLint srcY0, GLint srcX1,
                               GLint srcY1, GLint dstX0, GLint dstY0, GLint dstX1, GLint dstY1, GLbitfield mask,
                               GLenum filter) {
+        if (!ValidateBlitMaskAndFilter(__func__, mask, filter)) return;
         BlitNamedFramebuffer_State(readFramebuffer, drawFramebuffer, srcX0, srcY0, srcX1, srcY1, dstX0, dstY0, dstX1,
                                    dstY1, mask, filter);
     }
 
     void BlitFramebuffer(GLint srcX0, GLint srcY0, GLint srcX1, GLint srcY1, GLint dstX0, GLint dstY0, GLint dstX1,
                          GLint dstY1, GLbitfield mask, GLenum filter) {
+        if (!ValidateBlitMaskAndFilter(__func__, mask, filter)) return;
         BlitFramebuffer_Backend(srcX0, srcY0, srcX1, srcY1, dstX0, dstY0, dstX1, dstY1, mask, filter);
     }
 

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Getter/GL_Getter.cpp

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <MG_State/GLState/FramebufferState/FramebufferObject.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Texture/TextureFormatProcessor.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Async/ShaderCompilePool.h>
+#include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/Types.h>
 #include <MG_Backend/BackendObjects.h>
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
@@ -46,13 +47,29 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             }
         }
 
-        constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxComputeUniformComponents = 1024;
+        // Shared with the glslang resource table for the same reason as the atomic-counter
-        constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxComputeAtomicCounters = 8;
+        // limits below: gl_MaxComputeUniformComponents expands from BuildTBuiltInResource.
-        constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxComputeAtomicCounterBuffers = 8;
+        constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxComputeUniformComponents =
+            static_cast<GLint>(MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::MAX_COMPUTE_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS);
+        // Every atomic-counter limit is shared with the glslang resource table
+        // (BuildTBuiltInResource) through MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/Types.h: GL 4.6 requires
+        // glGetIntegerv and the gl_MaxAtomicCounter* built-in constants to agree, and the two
+        // used to be independent tables that disagreed on both the binding count and the buffer
+        // size. Never move one of these without the other.
+        constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxComputeAtomicCounters =
+            static_cast<GLint>(MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTERS_PER_STAGE);
+        constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxComputeAtomicCounterBuffers =
+            static_cast<GLint>(MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFERS_PER_STAGE);
         constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxComputeSharedMemorySize = 32768;
         constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxComputeWorkGroupInvocations = 1024;
-        constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxCombinedAtomicCounters = 8;
+        constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxCombinedAtomicCounters =
-        constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxFragmentAtomicCounters = 8;
+            static_cast<GLint>(MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTERS_PER_STAGE);
+        constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxCombinedAtomicCounterBuffers =
+            static_cast<GLint>(MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFERS_PER_STAGE);
+        constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxFragmentAtomicCounters =
+            static_cast<GLint>(MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTERS_PER_STAGE);
+        constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxFragmentAtomicCounterBuffers =
+            static_cast<GLint>(MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFERS_PER_STAGE);
         constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxGeometryAtomicCounters = 0;
         constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxTessControlAtomicCounters = 0;
         constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxTessEvaluationAtomicCounters = 0;
@@ -66,10 +83,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxTessControlAtomicCounterBuffers = 0;
         constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxTessEvaluationAtomicCounterBuffers = 0;
         constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxVertexAtomicCounterBuffers = 0;
-        // One atomic counter is a uint, and a buffer never has to hold more counters than the
+        // GL_MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_SIZE: the byte offset ceiling a counter may be declared
-        // combined limit the frontend advertises. GL 4.6 table 23.63 floors this at 32 bytes.
+        // at. The matching binding count is applied in GetIndexedBufferQueryPointCount, so that
+        // the getter, the indexed queries and glBindBufferBase all share one ceiling.
         constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxAtomicCounterBufferSize =
-            kFrontendMaxCombinedAtomicCounters * static_cast<GLint>(sizeof(GLuint));
+            static_cast<GLint>(MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_SIZE);
         // KHR_debug minima (GL 4.6 table 23.66); the debug entry points are stubs, but the
         // limits they advertise still have to be legal.
         constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxDebugGroupStackDepth = 64;
@@ -103,12 +121,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         constexpr GLint kFrontendSubpixelBits = 4;
         constexpr GLint kFrontendMaxSamples = 4;
 
+        // The floors under GL_MAX_COMPUTE_WORK_GROUP_COUNT / _SIZE. Shared with the compile
+        // pipeline (CaptureCompileEnv floors the same driver answers at them, and
+        // BuildTBuiltInResource expands gl_MaxComputeWorkGroup* from the result), because a
+        // shader is allowed to compare the built-in constant against this query.
         constexpr GLint GetMinComputeWorkGroupCount(GLuint index) {
-            return index < 3 ? 65535 : 0;
+            return index < 3 ? static_cast<GLint>(MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::MIN_COMPUTE_WORK_GROUP_COUNT[index]) : 0;
         }
 
         constexpr GLint GetMinComputeWorkGroupSize(GLuint index) {
-            return index < 2 ? 1024 : (index == 2 ? 64 : 0);
+            return index < 3 ? static_cast<GLint>(MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::MIN_COMPUTE_WORK_GROUP_SIZE[index]) : 0;
         }
 
         GLint GetMaxCombinedUniformComponents(GLint maxDefaultUniformComponents, GLint maxUniformBlocks,
@@ -186,6 +208,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                     MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject->GetDynamicParameters().MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings;
                 return std::min(frontendCount, static_cast<SizeT>(std::max(backendCount, 0)));
             }
+            if (bufferTarget == BufferTarget::AtomicCounter) {
+                // The counter family's binding count is NOT the state layer's array size: a
+                // counter buffer only reaches a shader as a lowered storage block, so what an
+                // implementation can serve is the reserved range, and that number is also what
+                // glslang compiles a layout(binding = N) atomic_uint against. Clamped here so
+                // GL_MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_BINDINGS, the indexed getters' index check and
+                // glBindBufferBase's all report the same ceiling.
+                return std::min(frontendCount,
+                                static_cast<SizeT>(MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_BINDINGS));
+            }
             return frontendCount;
         }
 
@@ -213,6 +245,23 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             return ClampBlockCountToBindingPoints(blockCount, BufferTarget::ShaderStorage);
         }
 
+        // The per-stage GL_MAX_*_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS answers. Backend-derived, and NOT a
+        // constant to be "restored" - these used to return a flat 16 for vertex, geometry and
+        // both tessellation stages, which is wrong on any host that does not serve storage
+        // blocks in those stages. Zero is a legal answer: GL 4.6 table 23.64 and ES 3.2 table
+        // 21.44 both set the minimum at 0 for every graphics stage except fragment, which is
+        // why the conformance suite gates each such test on the query instead of assuming it.
+        // ARM's GLES driver reports 0 for all four (a Mali-G925 does), and advertising 16 there
+        // bought nothing: the program still failed to link inside the backend, the frontend
+        // still reported LINK_STATUS as true, and every draw with it silently rendered nothing.
+        GLint StageStorageBlockCount(Int MG_Backend::DynamicBackendParameters::*stageLimit) {
+            static const MG_Backend::DynamicBackendParameters kBackendlessDefaults{};
+            const MG_Backend::DynamicBackendParameters& parameters =
+                MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject ? MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject->GetDynamicParameters()
+                                                 : kBackendlessDefaults;
+            return ClampStorageBlockCount(static_cast<GLint>(parameters.*stageLimit));
+        }
+
         bool TryDecodeDrawBufferQuery(GLenum pname, SizeT& drawBufferIndex) {
             if (pname == GL_DRAW_BUFFER) {
                 drawBufferIndex = 0;
@@ -422,6 +471,18 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         }
     } // namespace
 
+    // GL 4.6 core table 23.53 requires GL_MAX_SAMPLES >= 4, so the driver's value is floored
+    // before it is advertised. Every other multisample ceiling MobileGL advertises has to be
+    // floored the same way: promising 4 samples globally while answering GL_MAX_INTEGER_SAMPLES
+    // 1 - which is exactly what Adreno reports - makes the frontend reject the very count it
+    // just told the application to use. The backends clamp the realised count instead.
+    GLint GetAdvertisedMaxSamples() {
+        if (MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject == nullptr) {
+            return kFrontendMaxSamples;
+        }
+        return std::max(MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject->GetDynamicParameters().MaxSamples, kFrontendMaxSamples);
+    }
+
     /* @INSERTION_POINT:FUNCTION_IMPLEMENTATION@ */
     const GLubyte* GetString(GLenum name) {
         static String vendorString;
@@ -1511,15 +1572,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         case GL_LINE_WIDTH:
             *params = static_cast<GLint>(MG_State::pGLContext->GetLineWidth());
             return;
-        case GL_LAYER_PROVOKING_VERTEX:
-            *params = GL_LAST_VERTEX_CONVENTION;
-            return;
         case GL_LOGIC_OP_MODE:
             *params = static_cast<GLint>(MG_Util::ConvertLogicOperationToGLEnum(MG_State::pGLContext->GetLogicOp()));
             return;
         case GL_MAX_COMBINED_ATOMIC_COUNTERS:
             *params = kFrontendMaxCombinedAtomicCounters;
             return;
+        case GL_MAX_COMBINED_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFERS:
+            *params = kFrontendMaxCombinedAtomicCounterBuffers;
+            return;
         case GL_MAX_COMBINED_UNIFORM_BLOCKS:
             *params = ClampUniformBlockCount(kFrontendMaxCombinedUniformBlocks);
             return;
@@ -1535,8 +1596,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         case GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_ATOMIC_COUNTERS:
             *params = kFrontendMaxFragmentAtomicCounters;
             return;
+        case GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFERS:
+            *params = kFrontendMaxFragmentAtomicCounterBuffers;
+            return;
         case GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS:
-            *params = ClampStorageBlockCount(16); // TODO
+            *params = StageStorageBlockCount(&MG_Backend::DynamicBackendParameters::MaxFragmentShaderStorageBlocks);
             return;
         case GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_INPUT_COMPONENTS:
             *params = kFrontendMaxFragmentInputComponents;
@@ -1562,7 +1626,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             *params = kFrontendMaxGeometryAtomicCounterBuffers;
             return;
         case GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS:
-            *params = ClampStorageBlockCount(16); // TODO
+            *params = StageStorageBlockCount(&MG_Backend::DynamicBackendParameters::MaxGeometryShaderStorageBlocks);
             return;
         case GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_INPUT_COMPONENTS:
             *params = kFrontendMaxGeometryInputComponents;
@@ -1597,7 +1661,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             *params = MG_State::pGLContext->IsCapabilityEnabled(CapabilityInput::Multisample) ? GL_TRUE : GL_FALSE;
             return;
         case GL_MIN_MAP_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT:
-            *params = 64; // TODO
+            // The same constant the map paths align to (MG_State/GLState/BufferState/
+            // PipeResource.h), never a literal: this number is a PROMISE about the pointers
+            // glMapBuffer and glMapBufferRange return, and the two used to be unrelated - the
+            // query said 64 while the pointers came out of a std::vector aligned to 16.
+            *params = static_cast<GLint>(MG_State::GLState::MIN_MAP_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT);
             return;
         case GL_MAX_LABEL_LENGTH:
             *params = 256; // TODO
@@ -1633,16 +1701,18 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             *params = 0;
             return;
         case GL_MAX_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS:
-            *params = ClampStorageBlockCount(16); // TODO
+            *params = StageStorageBlockCount(&MG_Backend::DynamicBackendParameters::MaxTessControlShaderStorageBlocks);
             return;
         case GL_MAX_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS:
-            *params = ClampStorageBlockCount(16); // TODO
+            *params =
+                StageStorageBlockCount(&MG_Backend::DynamicBackendParameters::MaxTessEvaluationShaderStorageBlocks);
             return;
         case GL_MAX_TEXTURE_LOD_BIAS:
             *params = 15; // TODO
             return;
         case GL_MAX_UNIFORM_LOCATIONS:
-            *params = 1024 * 4; // TODO
+            // The same constant the link's location allocator enforces - see ProgramObject.
+            *params = MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject::MAX_UNIFORM_LOCATIONS;
             return;
         case GL_MAX_VARYING_COMPONENTS:
             *params = kFrontendMaxVaryingComponents;
@@ -1662,7 +1732,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                           : MG_Backend::DynamicBackendParameters{}.MaxVertexImageUniforms;
             return;
         case GL_MAX_VERTEX_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS:
-            *params = ClampStorageBlockCount(16); // TODO
+            *params = StageStorageBlockCount(&MG_Backend::DynamicBackendParameters::MaxVertexShaderStorageBlocks);
             return;
         case GL_MAX_VERTEX_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS:
             *params = kFrontendMaxVertexUniformComponents;
@@ -1972,6 +2042,24 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         case GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_START:
             RecordIndexedOnlyGetterError(__func__, pname);
             return;
+        // glBindBufferBase/Range set the GENERIC binding point too (GL 4.6 core 6.1.1), and this
+        // is the one indexed-buffer family whose non-indexed query was never answered - so it
+        // fell through to INVALID_ENUM and left the caller's variable holding whatever was in its
+        // stack slot. _START/_SIZE stay indexed-only, exactly like their uniform-buffer siblings.
+        case GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_BINDING:
+            if (const auto& obj =
+                    MG_State::pGLContext->GetBufferBindingSlot(BufferTarget::AtomicCounter).GetBoundObject()) {
+                *params = static_cast<GLint>(obj->GetExternalIndex());
+            } else {
+                *params = 0;
+            }
+            return;
+        case GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_START:
+            RecordIndexedOnlyGetterError(__func__, pname);
+            return;
+        case GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_SIZE:
+            RecordIndexedOnlyGetterError(__func__, pname);
+            return;
         case GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT:
             *params = MG_State::pGLContext->GetPixelStoreParam(PixelStoreParam::UnpackAlignment);
             return;
@@ -2026,9 +2114,6 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             params[3] = vp.w();
             return;
         }
-        case GL_VIEWPORT_INDEX_PROVOKING_VERTEX:
-            *params = GL_LAST_VERTEX_CONVENTION;
-            return;
         case GL_MAX_ELEMENT_INDEX:
             *params = 1024 * 1024; // TODO
             return;
@@ -2116,8 +2201,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         case GL_MAX_CLIP_DISTANCES:
             *params = dynamicParameters.MaxClipDistances;
             break;
+        // Both were a hard-coded GL_LAST_VERTEX_CONVENTION, derived from nothing. GL 4.6 table
+        // 23.65 permits GL_UNDEFINED_VERTEX for either, and that is what the backends report
+        // wherever they do not actually pin a convention - claiming one is a statement about
+        // which vertex of a primitive supplies gl_Layer / gl_ViewportIndex, and DirectGLES
+        // rasterizes only viewport 0 on a driver without GL_OES_viewport_array while
+        // DirectVulkan picks its provoking mode per pipeline. KHR-GLxx.viewport_array.query
+        // accepts all four values, and .provoking_vertex - which failed on both devices, in
+        // OPPOSITE directions - stops verifying as soon as either answer is undefined.
+        case GL_LAYER_PROVOKING_VERTEX:
+            *params = static_cast<GLint>(dynamicParameters.LayerProvokingVertex);
+            break;
+        case GL_VIEWPORT_INDEX_PROVOKING_VERTEX:
+            *params = static_cast<GLint>(dynamicParameters.ViewportIndexProvokingVertex);
+            break;
         case GL_MAX_COLOR_TEXTURE_SAMPLES:
-            *params = dynamicParameters.MaxColorTextureSamples;
+            *params = std::max(dynamicParameters.MaxColorTextureSamples, GetAdvertisedMaxSamples());
             break;
         case GL_MAX_COMBINED_FRAGMENT_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS:
             *params = GetMaxCombinedUniformComponents(kFrontendMaxFragmentUniformComponents,
@@ -2147,7 +2246,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             *params = dynamicParameters.MaxCubeMapTextureSize;
             break;
         case GL_MAX_DEPTH_TEXTURE_SAMPLES:
-            *params = dynamicParameters.MaxDepthTextureSamples;
+            *params = std::max(dynamicParameters.MaxDepthTextureSamples, GetAdvertisedMaxSamples());
             break;
         case GL_MAX_FRAMEBUFFER_WIDTH:
             *params = dynamicParameters.MaxFramebufferWidth;
@@ -2174,7 +2273,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             *params = dynamicParameters.MaxComputeImageUniforms;
             break;
         case GL_MAX_INTEGER_SAMPLES:
-            *params = dynamicParameters.MaxIntegerSamples;
+            *params = std::max(dynamicParameters.MaxIntegerSamples, GetAdvertisedMaxSamples());
             break;
         case GL_MAX_RENDERBUFFER_SIZE:
             *params = dynamicParameters.MaxRenderbufferSize;
@@ -2207,18 +2306,19 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                                                           static_cast<Uint64>(INT32_MAX)));
             break;
         case GL_MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_BINDINGS:
+            // NOT the frontend's binding-point array size: GetIndexedBufferQueryPointCount
+            // clamps this family to the range a lowered counter block can actually be served
+            // from, which is the same number glslang compiles a layout(binding = N) atomic_uint
+            // against and the same one glBindBufferBase validates an index against.
             *params = static_cast<GLint>(GetIndexedBufferQueryPointCount(BufferTarget::AtomicCounter));
             break;
         case GL_MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_SIZE:
             // The conformance suite splits this evenly across every advertised binding point and
             // binds all of them in one glBindBuffersRange
-            // (KHR-GL44.multi_bind.functional_bind_buffers_range), so the pair has to divide:
+            // (KHR-GL44.multi_bind.functional_bind_buffers_range), so the pair has to divide -
-            // 32 bytes over 36 binding points is a zero-sized range, which BindBufferRange
+            // a zero-sized range is INVALID_VALUE before BindBufferRange binds anything. The
-            // rejects with INVALID_VALUE before it binds anything. Floor the advertised size at
+            // shared constant is 16384 over 8 binding points, which divides.
-            // one counter per binding point.
+            *params = kFrontendMaxAtomicCounterBufferSize;
-            *params = std::max<GLint>(
-                kFrontendMaxAtomicCounterBufferSize,
-                static_cast<GLint>(GetIndexedBufferQueryPointCount(BufferTarget::AtomicCounter) * sizeof(GLuint)));
             break;
         case GL_MAX_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE:
             *params = dynamicParameters.MaxTextureBufferSize;
@@ -2340,7 +2440,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                                                         : dynamicParameters.MaxDrawBuffers;
             break;
         case GL_MAX_SAMPLES:
-            *params = std::max(dynamicParameters.MaxSamples, kFrontendMaxSamples);
+            *params = GetAdvertisedMaxSamples();
             break;
         case GL_MAX_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT:
             // Float state (see GetFloatv); rounded to nearest for the integer query per GL 3.3 6.1.2.

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Getter/GL_Getter.h

@@ -24,4 +24,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     void GetInteger64i_v(GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint64* data);
     GLenum GetError();
     GLenum GetGraphicsResetStatus();
+    // The GL_MAX_SAMPLES value MobileGL advertises, i.e. the driver's value floored to the GL
+    // core minimum. Frontend multisample validators have to honour this ceiling for every
+    // format, otherwise MobileGL rejects a sample count it advertised itself.
+    GLint GetAdvertisedMaxSamples();
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/GL_Program.cpp

@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@
 #include <MG_Backend/BackendObjects.h>
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
+    // The flattened uniform type these helpers used to take as a raw glslang::TType*
+    // pointing into the TProgram's pool allocator. See ProgramObject::TypeFacts.
+    using TypeFactsRef = const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject::TypeFacts&;
     static GLint BoolToGLInt(bool value) {
         return value ? GL_TRUE : GL_FALSE;
     }
@@ -223,14 +226,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         return false;
     }
 
-    GLint GetOpaqueUniformUnitLimit(const glslang::TType* type) {
+    GLint GetOpaqueUniformUnitLimit(const TypeFactsRef type) {
         const auto& dynamicParameters = MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject->GetDynamicParameters();
-        if (type && type->isImage()) return dynamicParameters.MaxImageUnits;
+        if (type.isImage) return dynamicParameters.MaxImageUnits;
-        if (type && type->isTexture()) return dynamicParameters.MaxCombinedTextureImageUnits;
+        if (type.isTexture) return dynamicParameters.MaxCombinedTextureImageUnits;
         return 0;
     }
 
-    bool ValidateOpaqueUniformUnit(const char* functionName, const glslang::TType* type, GLint unit) {
+    bool ValidateOpaqueUniformUnit(const char* functionName, const TypeFactsRef type, GLint unit) {
         const GLint limit = GetOpaqueUniformUnitLimit(type);
         if (unit < 0 || unit >= limit) {
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
@@ -525,6 +528,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         case GL_UNIFORM_ARRAY_STRIDE:
         case GL_UNIFORM_MATRIX_STRIDE:
         case GL_UNIFORM_IS_ROW_MAJOR:
+        // GL 4.2 / ARB_shader_atomic_counters adds this one to the accepted set. Leaving it
+        // out did not merely lose the answer: the leftover GL_INVALID_ENUM is what made
+        // KHR-GL43.shader_atomic_counters.basic-program-query force a FAIL.
+        case GL_UNIFORM_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_INDEX:
             break;
         default:
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
@@ -580,6 +587,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             case GL_UNIFORM_IS_ROW_MAJOR:
                 params[i] = programObject->GetActiveUniformIsRowMajor(idx);
                 break;
+            case GL_UNIFORM_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_INDEX:
+                // Index into the GL_ACTIVE_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFERS list, -1 for every uniform
+                // that is not an atomic counter (GL 4.6 core table 7.6).
+                params[i] = programObject->GetActiveUniformAtomicCounterBufferIndex(idx);
+                break;
             default:
                 break;
             }
@@ -642,7 +654,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             break;
         }
         case GL_ACTIVE_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFERS:
-            *params = programObject->GetActiveAtomicCounterCount();
+            // Counter BUFFERS, not counters, and glslang's own getNumAtomicCounters() answers
+            // neither: the relaxed parse has already turned every atomic_uint into a plain uint
+            // member of a synthesized storage block by the time it builds its reflection, so it
+            // reports zero. The interface-query model recovers the buffers from those blocks and
+            // is what glGetProgramInterfaceiv(GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER, GL_ACTIVE_RESOURCES)
+            // already answers - the two queries are required to agree.
+            *params = ProgramInterface::GetActiveResourceCount(*programObject, GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER);
             MGLOG_D("%s: %s = %d", __func__, MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToString(pname).c_str(), *params);
             break;
         case GL_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTES:
@@ -662,7 +680,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             MGLOG_D("%s: %s = %d", __func__, MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToString(pname).c_str(), *params);
             break;
         case GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_BLOCKS: // GL >= 3.1
-            *params = programObject->GetActiveUniformBlocksCount();
+            // Uniform blocks only. GetActiveUniformBlocksCount() is the internal block space,
+            // which also carries the storage blocks and the synthesized atomic counter blocks.
+            *params = programObject->GetGlUniformBlockCount();
             MGLOG_D("%s: %s = %d", __func__, MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToString(pname).c_str(), *params);
             break;
         case GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_BLOCK_MAX_NAME_LENGTH: // ditto.
@@ -682,7 +702,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             MGLOG_D("%s: %s = %d", __func__, MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToString(pname).c_str(), *params);
             break;
         case GL_COMPUTE_WORK_GROUP_SIZE: { // GL >= 4.3
-            if (!programObject->GetLinkStatus() || programObject->GetShaderIndexByStage(ShaderStage::Compute) < 0) {
+            // "a linked program object with a compute shader" is one whose EXECUTABLE has the
+            // stage: the local size below is a link artifact, so an attached-but-not-yet-linked
+            // compute shader would answer this query with the previous link's (absent) value
+            // instead of the INVALID_OPERATION GL 4.6 core 7.13 asks for.
+            if (!programObject->GetLinkStatus() || !programObject->HasLinkedShaderStage(ShaderStage::Compute)) {
                 MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                     ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
                     MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", __func__,
@@ -856,10 +880,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     // demotion makes a dmat4 a mat4 in the shader and a mat4-shaped slot here - but because it
     // is ROUTED differently: the caller's component-by-component EbtDouble branch has to widen
     // each float back to the queried type, and it undoes the same padding itself.
-    Bool TryGatherFloatMatrixColumns(const glslang::TType* ttype, const char* pBase, void* params) {
+    // Float matrices only, in both senses: a DOUBLE matrix never comes through here, whether its
-        if (ttype == nullptr || !ttype->isMatrix() || ttype->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtDouble) return false;
+    // program was demoted (components are floats, the query is not) or kept its doubles (the
-        const Int columns = ttype->getMatrixCols();
+    // column stride is a dvec4's, and the caller's converting branch already walks it component
-        const Int rows = ttype->getMatrixRows();
+    // by component with the right one).
+    Bool TryGatherFloatMatrixColumns(const TypeFactsRef ttype, const char* pBase, void* params) {
+        if (!ttype.isMatrix || ttype.isDouble) return false;
+        const Int columns = ttype.matrixCols;
+        const Int rows = ttype.matrixRows;
         for (Int column = 0; column < columns; ++column) {
             Memcpy(static_cast<char*>(params) + static_cast<SizeT>(column) * rows * sizeof(GLfloat),
                    pBase + static_cast<SizeT>(column) * 4 * sizeof(GLfloat), rows * sizeof(GLfloat));
@@ -868,11 +896,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     }
 
     // Bytes a uniform actually occupies in the global UBO. It is the tight GL type size for
-    // everything except a float matrix, whose padded columns make it wider. The rule itself
+    // everything except a matrix, whose padded columns make it wider, and a `double` on a
-    // lives on ProgramObject, because the pipeline composite's uniform refresh needs the same
+    // program whose modules were demoted, where it is half. The rule itself lives on
-    // one and two copies of a layout rule is one too many.
+    // ProgramObject, because the pipeline composite's uniform refresh needs the same one and
-    SizeT UniformStorageSpanInBytes(const glslang::TType* ttype, SizeT tightSize) {
+    // two copies of a layout rule is one too many.
-        return MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject::UniformStorageSpanInBytes(ttype, tightSize);
+    SizeT UniformStorageSpanInBytes(const TypeFactsRef ttype, SizeT tightSize, const Bool nativeFloat64) {
+        return MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject::UniformStorageSpanInBytes(ttype, tightSize, nativeFloat64);
     }
 
     void GetUniform_State(GLuint program, GLint location, void* params) {
@@ -904,8 +933,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             auto offset = programObject->GetUniformOffset(location);
             auto size = programObject->GetUniformSizesInBytes(location);
             char* pUBO = (char*)programObject->MapUBO();
-            auto* ttype = programObject->GetUniformTType(location);
+            const auto& ttype = programObject->GetUniformTypeFacts(location);
-            const SizeT span = UniformStorageSpanInBytes(ttype, size);
+            const Bool nativeFloat64 = programObject->UsesNativeFloat64();
+            const SizeT span = UniformStorageSpanInBytes(ttype, size, nativeFloat64);
             if (pUBO == nullptr || offset == MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject::kInvalidUniformOffset ||
                 offset + span > programObject->GetUBOSize()) {
                 MGLOG_E_ONCE("%s: uniform at program %u location %d has no backing storage; returning nothing", __func__,
@@ -915,9 +945,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 
             if (!TryGatherFloatMatrixColumns(ttype, pUBO + offset, params)) {
                 // Never more than the uniform actually occupies. `size` is the GL type size,
-                // which for a `double` uniform is twice its storage - every 64-bit float is
+                // which on a DEMOTED program is twice a `double` uniform's storage - its 64-bit
-                // narrowed before the module reaches a backend, so the slot holds floats. The
+                // floats were narrowed before the module reached a backend, so the slot holds
-                // typed entry points (glGetUniformdv and friends) go through
+                // floats. The typed entry points (glGetUniformdv and friends) go through
                 // GetUniformScalar_State, which converts component by component; this raw
                 // copy has no type to convert with, so it is bounded rather than converted.
                 Memcpy(params, pUBO + offset, std::min<SizeT>(size, span));
@@ -958,8 +988,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         auto offset = programObject->GetUniformOffset(location);
         auto size = programObject->GetUniformSizesInBytes(location);
         char* pUBO = static_cast<char*>(programObject->MapUBO());
-        auto* ttype = programObject->GetUniformTType(location);
+        const auto& ttype = programObject->GetUniformTypeFacts(location);
-        const SizeT span = UniformStorageSpanInBytes(ttype, size);
+        const Bool nativeFloat64 = programObject->UsesNativeFloat64();
+        const SizeT span = UniformStorageSpanInBytes(ttype, size, nativeFloat64);
         if (pUBO == nullptr || offset == MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject::kInvalidUniformOffset ||
             offset + span > programObject->GetUBOSize()) {
             MGLOG_E_ONCE("%s: uniform at program %u location %d has no backing storage; returning nothing", __func__,
@@ -971,28 +1002,38 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             if (TryGatherFloatMatrixColumns(ttype, pUBO + offset, params)) return;
         }
 
-        // A double-precision uniform is the one case where the stored component type differs
+        // A double-precision uniform is the one case where the stored component type can differ
-        // from the DECLARED one for a non-opaque uniform: the shader's 64-bit floats are
+        // from the DECLARED one for a non-opaque uniform: on a DEMOTED program the shader's
-        // narrowed to 32 bits before the module reaches a backend
+        // 64-bit floats were narrowed to 32 before the module reached the backend
         // (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass), so what is in the global UBO is a float per
         // component, laid out exactly like the float-typed twin of this uniform - std140
         // 16-byte column stride for a matrix included. Reading it as a GLdouble would return
-        // two components reinterpreted as one. Read component by component and let GL's
+        // two components reinterpreted as one. A program that KEPT its doubles stores real ones
+        // at the dvec4 column stride instead, so the width and the stride both move; everything
+        // else about this walk is the same. Read component by component either way and let GL's
         // conversion rules (7.6: round to nearest for the integer queries) apply; the value
-        // widens back to the queried type, having lost precision at the glUniform*d that
+        // widens back to the queried type, having lost precision - where it lost any - at the
-        // stored it and not here.
+        // glUniform*d that stored it and not here.
-        if (ttype->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtDouble) {
+        if (ttype.isDouble) {
-            const Int columns = ttype->isMatrix() ? ttype->getMatrixCols() : 1;
+            const Int columns = ttype.isMatrix ? ttype.matrixCols : 1;
-            const Int rows = ttype->isMatrix() ? ttype->getMatrixRows()
+            const Int rows = ttype.isMatrix ? ttype.matrixRows
-                                               : (ttype->isVector() ? ttype->getVectorSize() : 1);
+                                               : (ttype.isVector ? ttype.vectorSize : 1);
-            // std140 gives every matrix column its own 16-byte slot; a non-matrix is one
+            // A non-matrix is one tightly packed run and never reaches the stride at all.
-            // tightly packed run and never reaches the stride at all.
+            const SizeT columnStride =
-            const SizeT columnStride = 4 * sizeof(GLfloat);
+                MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject::UniformMatrixColumnStride(ttype, nativeFloat64);
+            const SizeT componentSize = nativeFloat64 ? sizeof(GLdouble) : sizeof(GLfloat);
             for (Int column = 0; column < columns; ++column) {
                 for (Int row = 0; row < rows; ++row) {
-                    GLfloat component = 0.0f;
+                    GLdouble component = 0.0;
-                    Memcpy(&component, pUBO + offset + column * columnStride + row * sizeof(GLfloat),
+                    if (nativeFloat64) {
-                           sizeof(component));
+                        Memcpy(&component, pUBO + offset + column * columnStride + row * componentSize,
+                               sizeof(GLdouble));
+                    } else {
+                        GLfloat narrow = 0.0f;
+                        Memcpy(&narrow, pUBO + offset + column * columnStride + row * componentSize,
+                               sizeof(narrow));
+                        component = static_cast<GLdouble>(narrow);
+                    }
                     if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<T>) {
                         // Rounded to the nearest integer and clamped into the queried type's
                         // range, so a negative double read through glGetUniformuiv is 0
@@ -1191,8 +1232,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             Memcpy(pUBO + offset + byteOffsetInsideUniform, value, writeSize);
             programObject.MarkUBOContentDirty();
         } else {
-            auto* ttype = programObject.GetUniformTType(location);
+            const auto& ttype = programObject.GetUniformTypeFacts(location);
-            if (!ttype->isTexture() && !ttype->isImage()) return;
+            if (!ttype.isTexture && !ttype.isImage) return;
             if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<std::remove_cv_t<T>, GLint> || ItemCount != 1) {
                 MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                     ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
@@ -1263,17 +1304,45 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         }
     }
 
-    // glUniform*d / glUniformMatrix*dv. Neither needs a layout of its own any more: the
+    // Whether the program a uniform write is about to land in stores 64-bit floats at their
-    // transpile chain narrows every 64-bit float in the shader to 32 bits
+    // declared width. Answered off the PROGRAM, never off the live backend: it describes the
+    // modules that were actually built for it, and a backend with native fp64 still demotes a
+    // program whose vertex stage declares a Float64 input (see ProgramSpirvTask::GenerateSpirv).
+    // Nullptr - no current program, or a name that is not a program - answers false and lets the
+    // callee record the same error it always did.
+    Bool CurrentProgramUsesNativeFloat64() {
+        if (MG_State::pGLContext == nullptr) return false;
+        const auto& programObject = MG_State::pGLContext->GetProgramForUniform();
+        return programObject != nullptr && programObject->UsesNativeFloat64();
+    }
+
+    Bool NamedProgramUsesNativeFloat64(GLuint program) {
+        const auto& programObject = TryToGetProgramObject(program);
+        return programObject != nullptr && programObject->GetLinkStatus() && programObject->UsesNativeFloat64();
+    }
+
+    // glUniform*d / glUniformMatrix*dv. On a DEMOTED program neither needs a layout of its own:
+    // the transpile chain narrowed every 64-bit float in the shader to 32
     // (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass) and the global UBO is laid out by reflecting that
     // demoted module, so a double uniform's storage IS a float uniform's - same offset, same
     // 4-byte components, same std140 column padding for matrices. Narrowing here, at the one
     // place the 64-bit value enters, and then handing the bytes to the ordinary float upload
-    // path is what keeps the two in step; a separate double-shaped layout here would write
+    // path is what keeps the two in step; a separate double-shaped layout there would write
     // 8-byte components into 4-byte slots and silently address the wrong ones.
     //
-    // The narrowing is the same static_cast the shader's own arithmetic now performs, so the
+    // The narrowing is the same static_cast the demoted shader's own arithmetic performs, so the
     // value the shader reads is the value glUniform*d was given, at float precision.
+    //
+    // On a program that KEPT its doubles the reverse is true and for the same reason: its global
+    // UBO really does hold 8-byte components, so narrowing would leave a float bit pattern in the
+    // low half of a double slot - which is not a precision loss but a garbage value. The 64-bit
+    // values go through unchanged then, and the upload path is width-agnostic (it is templated on
+    // the component type and bounded by the uniform's own slot span).
+    //
+    // Note TryToGetProgramObject / GetProgramForUniform run TWICE on this path, once for the
+    // width question and once inside the call below. That is a lookup and a join on an entry
+    // point no shader pack uses; the alternative is duplicating both functions' whole validation
+    // sequence here, which is the thing that must not drift.
     template <GLsizei ItemCount>
     void UniformvNarrowed_State(GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) {
         if (value == nullptr || count <= 0) {
@@ -1282,6 +1351,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             Uniformv_State<ItemCount>(location, count, reinterpret_cast<const GLfloat*>(value));
             return;
         }
+        if (location != -1 && CurrentProgramUsesNativeFloat64()) {
+            Uniformv_State<ItemCount>(location, count, value);
+            return;
+        }
         Vector<GLfloat> narrowed(static_cast<SizeT>(count) * ItemCount);
         for (SizeT i = 0; i < narrowed.size(); ++i) narrowed[i] = static_cast<GLfloat>(value[i]);
         Uniformv_State<ItemCount>(location, count, narrowed.data());
@@ -1293,6 +1366,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             ProgramUniformv_State<ItemCount>(program, location, count, reinterpret_cast<const GLfloat*>(value));
             return;
         }
+        if (location != -1 && NamedProgramUsesNativeFloat64(program)) {
+            ProgramUniformv_State<ItemCount>(program, location, count, value);
+            return;
+        }
         Vector<GLfloat> narrowed(static_cast<SizeT>(count) * ItemCount);
         for (SizeT i = 0; i < narrowed.size(); ++i) narrowed[i] = static_cast<GLfloat>(value[i]);
         ProgramUniformv_State<ItemCount>(program, location, count, narrowed.data());
@@ -1344,15 +1421,63 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         }
     }
 
-    // glUniformMatrix*dv / glProgramUniformMatrix*dv. Narrowed to the float form and handed
+    // glUniformMatrix*dv / glProgramUniformMatrix*dv on a program that KEPT its doubles. Same
-    // straight to it: after DemoteFloat64Pass a `dmat4` uniform is a `mat4` in the shader and a
+    // walk as UniformMatrixfv_Object down to the last branch, and deliberately a copy of it
-    // mat4-shaped slot in the global UBO, columns padded to a vec4 and all. Everything else
+    // rather than a template over the component type: the two differ in exactly one number that
-    // about the call - transpose handling, the array-element walk, the opaque-uniform refusal -
+    // is not derivable from the component type alone - std140 pads a double matrix's column out
-    // is then the one implementation both spellings share.
+    // to a dvec4 (32 bytes) unless the column is a dvec2, which is already 16 - and folding that
+    // into the float version would put a per-call branch on the hot glUniformMatrix4fv path
+    // Minecraft calls thousands of times a frame for a case no shader pack ever takes.
+    template <typename Program>
+    void UniformMatrixdvNative_Object(Program& programObject, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose,
+                                      const GLdouble* value, Int columns, Int rows,
+                                      const String& ownerDescription) {
+        const SizeT columnStride = rows <= 2 ? 2 * sizeof(GLdouble) : 4 * sizeof(GLdouble);
+        const SizeT componentCount = static_cast<SizeT>(columns) * static_cast<SizeT>(rows);
+        GLdouble column[4] = {};
+        for (GLint matrix = 0; matrix < count; ++matrix) {
+            if (matrix > 0 && !programObject.UniformLocationsAliasSameUniform(location, location + matrix)) break;
+            if (!programObject.IsValidUniformLocation(location + matrix)) {
+                RecordInvalidUniformLocationError("glUniformMatrixdv", location + matrix, ownerDescription);
+                return;
+            }
+            if (programObject.IsUniformOpaqueAtLocation(location + matrix)) {
+                MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", "glUniformMatrixdv",
+                                                 "Opaque uniforms cannot be set with matrix Uniform calls."));
+                return;
+            }
+            const GLdouble* source = value + static_cast<SizeT>(matrix) * componentCount;
+            for (Int c = 0; c < columns; ++c) {
+                for (Int r = 0; r < rows; ++r) {
+                    column[r] = transpose == GL_TRUE ? source[r * columns + c] : source[c * rows + r];
+                }
+                const SizeT byteOffset = static_cast<SizeT>(c) * columnStride;
+                switch (rows) {
+                case 2: Uniform_State<2>(programObject, location + matrix, column, byteOffset); break;
+                case 3: Uniform_State<3>(programObject, location + matrix, column, byteOffset); break;
+                default: Uniform_State<4>(programObject, location + matrix, column, byteOffset); break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // glUniformMatrix*dv / glProgramUniformMatrix*dv. On a DEMOTED program this narrows to the
+    // float form and hands it straight over: after DemoteFloat64Pass a `dmat4` uniform is a
+    // `mat4` in the shader and a mat4-shaped slot in the global UBO, columns padded to a vec4
+    // and all. Everything else about the call - transpose handling, the array-element walk, the
+    // opaque-uniform refusal - is then the one implementation both spellings share. A program
+    // that kept its doubles gets the same walk at double width and the wider column stride.
     template <typename Program>
     void UniformMatrixdv_Object(Program& programObject, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose,
                                 const GLdouble* value, Int columns, Int rows) {
         if (value == nullptr || count <= 0) return;
+        if (programObject.UsesNativeFloat64()) {
+            UniformMatrixdvNative_Object(programObject, location, count, transpose, value, columns, rows,
+                                         "the current program object");
+            return;
+        }
         const SizeT componentCount = static_cast<SizeT>(columns) * static_cast<SizeT>(rows);
         Vector<GLfloat> narrowed(static_cast<SizeT>(count) * componentCount);
         for (SizeT i = 0; i < narrowed.size(); ++i) narrowed[i] = static_cast<GLfloat>(value[i]);
@@ -1694,7 +1819,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             return GL_INVALID_INDEX;
         }
 
-        const auto& index = programObject->GetUniformBlockIndex(uniformBlockName);
+        // GetGlUniformBlockIndex, not GetUniformBlockIndex: the latter answers in the internal
+        // block space, which also resolves storage blocks and the synthesized atomic counter
+        // blocks. Neither is a uniform block (GL 4.6 core 7.6), so both are GL_INVALID_INDEX here.
+        const auto index = programObject->GetGlUniformBlockIndex(uniformBlockName);
         MGLOG_D("GBI prog=%u name='%s' -> %d", program, uniformBlockName ? uniformBlockName : "(null)", (Int)index);
         return index;
     }
@@ -1708,7 +1836,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                                              "Program object" + std::to_string(program) + " that has been linked."));
             return;
         }
-        if (!programObject->IsActiveUniformBlock(uniformBlockIndex)) {
+        if (!programObject->IsActiveGlUniformBlock(uniformBlockIndex)) {
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                 ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
                 MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
@@ -1719,8 +1847,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                         std::to_string(program) + "."));
             return;
         }
+        // The GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK index space skips the storage and atomic counter blocks the
+        // block-keyed tables still carry; translate before touching them.
+        const Uint blockIndex = static_cast<Uint>(programObject->BlockIndexFromGlUniformBlock(uniformBlockIndex));
         MGLOG_D("UBB prog=%u idx=%u binding=%u", program, uniformBlockIndex, uniformBlockBinding);
-        programObject->SetUniformBlockBinding(uniformBlockIndex, uniformBlockBinding);
+        programObject->SetUniformBlockBinding(blockIndex, uniformBlockBinding);
     }
 
     void GetActiveUniformBlockiv_State(GLuint program, GLuint uniformBlockIndex, GLenum pname, GLint* params) {
@@ -1732,7 +1863,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                                              "Program object" + std::to_string(program) + " that has been linked."));
             return;
         }
-        if (!programObject->IsActiveUniformBlock(uniformBlockIndex)) {
+        if (!programObject->IsActiveGlUniformBlock(uniformBlockIndex)) {
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                 ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
                 MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
@@ -1743,61 +1874,68 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                         std::to_string(program) + "."));
             return;
         }
+        // The GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK index space skips the storage and atomic counter blocks the
+        // block-keyed tables still carry; every accessor below is indexed by the block space.
+        const Uint blockIndex = static_cast<Uint>(programObject->BlockIndexFromGlUniformBlock(uniformBlockIndex));
         switch (pname) {
         case GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_DATA_SIZE: {
-            *params = (GLint)programObject->GetUBOSizeAt(uniformBlockIndex);
+            *params = (GLint)programObject->GetUBOSizeAt(blockIndex);
             MGLOG_D("%s: GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_DATA_SIZE = %d", __func__, *params);
             break;
         }
         case GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_NAME_LENGTH: {
-            *params = (GLint)programObject->GetUniformBlockName(uniformBlockIndex).length() + 1;
+            *params = (GLint)programObject->GetUniformBlockName(blockIndex).length() + 1;
             MGLOG_D("%s: GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_NAME_LENGTH = %d", __func__, *params);
             break;
         }
         case GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS: {
-            *params = programObject->GetUniformBlockActiveUniformCount(uniformBlockIndex);
+            *params = programObject->GetUniformBlockActiveUniformCount(blockIndex);
             MGLOG_D("%s: GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS = %d", __func__, *params);
             break;
         }
         case GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_BINDING: {
-            *params = static_cast<GLint>(programObject->GetUniformBlockBinding(uniformBlockIndex));
+            *params = static_cast<GLint>(programObject->GetUniformBlockBinding(blockIndex));
             MGLOG_D("%s: GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_BINDING = %d", __func__, *params);
             break;
         }
         case GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_VERTEX_SHADER:
-            *params = BoolToGLInt(programObject->IsUniformBlockReferencedByStage(uniformBlockIndex, EShLangVertex));
+            *params = BoolToGLInt(programObject->IsUniformBlockReferencedByStage(blockIndex, EShLangVertex));
             MGLOG_D("%s: GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_VERTEX_SHADER = %d", __func__, *params);
             break;
         case GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER:
             *params =
-                BoolToGLInt(programObject->IsUniformBlockReferencedByStage(uniformBlockIndex, EShLangTessControl));
+                BoolToGLInt(programObject->IsUniformBlockReferencedByStage(blockIndex, EShLangTessControl));
             MGLOG_D("%s: GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER = %d", __func__, *params);
             break;
         case GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER:
             *params =
-                BoolToGLInt(programObject->IsUniformBlockReferencedByStage(uniformBlockIndex, EShLangTessEvaluation));
+                BoolToGLInt(programObject->IsUniformBlockReferencedByStage(blockIndex, EShLangTessEvaluation));
             MGLOG_D("%s: GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER = %d", __func__, *params);
             break;
         case GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_GEOMETRY_SHADER:
-            *params = BoolToGLInt(programObject->IsUniformBlockReferencedByStage(uniformBlockIndex, EShLangGeometry));
+            *params = BoolToGLInt(programObject->IsUniformBlockReferencedByStage(blockIndex, EShLangGeometry));
             MGLOG_D("%s: GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_GEOMETRY_SHADER = %d", __func__, *params);
             break;
         case GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_FRAGMENT_SHADER:
-            *params = BoolToGLInt(programObject->IsUniformBlockReferencedByStage(uniformBlockIndex, EShLangFragment));
+            *params = BoolToGLInt(programObject->IsUniformBlockReferencedByStage(blockIndex, EShLangFragment));
             MGLOG_D("%s: GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_FRAGMENT_SHADER = %d", __func__, *params);
             break;
         case GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_COMPUTE_SHADER:
-            *params = BoolToGLInt(programObject->IsUniformBlockReferencedByStage(uniformBlockIndex, EShLangCompute));
+            *params = BoolToGLInt(programObject->IsUniformBlockReferencedByStage(blockIndex, EShLangCompute));
             MGLOG_D("%s: GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_COMPUTE_SHADER = %d", __func__, *params);
             break;
         case GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_INDICES: {
             // Member entries of an arrayed block are recorded against the first instance;
             // every instance of the array reports that shared member set (matches
             // GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS, which scans with the same owner index).
-            const Int ownerIndex = static_cast<Int>(programObject->GetUniformBlockMemberOwnerIndex(uniformBlockIndex));
+            //
+            // Both sides of the comparison are BLOCK indices: GetUniformBlockMemberOwnerIndex
+            // answers in that space, so the scan uses GetActiveUniformOwnerBlockIndex rather
+            // than the GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK-space GetActiveUniformBlockIndex.
+            const Int ownerIndex = static_cast<Int>(programObject->GetUniformBlockMemberOwnerIndex(blockIndex));
             GLint uniformIndexCount = 0;
             for (Uint uniformIndex = 0; uniformIndex < programObject->GetUniformCount(); ++uniformIndex) {
-                if (programObject->GetActiveUniformBlockIndex(uniformIndex) != ownerIndex) {
+                if (programObject->GetActiveUniformOwnerBlockIndex(uniformIndex) != ownerIndex) {
                     continue;
                 }
                 params[uniformIndexCount++] = static_cast<GLint>(uniformIndex);
@@ -1827,7 +1965,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                                                  " is not a program object that has been linked."));
             return;
         }
-        if (!programObject->IsActiveUniformBlock(uniformBlockIndex)) {
+        if (!programObject->IsActiveGlUniformBlock(uniformBlockIndex)) {
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                 ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
                 MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
@@ -1837,7 +1975,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                         "not the index of an active uniform block in program."));
             return;
         }
-        const auto& name = programObject->GetUniformBlockName(uniformBlockIndex);
+        const auto& name = programObject->GetUniformBlockName(
+            static_cast<Uint>(programObject->BlockIndexFromGlUniformBlock(uniformBlockIndex)));
         CopyStr(bufSize, length, uniformBlockName, name.c_str(), (GLsizei)name.length());
         MGLOG_D("%s: \"%s\" at uniformBlockIndex %02d, length = %d", __func__, uniformBlockName, uniformBlockIndex,
                 length ? *length : 0);
@@ -2835,6 +2974,73 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         return ProgramInterface::GetResourceLocationIndex(*programObject, programInterface, name);
     }
 
+    // GL 4.6 §7.7. Every property this reports is one the GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER interface
+    // already carries, so this is a rename of glGetProgramResourceiv's props onto the older
+    // entry point's - and the two are required to agree, which is only true while both read the
+    // same model. It was a silent stub: it wrote nothing, raised nothing, and left every probe
+    // reading its own uninitialised output.
+    static Bool TryMapActiveAtomicCounterBufferProp(GLenum pname, GLenum& outProp) {
+        switch (pname) {
+        case GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_BINDING:
+            outProp = GL_BUFFER_BINDING;
+            return true;
+        case GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_DATA_SIZE:
+            outProp = GL_BUFFER_DATA_SIZE;
+            return true;
+        case GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_ACTIVE_ATOMIC_COUNTERS:
+            outProp = GL_NUM_ACTIVE_VARIABLES;
+            return true;
+        case GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_ACTIVE_ATOMIC_COUNTER_INDICES:
+            outProp = GL_ACTIVE_VARIABLES;
+            return true;
+        case GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_REFERENCED_BY_VERTEX_SHADER:
+            outProp = GL_REFERENCED_BY_VERTEX_SHADER;
+            return true;
+        case GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER:
+            outProp = GL_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER;
+            return true;
+        case GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER:
+            outProp = GL_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER;
+            return true;
+        case GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_REFERENCED_BY_GEOMETRY_SHADER:
+            outProp = GL_REFERENCED_BY_GEOMETRY_SHADER;
+            return true;
+        case GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_REFERENCED_BY_FRAGMENT_SHADER:
+            outProp = GL_REFERENCED_BY_FRAGMENT_SHADER;
+            return true;
+        case GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_REFERENCED_BY_COMPUTE_SHADER:
+            outProp = GL_REFERENCED_BY_COMPUTE_SHADER;
+            return true;
+        default:
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void GetActiveAtomicCounterBufferiv(GLuint program, GLuint bufferIndex, GLenum pname, GLint* params) {
+        auto& programObject = TryToGetProgramForInterfaceQuery(program, __func__);
+        if (!programObject) return;
+        GLenum prop = GL_NONE;
+        if (!TryMapActiveAtomicCounterBufferProp(pname, prop)) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidEnum,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", __func__,
+                                             "pname is not an active atomic counter buffer property."));
+            return;
+        }
+        Vector<GLint> values;
+        if (!ProgramInterface::GetResourceProp(*programObject, GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER, bufferIndex, prop, values)) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", __func__,
+                                             "bufferIndex is not an active atomic counter buffer index."));
+            return;
+        }
+        if (params == nullptr) return;
+        // GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_ACTIVE_ATOMIC_COUNTER_INDICES is the only multi-value property
+        // here, and the caller sized its array from _ACTIVE_ATOMIC_COUNTERS.
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < values.size(); ++i) params[i] = values[i];
+    }
+
     // GL 4.6 §7.6.2: <storageBlockIndex> is an active shader storage block index of <program>
     // - that is, exactly what glGetProgramResourceIndex(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCK) returned.
     // Since wave 2 that index is the interface-query layer's, so this is where the one index

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/GL_Program.h

@@ -140,6 +140,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                               const GLenum* props, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei* length, GLint* params);
     GLint GetProgramResourceLocation(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, const GLchar* name);
     GLint GetProgramResourceLocationIndex(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, const GLchar* name);
+    void GetActiveAtomicCounterBufferiv(GLuint program, GLuint bufferIndex, GLenum pname, GLint* params);
     void ShaderStorageBlockBinding(GLuint program, GLuint storageBlockIndex, GLuint storageBlockBinding);
     void Uniform1d(GLint location, GLdouble v0);
     void Uniform1dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value);

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/ProgramInterface.cpp

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
         // "<getAtomicCounterBlockName()>_<binding>" (ParseContextBase.cpp), one per GL
         // atomic-counter binding point. That block IS the GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER resource
         // and its trailing number IS GL_BUFFER_BINDING; its members stay GL_UNIFORMs.
-        constexpr const char* kAtomicCounterBlockPrefix = "gl_AtomicCounterBlock";
+        constexpr const char* kAtomicCounterBlockPrefix = MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ATOMIC_COUNTER_BLOCK_PREFIX;
 
         enum class BlockKind {
             Uniform,       // a real GL uniform block
@@ -81,19 +81,18 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
         // The enumerated spelling of an array resource is "name[0]". glslang already applies
         // that to uniforms and buffer variables (EShReflectionBasicArraySuffix), but never to
         // stage inputs/outputs, so those get it here.
-        String WithArraySuffix(const String& name, const glslang::TType* type) {
+        String WithArraySuffix(const String& name, const ProgramObject::TypeFacts& type) {
-            if (type == nullptr || !type->isArray() || EndsWithZeroSubscript(name)) return name;
+            if (!type.isArray || EndsWithZeroSubscript(name)) return name;
             return name + "[0]";
         }
 
         // GL_ARRAY_SIZE: element count for a sized array, 0 for a runtime-sized one
         // (a shader storage block's unsized trailing member), 1 for a non-array.
-        GLint ArraySizeOf(const glslang::TType* type, GLint reflectedSize) {
+        // `record.arraySize` is already the sized-array/reflected-size resolution; the only
-            if (type != nullptr && type->isArray()) {
+        // extra rule here is GL's 0 for a runtime-sized array.
-                if (!type->isSizedArray()) return 0;
+        GLint ArraySizeOf(const ProgramObject::ResourceReflection& record) {
-                return type->getOuterArraySize();
+            if (record.type.isArray && !record.type.isSizedArray) return 0;
-            }
+            return record.arraySize;
-            return reflectedSize < 1 ? 1 : reflectedSize;
         }
 
         // Two spellings name the same resource when they are equal, or differ only by the
@@ -174,22 +173,21 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
             return static_cast<GLint>(element);
         }
 
-        BlockKind ClassifyBlock(const glslang::TObjectReflection& block) {
+        BlockKind ClassifyBlock(const ProgramObject::BlockReflection& block) {
             if (std::strstr(block.name.c_str(), MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::GLOBAL_UBO_NAME) != nullptr) {
                 return BlockKind::GlobalUbo;
             }
             if (IsAtomicCounterBlockName(block.name)) return BlockKind::AtomicCounter;
-            const glslang::TType* type = block.getType();
+            if (block.type.isBuffer) return BlockKind::Storage;
-            if (type != nullptr && type->getQualifier().storage == glslang::EvqBuffer) return BlockKind::Storage;
             return BlockKind::Uniform;
         }
 
         // std140/std430 column stride, the same vec4-rounded rule ProgramObject applies to
         // uniform matrices. 0 for a non-matrix.
-        GLint MatrixStrideOf(const glslang::TType* type) {
+        GLint MatrixStrideOf(const ProgramObject::TypeFacts& type) {
-            if (type == nullptr || !type->isMatrix()) return 0;
+            if (!type.isMatrix) return 0;
-            const bool rowMajor = type->getQualifier().layoutMatrix == glslang::ElmRowMajor;
+            const bool rowMajor = type.layoutMatrix == static_cast<Int>(glslang::ElmRowMajor);
-            const int strideVectorComponents = rowMajor ? type->getMatrixCols() : type->getMatrixRows();
+            const int strideVectorComponents = rowMajor ? type.matrixCols : type.matrixRows;
             constexpr int scalarSize = 4;
             const int vectorAlignment = (strideVectorComponents <= 1)    ? scalarSize
                                         : (strideVectorComponents == 2) ? 2 * scalarSize
@@ -197,9 +195,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
             return (vectorAlignment + 15) & ~15;
         }
 
-        GLint IsRowMajorOf(const glslang::TType* type) {
+        GLint IsRowMajorOf(const ProgramObject::TypeFacts& type) {
-            if (type == nullptr || !type->isMatrix()) return 0;
+            if (!type.isMatrix) return 0;
-            return type->getQualifier().layoutMatrix == glslang::ElmRowMajor ? 1 : 0;
+            return type.layoutMatrix == static_cast<Int>(glslang::ElmRowMajor) ? 1 : 0;
         }
 
         GLint MappedLocation(Int rawLocation) {
@@ -227,12 +225,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
         // Note the union is used even when it is empty: an array element nobody dereferenced has
         // no member bits and is genuinely referenced by nobody, which is the whole point - falling
         // back to the block's own mask there would restore the over-approximation.
-        Vector<Uint32> BuildBlockStagesFromMembers(const glslang::TProgram& reflection, Int blockCount) {
+        Vector<Uint32> BuildBlockStagesFromMembers(const ProgramObject::LinkArtifacts& reflection,
-            auto& mutableReflection = const_cast<glslang::TProgram&>(reflection);
+                                                    Int blockCount) {
             Vector<Uint32> stagesByBlock(static_cast<SizeT>(blockCount < 0 ? 0 : blockCount), 0u);
-            const Int uniformCount = mutableReflection.getNumUniformVariables();
+            const Int uniformCount = static_cast<Int>(reflection.uniformReflection.size());
             for (Int index = 0; index < uniformCount; ++index) {
-                const auto& uniform = mutableReflection.getUniform(index);
+                const auto& uniform = reflection.uniformReflection[index];
                 const Int owner = uniform.index;
                 if (owner < 0 || owner >= blockCount) continue;
                 stagesByBlock[static_cast<SizeT>(owner)] |= static_cast<Uint32>(uniform.stages);
@@ -250,7 +248,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
         // ss[1] and requires both to report the fragment stage, which only glslang's own
         // (deliberately over-approximating) block mask gets right. Storage and atomic-counter
         // blocks therefore keep that mask untouched.
-        Uint32 UniformBlockStages(const glslang::TObjectReflection& block, const Vector<Uint32>& stagesFromMembers,
+        Uint32 UniformBlockStages(const ProgramObject::BlockReflection& block, const Vector<Uint32>& stagesFromMembers,
                                   Int tIndex) {
             String arrayBase;
             Uint element = 0;
@@ -264,15 +262,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
             return stagesFromMembers[static_cast<SizeT>(tIndex)];
         }
 
-        void BuildBlocks(ProgramObject& program, const glslang::TProgram& reflection, Model& model,
+        void BuildBlocks(ProgramObject& program, const ProgramObject::LinkArtifacts& reflection, Model& model,
                          Vector<BlockKind>& blockKind, Vector<Int>& blockInterfaceIndex) {
-            const Int blockCount = const_cast<glslang::TProgram&>(reflection).getNumUniformBlocks();
+            const Int blockCount = static_cast<Int>(reflection.blockReflection.size());
             blockKind.assign(blockCount, BlockKind::Uniform);
             blockInterfaceIndex.assign(blockCount, -1);
             const Vector<Uint32> stagesFromMembers = BuildBlockStagesFromMembers(reflection, blockCount);
 
             for (Int tIndex = 0; tIndex < blockCount; ++tIndex) {
-                const auto& block = const_cast<glslang::TProgram&>(reflection).getUniformBlock(tIndex);
+                const auto& block = reflection.blockReflection[tIndex];
                 const BlockKind kind = ClassifyBlock(block);
                 blockKind[tIndex] = kind;
                 if (kind == BlockKind::AtomicCounter) {
@@ -293,7 +291,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
                     // glShaderStorageBlockBinding wins over the declaration (GL 4.6 §7.6.2 -
                     // exactly the same rule GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK follows through
                     // GetUniformBlockBinding below).
-                    const GLint declared = block.getBinding();
+                    const GLint declared = block.binding;
                     resource.bufferBinding = declared < 0 ? 0 : declared + BlockArrayElement(block.name);
                     const Int rebound = program.GetShaderStorageBlockBindingOverride(block.name);
                     if (rebound >= 0) resource.bufferBinding = static_cast<GLint>(rebound);
@@ -307,38 +305,53 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
             // GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK keeps the index space glUniformBlockBinding and
             // glGetActiveUniformBlockiv already use, so an index handed out here is usable
             // with them (which is exactly what the CTS does).
-            const Int glBlockCount = program.GetActiveUniformBlocksCount();
+            const Int glBlockCount = program.GetGlUniformBlockCount();
             for (Int glIndex = 0; glIndex < glBlockCount; ++glIndex) {
+                // The block-space index the block-keyed accessors want; the two spaces differ
+                // whenever the program also has a storage or atomic counter block, which
+                // glslang files under the same reflection list (no EShReflectionSeparateBuffers).
+                const Int blockIndex = program.BlockIndexFromGlUniformBlock(static_cast<Uint>(glIndex));
                 Resource resource;
-                resource.name = program.GetUniformBlockName(glIndex);
+                resource.name = program.GetUniformBlockName(static_cast<Uint>(blockIndex));
-                resource.bufferBinding = static_cast<GLint>(program.GetUniformBlockBinding(glIndex));
+                resource.bufferBinding = static_cast<GLint>(program.GetUniformBlockBinding(static_cast<Uint>(blockIndex)));
-                resource.bufferDataSize = static_cast<GLint>(program.GetUBOSizeAt(glIndex));
+                resource.bufferDataSize = static_cast<GLint>(program.GetUBOSizeAt(static_cast<Uint>(blockIndex)));
-                const Int tIndex = program.TProgramBlockIndex(static_cast<Uint>(glIndex));
+                const Int tIndex = program.TProgramBlockIndex(static_cast<Uint>(blockIndex));
                 if (tIndex >= 0 && tIndex < blockCount) {
-                    resource.stages = UniformBlockStages(const_cast<glslang::TProgram&>(reflection).getUniformBlock(tIndex),
+                    resource.stages = UniformBlockStages(reflection.blockReflection[tIndex],
                                                       stagesFromMembers, tIndex);
                 }
                 model.uniformBlocks.push_back(Move(resource));
             }
         }
 
-        void BuildUniformsAndBufferVariables(ProgramObject& program, const glslang::TProgram& reflection, Model& model,
+        void BuildUniformsAndBufferVariables(ProgramObject& program,
+                                             const ProgramObject::LinkArtifacts& reflection, Model& model,
                                              const Vector<BlockKind>& blockKind,
                                              const Vector<Int>& blockInterfaceIndex) {
-            const Uint uniformCount = program.GetUniformCount();
+            // Walks the TPROGRAM uniform space, not the GL one. A buffer variable is not a GL
-            for (Uint glIndex = 0; glIndex < uniformCount; ++glIndex) {
+            // uniform (GL 4.6 core 7.3.1) and DoReflection therefore keeps it out of the GL
-                const Int tIndex = program.TProgramUniformIndex(glIndex);
+            // active-uniform index space - but GL_BUFFER_VARIABLE still has to enumerate it, and
-                const auto& refl = const_cast<glslang::TProgram&>(reflection).getUniform(tIndex);
+            // this is the only place that does. GL uniforms keep their GL index as their
-                const glslang::TType* type = refl.getType();
+            // GL_UNIFORM resource index: the GL space is a subsequence of this one, so pushing
+            // the GL-visible entries in this order preserves the correspondence.
+            const Int tUniformCount = static_cast<Int>(reflection.uniformReflection.size());
+            for (Int tIndex = 0; tIndex < tUniformCount; ++tIndex) {
+                const auto& refl = ProgramObject::UniformAtIn(reflection, tIndex);
+                const auto& type = refl.type;
                 const Int owner = refl.index;
                 const BlockKind kind = (owner >= 0 && owner < static_cast<Int>(blockKind.size()))
                                            ? blockKind[owner]
                                            : BlockKind::GlobalUbo;
+                const Int glIndex = program.GlUniformIndexFromTProgram(tIndex);
+                // Everything except a buffer variable is enumerated through the GL space, so a
+                // uniform the relaxed parse swept out of it (a declared-but-dead default-block
+                // one) stays out of GL_UNIFORM too.
+                if (kind != BlockKind::Storage && glIndex < 0) continue;
 
                 Resource resource;
                 resource.name = refl.name;
                 resource.type = static_cast<GLenum>(refl.glDefineType);
-                resource.arraySize = ArraySizeOf(type, refl.size);
+                resource.arraySize = ArraySizeOf(refl);
                 resource.stages = static_cast<Uint32>(refl.stages);
 
                 if (kind == BlockKind::Storage) {
@@ -366,11 +379,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
                     resource.atomicCounterBufferIndex = blockInterfaceIndex[owner];
                     resource.location = -1;
                 } else {
-                    resource.blockIndex = program.GetActiveUniformBlockIndex(glIndex);
+                    const Uint glUniformIndex = static_cast<Uint>(glIndex);
-                    resource.offset = program.GetActiveUniformOffset(glIndex);
+                    resource.blockIndex = program.GetActiveUniformBlockIndex(glUniformIndex);
-                    resource.arrayStride = program.GetActiveUniformArrayStride(glIndex);
+                    resource.offset = program.GetActiveUniformOffset(glUniformIndex);
-                    resource.matrixStride = program.GetActiveUniformMatrixStride(glIndex);
+                    resource.arrayStride = program.GetActiveUniformArrayStride(glUniformIndex);
-                    resource.isRowMajor = program.GetActiveUniformIsRowMajor(glIndex);
+                    resource.matrixStride = program.GetActiveUniformMatrixStride(glUniformIndex);
+                    resource.isRowMajor = program.GetActiveUniformIsRowMajor(glUniformIndex);
                     // A member of a named uniform block has no location, whatever the
                     // frontend's own location table says (it hands one out to every uniform
                     // so glUniform* can address block members through the global UBO).
@@ -389,12 +403,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
                         static_cast<GLuint>(i));
                 }
             }
-            for (SizeT blockIndex = 0; blockIndex < model.uniformBlocks.size(); ++blockIndex) {
+            for (SizeT glBlockIndex = 0; glBlockIndex < model.uniformBlocks.size(); ++glBlockIndex) {
                 // Members of an arrayed block are reflected once, against instance [0].
-                const Int owner = static_cast<Int>(program.GetUniformBlockMemberOwnerIndex(static_cast<Uint>(blockIndex)));
+                // GetUniformBlockMemberOwnerIndex takes and answers BLOCK indices, while
+                // Resource::blockIndex is a GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK index, so translate both ways.
+                const Int blockIndex = program.BlockIndexFromGlUniformBlock(static_cast<Uint>(glBlockIndex));
+                const Int owner = program.GlUniformBlockIndexFromBlock(
+                    static_cast<Int>(program.GetUniformBlockMemberOwnerIndex(static_cast<Uint>(blockIndex))));
                 for (SizeT i = 0; i < model.uniforms.size(); ++i) {
                     if (model.uniforms[i].blockIndex == owner) {
-                        model.uniformBlocks[blockIndex].activeVariables.push_back(static_cast<GLuint>(i));
+                        model.uniformBlocks[glBlockIndex].activeVariables.push_back(static_cast<GLuint>(i));
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -414,17 +432,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
         // program that redeclares `out gl_PerVertex { vec4 gl_Position; }` still carries
         // gl_PointSize and gl_ClipDistance through the block-unwrapping reflection, and they
         // are not part of its output interface.
-        Bool IsHiddenBlockMember(const glslang::TType* type) {
+        Bool IsHiddenBlockMember(const ProgramObject::TypeFacts& type) { return type.isVoid; }
-            return type != nullptr && type->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtVoid;
-        }
 
-        void BuildStageIO(ProgramObject& program, const glslang::TProgram& reflection, Model& model) {
+        void BuildStageIO(ProgramObject& program, const ProgramObject::LinkArtifacts& reflection, Model& model) {
-            auto& mutableReflection = const_cast<glslang::TProgram&>(reflection);
+            const Int inputCount = static_cast<Int>(reflection.pipeInputReflection.size());
-
-            const Int inputCount = mutableReflection.getNumPipeInputs();
             for (Int index = 0; index < inputCount; ++index) {
-                const auto& refl = mutableReflection.getPipeInput(index);
+                const auto& refl = reflection.pipeInputReflection[index];
-                const glslang::TType* type = refl.getType();
+                const auto& type = refl.type;
                 if (IsHiddenBlockMember(type)) continue;
                 Resource resource;
                 // The Vulkan-semantics parse reflects the vertex builtins under their SPIR-V
@@ -432,10 +446,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
                 const String& glName = ProgramObject::NormalizeBuiltinPipeInputName(refl.name);
                 resource.name = WithArraySuffix(glName, type);
                 resource.type = static_cast<GLenum>(refl.glDefineType);
-                resource.arraySize = ArraySizeOf(type, refl.size);
+                resource.arraySize = ArraySizeOf(refl);
                 resource.location = program.GetAttributeLocation(refl.name);
-                if (resource.location < 0) resource.location = MappedLocation(static_cast<Int>(refl.layoutLocation()));
+                if (resource.location < 0) resource.location = MappedLocation(refl.location);
-                resource.isPerPatch = (type != nullptr && type->getQualifier().patch) ? 1 : 0;
+                resource.isPerPatch = type.isPatch ? 1 : 0;
                 resource.stages = static_cast<Uint32>(refl.stages);
                 model.programInputs.push_back(Move(resource));
             }
@@ -447,16 +461,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
             // carries its own layout(location=N)), and a location then manufactures a color
             // index of 0 where GL requires -1
             // (KHR-GL43.program_interface_query.separate-programs-tess-control).
-            const Bool lastStageIsFragment = mutableReflection.getIntermediate(EShLangFragment) != nullptr;
+            const Bool lastStageIsFragment = reflection.lastStageIsFragment;
-            const Int outputCount = mutableReflection.getNumPipeOutputs();
+            const Int outputCount = static_cast<Int>(reflection.pipeOutputReflection.size());
             for (Int index = 0; index < outputCount; ++index) {
-                const auto& refl = mutableReflection.getPipeOutput(index);
+                const auto& refl = reflection.pipeOutputReflection[index];
-                const glslang::TType* type = refl.getType();
+                const auto& type = refl.type;
                 if (IsHiddenBlockMember(type)) continue;
                 Resource resource;
                 resource.name = WithArraySuffix(refl.name, type);
                 resource.type = static_cast<GLenum>(refl.glDefineType);
-                resource.arraySize = ArraySizeOf(type, refl.size);
+                resource.arraySize = ArraySizeOf(refl);
                 resource.location = MappedLocation(program.GetFragmentDataLocation(refl.name.c_str()));
                 if (resource.location < 0 || !lastStageIsFragment) {
                     // A built-in output (gl_FragDepth, gl_SampleMask) has no location, and a
@@ -467,11 +481,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
                     resource.locationIndex = program.GetFragmentDataIndex(refl.name.c_str());
                     // glBindFragDataLocationIndexed wins; otherwise the shader's
                     // layout(index = N), which the frag-data maps never saw.
-                    if (resource.locationIndex == 0 && type != nullptr && type->getQualifier().hasIndex()) {
+                    if (resource.locationIndex == 0 && type.hasIndex) {
-                        resource.locationIndex = static_cast<GLint>(type->getQualifier().layoutIndex);
+                        resource.locationIndex = static_cast<GLint>(type.layoutIndex);
                     }
                 }
-                resource.isPerPatch = (type != nullptr && type->getQualifier().patch) ? 1 : 0;
+                resource.isPerPatch = type.isPatch ? 1 : 0;
                 resource.stages = static_cast<Uint32>(refl.stages);
                 model.programOutputs.push_back(Move(resource));
             }
@@ -511,15 +525,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
         Model BuildModel(ProgramObject& program) {
             Model model;
             if (!program.GetLinkStatus()) return model;
-            const glslang::TProgram* reflection = program.GetReflection();
+            const ProgramObject::LinkArtifacts& reflection = program.GetLinkReflection();
-            if (reflection == nullptr) return model;
             model.valid = true;
 
             Vector<BlockKind> blockKind;
             Vector<Int> blockInterfaceIndex;
-            BuildBlocks(program, *reflection, model, blockKind, blockInterfaceIndex);
+            BuildBlocks(program, reflection, model, blockKind, blockInterfaceIndex);
-            BuildUniformsAndBufferVariables(program, *reflection, model, blockKind, blockInterfaceIndex);
+            BuildUniformsAndBufferVariables(program, reflection, model, blockKind, blockInterfaceIndex);
-            BuildStageIO(program, *reflection, model);
+            BuildStageIO(program, reflection, model);
             BuildXfb(program, model);
             return model;
         }

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Query/GL_Query.cpp

@@ -31,8 +31,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             Bool ended = false;
             Bool resultCached = false;
             Uint64 cachedResult = 0;
-            // Transform feedback primitive counter at BeginQuery time.
+            // The transform feedback primitive counter matching this query's target, at
+            // BeginQuery time.
             Uint64 counterSnapshot = 0;
+            // Capture-draw counters at BeginQuery time: how many capture draws the CPU
+            // accounting had reproduced exactly, and how many of those it could not (a
+            // geometry stage amplifies). Their deltas decide whether the CPU result may
+            // stand in for the backend's.
+            Uint64 accountedCaptureDrawSnapshot = 0;
+            Uint64 geometryCaptureDrawSnapshot = 0;
         };
 
         // Query calls may arrive from any thread (launchers migrate the context
@@ -122,6 +129,46 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             g_activeTimeElapsedQueryId = 0;
         }
 
+        // The CPU accounting counter a transform feedback query target reads: what the capture
+        // buffers took for GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_PRIMITIVES_WRITTEN, and everything the capture
+        // stage assembled - a paused span included - for GL_PRIMITIVES_GENERATED. One counter
+        // for both targets would report the clamped written count as the generated one.
+        Uint64 TransformFeedbackCounterForTarget(GLenum target) {
+            return target == GL_PRIMITIVES_GENERATED
+                       ? MG_State::pGLContext->GetTransformFeedbackGeneratedCounter()
+                       : MG_State::pGLContext->GetTransformFeedbackPrimitiveCounter();
+        }
+
+        // The span's CPU accounting delta. Saturating: a snapshot left above its counter (a
+        // context switch between Begin and End, a counter that never moved) would otherwise
+        // wrap to 2^64-1, which GetQueryObjectuiv hands the app as 4294967295.
+        Uint64 TransformFeedbackCpuResult(const QueryObject* queryObject) {
+            const Uint64 counter = TransformFeedbackCounterForTarget(queryObject->target);
+            return counter > queryObject->counterSnapshot ? counter - queryObject->counterSnapshot : 0;
+        }
+
+        // Whether this ended span's result should come from the CPU accounting rather than from
+        // the backend query it also ran. Three conditions, all necessary:
+        //   * the backend asked for it (DirectGLES, whose ES driver counter is the unreliable
+        //     one; DirectVulkan never sets the bit and so is untouched by any of this);
+        //   * the target is PRIMITIVES_WRITTEN. GL_PRIMITIVES_GENERATED counts primitives
+        //     whether or not a capture is active, and the accounting only ever sees capture
+        //     draws, so the backend's counter is the more complete answer there;
+        //   * the span was fully accounted: at least one capture draw reached the accounting
+        //     (the instanced, indirect and multi-draw entry points do not call it at all, so a
+        //     span made of those is invisible to it) and none of them amplified through a
+        //     geometry stage, which the CPU cannot model.
+        Bool PrefersCpuTransformFeedbackResult(const QueryObject* queryObject) {
+            if (!MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.PrefersCpuXfbPrimitiveAccounting) return false;
+            if (queryObject->target != GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_PRIMITIVES_WRITTEN) return false;
+            if (MG_State::pGLContext->GetTransformFeedbackGeometryCaptureDraws() !=
+                queryObject->geometryCaptureDrawSnapshot) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return MG_State::pGLContext->GetTransformFeedbackAccountedCaptureDraws() !=
+                   queryObject->accountedCaptureDrawSnapshot;
+        }
+
         // Shared GetQueryObject* implementation. Returns false when an error
         // was recorded and no value should be written back. `outValueProduced`, when given,
         // additionally distinguishes "succeeded with a value" from "succeeded but the result is not
@@ -407,7 +454,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             const auto beginXfbPrimitivesQuery = MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.BeginXfbPrimitivesQuery;
             queryObject->backendHandle =
                 beginXfbPrimitivesQuery ? beginXfbPrimitivesQuery(target == GL_PRIMITIVES_GENERATED) : nullptr;
-            queryObject->counterSnapshot = MG_State::pGLContext->GetTransformFeedbackPrimitiveCounter();
+            queryObject->counterSnapshot = TransformFeedbackCounterForTarget(target);
+            queryObject->accountedCaptureDrawSnapshot =
+                MG_State::pGLContext->GetTransformFeedbackAccountedCaptureDraws();
+            queryObject->geometryCaptureDrawSnapshot =
+                MG_State::pGLContext->GetTransformFeedbackGeometryCaptureDraws();
         } else if (isOcclusionQuery) {
             queryObject->backendHandle = MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.BeginOcclusionQuery();
         } else {
@@ -448,12 +499,21 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                 if (const auto endXfbPrimitivesQuery = MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.EndXfbPrimitivesQuery) {
                     endXfbPrimitivesQuery(queryObject->backendHandle);
                 }
-                // Result comes from the GPU query at read time.
+            }
-            } else {
+            // A backend query that is not going to be read is released here, not left to be
-                queryObject->cachedResult =
+            // collected later: the span is over, the driver object has nothing left to say.
-                    MG_State::pGLContext->GetTransformFeedbackPrimitiveCounter() - queryObject->counterSnapshot;
+            // Ending it first is what makes that legal.
+            if (!queryObject->backendHandle || PrefersCpuTransformFeedbackResult(queryObject)) {
+                if (queryObject->backendHandle) {
+                    if (const auto deleteBackendQuery = MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.DeleteBackendQuery) {
+                        deleteBackendQuery(queryObject->backendHandle);
+                    }
+                    queryObject->backendHandle = nullptr;
+                }
+                queryObject->cachedResult = TransformFeedbackCpuResult(queryObject);
                 queryObject->resultCached = true;
             }
+            // Otherwise the result comes from the GPU query at read time.
             queryObject->active = false;
             queryObject->ended = true;
             activeQueryId = 0;
@@ -505,6 +565,75 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         queryObject->ended = true;
     }
 
+    void BeginConditionalRender(GLuint id, GLenum mode) {
+        // GL 4.6 core 10.9's eight modes. The _INVERTED half flips the sense of the predicate;
+        // the BY_REGION half only narrows WHERE an implementation is permitted to discard, so
+        // treating it as its whole-framebuffer sibling is what an implementation without region
+        // granularity does. The _NO_WAIT half is a permission to render rather than stall, not an
+        // obligation - see the resolve below.
+        Bool inverted = false;
+        switch (mode) {
+        case GL_QUERY_WAIT:
+        case GL_QUERY_NO_WAIT:
+        case GL_QUERY_BY_REGION_WAIT:
+        case GL_QUERY_BY_REGION_NO_WAIT:
+            inverted = false;
+            break;
+        case GL_QUERY_WAIT_INVERTED:
+        case GL_QUERY_NO_WAIT_INVERTED:
+        case GL_QUERY_BY_REGION_WAIT_INVERTED:
+        case GL_QUERY_BY_REGION_NO_WAIT_INVERTED:
+            inverted = true;
+            break;
+        default:
+            RecordQueryError(ErrorCode::InvalidEnum, __FUNCTION__, "mode is not a conditional render mode.");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (MG_State::pGLContext->IsConditionalRenderActive()) {
+            RecordQueryError(ErrorCode::InvalidOperation, __FUNCTION__, "Conditional rendering is already active.");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        {
+            const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(g_queryObjectsMutex);
+            const auto* queryObject = FindQueryObjectLocked(id);
+            // A generated NAME is not yet a query object; it becomes one at its first use with a
+            // target (the same rule glIsQuery answers by).
+            if (!queryObject || (!queryObject->created && queryObject->target == 0)) {
+                RecordQueryError(ErrorCode::InvalidValue, __FUNCTION__, "id is not the name of a query object.");
+                return;
+            }
+            if (queryObject->active) {
+                RecordQueryError(ErrorCode::InvalidOperation, __FUNCTION__, "The query object is still active.");
+                return;
+            }
+            if (queryObject->target != GL_SAMPLES_PASSED && queryObject->target != GL_ANY_SAMPLES_PASSED &&
+                queryObject->target != GL_ANY_SAMPLES_PASSED_CONSERVATIVE) {
+                RecordQueryError(ErrorCode::InvalidOperation, __FUNCTION__,
+                                 "Conditional rendering requires an occlusion query object.");
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Resolved ONCE, here, and by WAITING even for the _NO_WAIT modes: the spec lets those
+        // render instead of stalling, so always waiting is conforming and is the only choice that
+        // gives the whole block one deterministic verdict. Reading it per command instead would
+        // let a result that lands mid-block change the answer half way through.
+        Uint64 samplesPassed = 0;
+        if (!GetQueryObjectValue(id, GL_QUERY_RESULT, __FUNCTION__, samplesPassed)) return;
+        const Bool passed = samplesPassed != 0;
+        MG_State::pGLContext->BeginConditionalRender(id, mode, inverted ? passed : !passed);
+    }
+
+    void EndConditionalRender() {
+        if (!MG_State::pGLContext->IsConditionalRenderActive()) {
+            RecordQueryError(ErrorCode::InvalidOperation, __FUNCTION__, "Conditional rendering is not active.");
+            return;
+        }
+        MG_State::pGLContext->EndConditionalRender();
+    }
+
     void GetQueryiv(GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint* params) {
         if (!params) {
             return;

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Query/GL_Query.h

@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     void GetQueryBufferObjecti64v(GLuint id, GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLintptr offset);
     void GetQueryBufferObjectui64v(GLuint id, GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLintptr offset);
     void QueryCounter(GLuint id, GLenum target);
+    // Conditional rendering (GL 4.6 core 10.9). Implemented here rather than beside the drawing
+    // entry points because the predicate is a QUERY OBJECT's result, and the object registry -
+    // with the lock that guards it - lives in this file.
+    void BeginConditionalRender(GLuint id, GLenum mode);
+    void EndConditionalRender();
     // Destroys every still-registered query object exactly as DeleteQueries would.
     // GL requires queries to die with their context; called only from full library
     // teardown (DestroyImpl), where no context survives on any thread, so the

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Sync/GL_Sync.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 #include "GL_Sync.h"
 #include <MG_Backend/BackendObjects.h>
+#include <MG_State/GLState/Core.h>
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     namespace {
@@ -35,6 +36,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     } // namespace
 
     GLsync FenceSync(GLenum condition, GLbitfield flags) {
+        // GL 4.6 core 4.1.2: GL_SYNC_GPU_COMMANDS_COMPLETE is the only condition and the only
+        // legal flags value is zero; both violations return 0 rather than a handle. A caller that
+        // then hands the 0 back to glDeleteSync hits the glDeleteSync(0) no-op below.
+        if (condition != GL_SYNC_GPU_COMMANDS_COMPLETE) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidEnum,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", __func__,
+                                             "condition must be GL_SYNC_GPU_COMMANDS_COMPLETE."));
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        if (flags != 0) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", __func__, "flags must be zero."));
+            return nullptr;
+        }
         auto* syncObject = new SyncObject;
         syncObject->condition = condition;
         syncObject->flags = flags;
@@ -64,6 +81,18 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     }
 
     void WaitSync(GLsync sync, GLbitfield flags, GLuint64 timeout) {
+        // GL 4.6 core 4.1.2: the server-side wait takes no flags and no finite timeout - both
+        // arguments exist only to be forward-compatible, and anything else is INVALID_VALUE.
+        // Neither backend ever honored a nonzero timeout (DirectGLES hard-codes
+        // 0/GL_TIMEOUT_IGNORED, DirectVulkan's queue ordering makes the wait implicit), so
+        // rejecting the call loses no wait that used to happen.
+        if (flags != 0 || timeout != GL_TIMEOUT_IGNORED) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", __func__,
+                                             "flags must be zero and timeout must be GL_TIMEOUT_IGNORED."));
+            return;
+        }
         const auto* syncObject = FindSyncObject(sync);
         if (!syncObject) {
             return;

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Texture/GL_Texture.cpp

@@ -474,15 +474,48 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                    target == TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisampleArray;
         }
 
-        Int GetMaxSupportedTextureSamples(TextureInternalFormat textureInternalFormat) {
+        // The largest count the backend actually probed for this format on this target, or 0 when
+        // it has no answer for the pair. Both backends build the list in descending order.
+        Int GetProbedMaxTextureSamples(TextureTarget textureTarget, TextureInternalFormat textureInternalFormat) {
+            if (MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject == nullptr) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+            const SizeT targetIndex = MG_Backend::GetFormatCapabilityTargetIndex(textureTarget);
+            const SizeT formatIndex = static_cast<SizeT>(textureInternalFormat);
+            if (targetIndex >= MG_Backend::kFormatCapabilityTargetCount ||
+                formatIndex >= MG_Backend::kFormatCapabilityFormatCount) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+            const auto& sampleCounts =
+                MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject->GetFormatCapabilities().SampleCounts[targetIndex][formatIndex];
+            return sampleCounts.empty() ? 0 : sampleCounts.front();
+        }
+
+        // The ceiling the frontend enforces, which must never be lower than the one MobileGL
+        // advertises: the CTS - and real applications - read GL_MAX_SAMPLES once and hand that
+        // exact count to glTexImage*Multisample for every format. Answering 4 there and then
+        // rejecting 4 here because the ES driver reports GL_MAX_INTEGER_SAMPLES 1 (Adreno) is a
+        // self-inconsistency, not a spec-mandated error. The backends clamp the count they hand
+        // the driver; the shadow state keeps reporting what the application asked for.
+        Int GetMaxSupportedTextureSamples(TextureTarget textureTarget,
+                                          TextureInternalFormat textureInternalFormat) {
             if (MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject == nullptr) {
                 return std::numeric_limits<Int>::max();
             }
 
+            const Int advertisedMaxSamples = GetAdvertisedMaxSamples();
+            // glGetInternalformativ(GL_SAMPLES) is answered from this very list (GetInternalformativ
+            // below), and GL 4.6 core 8.8 makes that query the definition of the per-format
+            // maximum - validating against anything else is how the two answers drifted apart.
+            const Int probedMaxSamples = GetProbedMaxTextureSamples(textureTarget, textureInternalFormat);
+            if (probedMaxSamples > 0) {
+                return std::max(probedMaxSamples, advertisedMaxSamples);
+            }
+
             const auto& dynamicParameters = MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject->GetDynamicParameters();
             if (MG_Util::IsDepthFormatInternalFormat(textureInternalFormat) ||
                 MG_Util::IsStencilFormatInternalFormat(textureInternalFormat)) {
-                return std::max(dynamicParameters.MaxDepthTextureSamples, 1);
+                return std::max(dynamicParameters.MaxDepthTextureSamples, advertisedMaxSamples);
             }
 
             GLenum normalizedInternalFormat = MG_Util::ConvertTextureInternalFormatToGLEnum(textureInternalFormat);
@@ -495,7 +528,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                                          normalizedFormat == GL_RGB_INTEGER || normalizedFormat == GL_RGBA_INTEGER;
             return std::max(isIntegerFormat ? dynamicParameters.MaxIntegerSamples
                                             : dynamicParameters.MaxColorTextureSamples,
-                            1);
+                            advertisedMaxSamples);
         }
 
         Bool ValidateTextureMultisampleStorage(TextureTarget textureTarget, GLsizei samples, GLsizei width,
@@ -532,7 +565,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             // dimensions, and GL CTS's per-case state reset (gluStateReset) clears the default
             // GL_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY texture with glTexImage3DMultisample(..., 0, 0, 0).
 
-            const Int maxSamples = GetMaxSupportedTextureSamples(textureInternalFormat);
+            const Int maxSamples = GetMaxSupportedTextureSamples(textureTarget, textureInternalFormat);
             if (samples > maxSamples) {
                 // GL specifies INVALID_OPERATION - not INVALID_VALUE - when the sample count
                 // exceeds what the format supports, and the native Adreno driver agrees.
@@ -557,6 +590,20 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                             "AllocateMultisampleTextureStorage requires mipmap-backed storage");
 
             auto* textureMipmapObject = static_cast<MG_State::GLState::TextureObjectMipmap*>(textureObject.get());
+            // GL 4.6 core 8.8: a zero-sized image DEALLOCATES the image rather than defining an
+            // empty one. Only the multisample pair cares, and it cares a great deal: the CTS's
+            // per-case state reset clears both DEFAULT multisample textures this way on every
+            // texture unit, and a "defined" 0x0 default texture stops being skipped by
+            // IsUndefinedDefaultTexture - it then joins the per-draw sync and bind passes on
+            // every unit the reset touched, and reaches an ES glTexStorage*Multisample(..., 0, 0)
+            // that ES 3.1 8.19 makes INVALID_VALUE on every driver there is. A proxy target holds
+            // no image at all, only the query result, so it keeps recording what was asked for.
+            if ((width <= 0 || height <= 0 || depth <= 0) &&
+                !TextureImpl::IsProxyTextureTarget(textureUploadTarget)) {
+                textureObject->SetInternalFormat(TextureInternalFormat::Unknown);
+                textureMipmapObject->TruncateMipmapLevels(textureUploadTarget, 0);
+                return;
+            }
             textureObject->SetInternalFormat(textureInternalFormat);
             textureObject->SetSamples(samples);
             textureObject->SetFixedSampleLocations(fixedsamplelocations == GL_TRUE);
@@ -614,21 +661,42 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                                              "Compressed texture formats are not supported."));
         }
 
-        // glGetTexLevelParameter{i,f}v answers WIDTH/HEIGHT/DEPTH out of the mipmap chain. The only
+        // GL_TEXTURE_WIDTH of a buffer texture: how many texels of the texture's internal format fit
-        // other storage type the state layer knows is GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER (TextureStorageType is
+        // in the buffer range it addresses, CLAMPED to GL_MAX_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE. Attaching a larger
-        // {Mipmap, Buffer}), whose level geometry this stack does not track yet. Report that instead
+        // buffer is legal (GL 4.6 core 8.9) - the texture simply addresses the first
-        // of throwing: THROW_UNIMPL_EXCEPTION unwinds a C++ exception through the C GL ABI and takes
+        // MAX_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE texels of it, and that clamped count is what WIDTH reports.
-        // the process down, which is never an acceptable answer to a query - see the same reasoning
+        //
-        // above for the compressed-format path.
+        // GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE is deliberately NOT clamped the same way: it reports the range in
+        // basic machine units exactly as glTexBuffer/glTexBufferRange were given it. Swapping the two
+        // fails KHR-GL43.texture_buffer.texture_buffer_max_size in the opposite direction.
+        GLint GetBufferTextureTexelWidth(const MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* textureObject) {
+            const SizeT texelByteSize = MG_Util::GetSizedInternalFormatSizeInBytes(textureObject->GetFormat());
+            // A format with no known footprint has no texel count to report; answering 0 beats
+            // dividing by it.
+            if (texelByteSize == 0) return 0;
+            const auto* bufferTextureObject =
+                static_cast<const MG_State::GLState::TextureObjectBuffer*>(textureObject);
+            const SizeT texelCount = bufferTextureObject->GetBufferRangeSizeInBytes() / texelByteSize;
+            const SizeT maxTexelCount = static_cast<SizeT>(
+                std::max(0, MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject->GetDynamicParameters().MaxTextureBufferSize));
+            return static_cast<GLint>(std::min(texelCount, maxTexelCount));
+        }
+
+        // glGetTexLevelParameter{i,f}v answers WIDTH/HEIGHT/DEPTH out of the mipmap chain, and (since
+        // the buffer-texture arms above) out of the attached buffer range for GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER. This
+        // is what is left: a storage class with no level geometry at all. Report it instead of
+        // throwing - THROW_UNIMPL_EXCEPTION unwinds a C++ exception through the C GL ABI and takes the
+        // process down, which is never an acceptable answer to a query - see the same reasoning above
+        // for the compressed-format path.
         void RecordUnsupportedLevelQueryStorage(const char* caller, GLenum pname) {
-            MGLOG_W_ONCE("%s: glGetTexLevelParameter(pname=%s) is not implemented for texture-buffer "
+            MGLOG_W_ONCE("%s: glGetTexLevelParameter(pname=%s) is not implemented for this texture's "
-                    "storage; recording GL_INVALID_OPERATION instead of terminating",
+                    "storage class; recording GL_INVALID_OPERATION instead of terminating",
                     caller, MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToString(pname).c_str());
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                 ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
                 MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
                     "MG_Impl/GLImpl", caller,
-                    "Level queries are not supported for texture-buffer storage."));
+                    "Level queries are not supported for this texture's storage class."));
         }
     } // namespace
 
@@ -644,6 +712,34 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         return textureObject;
     }
 
+    // Whether a raw internalformat enum names a compressed format - the question GL asks whenever an
+    // entry point is forbidden on a compressed image: glTexStorage3D on TEXTURE_3D (no
+    // block-compressed format is defined for a three-dimensional image, so it is INVALID_OPERATION
+    // rather than the INVALID_ENUM an unknown sized format gets - GL 4.6 core 8.19 / Khronos bug
+    // 11239, KHR-GLxx.texture_storage.compressed_data) and the clear-texture pair (8.19 again).
+    // Written against the enum ranges rather than a name list because the families are contiguous
+    // and MobileGL's own internal-format enum drops the ones it cannot carry, which would make this
+    // check silently narrower than the API surface.
+    static Bool IsCompressedGLInternalFormat(GLenum internalformat) {
+        switch (internalformat) {
+        case 0x8225: // GL_COMPRESSED_RED
+        case 0x8226: // GL_COMPRESSED_RG
+        case 0x84ED: // GL_COMPRESSED_RGB
+        case 0x84EE: // GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA
+        case 0x8C48: // GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB
+        case 0x8C49: // GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB_ALPHA
+            return true;
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+        return (internalformat >= 0x83F0 && internalformat <= 0x83F3) || // S3TC / DXT
+               (internalformat >= 0x8DBB && internalformat <= 0x8DBE) || // RGTC
+               (internalformat >= 0x8E8C && internalformat <= 0x8E8F) || // BPTC
+               (internalformat >= 0x9270 && internalformat <= 0x9279) || // ETC2 / EAC
+               (internalformat >= 0x93B0 && internalformat <= 0x93BD) || // ASTC LDR
+               (internalformat >= 0x93D0 && internalformat <= 0x93DD);   // ASTC sRGB
+    }
+
     namespace {
         void RecordClearTextureError(const char* caller, ErrorCode code, const String& message) {
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
@@ -679,6 +775,21 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                                         std::format("Texture level {} is not defined.", level));
                 return nullptr;
             }
+            // GL 4.6 core 8.19: a compressed internal format is INVALID_OPERATION for both clear
+            // entry points. Two tags to ask, because they answer different questions: the stored
+            // one covers a level glCompressedTexImage* or a SPECIFIC compressed internalformat
+            // defined, the requested one covers the six generic GL_COMPRESSED_* enums that MobileGL
+            // deliberately backs with uncompressed storage (see MipmapStorage) and that would
+            // otherwise look like an ordinary RGBA8 image by the time the clear runs.
+            const auto& uploadTargets = mipmapTexture->GetUploadTargets();
+            if (!uploadTargets.empty() &&
+                (mipmapTexture->GetMipmapCompressedFormat(uploadTargets[0], static_cast<Uint>(level)) != GL_NONE ||
+                 mipmapTexture->GetMipmapRequestedCompressedFormat(uploadTargets[0], static_cast<Uint>(level)) !=
+                     GL_NONE)) {
+                RecordClearTextureError(caller, ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                                        "Compressed textures cannot be cleared.");
+                return nullptr;
+            }
             return mipmapTexture;
         }
 
@@ -2150,6 +2261,26 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         } else {
             DiscardMipmapChainOnBaseRespecification(textureMipmapObject, textureUploadTarget, level);
             textureMipmapObject->AllocateStorage(textureUploadTarget, level, {{width, height, depth}, internalBytes});
+            // The same specific-compressed-format tag glTexImage2D records (see TexImage2D_State):
+            // GL 4.6 core 8.5 commits the level to that format, so GL_TEXTURE_COMPRESSED and
+            // GL_TEXTURE_INTERNAL_FORMAT must report it - and, less obviously, glCopyImageSubData
+            // sizes the level's texel BLOCK from it. Without the tag a GL_COMPRESSED_RG_RGTC2
+            // array level measured as the RG8 storage it resolved to, 2 bytes instead of 16, and
+            // the copy-compatibility rule refused a pairing 18.3.2 requires. AllocateStorage above
+            // clears the tag, so this has to follow it.
+            const auto compressedInfo = MG_Util::GetCompressedFormatInfo(static_cast<GLenum>(internalformat));
+            if (compressedInfo.blockWidth != 0) {
+                textureMipmapObject->SetMipmapCompressedImage(
+                    textureUploadTarget, level, static_cast<GLenum>(internalformat), nullptr,
+                    MG_Util::CalculateCompressedTextureImageSize(compressedInfo, {width, height, depth}));
+            }
+            // Also after AllocateStorage, which clears it. Records the generic GL_COMPRESSED_*
+            // enums too, which the tag above deliberately skips - glClearTexImage has to refuse
+            // them all (GL 4.6 core 8.19).
+            if (IsCompressedGLInternalFormat(static_cast<GLenum>(internalformat))) {
+                textureMipmapObject->SetMipmapRequestedCompressedFormat(textureUploadTarget, level,
+                                                                        static_cast<GLenum>(internalformat));
+            }
         }
 
         if (!originalPixels) {
@@ -2296,6 +2427,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                     textureUploadTarget, level, static_cast<GLenum>(internalformat), nullptr,
                     MG_Util::CalculateCompressedTextureImageSize(compressedInfo, {width, height, 1}));
             }
+            // Also after AllocateStorage, which clears it. Records the generic GL_COMPRESSED_*
+            // enums too, which the tag above deliberately skips - glClearTexImage has to refuse
+            // them all (GL 4.6 core 8.19).
+            if (IsCompressedGLInternalFormat(static_cast<GLenum>(internalformat))) {
+                textureMipmapObject->SetMipmapRequestedCompressedFormat(textureUploadTarget, level,
+                                                                        static_cast<GLenum>(internalformat));
+            }
         }
 
         if (!originalPixels) {
@@ -2384,6 +2522,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         if (!isProxy) {
             DiscardMipmapChainOnBaseRespecification(textureMipmapObject, textureUploadTarget, level);
             textureMipmapObject->AllocateStorage(textureUploadTarget, level, {{width, 1, 1}, internalBytes});
+            // After AllocateStorage, which clears the tag. No block-compressed format has a 1D
+            // layout, so only the specific-format tag the 2D/3D paths record is skipped here - the
+            // request itself still has to be remembered for glClearTexImage (GL 4.6 core 8.19).
+            if (IsCompressedGLInternalFormat(static_cast<GLenum>(internalFormat))) {
+                textureMipmapObject->SetMipmapRequestedCompressedFormat(textureUploadTarget, level,
+                                                                        static_cast<GLenum>(internalFormat));
+            }
         }
 
         if (!originalPixels) {
@@ -2935,6 +3080,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                 *params = textureObject->GetSamplerObject()->GetMaxAnisotropy();
             }
             break;
+        // GL 4.6 core 8.11 lists this among the parameters EVERY GetTexParameter form answers.
+        // It was handled by the iv/Iiv/Iuiv getters and missed by this one, so the float query
+        // raised GL_INVALID_ENUM and left the caller's float untouched - which is what
+        // KHR-GL4x.shader_image_load_store.basic-api-texParam reads back.
+        case GL_IMAGE_FORMAT_COMPATIBILITY_TYPE:
+            if (params) {
+                *params = static_cast<GLfloat>(GL_IMAGE_FORMAT_COMPATIBILITY_BY_SIZE);
+            }
+            break;
         case GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_TEXTURE_MODE:
             if (params) {
                 *params = static_cast<GLfloat>(textureObject->GetDepthStencilTextureMode());
@@ -2984,6 +3138,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                     *params = textureMipmapObject->GetMipmapTexelSize(textureUploadTarget, level).x();
                     break;
                 }
+                case TextureStorageType::Buffer:
+                    *params = GetBufferTextureTexelWidth(textureObject.get());
+                    break;
                 default:
                     RecordUnsupportedLevelQueryStorage("GetTexLevelParameteriv_State", pname);
                     break;
@@ -2999,6 +3156,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                     *params = textureMipmapObject->GetMipmapTexelSize(textureUploadTarget, level).y();
                     break;
                 }
+                case TextureStorageType::Buffer:
+                    *params = 1; // a buffer texture is one-dimensional
+                    break;
                 default:
                     RecordUnsupportedLevelQueryStorage("GetTexLevelParameteriv_State", pname);
                     break;
@@ -3014,6 +3174,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                     *params = textureMipmapObject->GetMipmapTexelSize(textureUploadTarget, level).z();
                     break;
                 }
+                case TextureStorageType::Buffer:
+                    *params = 1; // a buffer texture is one-dimensional
+                    break;
                 default:
                     RecordUnsupportedLevelQueryStorage("GetTexLevelParameteriv_State", pname);
                     break;
@@ -3083,6 +3246,31 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             }
             break;
         }
+        case GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE:
+        case GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_OFFSET: {
+            // GL 4.6 core 8.9: both describe the window of the attached buffer a GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER
+            // texture addresses, so there is nothing to report for any other storage - which is
+            // INVALID_OPERATION, the same shape GL_TEXTURE_COMPRESSED_IMAGE_SIZE guards itself with
+            // above.
+            if (textureObject->GetStorageType() != TextureStorageType::Buffer) {
+                MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
+                        "MG_Impl/GLImpl", "GetTexLevelParameteriv_State",
+                        "GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE / GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_OFFSET need a buffer texture."));
+                return;
+            }
+            if (params) {
+                const auto* bufferTextureObject =
+                    static_cast<MG_State::GLState::TextureObjectBuffer*>(textureObject.get());
+                // Basic machine units, and UNCLAMPED - see GetBufferTextureTexelWidth for why this
+                // half does not take the GL_MAX_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE clamp that WIDTH does.
+                *params = static_cast<GLint>(pname == GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE
+                                                 ? bufferTextureObject->GetBufferRangeSizeInBytes()
+                                                 : bufferTextureObject->GetBufferRangeOffset());
+            }
+            break;
+        }
         default:
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                 ErrorCode::InvalidEnum, MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", "GetTexLevelParameteriv_State",
@@ -3122,6 +3310,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                     *params = (GLfloat)textureMipmapObject->GetMipmapTexelSize(textureUploadTarget, level).x();
                     break;
                 }
+                case TextureStorageType::Buffer:
+                    *params = (GLfloat)GetBufferTextureTexelWidth(textureObject.get());
+                    break;
                 default:
                     RecordUnsupportedLevelQueryStorage("GetTexLevelParameterfv_State", pname);
                     break;
@@ -3137,6 +3328,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                     *params = (GLfloat)textureMipmapObject->GetMipmapTexelSize(textureUploadTarget, level).y();
                     break;
                 }
+                case TextureStorageType::Buffer:
+                    *params = 1.0f; // a buffer texture is one-dimensional
+                    break;
                 default:
                     RecordUnsupportedLevelQueryStorage("GetTexLevelParameterfv_State", pname);
                     break;
@@ -3152,6 +3346,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                     *params = (GLfloat)textureMipmapObject->GetMipmapTexelSize(textureUploadTarget, level).z();
                     break;
                 }
+                case TextureStorageType::Buffer:
+                    *params = 1.0f; // a buffer texture is one-dimensional
+                    break;
                 default:
                     RecordUnsupportedLevelQueryStorage("GetTexLevelParameterfv_State", pname);
                     break;
@@ -3219,6 +3416,27 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             }
             break;
         }
+        case GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE:
+        case GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_OFFSET: {
+            // See GetTexLevelParameteriv_State: both describe the attached buffer range of a
+            // GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER texture, so any other storage makes the query INVALID_OPERATION.
+            if (textureObject->GetStorageType() != TextureStorageType::Buffer) {
+                MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
+                        "MG_Impl/GLImpl", "GetTexLevelParameterfv_State",
+                        "GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE / GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_OFFSET need a buffer texture."));
+                return;
+            }
+            if (params) {
+                const auto* bufferTextureObject =
+                    static_cast<MG_State::GLState::TextureObjectBuffer*>(textureObject.get());
+                *params = static_cast<GLfloat>(pname == GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE
+                                                   ? bufferTextureObject->GetBufferRangeSizeInBytes()
+                                                   : bufferTextureObject->GetBufferRangeOffset());
+            }
+            break;
+        }
         default:
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                 ErrorCode::InvalidEnum, MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", "GetTexLevelParameterfv_State",
@@ -3365,9 +3583,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.CopyTexSubImage2D(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, x, y, width, height);
     }
 
-    void CopyImageSubData_Backend(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& srcTexture,
+    void CopyImageSubData_Backend(const MG_Backend::CopyImageEndpoint& src,
                                   GLenum srcTarget, GLint srcLevel, GLint srcX, GLint srcY, GLint srcZ,
-                                  const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& dstTexture,
+                                  const MG_Backend::CopyImageEndpoint& dst,
                                   GLenum dstTarget, GLint dstLevel, GLint dstX, GLint dstY, GLint dstZ,
                                   GLsizei srcWidth, GLsizei srcHeight, GLsizei srcDepth) {
         auto copyImageSubData = MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable.GL.CopyImageSubData;
@@ -3378,7 +3596,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                                              "Backend does not support image-to-image copies."));
             return;
         }
-        copyImageSubData(srcTexture, srcTarget, srcLevel, srcX, srcY, srcZ, dstTexture, dstTarget, dstLevel, dstX,
+        copyImageSubData(src, srcTarget, srcLevel, srcX, srcY, srcZ, dst, dstTarget, dstLevel, dstX,
                          dstY, dstZ, srcWidth, srcHeight, srcDepth);
     }
 
@@ -3425,9 +3643,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         // the ~30 entry points that reach it through a BOUND object (where the name was never
         // in question and the fault is the binding), so this is a local rule rather than a
         // change to the helper.
-        Bool ValidateCopyImageObjectExists(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& textureObject,
+        Bool ValidateCopyImageObjectExists(const MG_Backend::CopyImageEndpoint& endpoint,
                                            const char* endpointName) {
-            if (textureObject) return true;
+            if (endpoint.Exists()) return true;
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                 ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
                 MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
@@ -3451,21 +3669,166 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                                 MG_Util::ConvertTextureTargetToString(textureObject->GetTarget()))));
             return false;
         }
-    } // namespace
 
-    Bool ValidateCopyImageSubData_State(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& srcTexture,
+        // ---- The questions ValidateCopyImageSubData_State asks of one endpoint. ---------------
-                                        GLenum srcTarget, GLint srcLevel, GLint srcX, GLint srcY,
+        // A renderbuffer answers all of them directly: it has exactly one image, no mip chain and
-                                        const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& dstTexture,
+        // no sampler state, and it carries its own internal format and extent.
-                                        GLenum dstTarget, GLint dstLevel, GLint dstX, GLint dstY,
+
-                                        GLsizei srcWidth, GLsizei srcHeight, GLsizei srcDepth) {
+        Int GetCopyImageEndpointSamples(const MG_Backend::CopyImageEndpoint& endpoint) {
-        if (!ValidateCopyImageObjectExists(srcTexture, "source") ||
+            if (endpoint.IsRenderbuffer()) return endpoint.Renderbuffer->GetSamples();
-            !ValidateCopyImageObjectExists(dstTexture, "destination")) {
+            return endpoint.Texture->GetSamples();
+        }
+
+        TextureInternalFormat GetCopyImageEndpointFormat(const MG_Backend::CopyImageEndpoint& endpoint) {
+            if (endpoint.IsRenderbuffer()) return endpoint.Renderbuffer->GetInternalFormat();
+            return endpoint.Texture->GetFormat();
+        }
+
+        // A renderbuffer has level 0 and nothing else, and the failure is the same INVALID_VALUE
+        // ValidateTextureLevelExists records for a level a texture does not have.
+        Bool ValidateCopyImageEndpointLevelExists(const MG_Backend::CopyImageEndpoint& endpoint, GLint level,
+                                                  const char* caller) {
+            if (!endpoint.IsRenderbuffer()) {
+                return TextureImpl::ValidateTextureLevelExists(endpoint.Texture, level, caller);
+            }
+            if (level == 0) return true;
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", caller, "A renderbuffer has only level 0."));
             return false;
         }
-        const auto srcTextureTarget = MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToTextureTarget(srcTarget);
+
-        const auto dstTextureTarget = MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToTextureTarget(dstTarget);
+        // Targets with no mip chain have q == level_base by definition (GL 4.6 core 8.17), so no
-        if (!TextureImpl::ValidateTextureTarget(srcTextureTarget) ||
+        // minification filter can make them mipmap incomplete - while the shared predicate derives
-            !TextureImpl::ValidateTextureTarget(dstTextureTarget)) {
+        // q from the base level's size alone and would call a 16x16 multisample image incomplete.
+        Bool CopyImageTargetHasMipmapChain(TextureTarget target) {
+            switch (target) {
+            case TextureTarget::TextureRectangle:
+            case TextureTarget::TextureBuffer:
+            case TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisample:
+            case TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisampleArray:
+                return false;
+            default:
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Bool IsCopyImageEndpointComplete(const MG_Backend::CopyImageEndpoint& endpoint) {
+            // A renderbuffer is complete exactly when it has storage - there is nothing else it
+            // could be missing.
+            if (endpoint.IsRenderbuffer()) return endpoint.Renderbuffer->IsAllocated();
+            const auto* texture = endpoint.Texture.get();
+            if (!texture) return false;
+            // 18.3.2 asks for TEXTURE completeness, which GL 4.6 core 8.17 defines to include the
+            // MIP CHAIN whenever the minification filter samples it - and ITextureObject::
+            // IsComplete() only answers the storage half (an internal format, and no zero-size
+            // level in the middle of the chain). A texture with level 0 alone and the default
+            // NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR filter is incomplete, which is exactly how
+            // KHR-GL43.copy_image.incomplete_tex builds its subject.
+            //
+            // The filter is the texture's OWN: copy-image never goes through a texture unit, so no
+            // sampler object is in play. An immutable texture is unaffected - glTexStorage clamps
+            // TEXTURE_MAX_LEVEL to levels-1, which is what makes a single-level immutable texture
+            // mipmap complete under any filter.
+            const auto& sampler = texture->GetSamplerObject();
+            const Bool mipmapped = CopyImageTargetHasMipmapChain(texture->GetTarget()) && sampler &&
+                                   sampler->GetMipmapMode() != SamplerMipmapMode::None;
+            return MG_State::GLState::IsMipmapCompleteForFilter(texture, mipmapped);
+        }
+
+        GLenum GetCopyImageEndpointCompressedFormat(const MG_Backend::CopyImageEndpoint& endpoint,
+                                                    TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget, GLint level) {
+            if (endpoint.IsRenderbuffer()) return GL_NONE;
+            return GetCompressedLevelFormat(endpoint.Texture, uploadTarget, level);
+        }
+
+        IntVec3 GetCopyImageEndpointLevelSize(const MG_Backend::CopyImageEndpoint& endpoint,
+                                              TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget, GLint level) {
+            if (endpoint.IsRenderbuffer()) {
+                return {endpoint.Renderbuffer->GetWidth(), endpoint.Renderbuffer->GetHeight(), 1};
+            }
+            return GetCopyImageLevelSize(endpoint.Texture, uploadTarget, level);
+        }
+
+        // The per-axis extent of one endpoint's image AS THIS ENTRY POINT ADDRESSES IT, which is
+        // not always the level extent this frontend stores.
+        //
+        // GL 4.6 core 18.3.2 treats EVERY array texture as a stack of slices addressed by z, and
+        // gives a 1D array an image height of 1. This frontend stores a 1D array the way
+        // glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY, w, layers) writes it instead - layers on y - so the
+        // two views have to be told apart here. Measuring y against the LAYER count is what let
+        // srcY = 14 on a 16-wide, 16-layer 1D array come back GL_NO_ERROR
+        // (KHR-GL43.copy_image.exceeding_boundaries, the src_test_case y variants); the CTS is
+        // unambiguous about the convention, forcing height = 1 for 1D and 1D_ARRAY and listing
+        // 1D_ARRAY as multilayer.
+        //
+        // A CUBE MAP is the other target whose z bound is not the level extent: this frontend
+        // keeps its six faces as six separate one-slice upload targets, so the level says 1 and
+        // the real bound is 6. A cube-map ARRAY is one upload target whose depth already counts
+        // layer-faces, and every remaining target is answered by the level extent verbatim.
+        IntVec3 GetCopyImageEndpointRegionBounds(const MG_Backend::CopyImageEndpoint& endpoint,
+                                                 const IntVec3& levelSize) {
+            const TextureTarget target = (!endpoint.IsRenderbuffer() && endpoint.Texture)
+                                             ? endpoint.Texture->GetTarget()
+                                             : TextureTarget::Unknown;
+            if (target == TextureTarget::TextureCubeMap) {
+                return {levelSize.x(), levelSize.y(), 6};
+            }
+            if (target == TextureTarget::Texture1DArray) {
+                return {levelSize.x(), 1, std::max(levelSize.y(), 1)};
+            }
+            return {levelSize.x(), levelSize.y(), std::max(levelSize.z(), 1)};
+        }
+
+        // GL 4.6 core 18.3.2 requires INVALID_VALUE when the region exceeds either image's
+        // boundaries. The only bounds-shaped call this validator used to make was
+        // ValidateCopyImageBlockAlignment, whose first line returns true for every UNCOMPRESSED
+        // format - so no uncompressed copy was bounded at all, and the z extent could not be
+        // bounded even in principle because srcZ/dstZ never reached the validator. Texture
+        // endpoints were covered only by accident, through the ES driver's own error, which the
+        // DirectGLES backend logs and swallows rather than reporting; a GL_RENDERBUFFER endpoint
+        // got neither (KHR-GL43.copy_image.exceeding_boundaries).
+        Bool ValidateCopyImageRegionBounds(const MG_Backend::CopyImageEndpoint& endpoint, const IntVec3& levelSize,
+                                           GLint x, GLint y, GLint z, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth,
+                                           const char* endpointName) {
+            // An extent this frontend does not know cannot bound anything, and guessing would
+            // reject a copy GL allows. Every caller has already established that the level
+            // exists and that the image is complete, so this is a belt-and-braces guard.
+            if (levelSize.x() <= 0 || levelSize.y() <= 0) return true;
+            const IntVec3 bounds = GetCopyImageEndpointRegionBounds(endpoint, levelSize);
+            if (x >= 0 && y >= 0 && z >= 0 && static_cast<Int64>(x) + width <= bounds.x() &&
+                static_cast<Int64>(y) + height <= bounds.y() && static_cast<Int64>(z) + depth <= bounds.z()) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
+                    "MG_Impl/GLImpl", "ValidateCopyImageSubData_State",
+                    std::format("The {} region [{}, {}, {}] + [{} x {} x {}] does not fit inside the {} x {} x {} "
+                                "image.",
+                                endpointName, x, y, z, width, height, depth, bounds.x(), bounds.y(), bounds.z())));
+            return false;
+        }
+    } // namespace
+
+    Bool ValidateCopyImageSubData_State(const MG_Backend::CopyImageEndpoint& src,
+                                        GLenum srcTarget, GLint srcLevel, GLint srcX, GLint srcY, GLint srcZ,
+                                        const MG_Backend::CopyImageEndpoint& dst,
+                                        GLenum dstTarget, GLint dstLevel, GLint dstX, GLint dstY, GLint dstZ,
+                                        GLsizei srcWidth, GLsizei srcHeight, GLsizei srcDepth) {
+        if (!ValidateCopyImageObjectExists(src, "source") ||
+            !ValidateCopyImageObjectExists(dst, "destination")) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // GL_RENDERBUFFER has no TextureTarget to convert to, and it needs none: it is its own
+        // whole-image target, and the endpoint that carries it was resolved from the renderbuffer
+        // namespace, so it matches its object by construction.
+        const auto srcTextureTarget =
+            src.IsRenderbuffer() ? TextureTarget::Unknown : MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToTextureTarget(srcTarget);
+        const auto dstTextureTarget =
+            dst.IsRenderbuffer() ? TextureTarget::Unknown : MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToTextureTarget(dstTarget);
+        if ((!src.IsRenderbuffer() && !TextureImpl::ValidateTextureTarget(srcTextureTarget)) ||
+            (!dst.IsRenderbuffer() && !TextureImpl::ValidateTextureTarget(dstTextureTarget))) {
             return false;
         }
         // GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER and the cube FACE enums convert to a target this frontend knows, but
@@ -3473,8 +3836,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         if (!ValidateCopyImageTarget(srcTarget, "source") || !ValidateCopyImageTarget(dstTarget, "destination")) {
             return false;
         }
-        if (!ValidateCopyImageTargetMatchesObject(srcTexture, srcTextureTarget, "source") ||
+        if (!ValidateCopyImageTargetMatchesObject(src.Texture, srcTextureTarget, "source") ||
-            !ValidateCopyImageTargetMatchesObject(dstTexture, dstTextureTarget, "destination")) {
+            !ValidateCopyImageTargetMatchesObject(dst.Texture, dstTextureTarget, "destination")) {
             return false;
         }
         if (!TextureImpl::ValidateTextureLevelNumber(srcLevel) ||
@@ -3488,8 +3851,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         // driver as an out-of-range mip index - on Adreno that is a SIGSEGV inside
         // vkCmdCopyImage, which is what KHR-GL43.copy_image.non_existent_mipmap used to do to
         // the whole glcts process. The answer the spec asks for is GL_INVALID_VALUE.
-        if (!TextureImpl::ValidateTextureLevelExists(srcTexture, srcLevel, __func__) ||
+        if (!ValidateCopyImageEndpointLevelExists(src, srcLevel, __func__) ||
-            !TextureImpl::ValidateTextureLevelExists(dstTexture, dstLevel, __func__)) {
+            !ValidateCopyImageEndpointLevelExists(dst, dstLevel, __func__)) {
             return false;
         }
         if (srcWidth < 0 || srcHeight < 0 || srcDepth < 0) {
@@ -3505,43 +3868,55 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         // A multisample image can only be copied to one with the same sample count, and a
         // single-sample image reports zero - so this one comparison is also what rejects
         // copying between a multisample target and a non-multisample one.
-        if (srcTexture->GetSamples() != dstTexture->GetSamples()) {
+        const Int srcSamples = GetCopyImageEndpointSamples(src);
+        const Int dstSamples = GetCopyImageEndpointSamples(dst);
+        if (srcSamples != dstSamples) {
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                 ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
                 MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
                     "MG_Impl/GLImpl", __func__,
                     std::format("The two images have different sample counts ({} vs. {}).",
-                                srcTexture->GetSamples(), dstTexture->GetSamples())));
+                                srcSamples, dstSamples)));
             return false;
         }
         // 18.3.2: both images must be complete. An incomplete one has no defined texels to copy
         // and no defined storage to copy into.
-        if (!srcTexture->IsComplete() || !dstTexture->IsComplete()) {
+        const Bool srcComplete = IsCopyImageEndpointComplete(src);
+        const Bool dstComplete = IsCopyImageEndpointComplete(dst);
+        if (!srcComplete || !dstComplete) {
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                 ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
                 MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
                     "MG_Impl/GLImpl", __func__,
                     std::format("A copied image is incomplete (source complete: {}, destination complete: {}).",
-                                srcTexture->IsComplete(), dstTexture->IsComplete())));
+                                srcComplete, dstComplete)));
             return false;
         }
-        const auto srcUploadTarget = GetPrimaryUploadTarget(srcTexture);
+        const auto srcUploadTarget = GetPrimaryUploadTarget(src.Texture);
-        const auto dstUploadTarget = GetPrimaryUploadTarget(dstTexture);
+        const auto dstUploadTarget = GetPrimaryUploadTarget(dst.Texture);
         const auto srcBlock = TextureImpl::ResolveCopyImageTexelBlock(
-            srcTexture->GetFormat(), GetCompressedLevelFormat(srcTexture, srcUploadTarget, srcLevel));
+            GetCopyImageEndpointFormat(src), GetCopyImageEndpointCompressedFormat(src, srcUploadTarget, srcLevel));
         const auto dstBlock = TextureImpl::ResolveCopyImageTexelBlock(
-            dstTexture->GetFormat(), GetCompressedLevelFormat(dstTexture, dstUploadTarget, dstLevel));
+            GetCopyImageEndpointFormat(dst), GetCopyImageEndpointCompressedFormat(dst, dstUploadTarget, dstLevel));
         if (!TextureImpl::ValidateCopyImageFormatCompatibility(srcBlock, dstBlock)) {
             return false;
         }
-        const IntVec3 srcLevelSize = GetCopyImageLevelSize(srcTexture, srcUploadTarget, srcLevel);
+        const IntVec3 srcLevelSize = GetCopyImageEndpointLevelSize(src, srcUploadTarget, srcLevel);
-        const IntVec3 dstLevelSize = GetCopyImageLevelSize(dstTexture, dstUploadTarget, dstLevel);
+        const IntVec3 dstLevelSize = GetCopyImageEndpointLevelSize(dst, dstUploadTarget, dstLevel);
         if (!TextureImpl::ValidateCopyImageBlockAlignment(srcBlock, srcX, srcY, srcWidth, srcHeight,
                                                           srcLevelSize.x(), srcLevelSize.y(), "source") ||
             !TextureImpl::ValidateCopyImageBlockAlignment(dstBlock, dstX, dstY, srcWidth, srcHeight,
                                                           dstLevelSize.x(), dstLevelSize.y(), "destination")) {
             return false;
         }
+        // One region extent, measured against both images: GL 4.6 core 18.3.2 gives the copy a
+        // single width/height/depth and requires it to fit in the source AND the destination.
+        if (!ValidateCopyImageRegionBounds(src, srcLevelSize, srcX, srcY, srcZ, srcWidth, srcHeight, srcDepth,
+                                           "source") ||
+            !ValidateCopyImageRegionBounds(dst, dstLevelSize, dstX, dstY, dstZ, srcWidth, srcHeight, srcDepth,
+                                           "destination")) {
+            return false;
+        }
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -4051,8 +4426,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             return false;
         }
 
-        // For a cube map this is exactly cube completeness: IsComplete() wants all six faces.
+        // GL 4.6 core 8.11.4 names cube completeness as the only completeness a readback requires,
-        if (!textureObject->IsComplete()) {
+        // and for a cube map that is exactly what IsComplete() answers (all six faces defined at
+        // every level). It must not speak for any other target: on a mip chain it also rejects
+        // "level N defined, the levels below it not", which is a perfectly readable texture at
+        // level N - and the shape glClearTexImage's conformance cases build, since they define
+        // only the level they clear. The requested level's own existence is checked below.
+        if ((target == TextureTarget::TextureCubeMap || target == TextureTarget::TextureCubeMapArray) &&
+            !textureObject->IsComplete()) {
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                 ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
                 MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", caller, "Texture is incomplete"));
@@ -4084,8 +4465,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         }
 
         // Shared format/type/internal-format matrix (packed-type pairing, depth-vs-color mismatch,
-        // integer-ness). Also rejects STENCIL_INDEX readback, which needs GL_ARB_texture_stencil8
+        // integer-ness). Also rejects a STENCIL_INDEX readback of anything but stencil-only
-        // (not advertised by MobileGL).
+        // storage, which is the only pairing GL 4.4 / ARB_texture_stencil8 ever made legal.
         if (!TextureImpl::ValidateTextureInternalFormatCompatibleWithInput(
                 textureInputFormat, textureObject->GetFormat(), texturePixelDataType)) {
             return false;
@@ -4111,33 +4492,48 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             const auto* textureMipmapObject =
                 static_cast<const MG_State::GLState::TextureObjectMipmap*>(textureObject.get());
             const auto& uploadTargets = textureObject->GetUploadTargets();
-            if (!uploadTargets.empty() && static_cast<Uint>(level) < textureMipmapObject->GetMipmapLevelCount()) {
+            // The half of the completeness gate above that GL does keep: the REQUESTED level has
-                // Tightly packed, and summed over every face because a cube map query returns all
+            // to hold an image. A name that was never given one carries no levels at all (which is
-                // six. Pack pixel-store state only ever grows this, so a request rejected here
+            // also what an Unknown internal format answers), and a chain grown to reach level N
-                // could not have fit under any packing.
+            // leaves every level below it at {0, 0, 0}.
-                const auto texelSize = textureMipmapObject->GetMipmapTexelSize(uploadTargets[0], level);
+            if (uploadTargets.empty() || static_cast<Uint>(level) >= textureMipmapObject->GetMipmapLevelCount()) {
-                const SizeT required = MG_Util::CalculateInputTextureImageSize(textureInputFormat,
+                MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
-                                                                               texturePixelDataType, texelSize) *
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
-                                       uploadTargets.size();
+                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", caller, "Texture level has no image to read back."));
+                return false;
+            }
+            const auto texelSize = textureMipmapObject->GetMipmapTexelSize(uploadTargets[0], level);
+            if (texelSize.x() <= 0 || texelSize.y() <= 0 || texelSize.z() <= 0) {
+                MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", caller, "Texture level has no image to read back."));
+                return false;
+            }
 
-                if (bufSize >= 0 && static_cast<SizeT>(bufSize) < required) {
+            // Tightly packed, and summed over every face because a cube map query returns all
+            // six. Pack pixel-store state only ever grows this, so a request rejected here
+            // could not have fit under any packing.
+            const SizeT required = MG_Util::CalculateInputTextureImageSize(textureInputFormat,
+                                                                           texturePixelDataType, texelSize) *
+                                   uploadTargets.size();
+
+            if (bufSize >= 0 && static_cast<SizeT>(bufSize) < required) {
+                MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", caller, "Destination buffer is too small."));
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (pixelPackBufferObject) {
+                const SizeT bufferSize = pixelPackBufferObject->GetSize();
+                const SizeT offset = reinterpret_cast<SizeT>(pixels);
+                if (offset > bufferSize || required > bufferSize - offset) {
                     MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                         ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
-                        MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", caller, "Destination buffer is too small."));
+                        MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", caller,
+                                                     "Packing would write past the end of the pixel pack buffer."));
                     return false;
                 }
-
-                if (pixelPackBufferObject) {
-                    const SizeT bufferSize = pixelPackBufferObject->GetSize();
-                    const SizeT offset = reinterpret_cast<SizeT>(pixels);
-                    if (offset > bufferSize || required > bufferSize - offset) {
-                        MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
-                            ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
-                            MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", caller,
-                                                         "Packing would write past the end of the pixel pack buffer."));
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -4372,6 +4768,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             const SizeT byteSize = ComputeTextureStorageByteSize(textureInternalFormat, levelWidth, 1, 1);
             textureMipmapObject->AllocateStorage(textureUploadTarget, level, {{levelWidth, 1, 1}, byteSize});
             textureMipmapObject->MarkStorageDirty(textureUploadTarget, level, false);
+            if (IsCompressedGLInternalFormat(internalformat)) {
+                // After AllocateStorage, which clears the tag. See TexImage1D_State: no compressed
+                // format has a 1D block layout, but glClearTexImage still has to refuse the request.
+                textureMipmapObject->SetMipmapRequestedCompressedFormat(textureUploadTarget,
+                                                                        static_cast<Uint>(level), internalformat);
+            }
         }
         // Immutable storage defines exactly `levels` levels; AllocateStorage only grows, so a
         // longer pre-existing chain has to be dropped explicitly.
@@ -4440,6 +4842,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                         MG_Util::CalculateCompressedTextureImageSize(compressedInfo,
                                                                      {levelWidth, levelHeight, 1}));
                 }
+                if (IsCompressedGLInternalFormat(internalformat)) {
+                    // Also after AllocateStorage. The generic enums land here and nowhere above,
+                    // and glClearTexImage has to refuse them too (GL 4.6 core 8.19).
+                    textureMipmapObject->SetMipmapRequestedCompressedFormat(uploadTarget,
+                                                                            static_cast<Uint>(level), internalformat);
+                }
             }
             // See TextureStorage1D.
             textureMipmapObject->TruncateMipmapLevels(uploadTarget, static_cast<Uint>(levels));
@@ -4447,32 +4855,6 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         textureObject->SetImmutableLevels(static_cast<Uint>(levels));
     }
 
-    // No block-compressed format is defined for a three-dimensional image, so glTexStorage3D on
-    // TEXTURE_3D must reject one - and with INVALID_OPERATION, not the INVALID_ENUM an unknown
-    // sized format gets (GL 4.6 core 8.19 / Khronos bug 11239, KHR-GLxx.texture_storage
-    // .compressed_data). Written against the enum ranges rather than a name list because the
-    // families are contiguous and MobileGL's own internal-format enum drops the ones it cannot
-    // carry, which would make this check silently narrower than the API surface.
-    static Bool IsCompressedGLInternalFormat(GLenum internalformat) {
-        switch (internalformat) {
-        case 0x8225: // GL_COMPRESSED_RED
-        case 0x8226: // GL_COMPRESSED_RG
-        case 0x84ED: // GL_COMPRESSED_RGB
-        case 0x84EE: // GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA
-        case 0x8C48: // GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB
-        case 0x8C49: // GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB_ALPHA
-            return true;
-        default:
-            break;
-        }
-        return (internalformat >= 0x83F0 && internalformat <= 0x83F3) || // S3TC / DXT
-               (internalformat >= 0x8DBB && internalformat <= 0x8DBE) || // RGTC
-               (internalformat >= 0x8E8C && internalformat <= 0x8E8F) || // BPTC
-               (internalformat >= 0x9270 && internalformat <= 0x9279) || // ETC2 / EAC
-               (internalformat >= 0x93B0 && internalformat <= 0x93BD) || // ASTC LDR
-               (internalformat >= 0x93D0 && internalformat <= 0x93DD);   // ASTC sRGB
-    }
-
     void TextureStorage3D(GLuint texture, GLsizei levels, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height,
                           GLsizei depth) {
         auto textureObject = GetTextureObjectByName(texture, __func__);
@@ -4515,6 +4897,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         // Array targets keep their layer count constant across levels; only true 3D
         // textures halve depth per level (GL 3.3 §3.9 glTexStorage3D).
         const Bool depthMips = DepthParticipatesInMipmapping(textureObject->GetTarget());
+        // The same specific-compressed-format tag glTexStorage2D records, for the array targets a
+        // compressed glTexStorage3D is legal on (GL_TEXTURE_3D was refused above). Zero width means
+        // a generic format, which MobileGL answers with uncompressed storage, so it is not tagged.
+        const auto compressedInfo = MG_Util::GetCompressedFormatInfo(internalformat);
         for (GLsizei level = 0; level < levels; ++level) {
             const GLsizei levelWidth = std::max<GLsizei>(1, width >> level);
             const GLsizei levelHeight = std::max<GLsizei>(1, height >> level);
@@ -4524,6 +4910,19 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             textureMipmapObject->AllocateStorage(textureUploadTarget, level,
                                                  {{levelWidth, levelHeight, levelDepth}, byteSize});
             textureMipmapObject->MarkStorageDirty(textureUploadTarget, level, false);
+            if (compressedInfo.blockWidth != 0) {
+                // After AllocateStorage, which clears the tag.
+                textureMipmapObject->SetMipmapCompressedImage(
+                    textureUploadTarget, static_cast<Uint>(level), internalformat, nullptr,
+                    MG_Util::CalculateCompressedTextureImageSize(compressedInfo,
+                                                                 {levelWidth, levelHeight, levelDepth}));
+            }
+            if (IsCompressedGLInternalFormat(internalformat)) {
+                // Also after AllocateStorage. The generic enums land here and nowhere above,
+                // and glClearTexImage has to refuse them too (GL 4.6 core 8.19).
+                textureMipmapObject->SetMipmapRequestedCompressedFormat(textureUploadTarget,
+                                                                        static_cast<Uint>(level), internalformat);
+            }
         }
         // See TextureStorage1D.
         textureMipmapObject->TruncateMipmapLevels(textureUploadTarget, static_cast<Uint>(levels));
@@ -4684,6 +5083,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         TextureStorage3D(textureObject->GetExternalIndex(), levels, internalformat, width, height, depth);
     }
 
+    // Unlike glTexImage*Multisample, where a zero-sized image is a legal deallocation (see
+    // AllocateMultisampleTextureStorage), the immutable forms take a strictly positive size: GL
+    // 4.6 core 8.19 makes width, height or depth < 1 INVALID_VALUE. Without this the shared
+    // _State helper would deallocate the image and TexStorageMultisample_State would then freeze
+    // the now-imageless texture as immutable.
+    static Bool ValidateTexStorageMultisampleSize(GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, const char* caller) {
+        if (width >= 1 && height >= 1 && depth >= 1) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+            ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+            MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", caller,
+                                         "Immutable multisample storage requires width, height and depth >= 1."));
+        return false;
+    }
+
     // The multisample storage forms allocate exactly what the glTexImage*Multisample ones do, and
     // then freeze it: TEXTURE_IMMUTABLE_FORMAT becomes TRUE and a second call is INVALID_OPERATION
     // (GL 4.6 core 8.19). Only the allocation was shared before, so a multisample texture stayed
@@ -4704,6 +5119,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         const TextureTarget textureTarget = MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToTextureTarget(target);
         auto& activeUnit = MG_State::pGLContext->GetTextureUnitObject(MG_State::pGLContext->GetActiveTextureUnit());
         if (!ValidateTextureMutable(activeUnit.GetBindingSlot(textureTarget).GetBoundObject(), __func__)) return;
+        if (!ValidateTexStorageMultisampleSize(width, height, 1, __func__)) return;
         TexStorageMultisample_State(
             target, TexImage2DMultisample_State(target, samples, internalformat, width, height, fixedsamplelocations),
             __func__);
@@ -4714,6 +5130,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         const TextureTarget textureTarget = MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToTextureTarget(target);
         auto& activeUnit = MG_State::pGLContext->GetTextureUnitObject(MG_State::pGLContext->GetActiveTextureUnit());
         if (!ValidateTextureMutable(activeUnit.GetBindingSlot(textureTarget).GetBoundObject(), __func__)) return;
+        if (!ValidateTexStorageMultisampleSize(width, height, depth, __func__)) return;
         TexStorageMultisample_State(target,
                                     TexImage3DMultisample_State(target, samples, internalformat, width, height, depth,
                                                                 fixedsamplelocations),
@@ -5715,17 +6132,29 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                           GLuint dstName, GLenum dstTarget, GLint dstLevel, GLint dstX, GLint dstY, GLint dstZ,
                           GLsizei srcWidth, GLsizei srcHeight, GLsizei srcDepth) {
         // A missing name is INVALID_VALUE here, where GetTextureObjectByName's own diagnostic is
-        // INVALID_OPERATION - so resolve through the plain lookup, which answers a null
+        // INVALID_OPERATION - so resolve through the plain lookups, which answer a null
         // SharedPtr, and let the validator record the error this entry point owes.
-        const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject> srcTexture =
+        //
-            MG_State::pGLContext->GetTextureObject(srcName);
+        // The TARGET picks the namespace: GL 4.6 core 18.3.2 accepts GL_RENDERBUFFER, and a
-        const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject> dstTexture =
+        // renderbuffer name has nothing to do with a texture name. Resolving both through
-            MG_State::pGLContext->GetTextureObject(dstName);
+        // GetTextureObject made every renderbuffer endpoint INVALID_VALUE - or, when the number
-        if (!ValidateCopyImageSubData_State(srcTexture, srcTarget, srcLevel, srcX, srcY, dstTexture, dstTarget,
+        // happened to collide with a live texture, INVALID_ENUM from the target check.
-                                            dstLevel, dstX, dstY, srcWidth, srcHeight, srcDepth)) {
+        const auto resolveEndpoint = [](GLuint name, GLenum target) {
+            MG_Backend::CopyImageEndpoint endpoint{};
+            if (target == GL_RENDERBUFFER) {
+                endpoint.Renderbuffer = MG_State::pGLContext->GetRenderbufferObject(name);
+            } else {
+                endpoint.Texture = MG_State::pGLContext->GetTextureObject(name);
+            }
+            return endpoint;
+        };
+        const MG_Backend::CopyImageEndpoint src = resolveEndpoint(srcName, srcTarget);
+        const MG_Backend::CopyImageEndpoint dst = resolveEndpoint(dstName, dstTarget);
+        if (!ValidateCopyImageSubData_State(src, srcTarget, srcLevel, srcX, srcY, srcZ, dst, dstTarget,
+                                            dstLevel, dstX, dstY, dstZ, srcWidth, srcHeight, srcDepth)) {
             return;
         }
-        CopyImageSubData_Backend(srcTexture, srcTarget, srcLevel, srcX, srcY, srcZ, dstTexture, dstTarget, dstLevel,
+        CopyImageSubData_Backend(src, srcTarget, srcLevel, srcX, srcY, srcZ, dst, dstTarget, dstLevel,
                                  dstX, dstY, dstZ, srcWidth, srcHeight, srcDepth);
     }
 

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Texture/Validators.cpp

@@ -313,9 +313,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::TextureImpl {
             return false;
         }
 
-        // TexImage in core 3.3 has no stencil-only upload path (that arrived with GL 4.4).
+        // The stencil-only transfer path arrived with GL 4.4 / ARB_texture_stencil8, and only ever
-        if (format == TextureInputFormat::StencilIndex) {
+        // pairs with stencil-only storage: against a depth, depth-stencil or colour internal format
-            return recordInvalidOperation("STENCIL_INDEX is not a valid texture upload format");
+        // STENCIL_INDEX keeps the pre-4.4 answer (GL CTS packed_pixels feeds exactly that pairing
+        // and expects INVALID_OPERATION).
+        if (format == TextureInputFormat::StencilIndex &&
+            internalFormat != TextureInternalFormat::StencilIndex8) {
+            return recordInvalidOperation("STENCIL_INDEX requires a stencil-only internal format");
         }
 
         if (IsDepthLikeInputFormat(format) != IsDepthLikeInternalFormat(internalFormat)) {

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/VertexArray/GL_VertexArray.cpp

@@ -514,10 +514,17 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     // recorded DataType is always Float64 - what IsLong adds is that this is the *unconverted* form,
     // as opposed to VertexAttribFormat(GL_DOUBLE), which asks for a float conversion.
     //
-    // Whether the backend can feed it is detected, not assumed: DirectVulkan needs shaderFloat64,
+    // Whether the backend can FEED it at full precision is detected, not assumed: DirectVulkan
-    // and DirectGLES can never have it at all. A backend without it declines here, loudly - GL error
+    // needs shaderFloat64, and DirectGLES can never have it at all. What that costs is PRECISION,
-    // plus a log line naming the reason - rather than accepting state no draw could honour and
+    // not the call and no longer the array: GL 4.6 core 10.3.2 defines no error for a well-formed
-    // rendering garbage. The matching startup POST row is in MG_Util/SelfTest/DriverPost.cpp.
+    // glVertexAttribLFormat, and a GL 4.3 context has 64-bit attributes in core, so declining the
+    // call would be non-conformant and would make the four pure state queries
+    // (VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_SIZE / _TYPE / _LONG / _RELATIVE_OFFSET) unanswerable
+    // (KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding.basic-state1/3). The format is therefore RECORDED here and
+    // the array is NARROWED to float32 at draw, matching the fp64 demotion every shader already
+    // gets (DemoteFloat64Pass) - loudly, once, naming the cost. The matching startup POST row is in
+    // MG_Util/SelfTest/DriverPost.cpp; the draw-side narrowing is DirectGLES/Managers.cpp and, on
+    // DirectVulkan, VertexInputStateFactory's Float64 case.
     static void VertexAttribLFormatSeparate_State(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject>& vao,
                                                   GLuint attribindex, GLint size, GLenum type,
                                                   GLuint relativeoffset) {
@@ -528,14 +535,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         if (!MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject ||
             !MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject->GetDynamicParameters().SupportsFloat64VertexAttributes) {
             MGLOG_W_ONCE("VertexAttribLFormat: attribute %u asked for a 64-bit (GL_DOUBLE) format, but this "
-                    "backend has no double-precision vertex attribute support - see the "
+                    "backend has no double-precision vertex attribute support - the format is recorded "
-                    "\"64-bit vertex attributes\" / \"shaderFloat64\" POST row for what that costs",
+                    "and queryable, and the array is FETCHED AT FLOAT32 PRECISION at draw (the same "
+                    "narrowing the shader's dvec inputs already get); see the \"64-bit vertex "
+                    "attributes\" / \"shaderFloat64\" POST row for what that costs",
                     attribindex);
-            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
-                ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
-                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", "VertexAttribLFormat",
-                                             "64-bit vertex attributes are not supported by this backend."));
-            return;
         }
 
         vao->SetAttributeFormatSeparate(attribindex, size, MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToDataType(type),

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ add_executable(MobileGLIntegrationTest
     Scenarios/AsyncCompileScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/XfbAfterClipDistanceScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/ThreeChannelAttachmentScenario.cpp
+    Scenarios/SnormAttachmentScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/PipelineFailureScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/AdvertisedLimitsScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/PixelStoreSweepScenario.cpp
@@ -80,16 +81,30 @@ add_executable(MobileGLIntegrationTest
     Scenarios/ImageLoadStoreSsoScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/ImageTargetKindScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/ImageFormatQualifierScenario.cpp
+    Scenarios/NonCoreImageFormatScenario.cpp
+    Scenarios/ImageSizeAfterRespecScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/SsboDeclarationFormScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/Glsl420DeclarationScenario.cpp
+    Scenarios/IoBlockNameCollisionScenario.cpp
+    Scenarios/TessellationDrawModeScenario.cpp
+    Scenarios/GeometryDrawModeScenario.cpp
+    Scenarios/PostLinkAttachScenario.cpp
+    Scenarios/FormatlessImageBakeScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/FragmentOutputArrayIndexScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/BufferTextureScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/VertexAttribBindingScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/XfbCaptureBufferReuseScenario.cpp
+    Scenarios/XfbPrimitiveQueryScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/VertexArrayEnableDisableScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/CopyImageLevelRangeScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/CopyImageLayeredScenario.cpp
+    Scenarios/PackedWordReadbackScenario.cpp
     Scenarios/LayeredAttachmentBarrierScenario.cpp
+    Scenarios/LayeredTextureReadbackScenario.cpp
+    Scenarios/AtomicCounterScenario.cpp
+    Scenarios/SsboArrayDynamicIndexScenario.cpp
+    Scenarios/StorageBufferRegrowScenario.cpp
+    Scenarios/RelinkStageSetScenario.cpp
 )
 
 target_include_directories(MobileGLIntegrationTest PRIVATE
@@ -246,6 +261,19 @@ endif()
 set(MGL_ITEST_VULKAN_ENV ${MGL_ITEST_COMMON_ENV})
 if (MOBILEGL_ITEST_VK_ICD)
     list(APPEND MGL_ITEST_VULKAN_ENV "VK_ICD_FILENAMES=${MOBILEGL_ITEST_VK_ICD}")
+    # The three iterationRP repairs are tri-state quirks that default to device
+    # auto-detection, and lavapipe is not on any auto list - so on lavapipe the
+    # iterationRP scenarios run unrepaired and Program 203 misses its golden
+    # output. CI's integration-gpu job exports these three by hand; pinning them
+    # to the ICD instead means a local `ctest -L integration-gpu` measures the
+    # same thing the gate does, with no environment to remember.
+    if (MOBILEGL_ITEST_VK_ICD MATCHES "lvp_icd|lavapipe")
+        message(STATUS "Integration tests: lavapipe ICD - forcing the iterationRP repairs on")
+        list(APPEND MGL_ITEST_VULKAN_ENV
+            "MOBILEGL_FIX_ITERATIONRP_SUBGROUP_SCRATCH=1"
+            "MOBILEGL_DERIVE_NUM_SUBGROUPS=1"
+            "MOBILEGL_ITERATIONRP_FIX_BARRIER=1")
+    endif()
 endif()
 
 # The ENVIRONMENT test property is itself a `;`-list, and gtest_discover_tests

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/AtomicCounterScenario.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/AtomicCounterScenario.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// Scenario - ATOMIC COUNTERS, END TO END.
+//
+// GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER does not exist in ES, and glslang does not hand one to a backend
+// either: its Vulkan-relaxed parse rewrites every atomic_uint into a uint member of a
+// synthesized gl_AtomicCounterBlock_<N> STORAGE block. Making counters work therefore means
+// closing two open ends that used to be missing entirely -
+//
+//   * the block's shader-storage binding, which the IO mapper picked at random and which had no
+//     relation to the GL binding point N the application bound its buffer to (and could alias an
+//     SSBO the application binds itself), is moved to a slot reserved at the top of the driver's
+//     range; and
+//   * the buffer bound at GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER point N, which nothing in the ES backend ever
+//     read, is re-issued as a shader-storage binding at that reserved slot.
+//
+// Neither end alone is observable: with only the first the shader increments a block nobody
+// bound a buffer to, with only the second the buffer lands where the shader does not look. The
+// only thing that proves both is the VALUE, so every assertion here reads the counter back.
+//
+// Compute rather than a draw on purpose: the invocation count is exactly what was dispatched,
+// while a fragment stage's is a property of the rasterizer (helper invocations, early depth).
+// Conformance cases behind this: KHR-GL42/GL43.shader_atomic_counters.basic-usage-cs,
+// .advanced-usage-multi-stage and .advanced-usage-draw-update-draw.
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../Harness/HeadlessGL.h"
+#include "../Harness/ScenarioFixture.h"
+
+#ifdef GLAPI
+#undef GLAPI
+#endif
+#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+#include <GL/gl.h>
+#include <GL/glcorearb.h>
+#undef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+
+namespace MGITest {
+    namespace {
+
+        // Two counters share binding 0 at DIFFERENT offsets and a third sits alone on binding 1.
+        // The offsets are what separates "the buffer arrived" from "the buffer arrived and the
+        // block is laid out the way GL says": a lowering that packed the members in declaration
+        // order without honouring `offset` would still pass a single-counter check.
+        constexpr const char* kCounterComputeSource = R"(#version 430 core
+layout(local_size_x = 4) in;
+layout(binding = 0, offset = 0) uniform atomic_uint g_first;
+layout(binding = 0, offset = 4) uniform atomic_uint g_second;
+layout(binding = 1, offset = 0) uniform atomic_uint g_other;
+void main() {
+    atomicCounterIncrement(g_first);
+    atomicCounterIncrement(g_second);
+    atomicCounterIncrement(g_second);
+    atomicCounterIncrement(g_other);
+}
+)";
+
+        constexpr int kLocalSizeX = 4;
+        constexpr int kWorkGroups = 2;
+        constexpr unsigned int kInvocations = kLocalSizeX * kWorkGroups;
+
+        // Deliberately non-zero: the shader adds to whatever the application uploaded, so a seed
+        // that survives is also proof that the buffer's CPU-side contents reached the driver.
+        constexpr unsigned int kSeedFirst = 5;
+        constexpr unsigned int kSeedSecond = 100;
+        constexpr unsigned int kSeedOther = 7;
+
+        class AtomicCounterScenario : public ScenarioTest {
+        protected:
+            void SetUp() override {
+                ScenarioTest::SetUp();
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                GLint counters = 0;
+                glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_COMPUTE_ATOMIC_COUNTERS, &counters);
+                GLint buffers = 0;
+                glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_COMPUTE_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFERS, &buffers);
+                if (counters < 3 || buffers < 2) {
+                    GTEST_SKIP() << "GL_MAX_COMPUTE_ATOMIC_COUNTERS is " << counters
+                                 << " and GL_MAX_COMPUTE_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFERS is " << buffers
+                                 << "; this needs 3 and 2";
+                }
+                if (!AtomicCountersAreWired()) {
+                    GTEST_SKIP() << "atomic counter buffers are not wired up on " << Gl().BackendName()
+                                 << " yet: glslang lowers them onto a storage block and that block's descriptor "
+                                 << "is still resolved from the shader-storage binding points";
+                }
+                m_program = CompileComputeProgram(kCounterComputeSource);
+                ASSERT_NE(m_program, 0u) << m_buildLog;
+            }
+
+            void TearDown() override {
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                glUseProgram(0);
+                if (!m_buffers.empty()) glDeleteBuffers(static_cast<GLsizei>(m_buffers.size()), m_buffers.data());
+                if (m_program != 0) glDeleteProgram(m_program);
+                m_buffers.clear();
+                m_program = 0;
+            }
+
+            // Magma binds the lowered block as an ordinary storage-buffer descriptor resolved
+            // from GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER point N, so the counter buffer never reaches it. The
+            // frontend half (limits, reflection queries, the link-time offset rules) is
+            // backend-agnostic and is covered by the unit suites; only the VALUE is scoped here.
+            bool AtomicCountersAreWired() const { return Gl().BackendName() != "DirectVulkan"; }
+
+            unsigned int CompileComputeProgram(const char* source) {
+                const GLuint shader = glCreateShader(GL_COMPUTE_SHADER);
+                glShaderSource(shader, 1, &source, nullptr);
+                glCompileShader(shader);
+                GLint compiled = 0;
+                glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &compiled);
+                if (compiled == GL_FALSE) {
+                    char log[2048] = {};
+                    glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, sizeof(log) - 1, nullptr, log);
+                    m_buildLog = std::string("compute shader did not compile: ") + log;
+                    glDeleteShader(shader);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                const GLuint program = glCreateProgram();
+                glAttachShader(program, shader);
+                glLinkProgram(program);
+                glDeleteShader(shader);
+                GLint linked = 0;
+                glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked);
+                if (linked == GL_FALSE) {
+                    char log[2048] = {};
+                    glGetProgramInfoLog(program, sizeof(log) - 1, nullptr, log);
+                    m_buildLog = std::string("compute program did not link: ") + log;
+                    glDeleteProgram(program);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                return program;
+            }
+
+            // A counter buffer of `count` uints, seeded and bound to atomic-counter point
+            // `binding`.
+            GLuint MakeCounterBuffer(GLuint binding, const std::vector<unsigned int>& seed) {
+                GLuint buffer = 0;
+                glGenBuffers(1, &buffer);
+                glBindBuffer(GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER, buffer);
+                glBufferData(GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER,
+                             static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(seed.size() * sizeof(unsigned int)), seed.data(),
+                             GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+                glBindBufferBase(GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER, binding, buffer);
+                glBindBuffer(GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER, 0);
+                m_buffers.push_back(buffer);
+                return buffer;
+            }
+
+            std::vector<unsigned int> ReadCounters(GLuint buffer, int count) {
+                std::vector<unsigned int> values(static_cast<std::size_t>(count), 0xDEADBEEFu);
+                glBindBuffer(GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER, buffer);
+                glGetBufferSubData(GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER, 0,
+                                   static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(values.size() * sizeof(unsigned int)), values.data());
+                glBindBuffer(GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER, 0);
+                return values;
+            }
+
+            void Dispatch() {
+                glUseProgram(m_program);
+                glDispatchCompute(kWorkGroups, 1, 1);
+                glMemoryBarrier(GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BARRIER_BIT | GL_BUFFER_UPDATE_BARRIER_BIT);
+            }
+
+            unsigned int m_program = 0;
+            std::string m_buildLog;
+            std::vector<GLuint> m_buffers;
+        };
+
+    } // namespace
+
+    // The counter values a dispatch leaves behind, per binding point and per offset within one
+    // binding. Nothing in the ES backend used to touch BufferTarget::AtomicCounter at all, so
+    // before the wiring landed every one of these read back its seed unchanged.
+    TEST_F(AtomicCounterScenario, DispatchIncrementsTheBoundCounterBuffers) {
+        if (!Ready() || IsSkipped()) return;
+
+        const GLuint zero = MakeCounterBuffer(0, {kSeedFirst, kSeedSecond});
+        const GLuint one = MakeCounterBuffer(1, {kSeedOther});
+        ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "binding the counter buffers raised a GL error";
+
+        Dispatch();
+        EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "the dispatch raised a GL error";
+
+        const std::vector<unsigned int> zeroValues = ReadCounters(zero, 2);
+        const std::vector<unsigned int> oneValues = ReadCounters(one, 1);
+        EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "reading the counters back raised a GL error";
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(zeroValues[0], kSeedFirst + kInvocations)
+            << "binding 0 offset 0 read back " << zeroValues[0] << "; " << kSeedFirst
+            << " means the shader's increments never reached the buffer the application bound";
+        EXPECT_EQ(zeroValues[1], kSeedSecond + 2 * kInvocations)
+            << "binding 0 offset 4 read back " << zeroValues[1] << "; the seed means the counter at a NON-ZERO "
+            << "offset was not carried through the lowering, even though offset 0 was";
+        EXPECT_EQ(oneValues[0], kSeedOther + kInvocations)
+            << "binding 1 read back " << oneValues[0] << "; a counter buffer past the first binding point "
+            << "resolves to a different reserved slot and is where an off-by-one shows up";
+    }
+
+    // A second dispatch continues from where the first left off, and a re-seed between them is
+    // visible to the shader. Both halves of the buffer's traffic have to work, in both
+    // directions: the increments are only observable through the readback path, and the re-seed
+    // is only observable if the upload reaches the driver AFTER the buffer has been GPU-written.
+    TEST_F(AtomicCounterScenario, CountersAccumulateAcrossDispatchesAndFollowAReseed) {
+        if (!Ready() || IsSkipped()) return;
+
+        const GLuint zero = MakeCounterBuffer(0, {0u, 0u});
+        MakeCounterBuffer(1, {0u});
+        ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+
+        Dispatch();
+        Dispatch();
+        std::vector<unsigned int> values = ReadCounters(zero, 2);
+        EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+        EXPECT_EQ(values[0], 2 * kInvocations) << "two dispatches did not accumulate";
+        EXPECT_EQ(values[1], 4 * kInvocations) << "two dispatches did not accumulate at offset 4";
+
+        const unsigned int reseed[2] = {1000u, 2000u};
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER, zero);
+        glBufferSubData(GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER, 0, sizeof(reseed), reseed);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER, 0);
+        ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "re-seeding the counter buffer raised a GL error";
+
+        Dispatch();
+        values = ReadCounters(zero, 2);
+        EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+        EXPECT_EQ(values[0], reseed[0] + kInvocations) << "the re-seeded value did not reach the shader";
+        EXPECT_EQ(values[1], reseed[1] + 2 * kInvocations) << "the re-seeded value at offset 4 did not reach the shader";
+    }
+
+} // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/BufferTextureScenario.cpp

@@ -299,4 +299,99 @@ void main() {
         EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
     }
 
+    // glGetTexLevelParameter used to refuse EVERY pname on a buffer texture: WIDTH/HEIGHT/DEPTH
+    // fell out of a mipmap-only switch as GL_INVALID_OPERATION, and GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE /
+    // GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_OFFSET were not in the switch at all, so they came back GL_INVALID_ENUM.
+    // KHR-GL43.texture_buffer wraps both queries in GLU_EXPECT_NO_ERROR, so the error alone fails
+    // the case before any value is compared.
+    //
+    // The two halves report DIFFERENT units and only one of them is clamped, which is the thing
+    // easiest to get backwards: WIDTH is a TEXEL count clamped to GL_MAX_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE,
+    // BUFFER_SIZE is the range in basic machine units exactly as it was given.
+    TEST_F(BufferTextureScenario, LevelQueriesDescribeTheAttachedBufferRange) {
+        if (!Ready()) return;
+        FirstGLError();
+
+        GLint offsetAlignment = 1;
+        glGetIntegerv(GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_OFFSET_ALIGNMENT, &offsetAlignment);
+        if (offsetAlignment < 1) offsetAlignment = 1;
+        GLint maxTexels = 0;
+        glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE, &maxTexels);
+        ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+        ASSERT_GT(maxTexels, 0) << "an OpenGL 4.x context may not advertise a zero buffer-texture limit";
+
+        constexpr GLint kTexelBytes = 4; // GL_RGBA8
+        const GLsizeiptr rangeOffset = static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(offsetAlignment);
+        const GLsizeiptr rangeBytes = 32 * kTexelBytes;
+        // Deliberately bigger than the range, so a getter that answered out of the BUFFER rather
+        // than out of the texture's window would be caught.
+        const GLsizeiptr bufferBytes = rangeOffset + rangeBytes + 16 * kTexelBytes;
+
+        const std::vector<GLubyte> zeros(static_cast<size_t>(bufferBytes), 0);
+        GLuint buffer = 0;
+        glGenBuffers(1, &buffer);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER, buffer);
+        glBufferData(GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER, bufferBytes, zeros.data(), GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+
+        GLuint texture = 0;
+        glGenTextures(1, &texture);
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER, texture);
+        glTexBufferRange(GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER, GL_RGBA8, buffer, rangeOffset, rangeBytes);
+        ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "glTexBufferRange(GL_RGBA8) was refused";
+
+        const auto levelQuery = [](GLenum pname) {
+            GLint value = -1;
+            glGetTexLevelParameteriv(GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER, 0, pname, &value);
+            return value;
+        };
+        const auto levelQueryF = [](GLenum pname) {
+            GLfloat value = -1.0f;
+            glGetTexLevelParameterfv(GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER, 0, pname, &value);
+            return value;
+        };
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(levelQuery(GL_TEXTURE_WIDTH), static_cast<GLint>(rangeBytes / kTexelBytes))
+            << "GL_TEXTURE_WIDTH is a texel count over the attached RANGE";
+        EXPECT_EQ(levelQuery(GL_TEXTURE_HEIGHT), 1);
+        EXPECT_EQ(levelQuery(GL_TEXTURE_DEPTH), 1);
+        EXPECT_EQ(levelQuery(GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE), static_cast<GLint>(rangeBytes))
+            << "GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE reports basic machine units, not texels";
+        EXPECT_EQ(levelQuery(GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_OFFSET), static_cast<GLint>(rangeOffset));
+        EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "a buffer-texture level query raised an error";
+        EXPECT_LE(levelQuery(GL_TEXTURE_WIDTH), maxTexels)
+            << "GL_TEXTURE_WIDTH must stay clamped to GL_MAX_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE";
+
+        // The float getter is a separate switch and has drifted from the integer one before.
+        EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(levelQueryF(GL_TEXTURE_WIDTH), static_cast<GLfloat>(rangeBytes / kTexelBytes));
+        EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(levelQueryF(GL_TEXTURE_HEIGHT), 1.0f);
+        EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(levelQueryF(GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE), static_cast<GLfloat>(rangeBytes));
+        EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "the float form of a buffer-texture level query raised an error";
+
+        // The whole-buffer form follows the buffer's current size instead of freezing a window.
+        glTexBuffer(GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER, GL_RGBA8, buffer);
+        EXPECT_EQ(levelQuery(GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_OFFSET), 0);
+        EXPECT_EQ(levelQuery(GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE), static_cast<GLint>(bufferBytes));
+        EXPECT_EQ(levelQuery(GL_TEXTURE_WIDTH), static_cast<GLint>(bufferBytes / kTexelBytes));
+        EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+
+        // Both buffer pnames belong to buffer textures alone; anything else is INVALID_OPERATION,
+        // the same shape GL_TEXTURE_COMPRESSED_IMAGE_SIZE uses for an uncompressed image.
+        GLuint plainTexture = 0;
+        glGenTextures(1, &plainTexture);
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, plainTexture);
+        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA8, 4, 4, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, nullptr);
+        EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+        GLint unused = -1;
+        glGetTexLevelParameteriv(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE, &unused);
+        EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), static_cast<unsigned int>(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
+
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER, 0);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER, 0);
+        glDeleteTextures(1, &plainTexture);
+        glDeleteTextures(1, &texture);
+        glDeleteBuffers(1, &buffer);
+        EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+    }
+
 } // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/ClipDistanceScenario.cpp

@@ -151,6 +151,18 @@ void main() { fragColor = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0); }
                 glReadPixels(x, y, 1, 1, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, out);
             }
 
+            // GL_MAX_CLIP_DISTANCES is a real backend answer, not a constant: DirectGLES reports
+            // 0 on a driver without GL_EXT_clip_cull_distance, and DirectVulkan reports 0 without
+            // the shaderClipDistance device feature. On such a stack the shader above cannot
+            // compile - and MUST not, because declaring a clip distance the backend cannot host
+            // is exactly what used to link cleanly and then render nothing. Skip rather than
+            // fail: there is no clipping to assert about.
+            static bool BackendHostsTwoClipDistances() {
+                GLint maxClipDistances = 0;
+                glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_CLIP_DISTANCES, &maxClipDistances);
+                return maxClipDistances >= 2;
+            }
+
             // Never assume the eight start disabled - see the header note about
             // XfbAfterClipDistanceScenario leaving one on for the rest of the process.
             static void DisableEveryClipDistance() {
@@ -229,6 +241,9 @@ void main() { fragColor = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0); }
     // The claim: an enabled clip distance removes the fragments where it is negative.
     TEST_F(ClipDistanceScenario, AnEnabledClipDistanceRemovesTheNegativeHalf) {
         if (!Ready()) return;
+        if (!BackendHostsTwoClipDistances()) {
+            GTEST_SKIP() << "this backend advertises no clip distances, so there is nothing to clip with";
+        }
         HeadlessGL& gl = Gl();
         const int width = gl.Width();
         const int height = gl.Height();
@@ -280,6 +295,9 @@ void main() { fragColor = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0); }
     // draw simply failed - would pass the case above.
     TEST_F(ClipDistanceScenario, ADisabledClipDistanceRemovesNothing) {
         if (!Ready()) return;
+        if (!BackendHostsTwoClipDistances()) {
+            GTEST_SKIP() << "this backend advertises no clip distances, so there is nothing to clip with";
+        }
         HeadlessGL& gl = Gl();
         const int width = gl.Width();
         const int height = gl.Height();
@@ -329,6 +347,9 @@ void main() { fragColor = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0); }
     // passes both cases above and fails this one.
     TEST_F(ClipDistanceScenario, TheEnablesAreIndependentPerDistance) {
         if (!Ready()) return;
+        if (!BackendHostsTwoClipDistances()) {
+            GTEST_SKIP() << "this backend advertises no clip distances, so there is nothing to clip with";
+        }
         HeadlessGL& gl = Gl();
         const int width = gl.Width();
         const int height = gl.Height();

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/DoublePrecisionScenario.cpp

@@ -6,27 +6,32 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
 // End of Source File Header
 //
-// Scenario - GLSL DOUBLES, RUN AT SINGLE PRECISION.
+// Scenario - GLSL DOUBLES, AT WHATEVER PRECISION THE BACKEND CAN GIVE.
 //
 // No mobile GPU has 64-bit floats. Adreno and Mali both report shaderFloat64 == VK_FALSE, so
-// Magma cannot build a module that declares the Float64 capability, and ESSL has no fp64 type
+// Magma cannot build a module that declares the Float64 capability there, and ESSL has no fp64
-// at all, so SPIRV-Cross refuses the module outright on Espryt ("FP64 not supported in ES
+// type at all, so SPIRV-Cross refuses the module outright on Espryt ("FP64 not supported in ES
-// profile") and the program never reaches the driver. MobileGL therefore narrows every 64-bit
+// profile") and the program never reaches the driver. On every such backend MobileGL narrows
-// float in a shader to 32 bits (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass) rather than declining the
+// every 64-bit float in a shader to 32 bits (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass) rather than
-// shader: `double` compiles and runs everywhere, at float precision.
+// declining the shader: `double` compiles and runs everywhere, at float precision. Where the
+// backend DOES consume 64-bit floats - lavapipe is the one that does - the narrowing is skipped
+// and the doubles reach the driver whole.
 //
-// The narrowing is only half a contract. The other half is the API side: the global UBO is
+// Either way it is only half a contract. The other half is the API side: the global UBO is laid
-// laid out by reflecting the DEMOTED module, so glUniform*d has to store a float where the
+// out by reflecting whichever module was produced, so glUniform*d has to store the width the
-// shader reads a float, glGetUniform*v has to read one back, and a dmat4's columns are now
+// shader reads, glGetUniform*v has to read that width back, and a matrix's columns are
-// std140-padded like any other matrix's. Every one of those is a byte offset that fails
+// std140-padded to a vec4 or a dvec4 to match. Every one of those is a byte offset that fails
-// silently - the uniform simply reads as something else - so the cases below set values
+// silently - the uniform simply reads as something else - so the cases below set values through
-// through the API and have the SHADER report what it saw.
+// the API and have the SHADER report what it saw.
 //
-// What is deliberately NOT asserted: that the values are exact to double precision. They are
+// WHY ALMOST EVERY EXPECTATION HERE IS A FLOAT VALUE, and why that is not an accident of the
-// not, and cannot be. Every expectation here is the float value of the double that was set,
+// demotion: the shader reports through a `float` SSBO, and every value chosen is exact in
-// which is the whole point.
+// float32, so the same number is correct in both regimes and the assertions test the LAYOUT
+// rather than the precision. Exactly one case (GetUniformdvReadsBackWhatWasStored) uses a value
+// that is not - 0.1 - and it names both answers explicitly.
 
 #include <cmath>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -153,6 +158,151 @@ void main() {
             std::string m_buildLog;
         };
 
+        // A SHADER STORAGE BLOCK that holds doubles is the one place the narrowing is NOT free:
+        // demoting `double` to `float` also repacks the block, and the bytes the application
+        // wrote into the buffer do not move with it. Every member past the first double then
+        // reads and writes at the wrong offset, and the block is simply shorter than the one
+        // that was bound - the tail of it is never touched at all
+        // (KHR-GL43.shader_storage_buffer_object.basic-stdLayout-case3, whose output matched its
+        // input up to the first double's slot and was zero from there on).
+        //
+        // The block layout is fixed by GL 4.6 core 7.6.2.2 and is asserted here as literal byte
+        // offsets rather than queried, so this says what the SPEC requires and not what MobileGL
+        // happens to report. Both packings are covered because they differ in exactly the places
+        // that matter: std140 rounds an array's stride and a matrix's column stride up to 16,
+        // std430 does not, and only std430 packs the scalars tightly.
+        //
+        // Every value is exactly representable in binary32, so a correct implementation copies
+        // the block BYTE FOR BYTE even though it narrows each double on the way through.
+        constexpr const char* kBlockCopySource = R"(#version 430 core
+layout(local_size_x = 1) in;
+layout(std140, binding = 0) buffer In140 {
+    int    data0;
+    float  data1[3];
+    mat3x2 data2;
+    double data3;
+    double data4[2];
+    int    data5;
+    dvec3  data6;
+} g_in140;
+layout(std430, binding = 1) buffer In430 {
+    int    data0;
+    float  data1[3];
+    mat3x2 data2;
+    double data3;
+    double data4[2];
+    int    data5;
+    dvec3  data6;
+} g_in430;
+layout(std140, binding = 2) buffer Out140 {
+    int    data0;
+    float  data1[3];
+    mat3x2 data2;
+    double data3;
+    double data4[2];
+    int    data5;
+    dvec3  data6;
+} g_out140;
+layout(std430, binding = 3) buffer Out430 {
+    int    data0;
+    float  data1[3];
+    mat3x2 data2;
+    double data3;
+    double data4[2];
+    int    data5;
+    dvec3  data6;
+} g_out430;
+void main() {
+    g_out140.data0 = g_in140.data0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) g_out140.data1[i] = g_in140.data1[i];
+    g_out140.data2 = g_in140.data2;
+    g_out140.data3 = g_in140.data3;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) g_out140.data4[i] = g_in140.data4[i];
+    g_out140.data5 = g_in140.data5;
+    g_out140.data6 = g_in140.data6;
+
+    g_out430.data0 = g_in430.data0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) g_out430.data1[i] = g_in430.data1[i];
+    g_out430.data2 = g_in430.data2;
+    g_out430.data3 = g_in430.data3;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) g_out430.data4[i] = g_in430.data4[i];
+    g_out430.data5 = g_in430.data5;
+    g_out430.data6 = g_in430.data6;
+}
+)";
+
+        // GL 4.6 core 7.6.2.2 rule by rule, for the block above.
+        //   std140: an array's element stride and a matrix's column stride round up to 16, a
+        //           double aligns to 8 and a dvec3 to 32.
+        //   std430: the same without the rounding - so the scalars pack tightly and only the
+        //           dvec3's 32-byte alignment leaves a hole.
+        struct BlockLayout {
+            int data0;
+            int data1;
+            int data1Stride;
+            int data2;
+            int data2ColumnStride;
+            int data3;
+            int data4;
+            int data4Stride;
+            int data5;
+            int data6;
+            int size;
+        };
+        constexpr BlockLayout kStd140{0, 16, 16, 64, 16, 112, 128, 16, 160, 192, 216};
+        constexpr BlockLayout kStd430{0, 4, 4, 16, 8, 40, 48, 8, 64, 96, 120};
+
+        void PokeInt(std::vector<unsigned char>& bytes, int offset, int value) {
+            std::memcpy(&bytes[static_cast<std::size_t>(offset)], &value, sizeof(value));
+        }
+        void PokeFloat(std::vector<unsigned char>& bytes, int offset, float value) {
+            std::memcpy(&bytes[static_cast<std::size_t>(offset)], &value, sizeof(value));
+        }
+        void PokeDouble(std::vector<unsigned char>& bytes, int offset, double value) {
+            std::memcpy(&bytes[static_cast<std::size_t>(offset)], &value, sizeof(value));
+        }
+
+        // The block's contents, at the offsets the standard puts them. Padding stays zero, which
+        // is what makes a byte-for-byte comparison against the (zero-initialised) output buffer
+        // catch a member that landed somewhere it should not have.
+        std::vector<unsigned char> MakeBlockContents(const BlockLayout& layout) {
+            std::vector<unsigned char> bytes(static_cast<std::size_t>(layout.size), 0);
+            PokeInt(bytes, layout.data0, 1);
+            for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+                PokeFloat(bytes, layout.data1 + i * layout.data1Stride, 2.0f + static_cast<float>(i));
+            }
+            // Column-major, two rows per column.
+            for (int column = 0; column < 3; ++column) {
+                for (int row = 0; row < 2; ++row) {
+                    PokeFloat(bytes, layout.data2 + column * layout.data2ColumnStride + row * 4,
+                              5.0f + static_cast<float>(column * 2 + row));
+                }
+            }
+            PokeDouble(bytes, layout.data3, 11.0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+                PokeDouble(bytes, layout.data4 + i * layout.data4Stride, 12.0 + static_cast<double>(i));
+            }
+            PokeInt(bytes, layout.data5, 14);
+            for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+                PokeDouble(bytes, layout.data6 + i * 8, 15.0 + static_cast<double>(i));
+            }
+            return bytes;
+        }
+
+        // Names the first byte that differs, and which member owns it, so a failure is a
+        // diagnosis rather than "the buffer is wrong".
+        std::string DescribeOffset(const BlockLayout& layout, int offset) {
+            const std::pair<int, const char*> members[] = {
+                {layout.data0, "data0"}, {layout.data1, "data1"}, {layout.data2, "data2"},
+                {layout.data3, "data3"}, {layout.data4, "data4"}, {layout.data5, "data5"},
+                {layout.data6, "data6"}};
+            const char* owner = "(padding before data0)";
+            for (const auto& [start, name] : members) {
+                if (offset >= start) owner = name;
+            }
+            return std::string(owner);
+        }
+
         // Every double-typed uniform shape GLSL has, all thirteen of them, in one program - the
         // shape of KHR-GL43.compute_shader.fp64-case2. The scalar and the square matrices are
         // covered by the cases above; what only a set like this reaches is the NON-SQUARE
@@ -428,12 +578,24 @@ void main() {
             glUseProgram(0);
 
             // The readback has to undo exactly what the write did - the same std140 column
-            // padding, the same 4-byte components - or a dmat4 comes back with its columns
+            // padding, the same component width - or a dmat4 comes back with its columns
-            // shifted and nothing else in the API would say so.
+            // shifted and nothing else in the API would say so. Every value below except the
+            // scalar is exact in float32, so those expectations pin the LAYOUT and hold in
+            // either regime; the scalar is the one that also pins the PRECISION.
             GLdouble readScalar = 0.0;
             glGetUniformdv(m_program, scalar, &readScalar);
-            EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(readScalar, static_cast<double>(static_cast<float>(0.1)))
+            // 0.1 is not representable in float32, so what comes back names the regime: a
-                << "the value is what a float can hold, not the double that was passed in";
+            // backend without native fp64 narrowed it at the glUniform1d above (the module's own
+            // doubles were demoted, so its storage is 4 bytes per component), and one with it
+            // stored the double whole. Both are correct; asserting only the narrow answer would
+            // fail the moment fp64 stops being emulated, and asserting only the wide one would
+            // fail on every mobile device there is.
+            if (readScalar == 0.1) {
+                SUCCEED() << "this backend consumes 64-bit floats natively; the double survived whole";
+            } else {
+                EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(readScalar, static_cast<double>(static_cast<float>(0.1)))
+                    << "the value is what a float can hold, not the double that was passed in";
+            }
 
             GLdouble readVector[3] = {};
             glGetUniformdv(m_program, vector, readVector);
@@ -447,7 +609,8 @@ void main() {
                 EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(readMatrix[i], 100.0 + i) << "dmat4 component " << i;
             }
 
-            // The float query sees the same storage through the type it is actually stored as.
+            // The float query sees the same storage through a narrower type, and answers the
+            // same float either way: GL 4.6 core 7.6 converts on the way out.
             GLfloat readFloat = 0.0f;
             glGetUniformfv(m_program, scalar, &readFloat);
             EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(readFloat, static_cast<float>(0.1));
@@ -697,24 +860,188 @@ void main() {
             EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR));
         }
 
-        TEST_F(DoublePrecisionScenario, A64BitVertexFormatIsDeclinedOnEveryBackend) {
+        TEST_F(DoublePrecisionScenario, A64BitVertexFormatIsRecordedAndItsArrayIsDroppedAtDraw) {
             if (!Ready()) return;
             // The demotion leaves no 64-bit shader input to feed, so there is nothing a 64-bit
             // vertex FETCH could be fetched into - on either backend, and no longer only on the
-            // ones whose device lacks shaderFloat64. Declined loudly rather than accepted and
+            // ones whose device lacks shaderFloat64.
-            // drawn as garbage; the matching POST row says the same thing at startup.
+            //
+            // What that costs is the ARRAY, not the CALL. GL 4.6 core 10.3.2 defines no error for
+            // a well-formed glVertexAttribLFormat and 64-bit attributes are core in the GL 4.3
+            // context MobileGL advertises, so refusing the call would be non-conformant and would
+            // leave four pure state queries unanswerable
+            // (KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding.basic-state1/3). The format is therefore recorded and
+            // queryable; the enabled array is what gets dropped, and the attribute then reads its
+            // generic current value. The matching POST row says exactly that at startup.
             GLuint vao = 0;
             glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao);
             glBindVertexArray(vao);
             while (glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) {}
 
-            glVertexAttribLFormat(0, 3, GL_DOUBLE, 0);
+            glVertexAttribLFormat(1, 3, GL_DOUBLE, 8);
-            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR))
+                << "glVertexAttribLFormat is a legal call in a GL 4.3 context";
+
+            GLint attribSize = 0;
+            GLint attribType = 0;
+            GLint attribIsLong = 0;
+            GLint attribRelativeOffset = 0;
+            glGetVertexAttribiv(1, GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_SIZE, &attribSize);
+            glGetVertexAttribiv(1, GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_TYPE, &attribType);
+            glGetVertexAttribiv(1, GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_LONG, &attribIsLong);
+            glGetVertexAttribiv(1, GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_RELATIVE_OFFSET, &attribRelativeOffset);
+            EXPECT_EQ(attribSize, 3);
+            EXPECT_EQ(attribType, static_cast<GLint>(GL_DOUBLE));
+            EXPECT_EQ(attribIsLong, GL_TRUE) << "GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_LONG is what makes this the "
+                                                "unconverted form; without it the state is a lie";
+            EXPECT_EQ(attribRelativeOffset, 8);
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR));
 
             glBindVertexArray(0);
             glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &vao);
             while (glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) {}
         }
 
+        // The consequence of recording the state rather than refusing the call: a 64-bit array can
+        // now be ENABLED in a VAO that a draw uses, which it never could before. That must not
+        // take the draw down. Leaving such an array enabled with no pointer behind it is exactly
+        // the documented Adreno null-deref (SIGSEGV inside the next glDraw*), so DirectGLES
+        // disables it before glVertexAttribPointer can ever see GL_DOUBLE, and DirectVulkan maps
+        // the format to VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED so it never enters the pipeline's vertex input state.
+        //
+        // The shader deliberately does NOT read location 1: that keeps the two backends on the
+        // same path (DirectVulkan declines a draw whose SHADER reads an unsupported enabled array,
+        // by design and loudly, which is a different assertion from this one) and it is the shape
+        // the crash needed - an enabled array nothing set a pointer for.
+        TEST_F(DoublePrecisionScenario, AnEnabledLongArrayDoesNotBreakADrawThatIgnoresIt) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+
+            constexpr const char* kVs = R"(#version 430 core
+layout(location = 0) in vec2 aPos;
+void main() { gl_Position = vec4(aPos, 0.0, 1.0); }
+)";
+            constexpr const char* kFs = R"(#version 430 core
+out vec4 o_color;
+void main() { o_color = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0); }
+)";
+            std::string error;
+            const unsigned int program = CompileProgram(kVs, kFs, &error);
+            ASSERT_NE(program, 0u) << error;
+
+            ColorFbo target = MakeColorFbo(32, 32);
+            ASSERT_NE(target.fbo, 0u) << "could not create the render target";
+            BindFbo(target);
+
+            const float positions[8] = {-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};
+            const double doubles[4] = {1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0};
+
+            GLuint vao = 0;
+            GLuint positionBuffer = 0;
+            GLuint doubleBuffer = 0;
+            glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao);
+            glBindVertexArray(vao);
+            glGenBuffers(1, &positionBuffer);
+            glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, positionBuffer);
+            glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(positions), positions, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+            glGenBuffers(1, &doubleBuffer);
+            glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, doubleBuffer);
+            glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(doubles), doubles, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+            glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+
+            glVertexAttribFormat(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0);
+            glVertexAttribBinding(0, 0);
+            glBindVertexBuffer(0, positionBuffer, 0, static_cast<GLsizei>(2 * sizeof(float)));
+            glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+
+            glVertexAttribLFormat(1, 1, GL_DOUBLE, 0);
+            glVertexAttribBinding(1, 1);
+            glBindVertexBuffer(1, doubleBuffer, 0, static_cast<GLsizei>(sizeof(double)));
+            glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
+            EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "setting up the 64-bit array was refused";
+
+            ClearTo(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+            glUseProgram(program);
+            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
+            EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "a draw with an enabled 64-bit array must not raise an error";
+
+            const Image image = ReadPixels(target.width, target.height);
+            ASSERT_FALSE(image.Empty());
+            EXPECT_GT(image.At(target.width / 2, target.height / 2).g, 200)
+                << "the draw did not happen; the enabled 64-bit array must be dropped, not fatal";
+
+            glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
+            glDisableVertexAttribArray(1);
+            glBindVertexArray(0);
+            glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &vao);
+            glDeleteBuffers(1, &positionBuffer);
+            glDeleteBuffers(1, &doubleBuffer);
+            BindDefaultFramebuffer();
+            DestroyColorFbo(target);
+            glUseProgram(0);
+            glDeleteProgram(program);
+            EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+        }
+
+        TEST_F(DoublePrecisionScenario, AStorageBlockWithDoublesKeepsTheLayoutItWasBoundWith) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+
+            GLint blocks = 0;
+            glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_COMPUTE_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS, &blocks);
+            if (blocks < 4) {
+                GTEST_SKIP() << "GL_MAX_COMPUTE_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS is " << blocks << "; this needs 4";
+            }
+
+            const unsigned int program = CompileComputeProgram(kBlockCopySource);
+            ASSERT_NE(program, 0u) << m_buildLog;
+
+            const std::vector<unsigned char> in140 = MakeBlockContents(kStd140);
+            const std::vector<unsigned char> in430 = MakeBlockContents(kStd430);
+            const std::vector<unsigned char> zero140(in140.size(), 0);
+            const std::vector<unsigned char> zero430(in430.size(), 0);
+
+            GLuint buffers[4] = {};
+            glGenBuffers(4, buffers);
+            const std::vector<unsigned char>* contents[4] = {&in140, &in430, &zero140, &zero430};
+            for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+                glBindBufferBase(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, static_cast<GLuint>(i), buffers[i]);
+                glBufferData(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(contents[i]->size()),
+                             contents[i]->data(), GL_DYNAMIC_COPY);
+            }
+            ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+
+            glUseProgram(program);
+            glDispatchCompute(1, 1, 1);
+            glMemoryBarrier(GL_BUFFER_UPDATE_BARRIER_BIT);
+            EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+
+            for (int pass = 0; pass < 2; ++pass) {
+                const BlockLayout& layout = pass == 0 ? kStd140 : kStd430;
+                const std::vector<unsigned char>& expected = pass == 0 ? in140 : in430;
+                const char* packing = pass == 0 ? "std140" : "std430";
+                std::vector<unsigned char> observed(expected.size(), 0xEE);
+                glBindBuffer(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, buffers[2 + pass]);
+                glGetBufferSubData(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0,
+                                   static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(observed.size()), observed.data());
+                int mismatches = 0;
+                int firstMismatch = -1;
+                for (std::size_t i = 0; i < expected.size(); ++i) {
+                    if (expected[i] == observed[i]) continue;
+                    ++mismatches;
+                    if (firstMismatch < 0) firstMismatch = static_cast<int>(i);
+                }
+                EXPECT_EQ(mismatches, 0)
+                    << packing << " block: " << mismatches << " of " << expected.size()
+                    << " bytes differ, first at byte " << firstMismatch << " (in "
+                    << DescribeOffset(layout, firstMismatch < 0 ? 0 : firstMismatch)
+                    << "); a block that was repacked around its doubles reads and writes every "
+                       "member after the first one at the wrong offset";
+            }
+
+            glUseProgram(0);
+            glDeleteProgram(program);
+            glDeleteBuffers(4, buffers);
+            EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+        }
+
     } // namespace
 } // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/FormatlessImageBakeScenario.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/FormatlessImageBakeScenario.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// Scenario - A FORMAT-LESS IMAGE UNIFORM WHOSE UNIT HOLDS A NON-CORE FORMAT.
+//
+// GLSL 4.20 lets a write-only image uniform omit its layout format; GLSL ES demands one, so
+// DirectGLES BAKES the format of whatever glBindImageTexture put on the unit into the
+// declaration. When that format is outside the GLSL ES core thirteen, the bake alone is not
+// enough - the baked declaration then has to go through the same channel-widening
+// WidenImageFormatsForEssl gives a DECLARED non-core format (see NonCoreImageFormatScenario for
+// the widening itself).
+//
+// The two routes had different arming. The declared route armed the widening on the format
+// alone; the baked route armed it only when the driver lacked GL_NV_image_formats. That reads
+// like an optimisation and is not one: SPIRV-Cross throws for its is_desktop_only_format set the
+// moment it targets ESSL, whatever the driver would have accepted, so on a driver that HAS the
+// extension the shader half of the widening stayed switched off while TextureImpl's storage/bind
+// half - which keys on SpirvCrossCanPrintEsslImageFormat, not on the driver bit - still ran. The
+// stage threw, the program linked without it, and every dispatch silently did nothing.
+//
+// KHR-GL43.stencil_texturing.functional is where it surfaced: its compute half writes through a
+// format-less `uimage2D` bound to an R8UI texture, and returned zeros for every texel.
+//
+// DISCRIMINATING ONLY WHERE THE DRIVER ADVERTISES GL_NV_image_formats - Mesa does, which is what
+// the software lanes run and where this was found. On Adreno 830 and both Malis the extension is
+// absent, the old code already armed the widening, and these cases pass before and after; they
+// are kept running there as a guard against the opposite mistake.
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../Harness/HeadlessGL.h"
+#include "../Harness/ScenarioFixture.h"
+
+#ifdef GLAPI
+#undef GLAPI
+#endif
+#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+#include <GL/gl.h>
+#include <GL/glcorearb.h>
+#undef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+
+namespace MGITest {
+    namespace {
+
+        constexpr int kExtent = 8;
+
+        // No layout format on uni_image on purpose: that is the whole subject. uni_source is a
+        // plain integer texture so nothing but the image declaration is in play.
+        const char* const kComputeSource = R"(#version 430 core
+layout(local_size_x = 1, local_size_y = 1, local_size_z = 1) in;
+writeonly uniform uimage2D uni_image;
+uniform usampler2D uni_source;
+void main()
+{
+    ivec2 at = ivec2(gl_GlobalInvocationID.xy);
+    imageStore(uni_image, at, uvec4(texelFetch(uni_source, at, 0).r, 0u, 0u, 0u));
+}
+)";
+
+        class FormatlessImageBakeScenario : public ScenarioTest {
+        protected:
+            void SetUp() override {
+                ScenarioTest::SetUp();
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                if (!BackendHostsCompute()) {
+                    GTEST_SKIP() << "no compute stage on " << Gl().BackendName() << " ("
+                                 << Gl().RendererString() << ")";
+                }
+            }
+
+            static bool BackendHostsCompute() {
+                GLint maxImageUnits = 0;
+                glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_IMAGE_UNITS, &maxImageUnits);
+                DrainErrors();
+                return maxImageUnits >= 2;
+            }
+
+            static void DrainErrors() {
+                for (int i = 0; i < 16 && glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR; ++i) {
+                }
+            }
+
+            static GLuint BuildCompute(const char* source, std::string& log) {
+                const GLuint cs = glCreateShader(GL_COMPUTE_SHADER);
+                glShaderSource(cs, 1, &source, nullptr);
+                glCompileShader(cs);
+                GLint ok = 0;
+                glGetShaderiv(cs, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &ok);
+                if (!ok) {
+                    char buffer[2048] = "";
+                    glGetShaderInfoLog(cs, sizeof(buffer), nullptr, buffer);
+                    log = buffer;
+                    glDeleteShader(cs);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                const GLuint program = glCreateProgram();
+                glAttachShader(program, cs);
+                glLinkProgram(program);
+                glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &ok);
+                glDeleteShader(cs);
+                if (!ok) {
+                    char buffer[2048] = "";
+                    glGetProgramInfoLog(program, sizeof(buffer), nullptr, buffer);
+                    log = buffer;
+                    glDeleteProgram(program);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                return program;
+            }
+
+            // internalFormat is the NON-CORE image format under test; the destination texture and
+            // the glBindImageTexture argument both use it, and the shader declares nothing.
+            void RunCopy(GLenum internalFormat, GLenum uploadFormat, GLenum uploadType) {
+                std::vector<GLuint> expected(kExtent * kExtent);
+                for (int i = 0; i < kExtent * kExtent; ++i) {
+                    expected[i] = static_cast<GLuint>(1 + i);
+                }
+
+                // Source: a core-format integer texture holding 1..64.
+                std::vector<GLubyte> sourceBytes(kExtent * kExtent);
+                for (int i = 0; i < kExtent * kExtent; ++i) {
+                    sourceBytes[i] = static_cast<GLubyte>(expected[i]);
+                }
+                GLuint sourceTexture = 0;
+                glGenTextures(1, &sourceTexture);
+                glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, sourceTexture);
+                glTexStorage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 1, GL_R8UI, kExtent, kExtent);
+                glTexSubImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 0, 0, kExtent, kExtent, GL_RED_INTEGER, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
+                                sourceBytes.data());
+                glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+                glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+
+                // Destination: the format under test, zero-filled so "the dispatch did nothing"
+                // and "the dispatch wrote zeros" are the same observation the CTS made.
+                GLuint destTexture = 0;
+                glGenTextures(1, &destTexture);
+                glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, destTexture);
+                glTexStorage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 1, internalFormat, kExtent, kExtent);
+                const std::vector<GLubyte> zeros(static_cast<std::size_t>(kExtent) * kExtent * 8, 0);
+                glTexSubImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 0, 0, kExtent, kExtent, uploadFormat, uploadType, zeros.data());
+                ASSERT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) << "destination storage";
+
+                std::string log;
+                const GLuint program = BuildCompute(kComputeSource, log);
+                ASSERT_NE(program, 0u) << "the format-less image program did not build: " << log;
+
+                glUseProgram(program);
+                glBindImageTexture(1, destTexture, 0, GL_FALSE, 0, GL_WRITE_ONLY, internalFormat);
+                glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(program, "uni_image"), 1);
+                glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
+                glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, sourceTexture);
+                glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(program, "uni_source"), 1);
+                ASSERT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) << "binding";
+
+                glDispatchCompute(kExtent, kExtent, 1);
+                glMemoryBarrier(GL_ALL_BARRIER_BITS);
+                EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) << "dispatch";
+
+                std::vector<GLuint> readback(kExtent * kExtent, 0xFFFFFFFFu);
+                glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+                glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, destTexture);
+                glGetTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RED_INTEGER, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, readback.data());
+                EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) << "readback";
+
+                int offenders = 0;
+                for (int i = 0; i < kExtent * kExtent; ++i) {
+                    if (readback[i] != expected[i]) ++offenders;
+                }
+                EXPECT_EQ(offenders, 0) << "the dispatch wrote " << offenders << " of "
+                                        << (kExtent * kExtent) << " texels wrongly; texel 0 was "
+                                        << readback[0] << ", expected " << expected[0]
+                                        << ". A whole stage lost to the ESSL emitter looks exactly like this.";
+
+                glUseProgram(0);
+                glDeleteProgram(program);
+                glDeleteTextures(1, &sourceTexture);
+                glDeleteTextures(1, &destTexture);
+                DrainErrors();
+            }
+        };
+
+        // R8UI: one of the seven formats GLSL ES reaches only through GL_NV_image_formats AND one
+        // SPIRV-Cross refuses to print for ESSL, so it needs the widening in both driver modes.
+        TEST_F(FormatlessImageBakeScenario, R8uiBakedFromTheBoundUnitStillReachesTheDriver) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+            RunCopy(GL_R8UI, GL_RED_INTEGER, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE);
+        }
+
+        // R16UI, from the same set, carried in RGBA16UI: the fix must not be R8UI-shaped.
+        TEST_F(FormatlessImageBakeScenario, R16uiBakedFromTheBoundUnitStillReachesTheDriver) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+            RunCopy(GL_R16UI, GL_RED_INTEGER, GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT);
+        }
+
+        // The control: R32UI is in the GLSL ES core thirteen, so it is baked and never widened.
+        // It passed before the fix and has to keep passing.
+        TEST_F(FormatlessImageBakeScenario, CoreFormatBakedFromTheBoundUnitIsUnaffected) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+            RunCopy(GL_R32UI, GL_RED_INTEGER, GL_UNSIGNED_INT);
+        }
+
+    } // namespace
+} // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/GeometryDrawModeScenario.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/GeometryDrawModeScenario.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// Scenario - A GEOMETRY SHADER'S INPUT PRIMITIVE CONSTRAINS THE DRAW MODE, AND
+// GL_NONE IS NOT A USABLE "NO GEOMETRY SHADER" SENTINEL.
+//
+// GL 4.6 core 11.3.1: mode must be one of the primitive types that decomposes into the
+// geometry shader's declared input primitive, or the draw is GL_INVALID_OPERATION. The
+// validator asked "is there a geometry stage?" by comparing the REFLECTED INPUT PRIMITIVE
+// against GL_NONE - and GL_NONE and GL_POINTS are both 0, so a `layout(points) in` geometry
+// shader answered "no geometry stage" and every mode sailed through. The rule was therefore
+// dead for exactly the geometry shaders whose input primitive rejects the most modes.
+//
+// KHR-GL43.transform_feedback.api_errors_test is where it showed: it draws a points-in
+// geometry program with GL_LINES through glDrawTransformFeedbackInstanced and requires
+// INVALID_OPERATION. The bug is not specific to that entry point - every draw shares this
+// validator - so the ordinary glDrawArrays spelling is pinned here too, and the lines-in
+// program is the control that proves the rule was not simply widened.
+//
+// Needs a real context: the validator returns before this rule when no backend object is
+// active, so the GPU-free negative-API suite cannot reach it.
+
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../Harness/HeadlessGL.h"
+#include "../Harness/ScenarioFixture.h"
+
+#ifdef GLAPI
+#undef GLAPI
+#endif
+#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+#include <GL/gl.h>
+#include <GL/glcorearb.h>
+#undef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+
+namespace MGITest {
+    namespace {
+
+        const char* const kVertexSource = R"(#version 420 core
+void main()
+{
+    gl_Position = vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+        // The input primitive the CTS case uses, and the one the GL_NONE sentinel erased.
+        // `result` is here so the same program can be captured with transform feedback.
+        const char* const kPointsInGeometrySource = R"(#version 420 core
+layout(points) in;
+layout(points, max_vertices = 1) out;
+out float result;
+void main()
+{
+    gl_Position = gl_in[0].gl_Position;
+    result = 1.0;
+    EmitVertex();
+}
+)";
+
+        const char* const kLinesInGeometrySource = R"(#version 420 core
+layout(lines) in;
+layout(points, max_vertices = 1) out;
+void main()
+{
+    gl_Position = gl_in[0].gl_Position;
+    EmitVertex();
+}
+)";
+
+        const char* const kFragmentSource = R"(#version 420 core
+out vec4 fragColor;
+void main()
+{
+    fragColor = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+        class GeometryDrawModeScenario : public ScenarioTest {
+        protected:
+            void SetUp() override {
+                ScenarioTest::SetUp();
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                glGenVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+                glBindVertexArray(m_vao);
+                if (!BackendHostsGeometry()) {
+                    GTEST_SKIP() << "no geometry stage on " << Gl().BackendName() << " ("
+                                 << Gl().RendererString() << "); there is no input primitive to validate";
+                }
+            }
+
+            void TearDown() override {
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                glUseProgram(0);
+                for (const GLuint program : m_programs) {
+                    glDeleteProgram(program);
+                }
+                m_programs.clear();
+                glBindVertexArray(0);
+                if (m_vao != 0) glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+                m_vao = 0;
+            }
+
+            // The same real-backend probe IoBlockNameCollisionScenario uses: 0 on a DirectGLES
+            // driver without GL_EXT_geometry_shader and on a DirectVulkan device without the
+            // geometryShader feature.
+            static bool BackendHostsGeometry() {
+                GLint maxGeometryOutputVertices = 0;
+                glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_VERTICES, &maxGeometryOutputVertices);
+                DrainErrors();
+                return maxGeometryOutputVertices >= 4;
+            }
+
+            static void DrainErrors() {
+                for (int i = 0; i < 16 && glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR; ++i) {
+                }
+            }
+
+            GLuint BuildProgram(const char* geometrySource, const char* capturedVarying = nullptr) {
+                const std::vector<std::pair<GLenum, const char*>> stages = {
+                    {GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kVertexSource},
+                    {GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER, geometrySource},
+                    {GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, kFragmentSource}};
+
+                std::vector<GLuint> shaders;
+                bool ok = true;
+                for (const auto& [stage, source] : stages) {
+                    const GLuint shader = glCreateShader(stage);
+                    glShaderSource(shader, 1, &source, nullptr);
+                    glCompileShader(shader);
+                    GLint compiled = 0;
+                    glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &compiled);
+                    shaders.push_back(shader);
+                    if (!compiled) {
+                        m_buildLog = InfoLog(shader, true);
+                        ok = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (!ok) {
+                    for (const GLuint shader : shaders) glDeleteShader(shader);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+
+                const GLuint program = glCreateProgram();
+                for (const GLuint shader : shaders) glAttachShader(program, shader);
+                if (capturedVarying != nullptr) {
+                    glTransformFeedbackVaryings(program, 1, &capturedVarying, GL_INTERLEAVED_ATTRIBS);
+                }
+                glLinkProgram(program);
+                GLint linked = 0;
+                glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked);
+                for (const GLuint shader : shaders) glDeleteShader(shader);
+                if (!linked) {
+                    m_buildLog = InfoLog(program, false);
+                    glDeleteProgram(program);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                m_programs.push_back(program);
+                return program;
+            }
+
+            static std::string InfoLog(GLuint object, bool isShader) {
+                GLint length = 0;
+                if (isShader) {
+                    glGetShaderiv(object, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
+                } else {
+                    glGetProgramiv(object, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
+                }
+                std::vector<char> buffer(static_cast<std::size_t>(length) + 1, '\0');
+                if (isShader) {
+                    glGetShaderInfoLog(object, length + 1, nullptr, buffer.data());
+                } else {
+                    glGetProgramInfoLog(object, length + 1, nullptr, buffer.data());
+                }
+                return buffer.data();
+            }
+
+            const std::string& BuildLog() const { return m_buildLog; }
+
+            GLuint m_vao = 0;
+            std::vector<GLuint> m_programs;
+            std::string m_buildLog;
+        };
+
+        // GL_POINTS is the only mode that decomposes into a points input primitive.
+        TEST_F(GeometryDrawModeScenario, PointsInGeometryProgramRejectsEveryOtherMode) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+
+            const GLuint program = BuildProgram(kPointsInGeometrySource);
+            ASSERT_NE(program, 0u) << "the points-in geometry program did not build: " << BuildLog();
+
+            glUseProgram(program);
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            for (const GLenum mode :
+                 {static_cast<GLenum>(GL_LINES), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_LINE_STRIP),
+                  static_cast<GLenum>(GL_TRIANGLES), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP)}) {
+                glDrawArrays(mode, 0, 3);
+                EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_INVALID_OPERATION))
+                    << "mode " << mode << " does not decompose into the geometry shader's points input";
+                DrainErrors();
+            }
+
+            // The one mode that IS compatible still draws.
+            glDrawArrays(GL_POINTS, 0, 1);
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR));
+            DrainErrors();
+        }
+
+        // The same rule reached through glDrawTransformFeedback*, which is the spelling the CTS
+        // case asks about. The capture span is really completed first, so GL_POINTS comes back
+        // GL_NO_ERROR: without that the draw would report INVALID_OPERATION for the
+        // never-ended-a-span reason instead and the case could not tell the two apart.
+        TEST_F(GeometryDrawModeScenario, PointsInGeometryProgramRejectsNonPointModesOnFeedbackDraws) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+
+            const GLuint program = BuildProgram(kPointsInGeometrySource, "result");
+            ASSERT_NE(program, 0u) << "the points-in geometry program did not build: " << BuildLog();
+
+            GLuint feedback = 0;
+            glGenTransformFeedbacks(1, &feedback);
+            glBindTransformFeedback(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK, feedback);
+            GLuint captureBuffer = 0;
+            glGenBuffers(1, &captureBuffer);
+            glBindBuffer(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, captureBuffer);
+            glBufferData(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, 64, nullptr, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+            glBindBufferBase(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, 0, captureBuffer);
+            glUseProgram(program);
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            glBeginTransformFeedback(GL_POINTS);
+            glDrawArrays(GL_POINTS, 0, 1);
+            glEndTransformFeedback();
+            ASSERT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) << "the capture span did not complete";
+
+            glDrawTransformFeedbackInstanced(GL_LINES, feedback, 1);
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_INVALID_OPERATION))
+                << "glDrawTransformFeedbackInstanced must honour the geometry input primitive";
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            glDrawTransformFeedbackStreamInstanced(GL_LINES, feedback, 0, 1);
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_INVALID_OPERATION))
+                << "glDrawTransformFeedbackStreamInstanced must honour the geometry input primitive";
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            // The compatible mode replays the captured span with no error at all, which is what
+            // makes the two assertions above about the MODE and not about the span.
+            glDrawTransformFeedbackInstanced(GL_POINTS, feedback, 1);
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR))
+                << "a compatible mode must still replay the captured span";
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            glUseProgram(0);
+            glBindBufferBase(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, 0, 0);
+            glBindBuffer(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, 0);
+            glDeleteBuffers(1, &captureBuffer);
+            glBindTransformFeedback(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK, 0);
+            glDeleteTransformFeedbacks(1, &feedback);
+            DrainErrors();
+        }
+
+        // The control: a lines-in geometry shader is a NON-zero input primitive, so it exercised
+        // the rule even before the fix. It must still accept the line modes and still reject the
+        // others - a fix that widened the rule instead of repairing its guard breaks this.
+        TEST_F(GeometryDrawModeScenario, LinesInGeometryProgramStillAcceptsLineModesOnly) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+
+            const GLuint program = BuildProgram(kLinesInGeometrySource);
+            ASSERT_NE(program, 0u) << "the lines-in geometry program did not build: " << BuildLog();
+
+            glUseProgram(program);
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            for (const GLenum mode : {static_cast<GLenum>(GL_LINES), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_LINE_STRIP),
+                                      static_cast<GLenum>(GL_LINE_LOOP)}) {
+                glDrawArrays(mode, 0, 2);
+                EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR))
+                    << "mode " << mode << " decomposes into lines and must be accepted";
+                DrainErrors();
+            }
+
+            for (const GLenum mode : {static_cast<GLenum>(GL_POINTS), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_TRIANGLES)}) {
+                glDrawArrays(mode, 0, 3);
+                EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_INVALID_OPERATION))
+                    << "mode " << mode << " does not decompose into lines";
+                DrainErrors();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // The other half of "ask the stage": WHICH stage list is asked. gsInputPrimitive is a
+        // LINK artifact, so pairing it with the live attach list re-points the GL_NONE/GL_POINTS
+        // aliasing instead of removing it - inside the window between glAttachShader and the
+        // next link, the live list says "geometry present" while the artifact still reads
+        // GL_NONE, which is 0, which is GL_POINTS, so every mode but GL_POINTS is rejected.
+        //
+        // GL 4.6 core 7.3 makes that window legal and ordinary: an attach affects the program's
+        // executable only at the next link, and leaves LINK_STATUS alone. The attached shader
+        // need not even compile. Worse, it does not heal - glDetachShader defers the removal to
+        // the next Link() too, so the program would keep failing every non-POINTS draw until the
+        // application happened to relink for some unrelated reason.
+        TEST_F(GeometryDrawModeScenario, AttachingAGeometryStageAfterTheLinkDoesNotConstrainTheDrawMode) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+
+            // Deliberately NOT BuildProgram: the executable under test has no geometry stage.
+            const GLuint program = glCreateProgram();
+            m_programs.push_back(program);
+            for (const auto& [stage, source] :
+                 std::vector<std::pair<GLenum, const char*>>{{GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kVertexSource},
+                                                             {GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, kFragmentSource}}) {
+                const GLuint shader = glCreateShader(stage);
+                glShaderSource(shader, 1, &source, nullptr);
+                glCompileShader(shader);
+                glAttachShader(program, shader);
+                glDeleteShader(shader);
+            }
+            glLinkProgram(program);
+            GLint linked = GL_FALSE;
+            glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked);
+            ASSERT_EQ(linked, GL_TRUE) << "the vertex+fragment program did not link";
+
+            glUseProgram(program);
+            DrainErrors();
+            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
+            ASSERT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR))
+                << "a program with no geometry stage must draw triangles";
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            const GLuint geometry = glCreateShader(GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER);
+            glShaderSource(geometry, 1, &kPointsInGeometrySource, nullptr);
+            glCompileShader(geometry);
+            glAttachShader(program, geometry);
+            glDeleteShader(geometry);
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            // Same executable as three lines ago - no relink has happened.
+            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR))
+                << "the attach does not reach the executable until the next link, so the geometry "
+                   "shader's points input must not constrain this draw";
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            // And once it IS linked in, the rule applies - the fix must not have simply disabled it.
+            glLinkProgram(program);
+            glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked);
+            ASSERT_EQ(linked, GL_TRUE) << "the relink with the geometry stage failed";
+            glUseProgram(program);
+            DrainErrors();
+            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_INVALID_OPERATION))
+                << "now that the points-in geometry shader is in the executable, triangles must be rejected";
+            DrainErrors();
+        }
+
+        // The tessellation guard above the geometry one had the identical defect, and it does not
+        // even need the GL_NONE aliasing to misfire: it drives BOTH directions unconditionally, so
+        // reading the live attach list rejects every non-GL_PATCHES draw the moment an evaluation
+        // shader is attached, whether or not it was ever linked in.
+        TEST_F(GeometryDrawModeScenario, AttachingATessEvalStageAfterTheLinkDoesNotForceGlPatches) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+
+            GLint maxPatchVertices = 0;
+            glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_PATCH_VERTICES, &maxPatchVertices);
+            DrainErrors();
+            if (maxPatchVertices < 3) GTEST_SKIP() << "no tessellation stage on this backend";
+
+            const GLuint program = glCreateProgram();
+            m_programs.push_back(program);
+            for (const auto& [stage, source] :
+                 std::vector<std::pair<GLenum, const char*>>{{GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kVertexSource},
+                                                             {GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, kFragmentSource}}) {
+                const GLuint shader = glCreateShader(stage);
+                glShaderSource(shader, 1, &source, nullptr);
+                glCompileShader(shader);
+                glAttachShader(program, shader);
+                glDeleteShader(shader);
+            }
+            glLinkProgram(program);
+            GLint linked = GL_FALSE;
+            glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked);
+            ASSERT_EQ(linked, GL_TRUE) << "the vertex+fragment program did not link";
+
+            glUseProgram(program);
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            static const char* const kTessEvalSource = R"(#version 420 core
+layout(triangles, equal_spacing, ccw) in;
+void main()
+{
+    gl_Position = gl_in[0].gl_Position;
+}
+)";
+            const GLuint tessEval = glCreateShader(GL_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER);
+            glShaderSource(tessEval, 1, &kTessEvalSource, nullptr);
+            glCompileShader(tessEval);
+            glAttachShader(program, tessEval);
+            glDeleteShader(tessEval);
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR))
+                << "the executable still has no tessellation stage, so GL_PATCHES must not be required";
+            DrainErrors();
+        }
+
+    } // namespace
+} // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/Glsl420DeclarationScenario.cpp

@@ -179,6 +179,13 @@ void main()
 in flat uint v_index;
 out vec4 o_color;
 void main() { o_color = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0); }
+)";
+
+        // The colour index spelled out at its default value. Says nothing that
+        // `layout(location = 0)` alone does not, and must therefore cost nothing.
+        constexpr const char* kExplicitColorIndexFS = R"(#version 420 core
+layout(location = 0, index = 0) out vec4 o_color;
+void main() { o_color = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0); }
 )";
 
         class Glsl420DeclarationScenario : public ScenarioTest {
@@ -473,4 +480,24 @@ void main() { o_color = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0); }
         EXPECT_EQ(centre.g, 255) << "the atomic-counter shader linked but painted nothing";
     }
 
+    // `layout(location = 0, index = 0)` is the GL default written out loud, and an application
+    // is entitled to write it - KHR-GL43.shader_atomic_counters.basic-program-query does. It has
+    // to reach the driver as an ORDINARY single-source output: GLSL ES has no `index` qualifier
+    // in core, so a transpiler that prints the decoration back gets "index layout qualifier
+    // requires EXT_blend_func_extended", the stage never compiles, the program runs with a stage
+    // missing and the draw paints nothing at all. Black, not red - which is why the conformance
+    // case looked like the atomic counters had stopped counting.
+    TEST_F(Glsl420DeclarationScenario, AnExplicitDefaultColorIndexStillDraws) {
+        if (!Ready()) return;
+
+        const GLuint program = Build(kQuadVS, kExplicitColorIndexFS);
+        if (program == 0) return;
+
+        const Rgba8 centre = DrawAndRead(program);
+        EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+        EXPECT_EQ(centre.g, 255) << "a fragment output declared layout(location = 0, index = 0) painted "
+                                    "nothing; its stage was almost certainly refused by the driver";
+        EXPECT_EQ(centre.r, 0u);
+    }
+
 } // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/ImageLoadStoreSsoScenario.cpp

@@ -127,14 +127,23 @@ void main()
             // One qualifier is all an ARRAY declaration can carry, and ESSL then gives the
             // array's elements the CONSECUTIVE units N, N+1, N+2, ... - so a per-element
             // assignment that is not consecutive (the conformance case uses 0, 2, 4, 6) has no
-            // spelling in a single declaration and cannot be expressed at all without splitting
+            // spelling in a single declaration.
-            // the array into one declaration per element and rewriting every use of it.
             //
-            // Scoped rather than disabled, exactly as ProgramPipelineScenario scopes its
+            // RemapImageArrayElementUnits repairs it by SPLITTING the array into one scalar
-            // storage-block rebinding cases: the defect is per-backend and the frontend
+            // image uniform per element, each carrying its own binding, which costs exactly the
-            // mechanism these cases exist for - per-element units surviving the trip to the
+            // four image uniforms the application declared. (It used to WIDEN the array to cover
-            // pipeline composite - is fully exercised on Magma.
+            // the whole span instead, which cost seven for those four elements and had to be
-            bool PerElementImageUnitsAreHonoured() const { return Gl().BackendName() == "DirectVulkan"; }
+            // declined on a stage that could not afford them - hence the budget gate that used
+            // to be here.) DirectVulkan needs no rewrite at all.
+            bool PerElementImageUnitsAreHonoured() const {
+                if (Gl().BackendName() == "DirectVulkan") return true;
+                GLint maxFragmentImageUniforms = 0;
+                glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_IMAGE_UNIFORMS, &maxFragmentImageUniforms);
+                while (glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) {
+                }
+                // One per element of the four-element array either fragment program declares.
+                return maxFragmentImageUniforms >= 4;
+            }
 
             // The scenarios below need image load/store at all; a driver without it should skip
             // rather than fail.
@@ -164,7 +173,7 @@ void main()
         if (!Ready()) return;
         if (!ImagesAreUsable()) GTEST_SKIP() << "fewer than 8 image units";
         if (!PerElementImageUnitsAreHonoured()) {
-            GTEST_SKIP() << "non-consecutive per-element image units cannot be baked into ESSL";
+            GTEST_SKIP() << "fewer than 4 fragment image uniforms: the array under test does not fit";
         }
         HeadlessGL& gl = Gl();
 
@@ -283,8 +292,12 @@ void main()
     TEST_F(ImageLoadStoreSsoScenario, AnImageArrayAlongsideAnotherDescriptorKeepsBothBindings) {
         if (!Ready()) return;
         if (!ImagesAreUsable()) GTEST_SKIP() << "fewer than 8 image units";
-        if (!PerElementImageUnitsAreHonoured()) {
+        // The defect this guards is the SPIR-V descriptor remap, which only Magma has; the units
-            GTEST_SKIP() << "non-consecutive per-element image units cannot be baked into ESSL";
+        // here are consecutive on purpose, so on Espryt this would exercise nothing the case
+        // above does not. Scoped by what it TESTS rather than by the image-array widening, which
+        // it deliberately never triggers.
+        if (Gl().BackendName() != "DirectVulkan") {
+            GTEST_SKIP() << "the descriptor binding remap under test is DirectVulkan's";
         }
         HeadlessGL& gl = Gl();
 

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/ImageSizeAfterRespecScenario.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/ImageSizeAfterRespecScenario.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// Scenario - A DRAW READS imageSize() AFTER THE IMAGE TEXTURE IS RE-SPECIFIED.
+//
+// KHR-GL43.shader_image_size.advanced-changeSize reduced to its mechanism. The application binds
+// a texture to an image unit ONCE, draws, then re-specifies that same texture with a new size
+// through glTexImage2D and draws again - without touching the image unit. GL says the unit
+// references the texture OBJECT, so the second draw must see the new dimensions.
+//
+// On Espryt it did not, and the reason is two facts meeting:
+//
+//   1. ES 3.1 only allows IMMUTABLE storage on an image unit, so the backend forces glTexStorage
+//      backing on any texture that reaches one (SyncTextureObjectToBackend's
+//      imageBindableStorageRequired). Immutable storage cannot be redefined, so a glTexImage2D
+//      that changes size or format has to MINT A NEW ES TEXTURE NAME.
+//   2. The draw path never re-issued glBindImageTexture. Image units were established eagerly,
+//      once, when the application called glBindImageTexture, and PrepareForDraw only ever
+//      re-synced SAMPLED textures - so the unit kept pointing at the deleted name and
+//      imageSize() reported whatever that stale binding still meant.
+//
+// A dispatch was never affected: PrepareForCompute has always swept the image units. This is a
+// draw-path scenario for exactly that reason - a compute-shaped case cannot see the defect.
+//
+// Both backends run it. Magma re-derives its image descriptors per draw and so was never wrong
+// here, which makes it the control: the two backends have to agree on what the second draw sees.
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../Harness/HeadlessGL.h"
+#include "../Harness/ScenarioFixture.h"
+
+#ifdef GLAPI
+#undef GLAPI
+#endif
+#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+#include <GL/gl.h>
+#include <GL/glcorearb.h>
+#undef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+
+namespace MGITest {
+    namespace {
+
+        constexpr int kTargetSize = 8;
+
+        constexpr const char* kVS = R"(#version 430 core
+void main()
+{
+    // A single triangle that covers the whole target, with no vertex buffer at all: the
+    // scenario is about the image unit, so nothing else may be able to make it fail.
+    switch (gl_VertexID)
+    {
+      case 0: gl_Position = vec4(-1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0); break;
+      case 1: gl_Position = vec4( 3.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0); break;
+      case 2: gl_Position = vec4(-1.0,  3.0, 0.0, 1.0); break;
+    }
+}
+)";
+
+        // Green when the image the unit currently holds has the size the application last gave
+        // it, red otherwise - the conformance case's own comparison, and its own colours.
+        constexpr const char* kFS = R"(#version 430 core
+layout(rgba8) readonly uniform image2D g_image;
+uniform ivec2 g_expected_size;
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 o_color;
+void main()
+{
+    o_color = (imageSize(g_image) == g_expected_size) ? vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0) : vec4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+        class ImageSizeAfterRespecScenario : public ScenarioTest {
+        protected:
+            void TearDown() override {
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                glUseProgram(0);
+                glBindImageTexture(0, 0, 0, GL_FALSE, 0, GL_READ_ONLY, GL_RGBA8);
+                glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
+                if (m_program != 0) glDeleteProgram(m_program);
+                if (m_fbo != 0) glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &m_fbo);
+                if (m_color != 0) glDeleteTextures(1, &m_color);
+                if (m_image != 0) glDeleteTextures(1, &m_image);
+                if (m_vao != 0) glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+                m_program = m_fbo = m_color = m_image = m_vao = 0;
+                while (glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) {
+                }
+            }
+
+            // imageSize() needs a fragment-stage image uniform; a driver that serves none should
+            // skip rather than fail.
+            bool FragmentImagesAreUsable() const {
+                GLint maxImageUnits = 0;
+                GLint maxFragmentImageUniforms = 0;
+                glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_IMAGE_UNITS, &maxImageUnits);
+                glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_IMAGE_UNIFORMS, &maxFragmentImageUniforms);
+                while (glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) {
+                }
+                return maxImageUnits >= 1 && maxFragmentImageUniforms >= 1;
+            }
+
+            GLuint MakeProgram() {
+                const GLuint vs = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
+                const GLuint fs = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
+                glShaderSource(vs, 1, &kVS, nullptr);
+                glShaderSource(fs, 1, &kFS, nullptr);
+                glCompileShader(vs);
+                glCompileShader(fs);
+                for (const GLuint shader : {vs, fs}) {
+                    GLint compiled = GL_FALSE;
+                    glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &compiled);
+                    if (compiled == GL_FALSE) {
+                        char log[4096] = {};
+                        glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, sizeof(log) - 1, nullptr, log);
+                        ADD_FAILURE() << "a shader did not compile: " << log;
+                        glDeleteShader(vs);
+                        glDeleteShader(fs);
+                        return 0;
+                    }
+                }
+                const GLuint program = glCreateProgram();
+                glAttachShader(program, vs);
+                glAttachShader(program, fs);
+                glLinkProgram(program);
+                glDeleteShader(vs);
+                glDeleteShader(fs);
+                GLint linked = GL_FALSE;
+                glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked);
+                if (linked == GL_FALSE) {
+                    char log[4096] = {};
+                    glGetProgramInfoLog(program, sizeof(log) - 1, nullptr, log);
+                    ADD_FAILURE() << "the program did not link: " << log;
+                    glDeleteProgram(program);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                return program;
+            }
+
+            void MakeRenderTarget() {
+                glGenTextures(1, &m_color);
+                glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_color);
+                glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+                glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+                glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA8, kTargetSize, kTargetSize, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
+                             nullptr);
+                glGenFramebuffers(1, &m_fbo);
+                glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, m_fbo);
+                glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_color, 0);
+            }
+
+            // Draw once with `expected` pushed to the shader and report the centre pixel.
+            void DrawAndReadCentre(int expectedWidth, int expectedHeight, unsigned char (&centre)[4]) {
+                const GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(m_program, "g_expected_size");
+                ASSERT_NE(location, -1) << "the program has no g_expected_size uniform";
+                glUseProgram(m_program);
+                glUniform2i(location, expectedWidth, expectedHeight);
+                glViewport(0, 0, kTargetSize, kTargetSize);
+                glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+                glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+                glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
+                glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+                glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
+                ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "the draw left a GL error";
+
+                std::vector<unsigned char> pixels(static_cast<std::size_t>(kTargetSize) * kTargetSize * 4, 0);
+                glReadPixels(0, 0, kTargetSize, kTargetSize, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels.data());
+                ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "reading the target back errored";
+                const std::size_t offset =
+                    (static_cast<std::size_t>(kTargetSize / 2) * kTargetSize + kTargetSize / 2) * 4;
+                for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+                    centre[i] = pixels[offset + static_cast<std::size_t>(i)];
+                }
+            }
+
+            GLuint m_program = 0;
+            GLuint m_fbo = 0;
+            GLuint m_color = 0;
+            GLuint m_image = 0;
+            GLuint m_vao = 0;
+        };
+
+    } // namespace
+
+    // The whole conformance shape: bind once, draw, re-specify the SAME texture smaller, draw
+    // again. The first draw is the control - it proves the binding and the shader work at all -
+    // and the second is the regression pin. Blue would mean the draw never ran; red means the
+    // image unit answered with the size the texture had BEFORE the re-spec.
+    TEST_F(ImageSizeAfterRespecScenario, ADrawSeesTheNewSizeOfARespecifiedImageTexture) {
+        if (!Ready()) return;
+        if (!FragmentImagesAreUsable()) GTEST_SKIP() << "no fragment-stage image uniform available";
+
+        m_program = MakeProgram();
+        if (m_program == 0) return;
+        glGenVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+        glBindVertexArray(m_vao);
+        MakeRenderTarget();
+        ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "setting the render target up errored";
+
+        glGenTextures(1, &m_image);
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_image);
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA8, 32, 32, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, nullptr);
+        glBindImageTexture(0, m_image, 0, GL_FALSE, 0, GL_READ_ONLY, GL_RGBA8);
+        ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "binding the image texture errored";
+
+        unsigned char centre[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
+        DrawAndReadCentre(32, 32, centre);
+        EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(centre[0]), 0) << "the FIRST draw already disagrees about imageSize(): got ("
+                                                  << static_cast<int>(centre[0]) << ", "
+                                                  << static_cast<int>(centre[1]) << ", "
+                                                  << static_cast<int>(centre[2]) << ")";
+        EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(centre[1]), 255);
+
+        // The re-spec. The image unit is deliberately NOT re-bound: GL 4.6 core 8.26 says the
+        // unit references the texture object, so this alone has to be visible to the next draw.
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_image);
+        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA8, 16, 16, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, nullptr);
+        ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "re-specifying the image texture errored";
+
+        DrawAndReadCentre(16, 16, centre);
+        EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(centre[0]), 0)
+            << "after the re-spec the draw still sees the OLD image size; centre pixel was ("
+            << static_cast<int>(centre[0]) << ", " << static_cast<int>(centre[1]) << ", "
+            << static_cast<int>(centre[2]) << ")";
+        EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(centre[1]), 255);
+    }
+
+} // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/ImageTargetKindScenario.cpp

@@ -66,6 +66,9 @@ namespace MGITest {
         constexpr int kExtent = 6;
         constexpr GLuint kFilledValue = 7u;
         constexpr GLuint kStoredValue = 13u;
+        // What the atomic cases add to a filled texel. Distinct from both values above, so a
+        // wrong answer cannot be read as either the untouched fill or a plain store.
+        constexpr GLuint kAtomicAddend = 5u;
 
         // Everything that differs between the eleven kinds, in one row.
         struct TargetKind {
@@ -129,6 +132,25 @@ namespace MGITest {
                    kind.imageType + " i0;\n\nvoid main()\n{\n    " + StoreStatement(kind, "i0", "13u") + "\n}\n";
         }
 
+        // The third direction, and the one neither of the two above can stand in for: an
+        // imageAtomic* reaches its texel through a SPIR-V operand path of its own
+        // (OpImageTexelPointer), not through OpImageRead or OpImageWrite. SPIRV-Cross's "ES has
+        // no 1D image, address it as 2D" coordinate widening is applied on the read and write
+        // paths and NOT on that one, so a 1D image whose loads and stores are both correct could
+        // still lose its entire stage to a single imageAtomicAdd - which is what
+        // KHR-GL4x.shader_image_load_store.basic-allTargets-atomic measured, with the driver
+        // answering "'imageAtomicAdd' : no matching overloaded function found".
+        //
+        // No readonly/writeonly here: an atomic needs both directions, and r32ui is one of the
+        // three formats GLSL ES exempts from the qualifier rule, so the bare declaration is legal.
+        // Returns the value the texel held BEFORE the add, so one dispatch checks the atomic's
+        // return value and the load case that follows checks its memory effect.
+        std::string SingleAtomicSource(const TargetKind& kind) {
+            return std::string(kComputePrologue) + "layout (location = 0, r32ui) coherent uniform " +
+                   kind.imageType + " i0;\n" + kResultBlock + "void main()\n{\n    ssb.sum = imageAtomicAdd(i0, " +
+                   kind.coord + (kind.multisample ? ", 0, " : ", ") + std::to_string(kAtomicAddend) + "u);\n}\n";
+        }
+
         class ImageTargetKindScenario : public ScenarioTest {
         protected:
             void TearDown() override {
@@ -374,6 +396,119 @@ namespace MGITest {
                 glUseProgram(0);
             }
 
+            // Fill a texture of `kind`, add to texel (0,0,0) atomically, and require BOTH the
+            // value the atomic returned and the value it left behind. The read-back runs as a
+            // second program, for the same reason the store case does: a backend that gets the
+            // atomic's return right and its memory effect wrong cannot cancel itself out.
+            void RunAtomicCase(const TargetKind& kind) {
+                const GLuint atomicProgram = MakeComputeProgram(SingleAtomicSource(kind));
+                const GLuint loadProgram = MakeComputeProgram(SingleLoadSource(kind));
+                if (atomicProgram == 0 || loadProgram == 0) return;
+                const GLuint texture = MakeTexture(kind, true);
+                if (texture == 0) return;
+                const GLuint ssbo = MakeResultBuffer();
+
+                glBindImageTexture(0, texture, 0, GL_TRUE, 0, GL_READ_WRITE, GL_R32UI);
+                ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << kind.name << ": glBindImageTexture errored";
+
+                glUseProgram(atomicProgram);
+                glUniform1i(0, 0);
+                glDispatchCompute(1, 1, 1);
+                glMemoryBarrier(GL_ALL_BARRIER_BITS);
+                EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << kind.name << ": the atomic dispatch leaked a GL error";
+                EXPECT_EQ(ReadResult(ssbo), kFilledValue)
+                    << kind.name << ": imageAtomicAdd did not return the value the texel held before it";
+
+                glUseProgram(loadProgram);
+                glUniform1i(0, 0);
+                glDispatchCompute(1, 1, 1);
+                glMemoryBarrier(GL_ALL_BARRIER_BITS);
+                EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << kind.name << ": the loading dispatch leaked a GL error";
+                EXPECT_EQ(ReadResult(ssbo), kFilledValue + kAtomicAddend)
+                    << kind.name << ": imageAtomicAdd did not leave the sum in the texel";
+                glUseProgram(0);
+            }
+
+            // The same texture, bound four times over, varying nothing but `layered` and `layer`.
+            //
+            // GL 4.6 core 8.26 (and ES 3.2 8.22, word for word): "If the texture identified by
+            // texture does not have multiple layers or faces, the entire texture level is bound,
+            // regardless of the values of layered and layer." REGARDLESS means ignored - not
+            // clamped, and not an error - so every one of the four rows has to read the same texel
+            // out of a target that has no layers, including the two rows that name layer 1 on a
+            // texture whose only layer is 0. DirectGLES used to normalize `layered` and forward
+            // `layer` verbatim; Adreno honours the bogus layer by leaving the image unit reading
+            // zero, which is exactly the two rows KHR-GL42.bind_image_texture.single_layer failed.
+            //
+            // The bindings are checked back as well, because the fix depends on WHERE the
+            // normalization happens: the frontend shadow must keep echoing the application's own
+            // values (gl4cShaderImageLoadStoreTests' CheckBinding compares them exactly), and only
+            // the backend's driver call may drop the layer.
+            void RunNonLayerableLayerSweepCase(const TargetKind& kind) {
+                const GLuint program = MakeComputeProgram(SingleLoadSource(kind));
+                if (program == 0) return;
+                const GLuint texture = MakeTexture(kind, true);
+                if (texture == 0) return;
+
+                // A multisample texture has no TexSubImage, so MakeTexture leaves it unwritten and
+                // it is seeded the way the store cases do it - through a dispatch of its own.
+                const GLuint expected = kind.multisample ? kStoredValue : kFilledValue;
+                if (kind.multisample) {
+                    const GLuint storeProgram = MakeComputeProgram(SingleStoreSource(kind));
+                    if (storeProgram == 0) return;
+                    glBindImageTexture(0, texture, 0, GL_TRUE, 0, GL_READ_WRITE, GL_R32UI);
+                    glUseProgram(storeProgram);
+                    glUniform1i(0, 0);
+                    glDispatchCompute(1, 1, 1);
+                    glMemoryBarrier(GL_ALL_BARRIER_BITS);
+                    ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << kind.name << ": seeding the multisample texture errored";
+                }
+
+                const GLuint ssbo = MakeResultBuffer();
+                glUseProgram(program);
+                glUniform1i(0, 0);
+                ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << kind.name << ": assigning the image unit errored";
+
+                // glcBindImageTextureTests' own four rows, in its own order.
+                struct LayerRow {
+                    GLboolean layered;
+                    GLint layer;
+                };
+                static constexpr LayerRow kRows[] = {{GL_TRUE, 1}, {GL_TRUE, 0}, {GL_FALSE, 1}, {GL_FALSE, 0}};
+
+                for (const LayerRow& row : kRows) {
+                    const std::string where = std::string(kind.name) +
+                                              ": layered=" + (row.layered == GL_TRUE ? "TRUE" : "FALSE") +
+                                              " layer=" + std::to_string(row.layer);
+                    // Re-zeroed per row, so a row whose binding reads nothing cannot pass on the
+                    // previous row's answer.
+                    const GLuint zero = 0u;
+                    glBindBuffer(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, ssbo);
+                    glBufferSubData(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0, sizeof(GLuint), &zero);
+
+                    glBindImageTexture(0, texture, 0, row.layered, row.layer, GL_READ_ONLY, GL_R32UI);
+                    EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << where << ": glBindImageTexture errored";
+
+                    GLint reportedLayered = -1;
+                    GLint reportedLayer = -1;
+                    glGetIntegeri_v(GL_IMAGE_BINDING_LAYERED, 0, &reportedLayered);
+                    glGetIntegeri_v(GL_IMAGE_BINDING_LAYER, 0, &reportedLayer);
+                    EXPECT_EQ(reportedLayered, row.layered == GL_TRUE ? 1 : 0)
+                        << where << ": GL_IMAGE_BINDING_LAYERED stopped reporting the application's value";
+                    EXPECT_EQ(reportedLayer, row.layer)
+                        << where << ": GL_IMAGE_BINDING_LAYER stopped reporting the application's value";
+
+                    glDispatchCompute(1, 1, 1);
+                    glMemoryBarrier(GL_ALL_BARRIER_BITS);
+                    EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << where << ": the dispatch leaked a GL error";
+                    EXPECT_EQ(ReadResult(ssbo), expected)
+                        << where
+                        << ": the texel did not come back, so the binding named a layer the texture "
+                           "does not have instead of the whole level";
+                }
+                glUseProgram(0);
+            }
+
             std::vector<GLuint> m_programs;
             std::vector<GLuint> m_textures;
             std::vector<GLuint> m_buffers;
@@ -435,6 +570,54 @@ namespace MGITest {
 #undef MGL_DEFINE_LOAD_CASE
 #undef MGL_DEFINE_STORE_CASE
 
+    // ---- and the atomic direction, on the two kinds ES has to emulate -------
+    //
+    // Deliberately NOT every kind. imageAtomic* takes its own SPIR-V operand path
+    // (OpImageTexelPointer), and the only kinds whose coordinate that path has to RESHAPE are the
+    // two 1D ones - everything else addresses its ES texture with the coordinate the application
+    // wrote. GL_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY is the control (its reshape has been in
+    // Lower1DArrayImagesForEssl from the start, and basic-allTargets-atomic passes on it);
+    // GL_TEXTURE_1D is the one that had none, so `imageAtomicAdd(g_image_1d, coord.x, 2)` reached
+    // the driver as a scalar against an iimage2D and took the whole fragment stage - and its six
+    // other images - with it.
+
+#define MGL_DEFINE_ATOMIC_CASE(CaseName, Kind)                                                                  \
+    TEST_F(ImageTargetKindScenario, AtomicallyAddsTo##CaseName) {                                               \
+        if (!Ready()) return;                                                                                   \
+        if (!ImagesAreUsable()) GTEST_SKIP() << "no compute image uniforms";                                    \
+        RunAtomicCase(Kind);                                                                                    \
+    }
+
+    MGL_DEFINE_ATOMIC_CASE(Texture1D, kKind1D)
+    MGL_DEFINE_ATOMIC_CASE(Texture1DArray, kKind1DArray)
+
+#undef MGL_DEFINE_ATOMIC_CASE
+
+    // ---- and the same texture bound four times, varying only layered/layer ---
+    //
+    // KHR-GL42.bind_image_texture.single_layer's sweep, on the kinds whose backend target has
+    // neither layers nor faces. Two of its four rows name layer 1 on a single-layer texture,
+    // which the spec says is to be ignored outright rather than honoured or rejected - and
+    // which DirectGLES used to forward to the ES driver as written.
+
+#define MGL_DEFINE_LAYER_SWEEP_CASE(CaseName, Kind)                                                             \
+    TEST_F(ImageTargetKindScenario, IgnoresLayerFor##CaseName) {                                                \
+        if (!Ready()) return;                                                                                   \
+        if (!ImagesAreUsable()) GTEST_SKIP() << "no compute image uniforms";                                    \
+        if ((Kind).multisample && !MultisampleImagesAreUsable()) {                                              \
+            GTEST_SKIP() << "GL_MAX_IMAGE_SAMPLES is 0, so the conformance case substitutes a plain 2D image "  \
+                            "here and never asks for a multisample one";                                        \
+        }                                                                                                       \
+        RunNonLayerableLayerSweepCase(Kind);                                                                    \
+    }
+
+    MGL_DEFINE_LAYER_SWEEP_CASE(Texture2D, kKind2D)
+    MGL_DEFINE_LAYER_SWEEP_CASE(Texture1D, kKind1D)
+    MGL_DEFINE_LAYER_SWEEP_CASE(TextureRectangle, kKindRect)
+    MGL_DEFINE_LAYER_SWEEP_CASE(Texture2DMultisample, kKind2DMS)
+
+#undef MGL_DEFINE_LAYER_SWEEP_CASE
+
     // ---- and all of them at once -------------------------------------------
     //
     // The conformance case's actual shape. The single-kind cases above cannot see a defect that

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/IoBlockNameCollisionScenario.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/IoBlockNameCollisionScenario.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// Scenario - ONE BLOCK NAME USED IN BOTH DIRECTIONS BY ONE STAGE STILL CARRIES ITS PAYLOAD.
+//
+// Desktop GLSL keeps SEPARATE name namespaces for input and output interface blocks, so a
+// single stage may legally write
+//
+//     in  TcsData { ... } tes_in[];
+//     out TcsData { ... } tes_out;
+//
+// The tessellation evaluation stage of both interface-block tests in
+// KHR-GL42/43.shading_language_420pack does exactly that, and MobileGL's backend used to
+// hand the shape straight through: SPIRV-Cross splits the namespace the same way glslang
+// does (block_input_names vs block_output_names) and re-emits BOTH blocks under the name
+// TcsData, so the generated ESSL declares two different blocks of one name in one shader.
+// Adreno's ES compiler keeps them apart. Mali's does not - the stage compiles, the program
+// links, and the evaluation stage's writes never reach the geometry stage, which is all 22
+// of that group's Mali failures and none of Adreno's or DirectVulkan's.
+//
+// Both cases below drive the SAME five-stage pipeline (vertex -> tessellation control ->
+// tessellation evaluation -> geometry -> fragment) and differ only in whether the
+// evaluation stage reuses one name. The distinct-name case is the negative control: it is
+// what says a red pixel in the colliding case is about the name and not about this machine's
+// tessellation, its geometry stage, or the block mechanism in general.
+//
+// Colour code, so a failure names its own cause:
+//   green  - the payload crossed all four stage boundaries, which is the pass.
+//   blue   - the clear colour: nothing was drawn at all (the program did not link, or the
+//            backend program was rejected and every draw became a no-op).
+//   red    - the pipeline ran but the plain (non-block) varying did not arrive, i.e. the
+//            failure is not about interface blocks.
+//   black  - the pipeline ran, the plain varying arrived, and the BLOCK payload came back
+//            zeroed or garbage. That is the defect this scenario exists for.
+//
+// llvmpipe and lavapipe run this faithfully but do NOT reproduce the original defect - the
+// aliasing is a Mali ES compiler behaviour. Read a green run here as "the rename did not
+// break the ordinary path"; the claim it pins on the device is the CTS group above.
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../Harness/HeadlessGL.h"
+#include "../Harness/ScenarioFixture.h"
+
+#ifdef GLAPI
+#undef GLAPI
+#endif
+#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+#include <GL/gl.h>
+#include <GL/glcorearb.h>
+#undef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+
+namespace MGITest {
+    namespace {
+
+        // The payload starts here and is copied, unmodified, through every block below.
+        const char* const kVertexSource = R"(#version 420 core
+out VsData {
+    vec4 payload;
+} vs_out;
+void main()
+{
+    vs_out.payload = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+    gl_Position = vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+        const char* const kTessControlSource = R"(#version 420 core
+layout(vertices = 1) out;
+in VsData {
+    vec4 payload;
+} tcs_in[];
+out TcsData {
+    vec4 payload;
+} tcs_out[];
+void main()
+{
+    tcs_out[gl_InvocationID].payload = tcs_in[gl_InvocationID].payload;
+    gl_TessLevelOuter[0] = 1.0;
+    gl_TessLevelOuter[1] = 1.0;
+    gl_TessLevelOuter[2] = 1.0;
+    gl_TessLevelOuter[3] = 1.0;
+    gl_TessLevelInner[0] = 1.0;
+    gl_TessLevelInner[1] = 1.0;
+}
+)";
+
+        // THE CASE UNDER TEST: one name, both directions, in one stage.
+        const char* const kCollidingTessEvalSource = R"(#version 420 core
+layout(isolines, point_mode) in;
+in TcsData {
+    vec4 payload;
+} tes_in[];
+out TcsData {
+    vec4 payload;
+} tes_out;
+out float tes_gs_alive;
+void main()
+{
+    tes_out.payload = tes_in[0].payload;
+    tes_gs_alive = 1.0;
+}
+)";
+
+        // The negative control: byte-identical but for the output block's name.
+        const char* const kDistinctTessEvalSource = R"(#version 420 core
+layout(isolines, point_mode) in;
+in TcsData {
+    vec4 payload;
+} tes_in[];
+out TesData {
+    vec4 payload;
+} tes_out;
+out float tes_gs_alive;
+void main()
+{
+    tes_out.payload = tes_in[0].payload;
+    tes_gs_alive = 1.0;
+}
+)";
+
+        // One geometry source per evaluation stage, because the block it consumes is named
+        // after the block the evaluation stage produced.
+        const char* const kCollidingGeometrySource = R"(#version 420 core
+layout(points) in;
+layout(triangle_strip, max_vertices = 4) out;
+in TcsData {
+    vec4 payload;
+} gs_in[];
+in float tes_gs_alive[];
+out GsData {
+    vec4 payload;
+} gs_out;
+out float gs_fs_alive;
+void EmitCorner(vec2 corner)
+{
+    gs_out.payload = gs_in[0].payload;
+    gs_fs_alive = tes_gs_alive[0];
+    gl_Position = vec4(corner, 0.0, 1.0);
+    EmitVertex();
+}
+void main()
+{
+    EmitCorner(vec2(-1.0, -1.0));
+    EmitCorner(vec2(-1.0,  1.0));
+    EmitCorner(vec2( 1.0, -1.0));
+    EmitCorner(vec2( 1.0,  1.0));
+}
+)";
+
+        const char* const kDistinctGeometrySource = R"(#version 420 core
+layout(points) in;
+layout(triangle_strip, max_vertices = 4) out;
+in TesData {
+    vec4 payload;
+} gs_in[];
+in float tes_gs_alive[];
+out GsData {
+    vec4 payload;
+} gs_out;
+out float gs_fs_alive;
+void EmitCorner(vec2 corner)
+{
+    gs_out.payload = gs_in[0].payload;
+    gs_fs_alive = tes_gs_alive[0];
+    gl_Position = vec4(corner, 0.0, 1.0);
+    EmitVertex();
+}
+void main()
+{
+    EmitCorner(vec2(-1.0, -1.0));
+    EmitCorner(vec2(-1.0,  1.0));
+    EmitCorner(vec2( 1.0, -1.0));
+    EmitCorner(vec2( 1.0,  1.0));
+}
+)";
+
+        // Red when the PLAIN varying did not arrive, so "the pipeline is broken" and "the
+        // block payload is broken" cannot be confused for one another.
+        const char* const kFragmentSource = R"(#version 420 core
+in GsData {
+    vec4 payload;
+} fs_in;
+in float gs_fs_alive;
+out vec4 fragColor;
+void main()
+{
+    fragColor = gs_fs_alive > 0.5 ? fs_in.payload : vec4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+        class IoBlockNameCollisionScenario : public ScenarioTest {
+        protected:
+            void SetUp() override {
+                ScenarioTest::SetUp();
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                glGenVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+                glBindVertexArray(m_vao);
+                if (!BackendHostsTessellationAndGeometry()) {
+                    GTEST_SKIP() << "no tessellation/geometry stages on " << Gl().BackendName() << " ("
+                                 << Gl().RendererString() << "); there is no five-stage pipeline to "
+                                 << "carry a block through";
+                }
+            }
+
+            void TearDown() override {
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                glUseProgram(0);
+                for (const GLuint program : m_programs) {
+                    glDeleteProgram(program);
+                }
+                m_programs.clear();
+                glBindVertexArray(0);
+                if (m_vao != 0) glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+                m_vao = 0;
+            }
+
+            // GL_MAX_TESS_GEN_LEVEL is a real backend answer, not a frontend constant: it
+            // reads 0 on a DirectGLES driver without GL_EXT_tessellation_shader and on a
+            // DirectVulkan device without the tessellationShader feature. There is no
+            // five-stage pipeline to assert about on such a stack.
+            static bool BackendHostsTessellationAndGeometry() {
+                GLint maxTessGenLevel = 0;
+                glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TESS_GEN_LEVEL, &maxTessGenLevel);
+                GLint maxGeometryOutputVertices = 0;
+                glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_VERTICES, &maxGeometryOutputVertices);
+                while (glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) {
+                }
+                return maxTessGenLevel >= 1 && maxGeometryOutputVertices >= 4;
+            }
+
+            GLuint BuildPipeline(const char* tessEvalSource, const char* geometrySource) {
+                const GLenum stages[] = {GL_VERTEX_SHADER, GL_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER,
+                                         GL_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER, GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER,
+                                         GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER};
+                const char* const sources[] = {kVertexSource, kTessControlSource, tessEvalSource,
+                                               geometrySource, kFragmentSource};
+
+                GLuint shaders[5] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+                bool ok = true;
+                for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
+                    shaders[i] = glCreateShader(stages[i]);
+                    glShaderSource(shaders[i], 1, &sources[i], nullptr);
+                    glCompileShader(shaders[i]);
+                    GLint compiled = 0;
+                    glGetShaderiv(shaders[i], GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &compiled);
+                    if (!compiled) {
+                        m_buildLog = InfoLog(shaders[i], true);
+                        ok = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (!ok) {
+                    for (const GLuint shader : shaders) {
+                        if (shader != 0) glDeleteShader(shader);
+                    }
+                    return 0;
+                }
+
+                const GLuint program = glCreateProgram();
+                for (const GLuint shader : shaders) {
+                    glAttachShader(program, shader);
+                }
+                glLinkProgram(program);
+                GLint linked = 0;
+                glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked);
+                for (const GLuint shader : shaders) {
+                    glDeleteShader(shader);
+                }
+                if (!linked) {
+                    m_buildLog = InfoLog(program, false);
+                    glDeleteProgram(program);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                m_programs.push_back(program);
+                return program;
+            }
+
+            // Clears to BLUE, so "the draw painted nothing" is a colour of its own rather
+            // than something that could be mistaken for a zeroed payload.
+            Rgba8 DrawAndReadCentre(GLuint program) const {
+                glViewport(0, 0, Gl().Width(), Gl().Height());
+                glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
+                glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+                glUseProgram(program);
+                glPatchParameteri(GL_PATCH_VERTICES, 1);
+                glDrawArrays(GL_PATCHES, 0, 1);
+
+                Rgba8 pixel{};
+                glReadPixels(Gl().Width() / 2, Gl().Height() / 2, 1, 1, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, &pixel);
+                return pixel;
+            }
+
+            static bool IsGreen(const Rgba8& pixel) {
+                return pixel.r < 64 && pixel.g > 192 && pixel.b < 64;
+            }
+
+            const std::string& BuildLog() const { return m_buildLog; }
+
+            static GLenum FirstGLError() {
+                const GLenum first = glGetError();
+                while (glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) {
+                }
+                return first;
+            }
+
+        private:
+            static std::string InfoLog(GLuint object, bool isShader) {
+                GLint length = 0;
+                if (isShader) {
+                    glGetShaderiv(object, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
+                } else {
+                    glGetProgramiv(object, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
+                }
+                std::vector<char> log(static_cast<std::size_t>(length > 1 ? length : 1), '\0');
+                if (isShader) {
+                    glGetShaderInfoLog(object, static_cast<GLsizei>(log.size()), nullptr, log.data());
+                } else {
+                    glGetProgramInfoLog(object, static_cast<GLsizei>(log.size()), nullptr, log.data());
+                }
+                return std::string(log.data());
+            }
+
+            GLuint m_vao = 0;
+            std::vector<GLuint> m_programs;
+            std::string m_buildLog;
+        };
+
+        // The negative control, and it runs first on purpose: if this one is not green there
+        // is nothing to conclude from the case below it.
+        //
+        // It is also the CALIBRATION. GL_MAX_TESS_GEN_LEVEL answers for the tessellation
+        // stages honestly, but nothing MobileGL reports answers for the geometry stage the
+        // same way (GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_* are frontend constants and an ES driver may legitimately
+        // report zero geometry storage blocks while having geometry shaders), so a stack that
+        // cannot build a five-stage program at all is recognised here, by trying.
+        TEST_F(IoBlockNameCollisionScenario, DistinctlyNamedBlocksCarryThePayloadThroughFiveStages) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+
+            const GLuint program = BuildPipeline(kDistinctTessEvalSource, kDistinctGeometrySource);
+            if (program == 0) {
+                GTEST_SKIP() << "this stack cannot build a five-stage tessellation+geometry program on "
+                             << Gl().BackendName() << ", so there is no block to carry through: "
+                             << BuildLog();
+            }
+
+            const Rgba8 centre = DrawAndReadCentre(program);
+            EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+            EXPECT_TRUE(IsGreen(centre)) << "the control pipeline did not deliver its payload: " << centre;
+        }
+
+        TEST_F(IoBlockNameCollisionScenario, OneBlockNameInBothDirectionsStillCarriesThePayload) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+
+            // Same calibration as the case above, and for the same reason: a five-stage program
+            // this stack cannot build at all is not evidence about block names. Only once the
+            // DISTINCT-name build succeeds does a failure of the colliding one mean something.
+            if (BuildPipeline(kDistinctTessEvalSource, kDistinctGeometrySource) == 0) {
+                GTEST_SKIP() << "this stack cannot build a five-stage tessellation+geometry program on "
+                             << Gl().BackendName() << ", so there is no block to carry through: "
+                             << BuildLog();
+            }
+
+            // Legal desktop GLSL: input and output block names live in separate namespaces, so
+            // the evaluation stage below declares TcsData twice and must still compile. The
+            // control above having built is what makes this assertion about the NAME.
+            const GLuint program = BuildPipeline(kCollidingTessEvalSource, kCollidingGeometrySource);
+            ASSERT_NE(program, 0u)
+                << "an interface block name reused across the two directions of one stage is legal "
+                   "desktop GLSL, but the program did not build: "
+                << BuildLog();
+
+            const Rgba8 centre = DrawAndReadCentre(program);
+            EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+            EXPECT_TRUE(IsGreen(centre))
+                << "the payload did not survive the stage that names its input and output block "
+                   "the same: "
+                << centre << " (blue: nothing drew; red: the plain varying was lost too; black: "
+                             "the block arrived empty)";
+        }
+
+    } // namespace
+} // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/LayeredTextureReadbackScenario.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/LayeredTextureReadbackScenario.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// Scenario - READING EVERY LAYER OF A 1D-ARRAY / CUBE-MAP-ARRAY LEVEL BACK.
+//
+// glGetTexImage has no ES equivalent, so Espryt serves it by attaching the level to a scratch
+// READ framebuffer and reading it with glReadPixels. Two of the targets it has to answer for do
+// not fit that shape the way the others do, and both came back as zeroes in
+// KHR-GL4x.shader_image_load_store.basic-allTargets-* and .non-layered_binding:
+//
+//   * GL_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY carries its LAYERS in the state-side height - that is what
+//     glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY, w, layers) means - while the ES texture behind it is a 2D
+//     array of height 1 with the layers in depth. The readback used the state-side shape, so it
+//     asked layer 0 for a `layers`-row rectangle that layer does not have: row 0 was the only one
+//     that could be right, and everything past it was whatever reading outside an attachment
+//     produces.
+//   * GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY has no glFramebufferTexture2D target token at all, so the 2D
+//     attach it used to take errored, the scratch FBO stayed incomplete, and every read fell
+//     through to the CPU shadow - which holds what was UPLOADED, i.e. the seed, not what the
+//     shader stored.
+//
+// Both cases store from a compute dispatch (so the only copy of the data is the GPU one and a
+// stale shadow cannot pass) and then read the whole level back in one glGetTexImage, checking
+// every layer separately so a failure names which one. r32ui throughout: it is a core GLSL ES
+// image format, so nothing here can be confused with the missing-format story that
+// ImageFormatQualifierScenario covers.
+//
+// Magma reads these back through its own path and is unaffected by the ES attachment rules, so
+// both cases run on both backends and must agree.
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../Harness/HeadlessGL.h"
+#include "../Harness/ScenarioFixture.h"
+
+#ifdef GLAPI
+#undef GLAPI
+#endif
+#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+#include <GL/gl.h>
+#include <GL/glcorearb.h>
+#undef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+
+namespace MGITest {
+    namespace {
+
+        constexpr int kExtent = 4;
+        constexpr int kArrayLayers = 3;     // enough that "layer 0 only" is visibly wrong
+        constexpr int kCubeLayerFaces = 12; // two cubes, which is what the conformance case uses
+        // A value no store writes, so "the store never landed" and "the store wrote the wrong
+        // thing" cannot be confused - and so a readback served from the stale CPU shadow is
+        // recognisable on sight.
+        constexpr GLuint kSeed = 0xFEEDBEEFu;
+        // Deliberately not 0: the unit has to travel through glUniform1i and be baked into the
+        // generated ESSL, so a defect there cannot hide behind the default.
+        constexpr GLint kImageUnit = 1;
+
+        GLuint Expected1DArrayTexel(int x, int layer) {
+            return 1000u + static_cast<GLuint>(layer) * 100u + static_cast<GLuint>(x);
+        }
+
+        GLuint ExpectedCubeArrayTexel(int x, int y, int layerFace) {
+            return 1000u + static_cast<GLuint>(layerFace) * 100u + static_cast<GLuint>(y) * 10u +
+                   static_cast<GLuint>(x);
+        }
+
+        // One invocation per texel, and the value it writes is a function of its coordinate - so
+        // a layer read from the wrong slice does not merely differ, it says which slice it came
+        // from.
+        const char* k1DArrayStoreSource = R"(#version 430 core
+
+layout (local_size_x = 1, local_size_y = 1, local_size_z = 1) in;
+
+layout (r32ui) writeonly uniform uimage1DArray uni_image;
+
+void main()
+{
+    uint x = gl_GlobalInvocationID.x;
+    uint layer = gl_GlobalInvocationID.z;
+    imageStore(uni_image, ivec2(int(x), int(layer)), uvec4(1000u + layer * 100u + x, 0u, 0u, 0u));
+}
+)";
+
+        const char* kCubeArrayStoreSource = R"(#version 430 core
+
+layout (local_size_x = 1, local_size_y = 1, local_size_z = 1) in;
+
+layout (r32ui) writeonly uniform uimageCubeArray uni_image;
+
+void main()
+{
+    uint x = gl_GlobalInvocationID.x;
+    uint y = gl_GlobalInvocationID.y;
+    uint layerFace = gl_GlobalInvocationID.z;
+    imageStore(uni_image, ivec3(int(x), int(y), int(layerFace)),
+               uvec4(1000u + layerFace * 100u + y * 10u + x, 0u, 0u, 0u));
+}
+)";
+
+        class LayeredTextureReadbackScenario : public ScenarioTest {
+        protected:
+            void TearDown() override {
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                glUseProgram(0);
+                for (GLuint p : m_programs) glDeleteProgram(p);
+                for (GLuint t : m_textures) glDeleteTextures(1, &t);
+                m_programs.clear();
+                m_textures.clear();
+                GLint maxImageUnits = 0;
+                glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_IMAGE_UNITS, &maxImageUnits);
+                for (GLint unit = 0; unit < maxImageUnits; ++unit) {
+                    glBindImageTexture(static_cast<GLuint>(unit), 0, 0, GL_FALSE, 0, GL_READ_ONLY, GL_R32UI);
+                }
+                while (glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) {
+                }
+            }
+
+            bool ImagesAreUsable() const {
+                GLint maxImageUnits = 0;
+                glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_IMAGE_UNITS, &maxImageUnits);
+                GLint maxComputeImageUniforms = 0;
+                glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_COMPUTE_IMAGE_UNIFORMS, &maxComputeImageUniforms);
+                while (glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) {
+                }
+                return maxImageUnits > kImageUnit && maxComputeImageUniforms >= 1;
+            }
+
+            GLuint MakeComputeProgram(const char* source) {
+                const GLuint shader = glCreateShader(GL_COMPUTE_SHADER);
+                glShaderSource(shader, 1, &source, nullptr);
+                glCompileShader(shader);
+                GLint compiled = GL_FALSE;
+                glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &compiled);
+                if (compiled == GL_FALSE) {
+                    char log[4096] = {};
+                    glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, sizeof(log) - 1, nullptr, log);
+                    ADD_FAILURE() << "the compute shader did not compile: " << log;
+                    glDeleteShader(shader);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                const GLuint program = glCreateProgram();
+                m_programs.push_back(program);
+                glAttachShader(program, shader);
+                glLinkProgram(program);
+                glDeleteShader(shader);
+                GLint linked = GL_FALSE;
+                glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked);
+                if (linked == GL_FALSE) {
+                    char log[4096] = {};
+                    glGetProgramInfoLog(program, sizeof(log) - 1, nullptr, log);
+                    ADD_FAILURE() << "the compute program did not link: " << log;
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                return program;
+            }
+
+            GLuint TrackTexture() {
+                GLuint texture = 0;
+                glGenTextures(1, &texture);
+                m_textures.push_back(texture);
+                return texture;
+            }
+
+            // layered = GL_TRUE, i.e. the whole level: that is what makes every layer reachable
+            // from one dispatch, and it is what glBindImageTextures is specified to pass.
+            bool DispatchStore(GLuint program, GLuint texture, GLsizei groupsX, GLsizei groupsY, GLsizei groupsZ) {
+                glBindImageTexture(static_cast<GLuint>(kImageUnit), texture, 0, GL_TRUE, 0, GL_WRITE_ONLY, GL_R32UI);
+                if (const GLenum error = FirstGLError()) {
+                    ADD_FAILURE() << "glBindImageTexture errored with " << GLErrorName(error);
+                    return false;
+                }
+                glUseProgram(program);
+                const GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(program, "uni_image");
+                if (location < 0) {
+                    ADD_FAILURE() << "the image uniform was not reflected";
+                    return false;
+                }
+                glUniform1i(location, kImageUnit);
+                if (const GLenum error = FirstGLError()) {
+                    ADD_FAILURE() << "assigning the image unit errored with " << GLErrorName(error);
+                    return false;
+                }
+                glDispatchCompute(groupsX, groupsY, groupsZ);
+                glMemoryBarrier(GL_ALL_BARRIER_BITS);
+                glUseProgram(0);
+                if (const GLenum error = FirstGLError()) {
+                    ADD_FAILURE() << "the dispatch errored with " << GLErrorName(error);
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            std::vector<GLuint> m_programs;
+            std::vector<GLuint> m_textures;
+        };
+
+        // The 1D-array half. A layer past the first is the whole test: layer 0 lines up with the
+        // ES image's only row whichever way the axes are read, so a readback that never swapped
+        // them still got it right and only the deeper layers came back wrong.
+        TEST_F(LayeredTextureReadbackScenario, GetTexImageReturnsEveryLayerOfA1DArray) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            if (!ImagesAreUsable()) GTEST_SKIP() << "no compute image uniforms";
+
+            const GLuint program = MakeComputeProgram(k1DArrayStoreSource);
+            if (program == 0) return;
+
+            const GLuint texture = TrackTexture();
+            glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY, texture);
+            glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+            glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+            const std::vector<GLuint> seed(static_cast<std::size_t>(kExtent) * kArrayLayers, kSeed);
+            glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY, 0, GL_R32UI, kExtent, kArrayLayers, 0, GL_RED_INTEGER, GL_UNSIGNED_INT,
+                         seed.data());
+            ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "creating the R32UI 1D-array texture errored";
+
+            if (!DispatchStore(program, texture, kExtent, 1, kArrayLayers)) return;
+
+            std::vector<GLuint> texels(seed.size(), 0u);
+            glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY, texture);
+            glGetTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY, 0, GL_RED_INTEGER, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, texels.data());
+            ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "reading the 1D-array level back errored";
+
+            // GL hands a 1D array back as a plain two-dimensional image whose ROWS are the
+            // layers, so the destination index is layer * width + x.
+            for (int layer = 0; layer < kArrayLayers; ++layer) {
+                for (int x = 0; x < kExtent; ++x) {
+                    const std::size_t index = static_cast<std::size_t>(layer) * kExtent + x;
+                    EXPECT_EQ(texels[index], Expected1DArrayTexel(x, layer))
+                        << "layer " << layer << " texel " << x << " read back "
+                        << (texels[index] == kSeed ? "the seed (the store never reached it, or the readback came "
+                                                     "from the stale CPU shadow)"
+                                                   : "an unexpected value");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // The cube-map-array half. glFramebufferTexture2D has no token for the target, so the
+        // scratch FBO used to stay incomplete and every read - including layer 0 - was answered
+        // from the CPU shadow; the seed is what makes that visible rather than merely wrong.
+        TEST_F(LayeredTextureReadbackScenario, GetTexImageReturnsEveryLayerFaceOfACubeMapArray) {
+            if (!Ready()) return;
+            if (!ImagesAreUsable()) GTEST_SKIP() << "no compute image uniforms";
+
+            const GLuint program = MakeComputeProgram(kCubeArrayStoreSource);
+            if (program == 0) return;
+
+            const GLuint texture = TrackTexture();
+            glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY, texture);
+            glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+            glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+            const std::vector<GLuint> seed(static_cast<std::size_t>(kExtent) * kExtent * kCubeLayerFaces, kSeed);
+            glTexImage3D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY, 0, GL_R32UI, kExtent, kExtent, kCubeLayerFaces, 0, GL_RED_INTEGER,
+                         GL_UNSIGNED_INT, seed.data());
+            ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "creating the R32UI cube-map-array texture errored";
+
+            if (!DispatchStore(program, texture, kExtent, kExtent, kCubeLayerFaces)) return;
+
+            std::vector<GLuint> texels(seed.size(), 0u);
+            glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY, texture);
+            glGetTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY, 0, GL_RED_INTEGER, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, texels.data());
+            ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "reading the cube-map-array level back errored";
+
+            for (int layerFace = 0; layerFace < kCubeLayerFaces; ++layerFace) {
+                for (int y = 0; y < kExtent; ++y) {
+                    for (int x = 0; x < kExtent; ++x) {
+                        const std::size_t index =
+                            (static_cast<std::size_t>(layerFace) * kExtent + y) * kExtent + x;
+                        EXPECT_EQ(texels[index], ExpectedCubeArrayTexel(x, y, layerFace))
+                            << "layer-face " << layerFace << " texel (" << x << ", " << y << ") read back "
+                            << (texels[index] == kSeed ? "the seed (the store never reached it, or the readback "
+                                                         "came from the stale CPU shadow)"
+                                                       : "an unexpected value");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+    } // namespace
+} // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/PackedWordReadbackScenario.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/PackedWordReadbackScenario.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// glGetTexImage of a 32-bit packed format read with its OWN client type owes the application the
+// words the image HOLDS, and KHR-GL43.copy_image compares exactly those words. Two routes used to
+// answer, and both are wrong for a level glCopyImageSubData wrote:
+//
+//   * the colour-attachment route reads GL_RGBA/GL_FLOAT and re-encodes, which canonicalizes an
+//     RGB9_E5 shared exponent and collapses an R11F_G11F_B10F NaN payload to 1;
+//   * the CPU shadow only holds what was UPLOADED, and the mirror that replays a copy into it
+//     declines - silently - for a renderbuffer source, which has no shadow to mirror from.
+//
+// Both are pinned here with words the CTS itself uses, because both failures are invisible to a
+// value comparison: every assertion below is on BITS that decode to the very value the wrong
+// answer also decodes to.
+//
+// The fix is a raw-word route (DirectGLES::ReadPackedLevelWordsViaScratch: copy the level into a
+// scratch GL_R32UI image, read that back as unsigned integers), and DirectVulkan reaches the same
+// place through PackReadbackToClientOrPbo's raw-word branch over the staging bytes - so these
+// scenarios are backend-agnostic on purpose.
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <ios>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../Harness/HeadlessGL.h"
+#include "../Harness/ScenarioFixture.h"
+
+#ifdef GLAPI
+#undef GLAPI
+#endif
+#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+#include <GL/gl.h>
+#include <GL/glcorearb.h>
+#undef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+
+namespace MGITest {
+    namespace {
+
+        constexpr GLsizei kExtent = 4;
+
+        // The non-canonical RGB9_E5 word KHR-GL43.copy_image writes: R=0, G=0, B mantissa 63,
+        // shared exponent 31, i.e. the value 8064, which the spec's own encoder would emit as
+        // 0xe7e00000 instead. Anything that decodes and re-encodes hands back the canonical word.
+        //
+        // Reinterpreted in the destination of an RGB9_E5 -> R11F_G11F_B10F copy it is R=0,
+        // G=1920, B=995 - and B's 5-bit exponent is all ones with a nonzero mantissa, i.e. a NaN
+        // whose payload 3 does not survive a float32 round trip (it comes back as the canonical
+        // payload 1, B=993, word 0xf87c0000). The two defects therefore land on the same word.
+        constexpr GLuint kRgb9E5Word = 0xf8fc0000u;
+
+        // The R11F_G11F_B10F word the same test pairs with it: R=0, G=0, B = exponent 12,
+        // mantissa 0 = 0.125. As an RGB9_E5 word it is all-zero channels with a shared exponent of
+        // 12, which the canonical encoder would write as 0x00000000 - so a decode/re-encode of THIS
+        // one loses every bit that distinguishes it.
+        constexpr GLuint kR11fG11fB10fWord = 0x60000000u;
+
+        class PackedWordReadbackScenario : public ScenarioTest {
+        protected:
+            void SetUp() override {
+                ScenarioTest::SetUp();
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                DrainErrors();
+            }
+
+            void TearDown() override {
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                DeleteObjects();
+                DrainErrors();
+                ScenarioTest::TearDown();
+            }
+
+            static void DrainErrors() {
+                for (int i = 0; i < 16 && glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR; ++i) {
+                }
+            }
+
+            void DeleteObjects() {
+                if (m_src != 0) glDeleteTextures(1, &m_src);
+                if (m_dst != 0) glDeleteTextures(1, &m_dst);
+                if (m_rbo != 0) glDeleteRenderbuffers(1, &m_rbo);
+                m_src = 0;
+                m_dst = 0;
+                m_rbo = 0;
+            }
+
+            // A complete single-level texture whose every texel holds `word`, uploaded through the
+            // packed client type so the stored bits are the client's bits and nothing has had a
+            // chance to re-encode them.
+            GLuint MakePackedTexture(GLenum internalFormat, GLenum type, GLuint word) {
+                const std::vector<GLuint> words(static_cast<std::size_t>(kExtent) * kExtent, word);
+                GLuint texture = 0;
+                glGenTextures(1, &texture);
+                glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
+                glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, static_cast<GLint>(internalFormat), kExtent, kExtent, 0, GL_RGB, type,
+                             words.data());
+                // What Utils::makeTextureComplete does in the conformance cases, and what
+                // glCopyImageSubData requires of both endpoints.
+                glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_BASE_LEVEL, 0);
+                glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAX_LEVEL, 0);
+                glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+                glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+                glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+                return texture;
+            }
+
+            // Every texel of level 0, as raw client words.
+            std::vector<GLuint> ReadPackedWords(GLuint texture, GLenum type) {
+                std::vector<GLuint> words(static_cast<std::size_t>(kExtent) * kExtent, 0xDEADBEEFu);
+                glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
+                glGetTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, type, words.data());
+                glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+                return words;
+            }
+
+            // The copy under test. Returns the error it raised so a driver that cannot perform the
+            // move at all can skip rather than fail: the point of these cases is which BITS come
+            // back, and there are none to compare if the copy never happened.
+            GLenum CopyWholeImage(GLuint srcName, GLenum srcTarget, GLuint dstName, GLenum dstTarget) {
+                DrainErrors();
+                glCopyImageSubData(srcName, srcTarget, 0, 0, 0, 0, dstName, dstTarget, 0, 0, 0, 0, kExtent, kExtent,
+                                   1);
+                const GLenum error = glGetError();
+                EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) << "the copy recorded more than one error";
+                return error;
+            }
+
+            static void ExpectEveryTexel(const std::vector<GLuint>& words, GLuint expected, const char* what) {
+                for (std::size_t i = 0; i < words.size(); ++i) {
+                    ASSERT_EQ(words[i], expected)
+                        << what << ": texel " << i << " read 0x" << std::hex << words[i] << ", expected 0x"
+                        << expected;
+                }
+            }
+
+            GLuint m_src = 0;
+            GLuint m_dst = 0;
+            GLuint m_rbo = 0;
+        };
+
+        // The control that has to hold before either regression means anything: a packed word
+        // uploaded and read straight back must be the SAME word, not merely the same colour.
+        TEST_F(PackedWordReadbackScenario, AnUploadedPackedWordReadsBackVerbatim) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+
+            m_src = MakePackedTexture(GL_RGB9_E5, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_5_9_9_9_REV, kRgb9E5Word);
+            ASSERT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) << "RGB9_E5 upload";
+            ExpectEveryTexel(ReadPackedWords(m_src, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_5_9_9_9_REV), kRgb9E5Word, "RGB9_E5 round trip");
+
+            m_dst = MakePackedTexture(GL_R11F_G11F_B10F, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_10F_11F_11F_REV, kR11fG11fB10fWord);
+            ASSERT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) << "R11F_G11F_B10F upload";
+            ExpectEveryTexel(ReadPackedWords(m_dst, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_10F_11F_11F_REV), kR11fG11fB10fWord,
+                             "R11F_G11F_B10F round trip");
+        }
+
+        // KHR-GL43.copy_image.functional rgb9_e5 -> r11f_g11f_b10f, all nine target combinations of
+        // which failed on both GPUs. glCopyImageSubData is a raw block move, so the destination
+        // physically holds the source's word - but the readback decoded it to float and re-encoded,
+        // and the destination's blue field is a NaN whose payload float32 does not carry. Every
+        // texel came back 0xf87c0000 (payload 1) instead of 0xf8fc0000 (payload 3): the same
+        // "colour", two bits apart.
+        TEST_F(PackedWordReadbackScenario, ACopiedRgb9E5WordSurvivesInAnR11fG11fB10fDestination) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+
+            m_src = MakePackedTexture(GL_RGB9_E5, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_5_9_9_9_REV, kRgb9E5Word);
+            m_dst = MakePackedTexture(GL_R11F_G11F_B10F, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_10F_11F_11F_REV, 0u);
+            ASSERT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) << "texture setup";
+
+            const GLenum copyError = CopyWholeImage(m_src, GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_dst, GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+            if (copyError != static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) {
+                GTEST_SKIP() << "this driver declined the RGB9_E5 -> R11F_G11F_B10F copy (" << copyError << ")";
+            }
+
+            ExpectEveryTexel(ReadPackedWords(m_dst, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_10F_11F_11F_REV), kRgb9E5Word,
+                             "copied word in the R11F_G11F_B10F destination");
+            // ...and the source is still the source. This is verify()'s FIRST check in the
+            // conformance case, and the half that a canonicalizing readback fails on its own.
+            ExpectEveryTexel(ReadPackedWords(m_src, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_5_9_9_9_REV), kRgb9E5Word,
+                             "the RGB9_E5 source after the copy");
+        }
+
+        // KHR-GL43.copy_image.functional *->rgb9_e5 with a GL_RENDERBUFFER source: exactly the three
+        // renderbuffer combinations of each such family failed, and no texture one did. The
+        // destination's CPU shadow is what the readback answered from, the mirror that replays a
+        // copy into it declines when an endpoint is a renderbuffer (there is no shadow to mirror
+        // FROM), and the decline is silent - so glGetTexImage handed back the destination's
+        // pre-copy contents. The word chosen here makes that unmissable: it decodes to the same
+        // all-zero channels the canonical encoder would write as 0x00000000.
+        TEST_F(PackedWordReadbackScenario, ACopyThroughARenderbufferReachesAnRgb9E5Destination) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+
+            m_src = MakePackedTexture(GL_R11F_G11F_B10F, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_10F_11F_11F_REV, kR11fG11fB10fWord);
+            m_dst = MakePackedTexture(GL_RGB9_E5, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_5_9_9_9_REV, 0xFFFFFFFFu);
+            glGenRenderbuffers(1, &m_rbo);
+            glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, m_rbo);
+            glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, GL_R11F_G11F_B10F, kExtent, kExtent);
+            glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, 0);
+            ASSERT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) << "renderbuffer setup";
+
+            // The conformance case's own shape: texture -> renderbuffer -> texture.
+            const GLenum toRenderbuffer = CopyWholeImage(m_src, GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_rbo, GL_RENDERBUFFER);
+            if (toRenderbuffer != static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) {
+                GTEST_SKIP() << "this driver declined a renderbuffer copy destination (" << toRenderbuffer << ")";
+            }
+            const GLenum fromRenderbuffer = CopyWholeImage(m_rbo, GL_RENDERBUFFER, m_dst, GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+            if (fromRenderbuffer != static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) {
+                GTEST_SKIP() << "this driver declined a renderbuffer copy source (" << fromRenderbuffer << ")";
+            }
+
+            ExpectEveryTexel(ReadPackedWords(m_dst, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_5_9_9_9_REV), kR11fG11fB10fWord,
+                             "copied word in the RGB9_E5 destination");
+        }
+
+    } // namespace
+} // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/PostLinkAttachScenario.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/PostLinkAttachScenario.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// Scenario - A PROGRAM'S LIVE ATTACH LIST IS NOT ITS EXECUTABLE, AND THE BACKENDS MAY NOT
+// INDEX ONE BY THE OTHER.
+//
+// GL 4.6 core 7.3: glAttachShader adds to the program's attach list immediately and affects
+// what the program RUNS only at the next link (glDetachShader defers its removal the same
+// way). So between an attach and the relink the two lists differ - the attach list is
+// strictly longer - and the program stays perfectly drawable throughout, with the executable
+// its last link produced.
+//
+// Both backends walked the attach list while indexing the LAST LINK's generated SPIR-V by
+// the same running index:
+//
+//   DirectGLES   BackendProgramObjectImpl::SyncToBackend - `shaderSpirvs[index]` over
+//                `attachedShaders.size()`
+//   DirectVulkan ProgramFactory::GetOrCreateProgram      - `spirv[i]` and `moduleSpirvs[i]`
+//                over `shaders.size()`
+//
+// One post-link attach therefore read one Vector past the end of the module array and
+// copied it, which is the SIGSEGV this scenario is the regression test for (the source
+// vector reported a capacity of 35177040171136). DirectGLES additionally derived
+// "does this program tessellate" from the same wrong list, which would synthesize a
+// pass-through tessellation control stage for an executable that does not tessellate.
+//
+// The repro needs the attach to land BEFORE the program's first backend build: the ES
+// twin's rebuild is gated on the link version (which an attach does not move), so a program
+// that was already drawn once keeps its built driver program and never re-reads the list.
+// Every case below therefore attaches first and draws second.
+//
+// Deliberately pinned with a PIXEL and not just with glGetError. "Reject the draw earlier"
+// would silence the crash while breaking the spec - GL requires this draw to execute - so
+// the assertion has to be that the frame really came out, not merely that nothing complained.
+//
+// Needs a real context: the crash is in a backend program build, which the GPU-free suites
+// never reach.
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../Harness/HeadlessGL.h"
+#include "../Harness/ScenarioFixture.h"
+
+#ifdef GLAPI
+#undef GLAPI
+#endif
+#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+#include <GL/gl.h>
+#include <GL/glcorearb.h>
+#undef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+
+namespace MGITest {
+    namespace {
+
+        constexpr int kFboWidth = 64;
+        constexpr int kFboHeight = 64;
+
+        // A full-viewport triangle from gl_VertexID alone, so the scenario needs no vertex
+        // buffer and every pixel of the target is covered by the one draw.
+        const char* const kVertexSource = R"(#version 330 core
+void main()
+{
+    vec2 corner = vec2(float((gl_VertexID << 1) & 2), float(gl_VertexID & 2));
+    gl_Position = vec4(corner * 2.0 - 1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+        const char* const kFragmentSource = R"(#version 330 core
+out vec4 fragColor;
+void main()
+{
+    fragColor = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+        // The replacement fragment stage of the last case. A different colour, so "which
+        // executable did this draw run" is answerable from the frame alone.
+        const char* const kBlueFragmentSource = R"(#version 330 core
+out vec4 fragColor;
+void main()
+{
+    fragColor = vec4(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+        constexpr Rgba8 kGreen{0, 255, 0, 255};
+        constexpr Rgba8 kBlue{0, 0, 255, 255};
+
+        // The extra attaches. Each declares a stage the executable ALREADY has and no main(),
+        // which is what a real shader library looks like and what makes the relink at the end
+        // of the second case legal. Their whole job here is to make the attach list longer
+        // than the module array.
+        const char* const kVertexHelperSource = R"(#version 330 core
+vec4 mgPostLinkAttachVertexHelper()
+{
+    return vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+        const char* const kFragmentHelperSource = R"(#version 330 core
+vec4 mgPostLinkAttachFragmentHelper()
+{
+    return vec4(1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+        // A pass-through, so that once it IS linked in the same full-viewport triangle still
+        // reaches the rasterizer and the final frame is still comparable to the first one.
+        const char* const kGeometrySource = R"(#version 330 core
+layout(triangles) in;
+layout(triangle_strip, max_vertices = 3) out;
+void main()
+{
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+        gl_Position = gl_in[i].gl_Position;
+        EmitVertex();
+    }
+    EndPrimitive();
+}
+)";
+
+        class PostLinkAttachScenario : public ScenarioTest {
+        protected:
+            void SetUp() override {
+                ScenarioTest::SetUp();
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                glGenVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+                glBindVertexArray(m_vao);
+                m_target = MakeColorFbo(kFboWidth, kFboHeight);
+                ASSERT_NE(m_target.fbo, 0u) << "could not create the scenario's colour target";
+                BindFbo(m_target);
+                DrainErrors();
+            }
+
+            void TearDown() override {
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                glUseProgram(0);
+                for (const GLuint program : m_programs) glDeleteProgram(program);
+                m_programs.clear();
+                for (const GLuint shader : m_shaders) glDeleteShader(shader);
+                m_shaders.clear();
+                BindDefaultFramebuffer();
+                DestroyColorFbo(m_target);
+                glBindVertexArray(0);
+                if (m_vao != 0) glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+                m_vao = 0;
+                DrainErrors();
+            }
+
+            static void DrainErrors() {
+                for (int i = 0; i < 16 && glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR; ++i) {
+                }
+            }
+
+            static bool BackendHostsGeometry() {
+                GLint maxGeometryOutputVertices = 0;
+                glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_VERTICES, &maxGeometryOutputVertices);
+                DrainErrors();
+                return maxGeometryOutputVertices >= 4;
+            }
+
+            // Kept alive until TearDown rather than flagged for deletion at attach time: a
+            // deleted-but-attached shader is a second, unrelated lifetime rule, and this
+            // scenario is about which LIST the backend reads.
+            GLuint MakeShader(GLenum stage, const char* source) {
+                const GLuint shader = glCreateShader(stage);
+                if (shader == 0) return 0;
+                m_shaders.push_back(shader);
+                glShaderSource(shader, 1, &source, nullptr);
+                glCompileShader(shader);
+                return shader;
+            }
+
+            // Vertex + fragment, linked. This is the executable every case draws with.
+            // `outFragmentShader` is the stage that paints green, which the last case needs a
+            // name for in order to detach it.
+            GLuint LinkBaseProgram(GLuint* outFragmentShader = nullptr) {
+                const GLuint program = glCreateProgram();
+                m_programs.push_back(program);
+                const GLuint fragment = MakeShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, kFragmentSource);
+                glAttachShader(program, MakeShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kVertexSource));
+                glAttachShader(program, fragment);
+                glLinkProgram(program);
+                GLint linked = GL_FALSE;
+                glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked);
+                if (!linked) return 0;
+                if (outFragmentShader != nullptr) *outFragmentShader = fragment;
+                return program;
+            }
+
+            // Clears to red, draws the full-viewport triangle, and hands back the frame. Red
+            // is deliberately the clear colour: a draw that silently did not execute leaves a
+            // red target, which is a different failure message from a draw that executed and
+            // painted the wrong thing.
+            //
+            // `outDrawError` is sampled between the draw and the readback, so a rejected draw
+            // is never confused with a readback that went wrong afterwards.
+            Image DrawFullViewportTriangle(GLuint program, GLenum mode, GLenum* outDrawError = nullptr) {
+                glUseProgram(program);
+                ClearTo(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+                DrainErrors();
+                glDrawArrays(mode, 0, 3);
+                if (outDrawError != nullptr) *outDrawError = glGetError();
+                return ReadPixels(kFboWidth, kFboHeight);
+            }
+
+            // The clear colour is red and no shader here ever writes red, so "still red" reads
+            // as "the draw did not execute" and any other wrong colour as "it executed against
+            // the wrong modules" - two failures worth telling apart.
+            static void ExpectFullyColored(const Image& frame, const Rgba8& expected, const char* what) {
+                ASSERT_FALSE(frame.Empty()) << what << ": nothing was read back";
+                for (const int y : {0, kFboHeight / 2, kFboHeight - 1}) {
+                    for (const int x : {0, kFboWidth / 2, kFboWidth - 1}) {
+                        EXPECT_EQ(frame.At(x, y), expected)
+                            << what << ": pixel (" << x << ", " << y << ") is " << frame.ColorName(x, y);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            GLuint m_vao = 0;
+            ColorFbo m_target{};
+            std::vector<GLuint> m_programs;
+            std::vector<GLuint> m_shaders;
+        };
+
+        // THE REGRESSION. Up to four shaders attached after the link (the geometry one only
+        // where the backend has that stage), two of them duplicating a stage the executable
+        // already carries - so the attach list runs to five or six while the last link produced
+        // two modules, and the old loops read indices 2..5 of a 2-element array.
+        //
+        // Duplicating a stage is the sharp case on purpose: it is the one shape under which a
+        // "look the stage up in the attach list instead" repair still returns a valid-looking
+        // index for a module that does not exist.
+        TEST_F(PostLinkAttachScenario, DrawingAfterPostLinkAttachesStaysInsideTheGeneratedModules) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+
+            const GLuint program = LinkBaseProgram();
+            ASSERT_NE(program, 0u) << "the vertex+fragment program did not link";
+
+            // Not drawn yet: the ES backend's rebuild is gated on the link version, so a draw
+            // here would build the driver program from the 2-module executable and the attaches
+            // below would never be re-read. The repro is the FIRST build seeing the long list.
+            glAttachShader(program, MakeShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kVertexHelperSource));
+            glAttachShader(program, MakeShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, kFragmentHelperSource));
+            if (BackendHostsGeometry()) {
+                glAttachShader(program, MakeShader(GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER, kGeometrySource));
+            }
+            // The stage that made DirectGLES synthesize a pass-through control stage for a
+            // program whose executable does not tessellate. Attached whether or not this
+            // backend can tessellate - an attach needs no support and no successful compile.
+            const GLuint tessEval = MakeShader(GL_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER, R"(#version 420 core
+layout(triangles, equal_spacing, ccw) in;
+void main()
+{
+    gl_Position = gl_in[0].gl_Position;
+}
+)");
+            if (tessEval != 0) glAttachShader(program, tessEval);
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            GLint attachedCount = 0;
+            glGetProgramiv(program, GL_ATTACHED_SHADERS, &attachedCount);
+            DrainErrors();
+            ASSERT_GT(attachedCount, 2) << "the attaches did not land, so this case is not testing anything";
+
+            // Still the two-stage executable of three lines ago, and GL says it draws.
+            GLenum drawError = GL_NO_ERROR;
+            const Image frame = DrawFullViewportTriangle(program, GL_TRIANGLES, &drawError);
+            EXPECT_EQ(drawError, static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR))
+                << "the attaches have not been linked in, so nothing about them may reject this draw";
+            ExpectFullyColored(frame, kGreen, "the post-attach draw");
+            DrainErrors();
+        }
+
+        // The same window, asked to prove something stronger than "it did not crash": WHICH
+        // modules the draw in that window ran. Between the detach+attach and the relink the
+        // program has three attached shaders and two modules, and GL 4.6 core 7.3 says the
+        // executable is still the one the last link produced - so the frame must come out in
+        // the OLD fragment shader's colour, not the newly attached one's and not garbage.
+        //
+        // This is also the other direction of the fix, so it cannot be "freeze the backend on
+        // the first link": the relink really does swap the executable, and the very next draw
+        // has to be rebuilt from it.
+        TEST_F(PostLinkAttachScenario, TheWindowKeepsTheOldExecutableAndTheRelinkSwapsIt) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+
+            GLuint greenFragment = 0;
+            const GLuint program = LinkBaseProgram(&greenFragment);
+            ASSERT_NE(program, 0u) << "the vertex+fragment program did not link";
+
+            // Both of these are deferred to the next link, in opposite directions: the green
+            // stage stays in the executable until then, and the blue one stays out of it.
+            const GLuint blueFragment = MakeShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, kBlueFragmentSource);
+            glDetachShader(program, greenFragment);
+            glAttachShader(program, blueFragment);
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            GLenum windowDrawError = GL_NO_ERROR;
+            const Image inTheWindow = DrawFullViewportTriangle(program, GL_TRIANGLES, &windowDrawError);
+            EXPECT_EQ(windowDrawError, static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR))
+                << "neither the detach nor the attach has been linked in, so the draw must execute";
+            ExpectFullyColored(inTheWindow, kGreen, "the draw inside the attach window");
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            glLinkProgram(program);
+            GLint linked = GL_FALSE;
+            glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked);
+            ASSERT_EQ(linked, GL_TRUE) << "the relink onto the blue fragment stage failed";
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            GLenum relinkedDrawError = GL_NO_ERROR;
+            const Image afterRelink = DrawFullViewportTriangle(program, GL_TRIANGLES, &relinkedDrawError);
+            EXPECT_EQ(relinkedDrawError, static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) << "the relinked program must draw";
+            ExpectFullyColored(afterRelink, kBlue, "the draw after the relink");
+            DrainErrors();
+        }
+
+    } // namespace
+} // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/RelinkStageSetScenario.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/RelinkStageSetScenario.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// Scenario - A RELINK MAY CHANGE WHICH STAGES A PROGRAM HAS, AND EVERY DRAW AFTER IT RUNS
+// THE NEW STAGE SET.
+//
+// GL 4.6 core 7.3: glLinkProgram builds an executable out of whatever is attached at that
+// moment, so the stage set is a property of a LINK and not of a program. A program that
+// linked vertex+fragment, drew, then had a geometry shader attached and was relinked runs
+// three stages from that point on.
+//
+// DirectGLES rebuilds its driver program in place - same GL name, new executable - and the
+// per-draw bind dedupes on that name, so a relink that changed the stage set installed
+// nothing and the following draws rendered NOTHING at all: no GL error, LINK_STATUS true,
+// and a framebuffer that kept its clear colour. See the note at the glLinkProgram in
+// BackendProgramObjectImpl::SyncToBackend for what the driver does with such a relink.
+//
+// PostLinkAttachScenario pins the other half of the same rule - that the executable does
+// NOT move until the relink. This one pins what happens when it does, in all three
+// directions: a stage added, a stage removed, and a stage added that the ES backend has to
+// synthesize a partner for.
+//
+// Every case asserts on a SHAPE and not merely on "something came out". The geometry and
+// tessellation stages here halve the triangle, so a full-viewport green frame and a
+// half-size one say which executable ran - "still drew" and "drew the right stages" are
+// different claims and only the second one is worth pinning.
+//
+// Needs a real context: what is asserted is a rendered pixel out of a backend program build.
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../Harness/HeadlessGL.h"
+#include "../Harness/ScenarioFixture.h"
+
+#ifdef GLAPI
+#undef GLAPI
+#endif
+#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+#include <GL/gl.h>
+#include <GL/glcorearb.h>
+#undef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+
+namespace MGITest {
+    namespace {
+
+        constexpr int kFboWidth = 64;
+        constexpr int kFboHeight = 64;
+
+        // A full-viewport triangle out of gl_VertexID alone, so no case here needs a vertex
+        // buffer and one draw covers every pixel of the target.
+        const char* const kVertexSource = R"(#version 420 core
+void main()
+{
+    vec2 corner = vec2(float((gl_VertexID << 1) & 2), float(gl_VertexID & 2));
+    gl_Position = vec4(corner * 2.0 - 1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+        const char* const kFragmentSource = R"(#version 420 core
+out vec4 fragColor;
+void main()
+{
+    fragColor = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+        // Halves the triangle instead of passing it through: the centre pixel stays covered
+        // and all four corners fall outside, so the frame alone says whether this stage ran.
+        const char* const kGeometrySource = R"(#version 420 core
+layout(triangles) in;
+layout(triangle_strip, max_vertices = 3) out;
+void main()
+{
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+        gl_Position = vec4(gl_in[i].gl_Position.xy * 0.5, gl_in[i].gl_Position.zw);
+        EmitVertex();
+    }
+    EndPrimitive();
+}
+)";
+
+        // No control stage on purpose: OpenGL ES rejects that shape outright, so DirectGLES
+        // synthesizes a pass-through one (AttachPassthroughTessControlStage) and DirectVulkan
+        // does the same. Reading only gl_in[].gl_Position keeps this inside what such a
+        // pass-through may forward. At the tessellation levels it sets (all 1.0) the patch
+        // comes back out as one triangle whose gl_TessCoord values are the three corners, so
+        // the barycentric sum reproduces the vertex stage's triangle - halved, for the same
+        // reason the geometry stage above halves it.
+        const char* const kTessEvalSource = R"(#version 420 core
+layout(triangles, equal_spacing, ccw) in;
+void main()
+{
+    vec4 p = gl_TessCoord.x * gl_in[0].gl_Position +
+             gl_TessCoord.y * gl_in[1].gl_Position +
+             gl_TessCoord.z * gl_in[2].gl_Position;
+    gl_Position = vec4(p.xy * 0.5, p.zw);
+}
+)";
+
+        constexpr Rgba8 kGreen{0, 255, 0, 255};
+        constexpr Rgba8 kRed{255, 0, 0, 255};
+
+        class RelinkStageSetScenario : public ScenarioTest {
+        protected:
+            void SetUp() override {
+                ScenarioTest::SetUp();
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                glGenVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+                glBindVertexArray(m_vao);
+                m_target = MakeColorFbo(kFboWidth, kFboHeight);
+                ASSERT_NE(m_target.fbo, 0u) << "could not create the scenario's colour target";
+                BindFbo(m_target);
+                DrainErrors();
+            }
+
+            void TearDown() override {
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                glUseProgram(0);
+                for (const GLuint program : m_programs) glDeleteProgram(program);
+                m_programs.clear();
+                for (const GLuint shader : m_shaders) glDeleteShader(shader);
+                m_shaders.clear();
+                BindDefaultFramebuffer();
+                DestroyColorFbo(m_target);
+                glBindVertexArray(0);
+                if (m_vao != 0) glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+                m_vao = 0;
+                DrainErrors();
+            }
+
+            static void DrainErrors() {
+                for (int i = 0; i < 16 && glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR; ++i) {
+                }
+            }
+
+            // The same real-backend probes the other stage-gated scenarios use: 0 on a
+            // DirectGLES driver without the extension and on a DirectVulkan device without
+            // the feature.
+            static bool BackendHostsGeometry() {
+                GLint maxGeometryOutputVertices = 0;
+                glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_VERTICES, &maxGeometryOutputVertices);
+                DrainErrors();
+                return maxGeometryOutputVertices >= 4;
+            }
+
+            static bool BackendHostsTessellation() {
+                GLint maxTessGenLevel = 0;
+                glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TESS_GEN_LEVEL, &maxTessGenLevel);
+                DrainErrors();
+                return maxTessGenLevel >= 1;
+            }
+
+            static std::string InfoLog(GLuint object, bool isShader) {
+                GLint length = 0;
+                if (isShader) {
+                    glGetShaderiv(object, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
+                } else {
+                    glGetProgramiv(object, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
+                }
+                if (length <= 0) return {};
+                std::string log(static_cast<size_t>(length), '\0');
+                if (isShader) {
+                    glGetShaderInfoLog(object, length, nullptr, log.data());
+                } else {
+                    glGetProgramInfoLog(object, length, nullptr, log.data());
+                }
+                log.resize(std::char_traits<char>::length(log.c_str()));
+                return log;
+            }
+
+            GLuint MakeShader(GLenum stage, const char* source) {
+                const GLuint shader = glCreateShader(stage);
+                if (shader == 0) return 0;
+                m_shaders.push_back(shader);
+                glShaderSource(shader, 1, &source, nullptr);
+                glCompileShader(shader);
+                GLint compiled = GL_FALSE;
+                glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &compiled);
+                EXPECT_EQ(compiled, GL_TRUE) << "a scenario shader did not compile: " << InfoLog(shader, true);
+                return shader;
+            }
+
+            GLuint MakeProgram() {
+                const GLuint program = glCreateProgram();
+                m_programs.push_back(program);
+                return program;
+            }
+
+            bool Link(GLuint program) {
+                glLinkProgram(program);
+                GLint linked = GL_FALSE;
+                glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked);
+                if (linked != GL_TRUE) {
+                    ADD_FAILURE() << "the link failed: " << InfoLog(program, false);
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // Clears to red and draws. Red is the clear colour deliberately: nothing here ever
+            // paints red inside the triangle, so a frame that is red where it should be green
+            // says "this draw did not execute" while a frame that is green where it should be
+            // red says "it executed against the wrong executable" - two failures worth telling
+            // apart. The error is sampled between the draw and the readback so a rejected draw
+            // is never confused with a readback that went wrong afterwards.
+            Image DrawTriangle(GLuint program, GLenum mode, GLenum* outDrawError = nullptr) {
+                glUseProgram(program);
+                ClearTo(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+                DrainErrors();
+                glDrawArrays(mode, 0, 3);
+                if (outDrawError != nullptr) *outDrawError = glGetError();
+                return ReadPixels(kFboWidth, kFboHeight);
+            }
+
+            // The vertex stage's triangle covers the whole target, corners included.
+            static void ExpectFullTriangle(const Image& frame, const char* what) {
+                ASSERT_FALSE(frame.Empty()) << what << ": nothing was read back";
+                ExpectPixel(frame, kFboWidth / 2, kFboHeight / 2, kGreen, what, "centre");
+                for (const int y : {0, kFboHeight - 1}) {
+                    for (const int x : {0, kFboWidth - 1}) {
+                        ExpectPixel(frame, x, y, kGreen, what, "corner");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // ...and halved by a geometry or tessellation stage it no longer reaches any of
+            // them, which is what makes the shape readable as "that stage ran".
+            static void ExpectHalvedTriangle(const Image& frame, const char* what) {
+                ASSERT_FALSE(frame.Empty()) << what << ": nothing was read back";
+                ExpectPixel(frame, kFboWidth / 2, kFboHeight / 2, kGreen, what, "centre");
+                for (const int y : {0, kFboHeight - 1}) {
+                    for (const int x : {0, kFboWidth - 1}) {
+                        ExpectPixel(frame, x, y, kRed, what, "corner");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            static void ExpectPixel(const Image& frame, int x, int y, const Rgba8& expected, const char* what,
+                                    const char* where) {
+                EXPECT_EQ(frame.At(x, y), expected)
+                    << what << ": " << where << " pixel (" << x << ", " << y << ") is " << frame.ColorName(x, y);
+            }
+
+            GLuint m_vao = 0;
+            ColorFbo m_target{};
+            std::vector<GLuint> m_programs;
+            std::vector<GLuint> m_shaders;
+        };
+
+        // THE REGRESSION. Vertex+fragment, linked and DRAWN - which is what puts a built driver
+        // program on the backend twin - then a geometry shader attached and the program
+        // relinked. The halved frame is the assertion: the three-stage executable really is
+        // what the next draw ran.
+        TEST_F(RelinkStageSetScenario, RelinkingToAddAGeometryStageRunsTheNewExecutable) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+            if (!BackendHostsGeometry()) {
+                GTEST_SKIP() << "no geometry stage on " << Gl().BackendName() << " (" << Gl().RendererString()
+                             << "); there is no stage to add";
+            }
+
+            const GLuint program = MakeProgram();
+            glAttachShader(program, MakeShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kVertexSource));
+            glAttachShader(program, MakeShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, kFragmentSource));
+            ASSERT_TRUE(Link(program));
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            GLenum beforeError = GL_NO_ERROR;
+            const Image before = DrawTriangle(program, GL_TRIANGLES, &beforeError);
+            EXPECT_EQ(beforeError, static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) << "the vertex+fragment draw must execute";
+            ExpectFullTriangle(before, "the draw before the relink");
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            glAttachShader(program, MakeShader(GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER, kGeometrySource));
+            ASSERT_TRUE(Link(program));
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            GLenum afterError = GL_NO_ERROR;
+            const Image after = DrawTriangle(program, GL_TRIANGLES, &afterError);
+            EXPECT_EQ(afterError, static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) << "the relinked three-stage program must draw";
+            ExpectHalvedTriangle(after, "the draw after the geometry stage was linked in");
+            DrainErrors();
+        }
+
+        // The same move in the other direction, which no repair may confuse with "the stage
+        // set did not change": the geometry stage leaves the executable, so the halving has to
+        // stop with it.
+        TEST_F(RelinkStageSetScenario, RelinkingToRemoveAGeometryStageRunsTheNewExecutable) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+            if (!BackendHostsGeometry()) {
+                GTEST_SKIP() << "no geometry stage on " << Gl().BackendName() << " (" << Gl().RendererString()
+                             << "); there is no stage to remove";
+            }
+
+            const GLuint program = MakeProgram();
+            glAttachShader(program, MakeShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kVertexSource));
+            const GLuint geometry = MakeShader(GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER, kGeometrySource);
+            glAttachShader(program, geometry);
+            glAttachShader(program, MakeShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, kFragmentSource));
+            ASSERT_TRUE(Link(program));
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            // Also the control for the case above: a three-stage program linked in ONE go and
+            // never relinked draws its halved triangle.
+            GLenum beforeError = GL_NO_ERROR;
+            const Image before = DrawTriangle(program, GL_TRIANGLES, &beforeError);
+            EXPECT_EQ(beforeError, static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) << "the three-stage draw must execute";
+            ExpectHalvedTriangle(before, "the draw before the geometry stage was dropped");
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            glDetachShader(program, geometry);
+            ASSERT_TRUE(Link(program));
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            GLenum afterError = GL_NO_ERROR;
+            const Image after = DrawTriangle(program, GL_TRIANGLES, &afterError);
+            EXPECT_EQ(afterError, static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) << "the relinked vertex+fragment program must draw";
+            ExpectFullTriangle(after, "the draw after the geometry stage was dropped");
+            DrainErrors();
+        }
+
+        // The third direction, and the one that asks the most of the rebuild: the added stage
+        // is a tessellation evaluation shader with no control stage, so the ES backend has to
+        // synthesize a pass-through control stage for an executable that had neither a moment
+        // ago. GL_PATCHES becomes the only legal mode with it, which is also the only draw-mode
+        // change any case here makes.
+        TEST_F(RelinkStageSetScenario, RelinkingToAddATessEvalStageRunsTheNewExecutable) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+            if (!BackendHostsTessellation()) {
+                GTEST_SKIP() << "no tessellation stages on " << Gl().BackendName() << " (" << Gl().RendererString()
+                             << "); there is no stage to add";
+            }
+
+            const GLuint program = MakeProgram();
+            glAttachShader(program, MakeShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kVertexSource));
+            glAttachShader(program, MakeShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, kFragmentSource));
+            ASSERT_TRUE(Link(program));
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            GLenum beforeError = GL_NO_ERROR;
+            const Image before = DrawTriangle(program, GL_TRIANGLES, &beforeError);
+            EXPECT_EQ(beforeError, static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) << "the vertex+fragment draw must execute";
+            ExpectFullTriangle(before, "the draw before the relink");
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            glAttachShader(program, MakeShader(GL_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER, kTessEvalSource));
+            ASSERT_TRUE(Link(program));
+            // Three, which is already the default; spelled out because the synthesized control
+            // stage's output patch size is compiled from it.
+            glPatchParameteri(GL_PATCH_VERTICES, 3);
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            GLenum afterError = GL_NO_ERROR;
+            const Image after = DrawTriangle(program, GL_PATCHES, &afterError);
+            EXPECT_EQ(afterError, static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR)) << "the relinked tessellating program must draw";
+            ExpectHalvedTriangle(after, "the draw after the tessellation stage was linked in");
+            DrainErrors();
+        }
+
+    } // namespace
+} // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/SnormAttachmentScenario.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/SnormAttachmentScenario.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// Scenario - SIGNED-NORMALIZED COLOUR ATTACHMENTS, on a live driver.
+//
+// The bug: a GLES driver without GL_EXT_render_snorm treats every signed-normalized format as
+// texture-only. DirectGLES had a colour-renderable substitute for exactly one of the eight
+// (GL_RGB16_SNORM, through the three-channel widening), so an R8_SNORM or R16_SNORM attachment got
+// no storage the driver would render into: the ES framebuffer was incomplete, the draw landed
+// nowhere, and glGetTexImage fell through to the CPU shadow - all zeroes for a texture created with
+// no data. KHR-GL4x.texture_swizzle renders into a SINGLE-CHANNEL SNORM output for every one of its
+// SNORM source formats, which is why all 46 of its GL43 SNORM cases failed on Mali.
+//
+// THE OTHER HALF, and the reason this scenario asserts VALUES rather than only completeness: the
+// substitute has to be exact. A half float's 11-bit mantissa cannot represent a 16-bit SNORM
+// channel - 23451/32767 quantizes about six SNORM steps away, against a conformance window of one -
+// so the 16-bit formats must land on a 32-bit float even though the 8-bit ones are fine in a half.
+// Trading 46 visible failures for silent precision loss in Iris' SNORM normal buffers would be the
+// worse outcome, so the round trip below is pinned tightly enough to fail on a half-float substitute
+// (tolerance two SNORM steps, half-float error six).
+//
+// WHAT THIS GATE CAN AND CANNOT SEE. Both CI drivers (Mesa llvmpipe) and Adreno expose
+// GL_EXT_render_snorm, so they take the NATIVE path here and the substitution stays dead. That is
+// precisely why the assertions are written as invariants of the format rather than of the fallback:
+// "a signed-normalized colour attachment is complete and round-trips its channel values" has to
+// hold whichever path answers it, so the scenario fails if anyone ever routes these formats to a
+// lossy storage on a driver where it IS live. The substitution itself can only be observed on a
+// device without EXT_render_snorm (Mali Immortalis-G925).
+//
+// DirectGLES only, like the three-channel scenario next door: DirectVulkan resolves SNORM formats
+// on its own terms and asserting Espryt's answers there would pin a coincidence.
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../Harness/HeadlessGL.h"
+#include "../Harness/ScenarioFixture.h"
+
+#ifdef GLAPI
+#undef GLAPI
+#endif
+#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+#include <GL/gl.h>
+#include <GL/glcorearb.h>
+#undef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+
+namespace MGITest {
+    namespace {
+
+        constexpr const char* kVS = R"(#version 330 core
+in vec2 aPos;
+void main() {
+    gl_Position = vec4(aPos, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+        // A uniform rather than a literal so nothing can constant-fold the value into a different
+        // precision than the one the attachment stores.
+        constexpr const char* kFS = R"(#version 330 core
+out vec4 oColor;
+uniform float uValue;
+void main() { oColor = vec4(uValue, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); }
+)";
+
+        constexpr int kSize = 8;
+
+        // The two channel values the round trip is pinned on. Both are positive on purpose:
+        // glReadPixels applies GL_CLAMP_READ_COLOR (GL_FIXED_ONLY by default) to a fixed-point
+        // colour buffer, so the negative half of a SNORM attachment reads back as 0 and would
+        // measure the clamp instead of the storage.
+        constexpr int kSnorm8Value = 99;
+        constexpr int kSnorm16Value = 23451;
+
+        class SnormAttachmentScenario : public ScenarioTest {
+        protected:
+            void SetUp() override {
+                ScenarioTest::SetUp();
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                if (Gl().BackendName() != "DirectGLES") {
+                    GTEST_SKIP() << "the signed-normalized substitution is a DirectGLES fallback; backend is "
+                                 << Gl().BackendName();
+                }
+            }
+
+            // A single-level 2D texture in `internalFormat`, or 0 when the driver rejects the
+            // storage outright (which is a different failure from rejecting the ATTACHMENT).
+            static GLuint MakeTexture(GLenum internalFormat) {
+                GLuint texture = 0;
+                glGenTextures(1, &texture);
+                glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
+                glTexStorage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 1, internalFormat, kSize, kSize);
+                if (glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) {
+                    glDeleteTextures(1, &texture);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+                glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+                glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+                return texture;
+            }
+
+            static GLenum SingleAttachmentStatus(GLenum internalFormat) {
+                const GLuint texture = MakeTexture(internalFormat);
+                if (texture == 0) return GL_NONE;
+                GLuint fbo = 0;
+                glGenFramebuffers(1, &fbo);
+                glBindFramebuffer(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, fbo);
+                glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture, 0);
+                const GLenum status = glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER);
+                glBindFramebuffer(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
+                glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &fbo);
+                glDeleteTextures(1, &texture);
+                return status;
+            }
+
+            // Renders `value` into the red channel of a fresh `internalFormat` attachment and hands
+            // back what glReadPixels sees. Returns false when the framebuffer never came up, which
+            // is the failure mode this scenario exists for - a draw into an incomplete framebuffer
+            // is dropped by the driver and leaves the caller reading the cleared texture.
+            bool RenderAndReadRed(GLenum internalFormat, float value, float* outRed) {
+                std::string error;
+                const GLuint program = CompileProgram(kVS, kFS, &error);
+                EXPECT_NE(program, 0u) << error;
+                if (program == 0) return false;
+                const GLint valueLocation = glGetUniformLocation(program, "uValue");
+                EXPECT_GE(valueLocation, 0);
+
+                const GLuint texture = MakeTexture(internalFormat);
+                EXPECT_NE(texture, 0u) << "the driver refused the texture storage itself";
+                if (texture == 0) {
+                    glDeleteProgram(program);
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                GLuint fbo = 0;
+                glGenFramebuffers(1, &fbo);
+                glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fbo);
+                glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture, 0);
+                const bool complete = glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) == GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE;
+
+                if (complete) {
+                    const float quad[] = {-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};
+                    GLuint vao = 0;
+                    GLuint vbo = 0;
+                    glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao);
+                    glBindVertexArray(vao);
+                    glGenBuffers(1, &vbo);
+                    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+                    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(quad), quad, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+                    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+                    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 2 * sizeof(float), nullptr);
+                    glUseProgram(program);
+                    glUniform1f(valueLocation, value);
+                    glViewport(0, 0, kSize, kSize);
+                    // Cleared to zero so a dropped draw cannot be mistaken for a correct one.
+                    glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+                    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+                    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
+
+                    std::vector<float> pixels(static_cast<std::size_t>(kSize) * kSize * 4, -1.0f);
+                    glReadBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0);
+                    glReadPixels(0, 0, kSize, kSize, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, pixels.data());
+                    if (outRed) *outRed = pixels[0];
+
+                    glDeleteBuffers(1, &vbo);
+                    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &vao);
+                }
+
+                glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
+                glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &fbo);
+                glDeleteTextures(1, &texture);
+                glDeleteProgram(program);
+                return complete;
+            }
+        };
+
+        // THE regression gate for the frontend's answer. Every one of these used to be
+        // GL_FRAMEBUFFER_UNSUPPORTED on a driver without EXT_render_snorm, and nothing in the CTS
+        // (or in Iris) checks the status before drawing, so the failure was silent all the way to a
+        // readback of zeroes.
+        TEST_F(SnormAttachmentScenario, SignedNormalizedColorAttachmentsReportComplete) {
+            if (!Ready() || IsSkipped()) return;
+
+            // GL_R8 is the control: colour-renderable in ES core, so it must pass with or without
+            // any substitution. If it ever fails, nothing below means anything.
+            EXPECT_EQ(SingleAttachmentStatus(GL_R8), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE))
+                << "GL_R8 is ES-core colour-renderable";
+
+            // The single-channel pair KHR-GL4x.texture_swizzle renders into for every SNORM source
+            // format - the whole 46-case failure.
+            EXPECT_EQ(SingleAttachmentStatus(GL_R8_SNORM), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE));
+            EXPECT_EQ(SingleAttachmentStatus(GL_R16_SNORM), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE));
+            // ...and the two- and four-channel siblings, which are what a shaderpack actually
+            // declares (Iris colortex buffers in RGBA16_SNORM).
+            EXPECT_EQ(SingleAttachmentStatus(GL_RG8_SNORM), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE));
+            EXPECT_EQ(SingleAttachmentStatus(GL_RG16_SNORM), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE));
+            EXPECT_EQ(SingleAttachmentStatus(GL_RGBA8_SNORM), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE));
+            EXPECT_EQ(SingleAttachmentStatus(GL_RGBA16_SNORM), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE));
+
+            EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << GLErrorName(FirstGLError());
+        }
+
+        // The other half: whatever storage answers for the attachment has to hold the channel value
+        // to the format's own precision. This is the assertion that fails if the 16-bit formats are
+        // ever routed to a half float - the substitute an implementer naturally reaches for, because
+        // it is what the 8-bit ones correctly use.
+        TEST_F(SnormAttachmentScenario, SignedNormalizedAttachmentsRoundTripTheirChannelValues) {
+            if (!Ready() || IsSkipped()) return;
+
+            const float snorm8Expected = static_cast<float>(kSnorm8Value) / 127.0f;
+            float red8 = -1.0f;
+            ASSERT_TRUE(RenderAndReadRed(GL_R8_SNORM, snorm8Expected, &red8))
+                << "an R8_SNORM colour attachment must be complete before any value can be asserted";
+            // Two 8-bit SNORM steps. A half float is exact here (worst case 0.03 of a step), so this
+            // only has to catch a storage that quantizes harder than the format itself.
+            EXPECT_NEAR(red8, snorm8Expected, 2.0f / 127.0f)
+                << "R8_SNORM attachment lost its channel value";
+            EXPECT_GT(red8, 0.5f) << "the draw never landed - this is the cleared texture, not the rendered one";
+
+            const float snorm16Expected = static_cast<float>(kSnorm16Value) / 32767.0f;
+            float red16 = -1.0f;
+            ASSERT_TRUE(RenderAndReadRed(GL_R16_SNORM, snorm16Expected, &red16))
+                << "an R16_SNORM colour attachment must be complete before any value can be asserted";
+            // Two 16-bit SNORM steps (6.1e-5). A half float would land 1.9e-4 away - three times
+            // this window - which is exactly the failure this bound exists to catch.
+            EXPECT_NEAR(red16, snorm16Expected, 2.0f / 32767.0f)
+                << "R16_SNORM attachment was stored in something that cannot hold 16 signed bits";
+            EXPECT_GT(red16, 0.5f) << "the draw never landed - this is the cleared texture, not the rendered one";
+
+            float red16x4 = -1.0f;
+            ASSERT_TRUE(RenderAndReadRed(GL_RGBA16_SNORM, snorm16Expected, &red16x4))
+                << "an RGBA16_SNORM colour attachment must be complete before any value can be asserted";
+            EXPECT_NEAR(red16x4, snorm16Expected, 2.0f / 32767.0f)
+                << "RGBA16_SNORM attachment was stored in something that cannot hold 16 signed bits";
+
+            EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << GLErrorName(FirstGLError());
+        }
+
+    } // namespace
+} // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/SsboArrayDynamicIndexScenario.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/SsboArrayDynamicIndexScenario.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// Scenario - A NON-CONSTANT INDEX INTO AN ARRAY OF SHADER STORAGE BLOCKS.
+//
+// GL 4.3 allows any dynamically-uniform expression there; GLSL ES keeps the ES 3.1 rule that the
+// index must be a constant integral expression, and the Qualcomm compiler enforces it:
+//
+//     '[' : indexing into an SSBO array using a non-constant expression is not permitted
+//
+// The stage then never compiles, the backend program links nothing, and every dispatch is a
+// silent no-op - while glGetProgramiv(GL_LINK_STATUS) keeps reporting the successful link the
+// frontend already published. That is why the conformance failures
+// (KHR-GL43.shader_storage_buffer_object.basic-stdLayout-case1/case4,
+// advanced-indirectAddressing-case2, compute_shader.resources-max, 7 cases in all) read back as
+// "the buffer was never written" rather than as an error, and why this scenario asserts on
+// contents rather than on link status.
+//
+// Both index shapes the legalization has to cover are exercised in one dispatch: a loop induction
+// variable (which folds when the loop unrolls) and a `uniform int` (which nothing can fold, so the
+// switch/select lowering is what carries it), for a read AND for a write.
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../Harness/HeadlessGL.h"
+#include "../Harness/ScenarioFixture.h"
+
+#ifdef GLAPI
+#undef GLAPI
+#endif
+#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+#include <GL/gl.h>
+#include <GL/glcorearb.h>
+#undef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+
+namespace MGITest {
+    namespace {
+
+        // Bindings 0..3 are the block array, 4 is the output.
+        constexpr const char* kComputeSource = R"(#version 430 core
+layout(local_size_x = 1) in;
+layout(std430, binding = 0) buffer Slot {
+    uint value;
+} g_slots[4];
+layout(std430, binding = 4) buffer Output {
+    uint g_result[];
+};
+uniform int g_index;
+void main() {
+    // Loop-derived index: foldable by unrolling.
+    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+        g_result[i] = g_slots[i].value;
+    }
+    // Uniform-derived index: not foldable, read and write both.
+    g_result[4] = g_slots[g_index].value;
+    g_slots[g_index].value = 99u;
+}
+)";
+
+        constexpr int kSlotCount = 4;
+        constexpr int kResultCount = 5;
+
+        class SsboArrayDynamicIndexScenario : public ScenarioTest {
+        protected:
+            void SetUp() override {
+                ScenarioTest::SetUp();
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                GLint blocks = 0;
+                glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_COMPUTE_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS, &blocks);
+                if (blocks < kSlotCount + 1) {
+                    GTEST_SKIP() << "GL_MAX_COMPUTE_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS is " << blocks << "; this needs "
+                                 << kSlotCount + 1;
+                }
+                m_program = CompileComputeProgram(kComputeSource);
+                ASSERT_NE(m_program, 0u) << m_buildLog;
+            }
+
+            void TearDown() override {
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                if (!m_buffers.empty()) glDeleteBuffers(static_cast<GLsizei>(m_buffers.size()), m_buffers.data());
+                if (m_program != 0) glDeleteProgram(m_program);
+            }
+
+            unsigned int CompileComputeProgram(const char* source) {
+                const GLuint shader = glCreateShader(GL_COMPUTE_SHADER);
+                glShaderSource(shader, 1, &source, nullptr);
+                glCompileShader(shader);
+                GLint compiled = 0;
+                glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &compiled);
+                if (compiled == GL_FALSE) {
+                    char log[2048] = {};
+                    glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, sizeof(log) - 1, nullptr, log);
+                    m_buildLog = std::string("compute shader did not compile: ") + log;
+                    glDeleteShader(shader);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                const GLuint program = glCreateProgram();
+                glAttachShader(program, shader);
+                glLinkProgram(program);
+                glDeleteShader(shader);
+                GLint linked = 0;
+                glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked);
+                if (linked == GL_FALSE) {
+                    char log[2048] = {};
+                    glGetProgramInfoLog(program, sizeof(log) - 1, nullptr, log);
+                    m_buildLog = std::string("compute program did not link: ") + log;
+                    glDeleteProgram(program);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                return program;
+            }
+
+            GLuint MakeStorageBuffer(const std::vector<unsigned int>& contents) {
+                GLuint buffer = 0;
+                glGenBuffers(1, &buffer);
+                glBindBuffer(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, buffer);
+                glBufferData(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER,
+                             static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(contents.size() * sizeof(unsigned int)), contents.data(),
+                             GL_DYNAMIC_COPY);
+                m_buffers.push_back(buffer);
+                return buffer;
+            }
+
+            static std::vector<unsigned int> ReadBuffer(GLuint buffer, int count) {
+                std::vector<unsigned int> values(static_cast<std::size_t>(count), 0xDEADBEEFu);
+                glBindBuffer(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, buffer);
+                glGetBufferSubData(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0,
+                                   static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(values.size() * sizeof(unsigned int)), values.data());
+                return values;
+            }
+
+            unsigned int m_program = 0;
+            std::string m_buildLog;
+            std::vector<GLuint> m_buffers;
+        };
+
+    } // namespace
+
+    TEST_F(SsboArrayDynamicIndexScenario, ReadsAndWritesTheBlockTheIndexNames) {
+        if (!Ready() || IsSkipped()) return;
+
+        GLuint slots[kSlotCount] = {};
+        for (int i = 0; i < kSlotCount; ++i) {
+            slots[i] = MakeStorageBuffer({static_cast<unsigned int>(10 + i)});
+            glBindBufferBase(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, static_cast<GLuint>(i), slots[i]);
+        }
+        const GLuint output = MakeStorageBuffer(std::vector<unsigned int>(kResultCount, 0u));
+        glBindBufferBase(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, kSlotCount, output);
+        ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+
+        glUseProgram(m_program);
+        const GLint indexLocation = glGetUniformLocation(m_program, "g_index");
+        ASSERT_NE(indexLocation, -1);
+        glUniform1i(indexLocation, 2);
+        glDispatchCompute(1, 1, 1);
+        glMemoryBarrier(GL_BUFFER_UPDATE_BARRIER_BIT);
+        EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+
+        const std::vector<unsigned int> result = ReadBuffer(output, kResultCount);
+        for (int i = 0; i < kSlotCount; ++i) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(result[static_cast<std::size_t>(i)], static_cast<unsigned int>(10 + i))
+                << "g_slots[" << i << "] read through the loop index came back as "
+                << result[static_cast<std::size_t>(i)]
+                << "; 0 means the stage never compiled and the dispatch was a silent no-op";
+        }
+        EXPECT_EQ(result[4], 12u) << "g_slots[g_index] with g_index = 2 read back as " << result[4];
+
+        const std::vector<unsigned int> written = ReadBuffer(slots[2], 1);
+        EXPECT_EQ(written[0], 99u) << "the uniform-indexed WRITE landed as " << written[0]
+                                   << " instead of 99 in g_slots[2]";
+        // The write must have gone to element 2 and nowhere else.
+        for (int i = 0; i < kSlotCount; ++i) {
+            if (i == 2) continue;
+            const std::vector<unsigned int> untouched = ReadBuffer(slots[i], 1);
+            EXPECT_EQ(untouched[0], static_cast<unsigned int>(10 + i))
+                << "g_slots[" << i << "] was overwritten by a write that named element 2";
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i <= kSlotCount; ++i) {
+            glBindBufferBase(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, static_cast<GLuint>(i), 0);
+        }
+    }
+} // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/SsboArrayLengthScenario.cpp

@@ -64,6 +64,25 @@ void main() {
     g_length[2] = g_input23[0].data.length();
     g_length[3] = g_input23[1].data.length();
 }
+)";
+
+        // GL 4.6 core 4.10 lets a buffer variable be declared readonly AND writeonly at once:
+        // it can then be neither read nor written, and `.length()` is the only thing left that
+        // may be asked of it. The pair is inert - and printing it into ESSL is not, because
+        // SPIRV-Cross hoists the qualifiers every member shares onto the BLOCK and Mesa's ES
+        // compiler refuses that spelling ("Interface block sets both readonly and writeonly").
+        // Lifted from KHR-GL43.shader_storage_buffer_object.basic-readonly-writeonly.
+        constexpr const char* kReadonlyWriteonlyComputeSource = R"(#version 430 core
+layout(local_size_x = 1) in;
+layout(std430, binding = 0) buffer Input {
+    readonly writeonly int g_in[];
+};
+layout(std430, binding = 4) buffer Output {
+    int g_length[];
+};
+void main() {
+    g_length[0] = g_in.length();
+}
 )";
 
         constexpr int kElementBytes = 16; // ivec4, std430
@@ -212,4 +231,33 @@ void main() {
         glBindBufferBase(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0, input0);
         glBindBufferBase(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 3, input3);
     }
+
+    // A buffer variable qualified readonly AND writeonly can only be asked its length, and that
+    // question still has to be answered. A stage the driver refused answers 0 - and refuses
+    // silently, because the program links without it and the dispatch is then a no-op.
+    TEST_F(SsboArrayLengthScenario, AReadonlyWriteonlyArrayStillReportsItsLength) {
+        if (!Ready() || IsSkipped()) return;
+
+        const GLuint program = CompileComputeProgram(kReadonlyWriteonlyComputeSource);
+        ASSERT_NE(program, 0u) << m_buildLog;
+
+        const GLuint input = MakeStorageBuffer(6);  // 6 ivec4 = 24 ints
+        const GLuint output = MakeStorageBuffer(1);
+        glBindBufferBase(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0, input);
+        glBindBufferBase(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 4, output);
+        ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+
+        glUseProgram(program);
+        glDispatchCompute(1, 1, 1);
+        glMemoryBarrier(GL_BUFFER_UPDATE_BARRIER_BIT);
+        int length = -1;
+        glBindBuffer(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, output);
+        glGetBufferSubData(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0, sizeof(length), &length);
+        EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+        EXPECT_EQ(length, 24) << "a readonly+writeonly runtime array reported length " << length
+                              << "; 0 means the stage never reached the program";
+
+        glUseProgram(m_program);
+        glDeleteProgram(program);
+    }
 } // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/SsboDeclarationFormScenario.cpp

@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@
 namespace MGITest {
     namespace {
 
-        // The eight vertex shaders of the conformance sweep, verbatim in shape. Each reads three
+        // The eight vertex shaders of the conformance sweep, verbatim in shape, plus a ninth that
-        // vec4 positions out of a storage block on binding 0 and emits them as a triangle that
+        // is not from the sweep (see form 8). Each reads three vec4 positions out of a storage
-        // covers the whole viewport.
+        // block on binding 0 and emits them as a triangle that covers the whole viewport.
-        constexpr const char* kFormVS[8] = {
+        constexpr const char* kFormVS[9] = {
             // 0 - instance name, no binding qualifier, sized array member
             R"(#version 430 core
 layout(std430) buffer Buffer {
@@ -127,6 +127,38 @@ void main() {
     case 2: gl_Position = g_buffer.position2[gl_VertexID - 2]; break;
   }
 }
+)",
+            // 8 - NOT from the conformance sweep. An unqualified storage block with a UNIFORM
+            // BLOCK beside it, which is what makes the block's DEFAULT binding observable at all.
+            //
+            // GL 4.3 core 7.8 gives a storage block with no layout(binding = N) a buffer binding
+            // of zero. Forms 0, 1, 3, 4 and 5 above are all unqualified and all pass, but they
+            // cannot prove that rule holds: they are the only resource in their shader, so the
+            // binding glslang's IO mapper invents for them happens to BE zero and the right answer
+            // arrives for the wrong reason.
+            //
+            // Every shader here is parsed as a Vulkan client, so that mapper allocates out of ONE
+            // flat space shared by samplers, images, uniform blocks, storage blocks and the
+            // synthesized global-uniform block (iomapper.cpp resolveBinding takes the `ent.newSet`
+            // branch, and every resource resolves to set 0), and then writes the result back into
+            // the type's qualifier - so the reflection cannot tell an invented binding from a
+            // declared one. Put anything live next to the block and it is pushed off zero, the
+            // draw reads a binding point nothing was ever bound to, and the triangle collapses
+            // with no GL error anywhere. That is
+            // KHR-GL43.compute_shader.resource-ubo's whole failure, in a vertex stage.
+            //
+            // The uniform block is REBOUND explicitly with glUniformBlockBinding, exactly as that
+            // conformance case does. That keeps this case about the storage block's default and
+            // not about the uniform block's - the rebinding path has always worked, and the
+            // uniform-block default is a separate (still open) question.
+            R"(#version 430 core
+layout(std140) uniform ScaleBlock {
+  vec4 factor;
+} g_scale;
+layout(std430) buffer Buffer {
+  vec4 position[3];
+} g_input_buffer;
+void main() { gl_Position = g_input_buffer.position[gl_VertexID] * g_scale.factor; }
 )",
         };
 
@@ -197,6 +229,26 @@ void main() { o_color = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0); }
                 const unsigned int program = CompileProgram(kFormVS[form], kFormFS, &error);
                 ASSERT_NE(program, 0u) << "form " << form << " did not build: " << error;
 
+                // Form 8 alone declares a uniform block, and it exists only to occupy a slot the
+                // storage block must not be pushed onto. Bound to a buffer of ones so it scales
+                // the positions by exactly 1 - the block's contribution to the IMAGE is nothing,
+                // and its contribution to the TEST is that it is there at all.
+                GLuint uniformBuffer = 0;
+                if (form == 8) {
+                    const float ones[4] = {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};
+                    glGenBuffers(1, &uniformBuffer);
+                    glBindBuffer(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, uniformBuffer);
+                    glBufferData(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, sizeof(ones), ones, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+                    glBindBufferBase(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0, uniformBuffer);
+                    glBindBuffer(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0);
+                    const GLuint blockIndex = glGetUniformBlockIndex(program, "ScaleBlock");
+                    ASSERT_NE(blockIndex, GL_INVALID_INDEX) << "form 8: the uniform block is not active";
+                    // Explicit, so this case cannot fail on the uniform block's own default
+                    // binding - which is a separate question from the storage block's.
+                    glUniformBlockBinding(program, blockIndex, 0);
+                    ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u) << "form 8: uniform block setup errored";
+                }
+
                 GLuint vao = 0;
                 glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao);
                 glBindVertexArray(vao);
@@ -221,6 +273,7 @@ void main() { o_color = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0); }
                 glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &vao);
                 glDeleteProgram(program);
                 glDeleteBuffers(1, &buffer);
+                if (uniformBuffer != 0) glDeleteBuffers(1, &uniformBuffer);
                 gl.EndFrame();
             }
         };
@@ -241,6 +294,10 @@ void main() { o_color = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0); }
     MGL_SSBO_FORM_CASE(3, GlobalLayoutDefaultsThenAnInstanceNamedBlock)
     MGL_SSBO_FORM_CASE(4, BlockInstanceArrayOfOne)
     MGL_SSBO_FORM_CASE(5, BlockInstanceArrayOfOneWithSharedLayout)
+    // The form that makes the DEFAULT binding observable rather than accidental: forms 0/1/3/4/5
+    // are unqualified too, but nothing competes with them for glslang's flat slot 0, so they
+    // would keep passing even with the default wrong. See the comment on kFormVS[8].
+    MGL_SSBO_FORM_CASE(8, NoBindingQualifierBesideAUniformBlock)
     // ---- the two forms that do not work yet ----
     //
     // Both carry an UNSIZED array that is not the block's sole trailing member, and both fail

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/StorageBufferRegrowScenario.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/StorageBufferRegrowScenario.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// Scenario - glBufferData GROWS A BUFFER THAT IS ALREADY BOUND AT AN INDEXED POINT.
+//
+// GL says the indexed binding follows the buffer object, so after the store is re-specified the
+// shader sees the NEW extent. DirectGLES shadows the indexed bindings so a redundant
+// glBindBufferBase can be skipped, and nothing used to invalidate that shadow when the store was
+// re-specified underneath it - so on a driver that resolves a whole-buffer indexed binding's
+// extent at BIND time (Adreno does; Mali does not) the shader kept seeing the OLD, smaller range.
+// Stores past it are dropped and loads return zero, which is exactly what
+// KHR-GL43.compute_shader.dispatch-indirect reported: the first iteration's 6 elements correct and
+// everything past byte 24 zero, after the same buffer was re-specified from 24 to 96 bytes.
+//
+// The assertion is deliberately on the WHOLE grown range, so a partial write names the byte the
+// stale extent stopped at.
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../Harness/HeadlessGL.h"
+#include "../Harness/ScenarioFixture.h"
+
+#ifdef GLAPI
+#undef GLAPI
+#endif
+#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+#include <GL/gl.h>
+#include <GL/glcorearb.h>
+#undef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+
+namespace MGITest {
+    namespace {
+
+        constexpr const char* kComputeSource = R"(#version 430 core
+layout(local_size_x = 1) in;
+layout(std430, binding = 0) buffer Output {
+    uint g_data[];
+};
+void main() {
+    g_data[gl_GlobalInvocationID.x] = gl_GlobalInvocationID.x + 1u;
+}
+)";
+
+        constexpr int kSmallElements = 6;  // 24 bytes - the first iteration's size
+        constexpr int kLargeElements = 24; // 96 bytes - what the second iteration grows to
+
+        class StorageBufferRegrowScenario : public ScenarioTest {
+        protected:
+            void SetUp() override {
+                ScenarioTest::SetUp();
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                m_program = CompileComputeProgram(kComputeSource);
+                ASSERT_NE(m_program, 0u) << m_buildLog;
+                glGenBuffers(1, &m_buffer);
+            }
+
+            void TearDown() override {
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                if (m_buffer != 0) glDeleteBuffers(1, &m_buffer);
+                if (m_program != 0) glDeleteProgram(m_program);
+            }
+
+            unsigned int CompileComputeProgram(const char* source) {
+                const GLuint shader = glCreateShader(GL_COMPUTE_SHADER);
+                glShaderSource(shader, 1, &source, nullptr);
+                glCompileShader(shader);
+                GLint compiled = 0;
+                glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &compiled);
+                if (compiled == GL_FALSE) {
+                    char log[2048] = {};
+                    glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, sizeof(log) - 1, nullptr, log);
+                    m_buildLog = std::string("compute shader did not compile: ") + log;
+                    glDeleteShader(shader);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                const GLuint program = glCreateProgram();
+                glAttachShader(program, shader);
+                glLinkProgram(program);
+                glDeleteShader(shader);
+                GLint linked = 0;
+                glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked);
+                if (linked == GL_FALSE) {
+                    char log[2048] = {};
+                    glGetProgramInfoLog(program, sizeof(log) - 1, nullptr, log);
+                    m_buildLog = std::string("compute program did not link: ") + log;
+                    glDeleteProgram(program);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                return program;
+            }
+
+            void RespecifyTo(int elements) {
+                const std::vector<unsigned int> zeros(static_cast<std::size_t>(elements), 0u);
+                glBindBuffer(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, m_buffer);
+                glBufferData(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER,
+                             static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(zeros.size() * sizeof(unsigned int)), zeros.data(),
+                             GL_DYNAMIC_COPY);
+            }
+
+            std::vector<unsigned int> DispatchAndRead(int elements) {
+                glUseProgram(m_program);
+                glDispatchCompute(static_cast<GLuint>(elements), 1, 1);
+                glMemoryBarrier(GL_BUFFER_UPDATE_BARRIER_BIT);
+                std::vector<unsigned int> values(static_cast<std::size_t>(elements), 0xDEADBEEFu);
+                glBindBuffer(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, m_buffer);
+                glGetBufferSubData(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0,
+                                   static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(values.size() * sizeof(unsigned int)), values.data());
+                return values;
+            }
+
+            unsigned int m_program = 0;
+            GLuint m_buffer = 0;
+            std::string m_buildLog;
+        };
+
+    } // namespace
+
+    TEST_F(StorageBufferRegrowScenario, AGrownStoreIsVisibleThroughItsExistingIndexedBinding) {
+        if (!Ready() || IsSkipped()) return;
+
+        // Iteration one: 24 bytes, bound once, six groups.
+        RespecifyTo(kSmallElements);
+        glBindBufferBase(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0, m_buffer);
+        ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+
+        const std::vector<unsigned int> small = DispatchAndRead(kSmallElements);
+        ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+        for (int i = 0; i < kSmallElements; ++i) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(small[static_cast<std::size_t>(i)], static_cast<unsigned int>(i + 1))
+                << "the 24-byte iteration itself did not write element " << i;
+        }
+
+        // Iteration two: the SAME buffer grows to 96 bytes with NO new glBindBufferBase, which is
+        // what the application is entitled to do and what the shadow used to swallow.
+        RespecifyTo(kLargeElements);
+        ASSERT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+
+        const std::vector<unsigned int> large = DispatchAndRead(kLargeElements);
+        EXPECT_EQ(FirstGLError(), 0u);
+        for (int i = 0; i < kLargeElements; ++i) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(large[static_cast<std::size_t>(i)], static_cast<unsigned int>(i + 1))
+                << "element " << i << " (byte " << i * 4 << ") of the grown store came back as "
+                << large[static_cast<std::size_t>(i)]
+                << "; zero from element " << kSmallElements
+                << " on means the shader still saw the pre-growth extent";
+        }
+
+        glBindBufferBase(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0, 0);
+    }
+} // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/TessellationDrawModeScenario.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/TessellationDrawModeScenario.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// Scenario - GL_PATCHES AND THE TESSELLATION PIPELINE ARE EACH OTHER'S ONLY PARTNER.
+//
+// GL 4.6 core 10.1 states the rule in both directions, and both are GL_INVALID_OPERATION:
+// a program with a tessellation evaluation shader may only be drawn with GL_PATCHES, and
+// GL_PATCHES may only be drawn with such a program. MobileGL's draw-mode validator
+// implemented the geometry-shader input-primitive rule and NOTHING for tessellation, which
+// is two of the four sites KHR-GL43.transform_feedback.api_errors_test checks (all four
+// share one copy-pasted message string, so the trace cannot say which one it stopped at).
+//
+// Needs a real context: the validator returns before either rule when no backend object is
+// active, so the GPU-free negative-API suite cannot reach them.
+
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../Harness/HeadlessGL.h"
+#include "../Harness/ScenarioFixture.h"
+
+#ifdef GLAPI
+#undef GLAPI
+#endif
+#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+#include <GL/gl.h>
+#include <GL/glcorearb.h>
+#undef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+
+namespace MGITest {
+    namespace {
+
+        const char* const kVertexSource = R"(#version 420 core
+void main()
+{
+    gl_Position = vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+        const char* const kTessControlSource = R"(#version 420 core
+layout(vertices = 1) out;
+void main()
+{
+    gl_TessLevelOuter[0] = 1.0;
+    gl_TessLevelOuter[1] = 1.0;
+    gl_TessLevelOuter[2] = 1.0;
+    gl_TessLevelInner[0] = 1.0;
+    gl_out[gl_InvocationID].gl_Position = gl_in[0].gl_Position;
+}
+)";
+
+        const char* const kTessEvalSource = R"(#version 420 core
+layout(triangles, equal_spacing, cw) in;
+void main()
+{
+    gl_Position = gl_in[0].gl_Position;
+}
+)";
+
+        const char* const kFragmentSource = R"(#version 420 core
+out vec4 fragColor;
+void main()
+{
+    fragColor = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+        class TessellationDrawModeScenario : public ScenarioTest {
+        protected:
+            void SetUp() override {
+                ScenarioTest::SetUp();
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                glGenVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+                glBindVertexArray(m_vao);
+                if (!BackendHostsTessellation()) {
+                    GTEST_SKIP() << "no tessellation stages on " << Gl().BackendName() << " ("
+                                 << Gl().RendererString() << "); there is no patch draw to validate";
+                }
+            }
+
+            void TearDown() override {
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                glUseProgram(0);
+                for (const GLuint program : m_programs) {
+                    glDeleteProgram(program);
+                }
+                m_programs.clear();
+                glBindVertexArray(0);
+                if (m_vao != 0) glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+                m_vao = 0;
+            }
+
+            // The same real-backend probe IoBlockNameCollisionScenario uses: 0 on a DirectGLES
+            // driver without GL_EXT_tessellation_shader and on a DirectVulkan device without
+            // the tessellationShader feature.
+            static bool BackendHostsTessellation() {
+                GLint maxTessGenLevel = 0;
+                glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TESS_GEN_LEVEL, &maxTessGenLevel);
+                DrainErrors();
+                return maxTessGenLevel >= 1;
+            }
+
+            static void DrainErrors() {
+                for (int i = 0; i < 16 && glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR; ++i) {
+                }
+            }
+
+            GLuint BuildProgram(const std::vector<std::pair<GLenum, const char*>>& stages) {
+                std::vector<GLuint> shaders;
+                bool ok = true;
+                for (const auto& [stage, source] : stages) {
+                    const GLuint shader = glCreateShader(stage);
+                    glShaderSource(shader, 1, &source, nullptr);
+                    glCompileShader(shader);
+                    GLint compiled = 0;
+                    glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &compiled);
+                    shaders.push_back(shader);
+                    if (!compiled) {
+                        m_buildLog = InfoLog(shader, true);
+                        ok = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (!ok) {
+                    for (const GLuint shader : shaders) glDeleteShader(shader);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+
+                const GLuint program = glCreateProgram();
+                for (const GLuint shader : shaders) glAttachShader(program, shader);
+                glLinkProgram(program);
+                GLint linked = 0;
+                glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked);
+                for (const GLuint shader : shaders) glDeleteShader(shader);
+                if (!linked) {
+                    m_buildLog = InfoLog(program, false);
+                    glDeleteProgram(program);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                m_programs.push_back(program);
+                return program;
+            }
+
+            static std::string InfoLog(GLuint object, bool isShader) {
+                GLint length = 0;
+                if (isShader) {
+                    glGetShaderiv(object, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
+                } else {
+                    glGetProgramiv(object, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
+                }
+                std::vector<char> buffer(static_cast<std::size_t>(length) + 1, '\0');
+                if (isShader) {
+                    glGetShaderInfoLog(object, length + 1, nullptr, buffer.data());
+                } else {
+                    glGetProgramInfoLog(object, length + 1, nullptr, buffer.data());
+                }
+                return buffer.data();
+            }
+
+            const std::string& BuildLog() const { return m_buildLog; }
+
+            GLuint m_vao = 0;
+            std::vector<GLuint> m_programs;
+            std::string m_buildLog;
+        };
+
+        // A tessellation program drawn with anything but GL_PATCHES.
+        TEST_F(TessellationDrawModeScenario, TessellationProgramRejectsNonPatchModes) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+
+            const GLuint program = BuildProgram({{GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kVertexSource},
+                                                 {GL_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER, kTessControlSource},
+                                                 {GL_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER, kTessEvalSource},
+                                                 {GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, kFragmentSource}});
+            ASSERT_NE(program, 0u) << "the tessellation program did not build: " << BuildLog();
+
+            glUseProgram(program);
+            glPatchParameteri(GL_PATCH_VERTICES, 1);
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            for (const GLenum mode : {static_cast<GLenum>(GL_POINTS), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_LINES),
+                                      static_cast<GLenum>(GL_TRIANGLES)}) {
+                glDrawArrays(mode, 0, 1);
+                EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_INVALID_OPERATION))
+                    << "mode " << mode << " must not be accepted while tessellation is active";
+                DrainErrors();
+            }
+
+            // The one mode that IS accepted still is - a rule keyed any wider would break every
+            // patch draw in the suite.
+            glDrawArrays(GL_PATCHES, 0, 1);
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR));
+            DrainErrors();
+        }
+
+        // ... and the other direction: GL_PATCHES without a tessellation evaluation stage.
+        TEST_F(TessellationDrawModeScenario, PatchesRejectedWithoutATessellationEvaluationStage) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+
+            const GLuint program =
+                BuildProgram({{GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kVertexSource}, {GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, kFragmentSource}});
+            ASSERT_NE(program, 0u) << "the vertex/fragment program did not build: " << BuildLog();
+
+            glUseProgram(program);
+            glPatchParameteri(GL_PATCH_VERTICES, 1);
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            glDrawArrays(GL_PATCHES, 0, 1);
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_INVALID_OPERATION))
+                << "GL_PATCHES has no meaning without a tessellation evaluation stage";
+            DrainErrors();
+
+            // The same program with an ordinary mode is untouched.
+            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), static_cast<GLenum>(GL_NO_ERROR));
+            DrainErrors();
+        }
+
+    } // namespace
+} // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/VertexAttribBindingScenario.cpp

@@ -673,4 +673,86 @@ void main() {
         glDeleteProgram(program);
     }
 
+    // A GL_DOUBLE array is NARROWED to float32 and fetched, not dropped. No backend here has a
+    // 64-bit vertex format, but glVertexAttribFormat(GL_DOUBLE) is defined as "doubles in memory,
+    // converted to float" and the shader input is a plain vec4 either way, so nothing about fp64
+    // is needed - only the fetch conversion (KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding.basic-input-case4).
+    // Every value here is exact in float32, so the capture is an equality test.
+    TEST_F(VertexAttribBindingScenario, DoubleArrayIsFetchedAtFloat32Precision) {
+        if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+        ResetCurrentAttribs();
+
+        const double vertices[] = {100.0, 200.0, 300.0, 400.0};
+        GLuint vbo = 0;
+        glGenBuffers(1, &vbo);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+
+        glBindVertexBuffer(0, vbo, 0, 2 * static_cast<GLsizei>(sizeof(double)));
+        glVertexAttribFormat(1, 2, GL_DOUBLE, GL_FALSE, 0);
+        glVertexAttribBinding(1, 0);
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
+
+        const std::vector<float> data = CapturePoints(m_program, m_xfbo, 2, 1);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 0, 1, 100.0f, 200.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 1, 1, 300.0f, 400.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+
+        glDisableVertexAttribArray(1);
+        glDeleteBuffers(1, &vbo);
+    }
+
+    // GL ignores `normalized` for floating-point array types, GL_DOUBLE included: the fetched
+    // values are the raw ones, not scaled into [0,1]. A conversion that forwarded the flag would
+    // return zeros here (KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding.basic-input-case5).
+    TEST_F(VertexAttribBindingScenario, NormalizedIsIgnoredForDoubleArrays) {
+        if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+        ResetCurrentAttribs();
+
+        const double vertices[] = {0.0, 10.0, 20.0, 0.0};
+        GLuint vbo = 0;
+        glGenBuffers(1, &vbo);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+
+        glBindVertexBuffer(0, vbo, 0, 4 * static_cast<GLsizei>(sizeof(double)));
+        glVertexAttribFormat(2, 4, GL_DOUBLE, GL_TRUE, 0);
+        glVertexAttribBinding(2, 0);
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
+
+        const std::vector<float> data = CapturePoints(m_program, m_xfbo, 1, 1);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 0, 2, 0.0f, 10.0f, 20.0f, 0.0f));
+
+        glDisableVertexAttribArray(2);
+        glDeleteBuffers(1, &vbo);
+    }
+
+    // The LONG form asks for more precision than any backend here can give and gets the same
+    // float32 stream. IsLong must not gate the narrowing off
+    // (KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding.advanced-bindingUpdate feeds its dvec3 this way).
+    TEST_F(VertexAttribBindingScenario, LongDoubleArrayIsFetchedAtFloat32Precision) {
+        if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+        ResetCurrentAttribs();
+
+        const double vertices[] = {1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0};
+        GLuint vbo = 0;
+        glGenBuffers(1, &vbo);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+
+        glBindVertexBuffer(0, vbo, 0, 3 * static_cast<GLsizei>(sizeof(double)));
+        glVertexAttribLFormat(3, 3, GL_DOUBLE, 0);
+        glVertexAttribBinding(3, 0);
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(3);
+
+        const std::vector<float> data = CapturePoints(m_program, m_xfbo, 2, 1);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 0, 3, 1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f, 1.0f));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Vec4Is(data, 1, 3, 4.0f, 5.0f, 6.0f, 1.0f));
+
+        glDisableVertexAttribArray(3);
+        glDeleteBuffers(1, &vbo);
+    }
+
 } // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/ViewportArrayScenario.cpp

@@ -30,15 +30,23 @@
 // applies the flip to viewport 0 and forgets the other fifteen renders a correct-looking FBO and
 // an upside-down window - the classic multi-viewport bug, and invisible to every FBO-only case.
 //
-// HONEST LIMIT OF THIS FILE. DirectGLES SKIPS every case: GLES has one viewport, one scissor
+// BOTH BACKENDS RUN EVERY CASE, by two completely different routes, which is the point of
-// rectangle and no gl_ViewportIndex, so routing to index > 0 is an emulation feature that has
+// keeping them in one file. DirectVulkan declares sixteen viewports on the pipeline and lets the
-// not been built (the Espryt half of KHR-GL43.viewport_array's rendering group is deliberately
+// hardware route. DirectGLES has one viewport, one scissor rectangle and one depth range and no
-// still red). The skip is explicit rather than silent so a future emulation lands here as a
+// gl_ViewportIndex at all, so it EMULATES: the builtin becomes a flat varying, the fragment stage
-// failing test and not as a test that was quietly never running. DirectVulkan additionally
+// gets a gate, and the draw is replayed once per distinct viewport state (Managers.h,
-// skips when the device lacks the multiViewport feature - Vulkan then forbids a pipeline from
+// ForEachViewportRoutingPass). Every assertion below is about pixels, so it cannot tell the two
-// declaring more than one viewport at all, which is a device limit and not a MobileGL bug;
+// apart - which is exactly what has to be true.
-// lavapipe (every CI lane) and both Mali/Adreno devices support it, so the cases do run where
+//
-// it matters.
+// DirectVulkan skips when the device lacks the multiViewport feature - Vulkan then forbids a
+// pipeline from declaring more than one viewport at all, which is a device limit and not a
+// MobileGL bug; lavapipe (every CI lane) and both Mali/Adreno devices support it, so the cases do
+// run where it matters.
+//
+// The last case is the negative control for the emulation and runs on DirectGLES only: it builds
+// the SAME program with the emulation switched off and requires the routing to collapse onto
+// viewport 0. Without it every assertion above could be satisfied by a backend that happened to
+// be right for some other reason, and the emulation's own switch would be untested.
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <string>
@@ -47,6 +55,10 @@
 #include "../Harness/HeadlessGL.h"
 #include "../Harness/ScenarioFixture.h"
 
+// For the emulation switch the negative-control case below flips. Nothing else in this file needs
+// to know which backend it is running on.
+#include <Config.h>
+
 #ifdef GLAPI
 #undef GLAPI
 #endif
@@ -142,13 +154,6 @@ void main() { fragColor = gl_FragCoord.z; }
                 ScenarioTest::SetUp();
                 if (!Ready()) return;
 
-                if (Gl().BackendName() == "DirectGLES") {
-                    GTEST_SKIP() << "gl_ViewportIndex routing is not emulated on DirectGLES: GLES has one viewport "
-                                    "and one scissor rectangle, so every index rasterizes as index 0. The indexed "
-                                    "STATE is still asserted (MG_Test RenderStateTest); this is the deferred "
-                                    "rendering half of KHR-GL43.viewport_array.";
-                }
-
                 GLint maxViewports = 0;
                 glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_VIEWPORTS, &maxViewports);
                 ASSERT_GE(maxViewports, kViewportCount) << "GL 4.3 core requires GL_MAX_VIEWPORTS >= 16";
@@ -520,5 +525,282 @@ void main() { fragColor = vec4(float(gsIndex) * 16.0 / 255.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); }
             DestroyIntTarget(target);
         }
 
+        // --- 4. the negative control for the DirectGLES emulation -----------------------------
+        //
+        // Everything above is a claim about pixels, and a claim about pixels cannot tell an
+        // emulation that works from a backend that was going to be right anyway. This case builds
+        // the SAME program with MOBILEGL_FORCE_VIEWPORT_ARRAY_EMULATION off and requires case 1's
+        // result to COLLAPSE: with no routing, every geometry invocation rasterizes against
+        // viewport 0's rectangle, so the last invocation paints the whole surface and every cell
+        // reads 15 instead of its own index. That is the pre-emulation behaviour this backend had
+        // (and the failure signature KHR-GL43.viewport_array reported on it), pinned here so that
+        // (a) the three cases above are known to be testing the emulation and not the weather,
+        // and (b) the switch itself has a test.
+        //
+        // DirectGLES only: the flag steers nothing on DirectVulkan, which routes natively.
+        TEST_F(ViewportArrayScenario, WithoutTheEmulationEveryIndexCollapsesOntoViewportZero) {
+            if (Gl().BackendName() != "DirectGLES") {
+                GTEST_SKIP() << "the emulation switch is a DirectGLES concern; DirectVulkan routes "
+                                "gl_ViewportIndex natively and ignores it";
+            }
+
+            // The feature table is a process-global and this fixture shares its context with every
+            // other scenario in the process, so the restore is not optional.
+            struct ScopedEmulationOff {
+                ScopedEmulationOff(): saved(MobileGL::MG_Config::Features.ViewportArrayEmulation) {
+                    MobileGL::MG_Config::Features.ViewportArrayEmulation =
+                        MobileGL::MG_Config::QuirkOverride::ForceOff;
+                }
+                ~ScopedEmulationOff() { MobileGL::MG_Config::Features.ViewportArrayEmulation = saved; }
+                MobileGL::MG_Config::QuirkOverride saved;
+            };
+
+            IntTarget target = MakeIntTarget(kSurfaceSide, kSurfaceSide);
+            SetupGridViewports(kCellSize, kCellSize);
+
+            GLuint unroutedProgram = 0;
+            {
+                const ScopedEmulationOff scopedEmulationOff;
+                // A FRESH program: the emitted ESSL is decided at link time and memoized on a key
+                // that carries this flag, so reusing m_program would just replay the routed build.
+                unroutedProgram = BuildProgram(kGridGeometrySource, kIntFragmentSource);
+                ASSERT_NE(unroutedProgram, 0u) << "unrouted program failed to build: " << m_buildLog;
+                glUseProgram(unroutedProgram);
+                glBindVertexArray(m_vao);
+                glDrawArrays(GL_POINTS, 0, 1);
+                ASSERT_EQ(glGetError(), GL_NO_ERROR);
+            }
+
+            const std::vector<GLint> pixels = ReadInts(kSurfaceSide, kSurfaceSide);
+            // Cell (0, 0) IS viewport 0's rectangle, so it is the one cell an unrouted draw paints
+            // with something. Everything it holds comes from the last geometry invocation.
+            EXPECT_EQ(CellCentre(pixels, kSurfaceSide, 0, 0), kViewportCount - 1)
+                << "with the emulation off, viewport 0's rectangle must hold the LAST invocation's "
+                   "index - if it holds 0 the routing is still happening and this control proves "
+                   "nothing";
+            for (int y = 0; y < kGridSide; ++y) {
+                for (int x = 0; x < kGridSide; ++x) {
+                    if (x == 0 && y == 0) continue;
+                    EXPECT_EQ(CellCentre(pixels, kSurfaceSide, x, y), kUnwritten)
+                        << "cell (" << x << ", " << y << ") is outside viewport 0's rectangle and an "
+                        << "unrouted draw cannot reach it";
+                }
+            }
+
+            glUseProgram(0);
+            glDeleteProgram(unroutedProgram);
+            DestroyIntTarget(target);
+        }
+
+        // --- 5. an explicitly EMPTY scissor box clips, it does not mean "never written" --------
+        //
+        // Deliberately NOT a ViewportArrayScenario case, because that fixture's geometry stage
+        // routes and this claim needs none of it: one viewport, one scissor rectangle, no
+        // geometry stage - and it has to hold identically whether or not anything routes.
+        //
+        // glScissor(0, 0, 0, 0) is legal GL meaning "the scissor test rejects every fragment",
+        // but it is byte-identical to the all-zero rectangle a context starts with, whose meaning
+        // is the OPPOSITE ("the whole window", which the frontend cannot spell before a surface
+        // exists). DirectGLES resolved the collision from the EXTENT, so it substituted the whole
+        // surface for a deliberately empty box and inverted the request into "clip nothing" -
+        // and did so on every draw, at any origin, no matter how many times the application had
+        // already called glScissor. KHR-GL43.viewport_array.scissor_zero_dimension is the
+        // conformance shape of exactly this, and it is what the written-flag now separates.
+
+        const char* const kFullScreenVertexSource = R"(#version 330 core
+void main() {
+    // One clip-space-covering triangle straight from gl_VertexID: no buffers, no attributes,
+    // and nothing that could clip the draw except the scissor rectangle under test.
+    const vec2 corners[3] = vec2[3](vec2(-1.0, -1.0), vec2(3.0, -1.0), vec2(-1.0, 3.0));
+    gl_Position = vec4(corners[gl_VertexID], 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+)";
+
+        const char* const kConstantIntFragmentSource = R"(#version 330 core
+layout(location = 0) out int fragColor;
+void main() { fragColor = 7; }
+)";
+        constexpr GLint kPainted = 7;
+
+        class EmptyScissorScenario : public ScenarioTest {
+        protected:
+            void SetUp() override {
+                ScenarioTest::SetUp();
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+
+                m_program = BuildQuadProgram();
+                ASSERT_NE(m_program, 0u) << "full-screen program failed to build: " << m_buildLog;
+                glGenVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+                glBindVertexArray(m_vao);
+
+                glGenTextures(1, &m_texture);
+                glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_texture);
+                glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+                glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+                glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_R32I, kSurfaceSide, kSurfaceSide, 0, GL_RED_INTEGER, GL_INT,
+                             nullptr);
+                glGenFramebuffers(1, &m_fbo);
+                glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, m_fbo);
+                glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_texture, 0);
+                ASSERT_EQ(glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER), GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE)
+                    << "R32I is required to be colour-renderable; an incomplete target would make every "
+                       "assertion below vacuous";
+
+                glViewport(0, 0, kSurfaceSide, kSurfaceSide);
+                glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+                ResetScissorState();
+                ASSERT_EQ(glGetError(), GL_NO_ERROR) << "setup left a GL error behind";
+            }
+
+            void TearDown() override {
+                if (!Ready() || IsSkipped()) return;
+                // The context is shared with every other scenario in the process, and a leftover
+                // 0x0 scissor box with the test enabled would silently blank whatever runs next.
+                ResetScissorState();
+                glScissor(0, 0, kSurfaceSide, kSurfaceSide);
+                if (m_vao != 0) glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+                if (m_program != 0) glDeleteProgram(m_program);
+                glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
+                if (m_fbo != 0) glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &m_fbo);
+                if (m_texture != 0) glDeleteTextures(1, &m_texture);
+                while (glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) {
+                }
+            }
+
+            static void ResetScissorState() {
+                for (int i = 0; i < kViewportCount; ++i) {
+                    glDisablei(GL_SCISSOR_TEST, static_cast<GLuint>(i));
+                }
+                glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+            }
+
+            // Uploaded, not cleared, for the reason FillIntTarget gives - and here for a second
+            // one that is decisive: glClear is ITSELF scissored, so a clear issued under the very
+            // state this case is testing would be clipped away and prove nothing.
+            void FillTarget() const {
+                const std::vector<GLint> unwritten(static_cast<size_t>(kSurfaceSide) * kSurfaceSide, kUnwritten);
+                glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_texture);
+                glTexSubImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 0, 0, kSurfaceSide, kSurfaceSide, GL_RED_INTEGER, GL_INT,
+                                unwritten.data());
+            }
+
+            static std::vector<GLint> ReadTarget() {
+                std::vector<GLint> pixels(static_cast<size_t>(kSurfaceSide) * kSurfaceSide, 0);
+                glReadPixels(0, 0, kSurfaceSide, kSurfaceSide, GL_RED_INTEGER, GL_INT, pixels.data());
+                return pixels;
+            }
+
+            GLuint BuildQuadProgram() {
+                const GLuint vs = CompileOne(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, kFullScreenVertexSource);
+                if (vs == 0) return 0;
+                const GLuint fs = CompileOne(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, kConstantIntFragmentSource);
+                if (fs == 0) {
+                    glDeleteShader(vs);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+                const GLuint program = glCreateProgram();
+                glAttachShader(program, vs);
+                glAttachShader(program, fs);
+                glLinkProgram(program);
+                GLint linked = 0;
+                glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked);
+                glDeleteShader(vs);
+                glDeleteShader(fs);
+                if (linked) return program;
+                GLint length = 0;
+                glGetProgramiv(program, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
+                std::vector<char> log(static_cast<size_t>(length > 1 ? length : 1), '\0');
+                glGetProgramInfoLog(program, static_cast<GLsizei>(log.size()), nullptr, log.data());
+                m_buildLog = log.data();
+                glDeleteProgram(program);
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            GLuint CompileOne(GLenum stage, const char* source) {
+                const GLuint shader = glCreateShader(stage);
+                glShaderSource(shader, 1, &source, nullptr);
+                glCompileShader(shader);
+                GLint compiled = 0;
+                glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &compiled);
+                if (compiled) return shader;
+                GLint length = 0;
+                glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
+                std::vector<char> log(static_cast<size_t>(length > 1 ? length : 1), '\0');
+                glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, static_cast<GLsizei>(log.size()), nullptr, log.data());
+                m_buildLog = log.data();
+                glDeleteShader(shader);
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            std::string m_buildLog;
+            GLuint m_program = 0;
+            GLuint m_vao = 0;
+            GLuint m_fbo = 0;
+            GLuint m_texture = 0;
+        };
+
+        TEST_F(EmptyScissorScenario, AnExplicitlyEmptyScissorBoxClipsEveryFragment) {
+            // Positive control FIRST. Without it a regression that simply lost the draw entirely
+            // would sail through the half below, which only asserts that nothing was painted.
+            FillTarget();
+            glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+            glScissor(0, 0, kSurfaceSide, kSurfaceSide);
+            glUseProgram(m_program);
+            glBindVertexArray(m_vao);
+            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
+            ASSERT_EQ(glGetError(), GL_NO_ERROR);
+            {
+                const std::vector<GLint> pixels = ReadTarget();
+                ASSERT_EQ(pixels.front(), kPainted) << "control: a full-surface scissor box must not clip";
+                ASSERT_EQ(pixels.back(), kPainted) << "control: a full-surface scissor box must not clip";
+            }
+
+            // The case itself, and note it runs AFTER an explicit glScissor - the old
+            // extent-based sentinel misfired here too, which is what made this a live rendering
+            // bug and not just a first-frame startup quirk.
+            FillTarget();
+            glScissor(0, 0, 0, 0);
+            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
+            ASSERT_EQ(glGetError(), GL_NO_ERROR);
+            {
+                const std::vector<GLint> pixels = ReadTarget();
+                for (size_t i = 0; i < pixels.size(); ++i) {
+                    ASSERT_EQ(pixels[i], kUnwritten)
+                        << "texel " << i << " was painted through a 0x0 scissor box: the empty rectangle was "
+                           "substituted with the whole surface, inverting 'clip everything' into 'clip nothing'";
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        TEST_F(EmptyScissorScenario, IndexedZeroDimensionScissorBoxesClipEveryFragment) {
+            // The conformance shape: setup4x4Scissor(..., set_zeros=true) writes all 16 boxes
+            // through glScissorArrayv with zero extents at a 4x4 grid of origins and enables the
+            // test on every index. Index 0's box is (0, 0, 0, 0) - byte-identical to the
+            // never-written default - which is precisely the collision the written flag breaks.
+            // Backends that collapse every index to 0 (DirectGLES today) still pass: index 0's
+            // box is empty, so the draw is clipped away, which is what the case requires.
+            FillTarget();
+            std::vector<GLint> boxes(static_cast<size_t>(kViewportCount) * 4, 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < kViewportCount; ++i) {
+                boxes[static_cast<size_t>(i) * 4 + 0] = (i % kGridSide) * kCellSize;
+                boxes[static_cast<size_t>(i) * 4 + 1] = (i / kGridSide) * kCellSize;
+                // width and height stay 0 - that IS the case.
+            }
+            glScissorArrayv(0, kViewportCount, boxes.data());
+            for (int i = 0; i < kViewportCount; ++i) {
+                glEnablei(GL_SCISSOR_TEST, static_cast<GLuint>(i));
+            }
+            glUseProgram(m_program);
+            glBindVertexArray(m_vao);
+            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
+            ASSERT_EQ(glGetError(), GL_NO_ERROR);
+
+            const std::vector<GLint> pixels = ReadTarget();
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < pixels.size(); ++i) {
+                ASSERT_EQ(pixels[i], kUnwritten) << "texel " << i << " was painted through a zero-extent indexed "
+                                                                     "scissor box";
+            }
+        }
+
     } // namespace
 } // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/XfbPrimitiveQueryScenario.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest/Scenarios/XfbPrimitiveQueryScenario.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// What the two transform feedback queries report for a VERTEX-ONLY capture that
+// OVERFLOWS its buffer - the shape of KHR-GL30.transform_feedback.query_vertex_*,
+// and the one place where the two targets must disagree:
+//
+//   * GL_PRIMITIVES_GENERATED counts what the capture stage assembled: 4 points.
+//   * GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_PRIMITIVES_WRITTEN counts what the capture buffers
+//     took. With room for three vertices, a full buffer stops recording whole
+//     primitives (GL 4.6 core 13.2.2), so the answer is 3, not 4 and not 6.
+//
+// Both numbers came from the backend's own GPU counter until the driver underneath
+// DirectGLES was caught reporting exactly twice the written count for this shape
+// (Adreno 830, vertex-only capture issued right after a large render pass). The
+// frontend already computes the desktop-exact number for a capture with no geometry
+// stage, so that is what answers PRIMITIVES_WRITTEN there now - and this scenario is
+// what pins the value, on every backend, without a device.
+//
+// The non-overflowing case is the negative control: with room for all four points
+// the two targets must AGREE at 4, so a "written" that silently reports the
+// generated count cannot pass both cases at once.
+
+#include <cmath>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../Harness/HeadlessGL.h"
+#include "../Harness/ScenarioFixture.h"
+
+#ifdef GLAPI
+#undef GLAPI
+#endif
+#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+#include <GL/gl.h>
+#include <GL/glcorearb.h>
+#undef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+
+namespace MGITest {
+    namespace {
+
+        constexpr float kPoison = -1234.0f;
+        // One vec4 per captured point.
+        constexpr std::size_t kFloatsPerVertex = 4;
+        constexpr std::size_t kBytesPerVertex = kFloatsPerVertex * sizeof(float);
+        // The draw: four points, whichever way the capture buffer is sized.
+        constexpr GLsizei kDrawnPoints = 4;
+
+        GLuint CompileShader(GLenum type, const std::string& source, std::string* log) {
+            const GLuint shader = glCreateShader(type);
+            const char* text = source.c_str();
+            glShaderSource(shader, 1, &text, nullptr);
+            glCompileShader(shader);
+            GLint status = GL_FALSE;
+            glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &status);
+            if (status == GL_FALSE) {
+                GLint length = 0;
+                glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
+                std::vector<char> buffer(static_cast<std::size_t>(length) + 1, '\0');
+                glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, length + 1, nullptr, buffer.data());
+                if (log != nullptr) *log = buffer.data();
+                glDeleteShader(shader);
+                return 0;
+            }
+            return shader;
+        }
+
+        // Vertex-only capture program - no geometry stage, so nothing amplifies and the
+        // primitives written are the primitives drawn (up to the buffer's capacity).
+        GLuint BuildCaptureProgram(std::string* log) {
+            const std::string vertexSource = R"(#version 430 core
+layout(location = 0) in vec4 vs_in_value;
+out vec4 vs_out_value;
+void main() {
+  vs_out_value = vs_in_value;
+}
+)";
+            const GLuint vertexShader = CompileShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, vertexSource, log);
+            if (vertexShader == 0) return 0;
+            const GLuint program = glCreateProgram();
+            glAttachShader(program, vertexShader);
+            const char* varying = "vs_out_value";
+            glTransformFeedbackVaryings(program, 1, &varying, GL_INTERLEAVED_ATTRIBS);
+            glLinkProgram(program);
+            glDeleteShader(vertexShader);
+            GLint status = GL_FALSE;
+            glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &status);
+            if (status == GL_FALSE) {
+                GLint length = 0;
+                glGetProgramiv(program, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
+                std::vector<char> buffer(static_cast<std::size_t>(length) + 1, '\0');
+                glGetProgramInfoLog(program, length + 1, nullptr, buffer.data());
+                if (log != nullptr) *log = buffer.data();
+                glDeleteProgram(program);
+                return 0;
+            }
+            return program;
+        }
+
+        class XfbPrimitiveQueryScenario : public ScenarioTest {
+        protected:
+            void SetUp() override {
+                ScenarioTest::SetUp();
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+
+                std::string log;
+                m_program = BuildCaptureProgram(&log);
+                ASSERT_NE(m_program, 0u) << "capture program failed to build: " << log;
+
+                glGenVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+                glBindVertexArray(m_vao);
+                glGenBuffers(1, &m_vbo);
+                glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, m_vbo);
+                // Vertex i is (i, i+1, i+2, i+3), so a record that landed in the wrong slot
+                // is as visible as one that never landed at all.
+                float vertices[kDrawnPoints * kFloatsPerVertex] = {};
+                for (int point = 0; point < kDrawnPoints; ++point) {
+                    for (std::size_t component = 0; component < kFloatsPerVertex; ++component) {
+                        vertices[static_cast<std::size_t>(point) * kFloatsPerVertex + component] =
+                            static_cast<float>(point) + static_cast<float>(component);
+                    }
+                }
+                glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+                glVertexAttribPointer(0, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, nullptr);
+                glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+                glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+
+                glGenQueries(2, m_queries);
+                ASSERT_NE(m_queries[0], 0u);
+                ASSERT_NE(m_queries[1], 0u);
+            }
+
+            void TearDown() override {
+                if (!Ready()) return;
+                glDeleteQueries(2, m_queries);
+                glBindVertexArray(0);
+                if (m_vbo != 0) glDeleteBuffers(1, &m_vbo);
+                if (m_vao != 0) glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+                if (m_program != 0) glDeleteProgram(m_program);
+                glUseProgram(0);
+                ScenarioTest::TearDown();
+            }
+
+            // A capture buffer with room for exactly `vertexCapacity` records, poisoned so
+            // that "captured nothing" is legible, bound to capture point 0.
+            GLuint MakeCaptureBuffer(std::size_t vertexCapacity) {
+                GLuint buffer = 0;
+                glGenBuffers(1, &buffer);
+                glBindBufferBase(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, 0, buffer);
+                const std::vector<float> poison(vertexCapacity * kFloatsPerVertex, kPoison);
+                glBufferData(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER,
+                             static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(vertexCapacity * kBytesPerVertex), poison.data(),
+                             GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+                return buffer;
+            }
+
+            // ONE capture span, four points, with both query targets open across it - the
+            // order KHR-GL30.transform_feedback.query_vertex_interleaved_test uses: the
+            // queries wrap the whole span, never the other way round.
+            void RunQueriedSpan(GLuint* written, GLuint* generated) {
+                glEnable(GL_RASTERIZER_DISCARD);
+                glUseProgram(m_program);
+                glBindVertexArray(m_vao);
+
+                glBeginQuery(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_PRIMITIVES_WRITTEN, m_queries[0]);
+                glBeginQuery(GL_PRIMITIVES_GENERATED, m_queries[1]);
+                glBeginTransformFeedback(GL_POINTS);
+                glDrawArrays(GL_POINTS, 0, kDrawnPoints);
+                glEndTransformFeedback();
+                glEndQuery(GL_PRIMITIVES_GENERATED);
+                glEndQuery(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_PRIMITIVES_WRITTEN);
+
+                glDisable(GL_RASTERIZER_DISCARD);
+                glUseProgram(0);
+
+                *written = 0xFFFFFFFFu;
+                *generated = 0xFFFFFFFFu;
+                glGetQueryObjectuiv(m_queries[0], GL_QUERY_RESULT, written);
+                glGetQueryObjectuiv(m_queries[1], GL_QUERY_RESULT, generated);
+            }
+
+            // The capture record at slot `point` must be the vertex the draw fetched there.
+            static ::testing::AssertionResult CapturedVertexIs(const float* record, int point) {
+                for (std::size_t component = 0; component < kFloatsPerVertex; ++component) {
+                    const float expected = static_cast<float>(point) + static_cast<float>(component);
+                    const float got = record[component];
+                    // isfinite first: every ordered comparison against a NaN is false, so a
+                    // pair of one-sided range tests REPORTS SUCCESS for uninitialised storage
+                    // that happens to read as NaN.
+                    if (!std::isfinite(got) || std::fabs(got - expected) > 0.01f) {
+                        return ::testing::AssertionFailure()
+                               << "point " << point << " component " << component << " is " << got << ", expected "
+                               << expected << (got == kPoison ? " (the capture never reached these bytes)" : "");
+                    }
+                }
+                return ::testing::AssertionSuccess();
+            }
+
+            GLuint m_program = 0;
+            GLuint m_vao = 0;
+            GLuint m_vbo = 0;
+            GLuint m_queries[2] = {0, 0};
+        };
+
+        // The negative control: the buffer holds every point the draw produces, so both
+        // targets must report the same 4. A "written" that is really the generated count
+        // passes this case and fails the next one; a "written" that is really zero fails
+        // this one.
+        TEST_F(XfbPrimitiveQueryScenario, ACaptureThatFitsReportsEveryPrimitiveOnBothTargets) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+
+            const GLuint captureBuffer = MakeCaptureBuffer(kDrawnPoints);
+            GLuint written = 0;
+            GLuint generated = 0;
+            RunQueriedSpan(&written, &generated);
+
+            EXPECT_EQ(written, 4u);
+            EXPECT_EQ(generated, 4u);
+
+            std::vector<float> readback(kDrawnPoints * kFloatsPerVertex, kPoison);
+            glGetBufferSubData(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, 0,
+                               static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(kDrawnPoints * kBytesPerVertex), readback.data());
+            for (int point = 0; point < kDrawnPoints; ++point) {
+                EXPECT_TRUE(CapturedVertexIs(readback.data() + static_cast<std::size_t>(point) * kFloatsPerVertex,
+                                             point));
+            }
+
+            glDeleteBuffers(1, &captureBuffer);
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), GL_NO_ERROR);
+        }
+
+        // The pin: four points into a buffer sized for three. The fourth is not written, so
+        // the two targets part ways at 3 and 4 - the exact pair
+        // KHR-GL30.transform_feedback.query_vertex_interleaved_test checks, and the pair the
+        // Adreno driver counter got wrong (it answered 6).
+        TEST_F(XfbPrimitiveQueryScenario, AnOverflowingVertexOnlyCaptureStopsWritingAtTheBufferCapacity) {
+            if (!Ready()) GTEST_SKIP();
+
+            constexpr std::size_t kCapacityVertices = 3;
+            const GLuint captureBuffer = MakeCaptureBuffer(kCapacityVertices);
+            GLuint written = 0;
+            GLuint generated = 0;
+            RunQueriedSpan(&written, &generated);
+
+            EXPECT_EQ(written, 3u) << "the capture buffer holds " << kCapacityVertices << " points";
+            EXPECT_EQ(generated, 4u) << "every point the draw assembled is generated, capacity or not";
+
+            // The three records that DID fit are the first three points, in order: an
+            // overflow truncates the capture, it does not scramble or drop what preceded it.
+            std::vector<float> readback(kCapacityVertices * kFloatsPerVertex, kPoison);
+            glGetBufferSubData(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, 0,
+                               static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(kCapacityVertices * kBytesPerVertex), readback.data());
+            for (int point = 0; point < static_cast<int>(kCapacityVertices); ++point) {
+                EXPECT_TRUE(CapturedVertexIs(readback.data() + static_cast<std::size_t>(point) * kFloatsPerVertex,
+                                             point));
+            }
+
+            glDeleteBuffers(1, &captureBuffer);
+            EXPECT_EQ(glGetError(), GL_NO_ERROR);
+        }
+
+    } // namespace
+} // namespace MGITest

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/BufferState/BufferObject.cpp

@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             if (!m_resource.IsGpuResident() &&
                 !(m_mappingAccess & BufferMappingAccessBit::FlushExplicit)) { // if we didn't flush explicitly
                 if (!(m_mappingAccess & BufferMappingAccessBit::Persistent)) {
-                    Memcpy(m_resource.Bytes() + m_mappedRange.start, m_stagingData.data(),
+                    Memcpy(m_resource.Bytes() + m_mappedRange.start, m_stagingData.data() + m_stagingBias,
                            m_mappedRange.end - m_mappedRange.start);
                 }
                 NotifyFlushMappedRange(m_mappedRange, m_mappingAccess);
@@ -175,6 +175,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         m_isMapped = false;
         m_mappingAccess = BufferMappingAccessBit::Null;
         m_mappedRange = {0, 0};
+        m_stagingBias = 0;
         m_ownsStagingData = false;
     }
 
@@ -193,7 +194,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         // FLUSH_EXPLICIT maps are never GPU-resident (only coherent maps are adopted), so
         // the staged bytes must be copied into the shadow before the backend reads them.
         if (!(m_mappingAccess & BufferMappingAccessBit::Persistent)) {
-            Memcpy(m_resource.Bytes() + start, m_stagingData.data() + offset, length);
+            Memcpy(m_resource.Bytes() + start, m_stagingData.data() + m_stagingBias + offset, length);
         }
         NotifyFlushMappedRange({start, end}, m_mappingAccess);
     }
@@ -311,6 +312,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             m_mappedRange = {0, m_size};
 
             if (m_mappingAccess & BufferMappingAccessBit::Write) {
+                // glMapBuffer maps from offset 0, so no bias: the allocation's own
+                // GL_MIN_MAP_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT-aligned base is what the application must get.
+                m_stagingBias = 0;
                 m_stagingData.resize(m_size);
                 m_ownsStagingData = true;
 
@@ -372,14 +376,21 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         }
 
         if (access & BufferMappingAccessBit::Write) {
-            m_stagingData.resize(range.end - range.start);
+            // ARB_map_buffer_alignment constrains (returned pointer - offset), not the pointer:
+            // a map at offset 63 must hand back a pointer 63 bytes past the alignment grid, which
+            // is exactly what the read path below gets for free from shadowBase + offset. The
+            // staging store has to be biased by the same phase to match, so it over-allocates by
+            // it and the mapped bytes start at data() + m_stagingBias.
+            m_stagingBias = range.start % MIN_MAP_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT;
+            const SizeT mappedLength = range.end - range.start;
+            m_stagingData.resize(m_stagingBias + mappedLength);
             m_ownsStagingData = true;
 
             if (!(access & (BufferMappingAccessBit::InvalidateRange | BufferMappingAccessBit::InvalidateBuffer))) {
-                Memcpy(m_stagingData.data(), m_resource.Bytes() + range.start, m_stagingData.size());
+                Memcpy(m_stagingData.data() + m_stagingBias, m_resource.Bytes() + range.start, mappedLength);
             }
 
-            return m_stagingData.data();
+            return m_stagingData.data() + m_stagingBias;
         } else {
             m_ownsStagingData = false;
             return m_resource.Bytes() + range.start;
@@ -438,7 +449,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             return const_cast<Uint8*>(m_resource.Bytes()) + m_mappedRange.start;
         }
         if (m_ownsStagingData) {
-            return const_cast<Uint8*>(m_stagingData.data());
+            return const_cast<Uint8*>(m_stagingData.data()) + m_stagingBias;
         }
         return const_cast<Uint8*>(m_resource.Bytes()) + m_mappedRange.start;
     }

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/BufferState/BufferObject.h

@@ -239,7 +239,14 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             // Set by MarkGpuWritten, cleared by SyncGpuWrites once the shadow is refreshed.
             Bool m_gpuWritePending = false;
             Range1D m_mappedRange;
-            Vector<Uint8> m_stagingData;
+            // The write-map staging store. MapAlignedData because the application is handed a
+            // pointer into it, and biased by m_stagingBias because ARB_map_buffer_alignment
+            // requires (returned pointer - offset) to be aligned, not the pointer itself: a range
+            // map at offset 63 must hand back a pointer sitting 63 bytes past the alignment grid.
+            // The bias is the offset's phase, so the mapped bytes still start at
+            // m_stagingData.data() + m_stagingBias and the allocation is that much longer.
+            MapAlignedData m_stagingData;
+            SizeT m_stagingBias = 0;
             Bool m_ownsStagingData;
         };
     } // namespace MG_State::GLState

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/BufferState/PipeResource.h

@@ -10,8 +10,56 @@
 #include <Includes.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Types.h>
 #include <bit>
+#include <new>
+#include <vector>
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
+    // GL_MIN_MAP_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT. GL 4.2 / ARB_map_buffer_alignment fix the minimum at 64 and
+    // MobileGL advertises exactly that (MG_Impl/GLImpl/Getter/GL_Getter.cpp reads this constant),
+    // so under-reporting is not available - the implementation has to be brought up to the number
+    // instead. The promise is about POINTERS, not just the query: glMapBuffer must return a
+    // 64-byte-aligned pointer, and glMapBufferRange must return one whose base - the returned
+    // pointer minus the offset the caller asked for - is. Every pointer the frontend hands out
+    // comes from the shadow below or from BufferObject's staging buffer, and std::vector only
+    // promises alignof(std::max_align_t) (16 on aarch64), so both allocations carry the alignment
+    // themselves. One constant for the getter and the allocator, because the two may never
+    // disagree - the same reason the atomic-counter limits are shared through
+    // MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/Types.h.
+    inline constexpr SizeT MIN_MAP_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT = 64;
+
+    // Allocator that gives every allocation MIN_MAP_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT. Deliberately minimal: the
+    // vectors it backs hold raw bytes and are only ever sized, so allocate/deallocate plus the
+    // rebinding and equality boilerplate std::vector requires is the whole interface.
+    template <typename T>
+    struct MapAlignedAllocator {
+        using value_type = T;
+
+        MapAlignedAllocator() noexcept = default;
+        template <typename U>
+        MapAlignedAllocator(const MapAlignedAllocator<U>&) noexcept {}
+
+        T* allocate(SizeT count) {
+            if (count == 0) return nullptr;
+            return static_cast<T*>(
+                ::operator new(count * sizeof(T), std::align_val_t{MIN_MAP_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT}));
+        }
+        void deallocate(T* pointer, SizeT) noexcept {
+            ::operator delete(pointer, std::align_val_t{MIN_MAP_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT});
+        }
+
+        template <typename U>
+        Bool operator==(const MapAlignedAllocator<U>&) const noexcept {
+            return true;
+        }
+        template <typename U>
+        Bool operator!=(const MapAlignedAllocator<U>&) const noexcept {
+            return false;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Byte store for anything the application may end up holding a mapped pointer into.
+    using MapAlignedData = std::vector<Uint8, MapAlignedAllocator<Uint8>>;
+
     // Opaque, refcounted handle to the backend's GPU storage for one buffer
     // (the driver-side resource). The active backend derives from it and attaches
     // its own payload (VkBufferResource / GLESBufferResource). Held by PipeResource.
@@ -57,8 +105,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         }
         // Direct shadow access, used only by the backend's upload-from-shadow path,
         // which never runs for a GPU-resident (persistent) buffer.
-        Data& Shadow() { return *m_shadow; }
+        MapAlignedData& Shadow() { return *m_shadow; }
-        const Data& Shadow() const { return *m_shadow; }
+        const MapAlignedData& Shadow() const { return *m_shadow; }
 
         // Transition to persistent GPU residency: adopt the backend's coherent
         // mapped base as the source of truth and drop the CPU shadow. The caller
@@ -85,7 +133,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         SharedPtr<BackendBufferResource> ReleaseBackend() { return std::move(m_backend); }
 
     private:
-        SharedPtr<Data> m_shadow = MakeShared<Data>();
+        // MapAlignedData, not Data: a read-only glMapBuffer hands the application this very
+        // pointer, and a range map hands it base + offset, so the base has to be on the
+        // GL_MIN_MAP_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT grid for either to satisfy ARB_map_buffer_alignment.
+        SharedPtr<MapAlignedData> m_shadow = MakeShared<MapAlignedData>();
         void* m_gpuMapped = nullptr;
         SharedPtr<BackendBufferResource> m_backend;
     };

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/Core.h

@@ -328,6 +328,7 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 // transform feedback counter cannot see them - nothing was being captured.
                 void AddTransformFeedbackPausedPrimitives(Uint64 primitives) {
                     m_transformFeedbackPausedPrimitiveCounter += primitives;
+                    m_transformFeedbackGeneratedPrimitiveCounter += primitives;
                 }
                 Uint64 GetTransformFeedbackPausedPrimitiveCounter() const {
                     return m_transformFeedbackPausedPrimitiveCounter;
@@ -342,8 +343,55 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 // (pre-clamp; drives the GS strip capture-order fixup at EndTF).
                 void AddTransformFeedbackInputPrimitives(Uint64 primitives) {
                     m_transformFeedbackInputPrimitives += primitives;
+                    m_transformFeedbackGeneratedPrimitiveCounter += primitives;
                 }
                 Uint64 GetTransformFeedbackInputPrimitives() const { return m_transformFeedbackInputPrimitives; }
+                // What a GL_PRIMITIVES_GENERATED query counts over its span: every primitive the
+                // capture stage assembled, including the ones a paused span discarded (those are
+                // generated but never written). Kept as its own running total rather than derived
+                // from the input counter above, which BeginTransformFeedback resets per span while
+                // a query may cover several of them.
+                Uint64 GetTransformFeedbackGeneratedCounter() const {
+                    return m_transformFeedbackGeneratedPrimitiveCounter;
+                }
+                // Capture draws whose written-primitive count the CPU accounting reproduced
+                // exactly, and the subset it could not: a program with a geometry stage amplifies
+                // by whatever the shader emits, which only the driver's own counter knows. The
+                // transform feedback queries diff both over their span to decide whether the CPU
+                // delta may stand in for the backend's GPU result (GL_Query.cpp).
+                void AddTransformFeedbackAccountedCaptureDraw() { ++m_transformFeedbackAccountedCaptureDraws; }
+                Uint64 GetTransformFeedbackAccountedCaptureDraws() const {
+                    return m_transformFeedbackAccountedCaptureDraws;
+                }
+                void AddTransformFeedbackGeometryCaptureDraw() { ++m_transformFeedbackGeometryCaptureDraws; }
+                Uint64 GetTransformFeedbackGeometryCaptureDraws() const {
+                    return m_transformFeedbackGeometryCaptureDraws;
+                }
+
+                // Conditional rendering (GL 4.6 core 10.9). `discard` is the verdict already
+                // resolved from the query object at glBeginConditionalRender - the predicate is
+                // read ONCE there, not per command, because GL specifies the block against the
+                // result available at Begin and re-reading it would let a query that is still
+                // being written change the answer mid-block.
+                void BeginConditionalRender(GLuint queryId, GLenum mode, Bool discard) {
+                    m_conditionalRenderActive = true;
+                    m_conditionalRenderQuery = queryId;
+                    m_conditionalRenderMode = mode;
+                    m_conditionalRenderDiscards = discard;
+                }
+                void EndConditionalRender() {
+                    m_conditionalRenderActive = false;
+                    m_conditionalRenderQuery = 0;
+                    m_conditionalRenderMode = GL_NONE;
+                    m_conditionalRenderDiscards = false;
+                }
+                Bool IsConditionalRenderActive() const { return m_conditionalRenderActive; }
+                GLuint GetConditionalRenderQuery() const { return m_conditionalRenderQuery; }
+                // Whether the commands GL 4.6 core 10.9 makes conditional are being discarded
+                // right now. False whenever no block is open, so a caller needs no second test.
+                Bool ConditionalRenderDiscardsCommands() const {
+                    return m_conditionalRenderActive && m_conditionalRenderDiscards;
+                }
 
                 // Transform feedback objects (ARB_transform_feedback2 / GL 4.0 core).
                 // The capture state above and the indexed GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER
@@ -439,6 +487,16 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 Uint64 m_transformFeedbackPausedPrimitiveCounter = 0;
                 Uint64 m_transformFeedbackCapturedVertices = 0;
                 Uint64 m_transformFeedbackInputPrimitives = 0;
+                Uint64 m_transformFeedbackGeneratedPrimitiveCounter = 0;
+                Uint64 m_transformFeedbackAccountedCaptureDraws = 0;
+                Uint64 m_transformFeedbackGeometryCaptureDraws = 0;
+
+                // Conditional rendering. Context state, not object state: GL 4.6 core 10.9 allows
+                // exactly one block open at a time and no object owns it.
+                Bool m_conditionalRenderActive = false;
+                Bool m_conditionalRenderDiscards = false;
+                GLuint m_conditionalRenderQuery = 0;
+                GLenum m_conditionalRenderMode = GL_NONE;
 
                 // Everything a transform feedback object owns while it is NOT the bound one.
                 struct TransformFeedbackObjectState {

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramLinkTask.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 
 #include "ProgramLinkTask.h"
 
+#include <MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramTranslationCache.h>
+
 #include <MG_State/GLState/VertexArrayState/VertexArrayObject.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Async/ShaderCompilePool.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Converters/GLToStr/GLEnumConverter.h>
@@ -36,6 +38,70 @@ namespace {
         return std::min(backendLimit, capacity);
     }
 
+    // Everything the post-link query surface ever asks a glslang::TType, flattened into a
+    // POD. The list is closed and was audited call site by call site: nothing after the link
+    // walks a struct, a type name or the AST, so there is no recursion to mirror.
+    //
+    // Why it has to be flattened at all: TObjectReflection::type points into the TProgram's
+    // OWN TPoolAllocator (reflection.cpp clones each TType into it), so every one of these
+    // pointers dangles the moment the TProgram is released - and releasing it is exactly what
+    // lets a link be served from the L1 translation memo without a parse.
+    static MobileGL::MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject::TypeFacts MakeTypeFacts(const glslang::TType* type) {
+        MobileGL::MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject::TypeFacts facts;
+        if (type == nullptr) return facts;
+        facts.isArray = type->isArray();
+        facts.isSizedArray = type->isSizedArray();
+        facts.isMatrix = type->isMatrix();
+        facts.isVector = type->isVector();
+        facts.isOpaque = type->isOpaque();
+        facts.isTexture = type->isTexture();
+        facts.isImage = type->isImage();
+        facts.isDouble = type->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtDouble;
+        facts.isVoid = type->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtVoid;
+        facts.basicType = static_cast<MobileGL::Int>(type->getBasicType());
+        // Stored RAW, exactly as glslang reports them (0 for a non-matrix, 1 for a scalar),
+        // because the callers already gate on isMatrix()/isVector() themselves.
+        facts.vectorSize = type->getVectorSize();
+        facts.matrixCols = type->getMatrixCols();
+        facts.matrixRows = type->getMatrixRows();
+        const glslang::TQualifier& qualifier = type->getQualifier();
+        facts.isBuffer = qualifier.storage == glslang::EvqBuffer;
+        facts.isPatch = qualifier.patch;
+        facts.hasIndex = qualifier.hasIndex();
+        facts.layoutIndex = static_cast<MobileGL::Int>(qualifier.layoutIndex);
+        facts.hasFormat = qualifier.hasFormat();
+        facts.layoutFormat = static_cast<MobileGL::Uint>(qualifier.getFormat());
+        facts.layoutMatrix = static_cast<MobileGL::Int>(qualifier.layoutMatrix);
+        return facts;
+    }
+
+    // One glslang::TObjectReflection, flattened. Shared by uniforms, blocks, pipe inputs and
+    // pipe outputs, because glslang reflects all four as TObjectReflection.
+    static MobileGL::MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject::ResourceReflection MakeResourceReflection(
+        const glslang::TObjectReflection& object) {
+        MobileGL::MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject::ResourceReflection record;
+        record.name = object.name;
+        record.glDefineType = object.glDefineType;
+        record.offset = object.offset;
+        record.size = object.size;
+        record.index = object.index;
+        record.counterIndex = object.counterIndex;
+        record.arrayStride = object.arrayStride;
+        record.topLevelArraySize = object.topLevelArraySize;
+        record.topLevelArrayStride = object.topLevelArrayStride;
+        record.binding = object.getBinding();
+        record.location = object.layoutLocation();
+        record.stages = static_cast<MobileGL::Uint32>(object.stages);
+        record.type = MakeTypeFacts(object.getType());
+        // GL_UNIFORM_SIZE / GL_ARRAY_SIZE, resolved here so no caller needs the TType:
+        // TObjectReflection::size carries the element count only for a NON-block array, so
+        // the sized-array outer count wins whenever it exists.
+        const glslang::TType* type = object.getType();
+        record.arraySize = (type != nullptr && type->isSizedArray()) ? type->getOuterArraySize()
+                                                                     : (object.size < 1 ? 1 : object.size);
+        return record;
+    }
+
     static MobileGL::String StripArrayElementSuffix(const MobileGL::String& name) {
         const MobileGL::SizeT bracket = name.find('[');
         return bracket == MobileGL::String::npos ? name : name.substr(0, bracket);
@@ -63,6 +129,208 @@ namespace {
         return element;
     }
 
+    // Blocks come out of reflection in three kinds and only one of them is a GL uniform block.
+    // The same split ProgramInterface::ClassifyBlock makes (it reads the flattened
+    // TypeFacts::isBuffer, which is this very qualifier), reachable here from the live TProgram
+    // because the block index spaces are built before the reflection snapshot exists.
+
+    // The transpiler lowers every atomic_uint onto a synthesized "gl_AtomicCounterBlock_<binding>"
+    // buffer block, which reflection then reports as an ordinary block. It is not one: GL
+    // enumerates it through GL_ACTIVE_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFERS instead.
+    static MobileGL::Bool IsAtomicCounterBlockName(const MobileGL::String& name) {
+        namespace Transpiler = MobileGL::MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler;
+        const MobileGL::SizeT prefixLength = std::strlen(Transpiler::ATOMIC_COUNTER_BLOCK_PREFIX);
+        return name.compare(0, prefixLength, Transpiler::ATOMIC_COUNTER_BLOCK_PREFIX) == 0;
+    }
+
+    // A shader storage block: GL enumerates it through GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCK and its members
+    // through GL_BUFFER_VARIABLE. The counter blocks above are buffer blocks too, hence the
+    // exclusion. A block whose type reflection did not survive is treated as a uniform block,
+    // which is what every caller assumed before this classification existed.
+    static MobileGL::Bool IsStorageBlock(const glslang::TObjectReflection& block) {
+        if (IsAtomicCounterBlockName(block.name)) return false;
+        const glslang::TType* type = block.getType();
+        return type != nullptr && type->getQualifier().storage == glslang::EvqBuffer;
+    }
+
+    static MobileGL::Bool IsGlUniformBlock(const glslang::TObjectReflection& block) {
+        return !IsAtomicCounterBlockName(block.name) && !IsStorageBlock(block);
+    }
+
+    // GL 4.6 core 7.7 / ARB_shader_atomic_counters: within one binding no two atomic counters
+    // may occupy the same bytes, every offset is a multiple of 4, and no counter may reach past
+    // GL_MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_SIZE. glslang enforces all three in fixOffset(), which the
+    // Vulkan-relaxed parse never reaches - vkRelaxedRemapUniformVariable folds the atomic_uint
+    // into a synthesized storage block and returns from declareVariable() before fixOffset()
+    // runs, clearing explicitOffset on the way ("xxTODO: use logic from fixOffset()"). Two
+    // counters declared at the same binding AND the same offset therefore linked cleanly.
+    //
+    // The offsets themselves survive that lowering (reflection and the SPIR-V generator both
+    // honour layoutOffset), so the check belongs here, over the same model the GL queries answer
+    // from. Returns the info-log line for an illegal layout, empty for a legal one.
+    static MobileGL::String ValidateAtomicCounterLayout(glslang::TProgram& reflection) {
+        using MobileGL::Bool;
+        using MobileGL::Int;
+        using MobileGL::SizeT;
+        using MobileGL::String;
+        using MobileGL::Vector;
+        namespace Transpiler = MobileGL::MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler;
+
+        const Int blockCount = reflection.getNumUniformBlocks();
+        if (blockCount <= 0) return {};
+        const SizeT prefixLength = std::strlen(Transpiler::ATOMIC_COUNTER_BLOCK_PREFIX);
+        Vector<Bool> isCounterBlock(static_cast<SizeT>(blockCount), false);
+        Bool anyCounterBlock = false;
+        for (Int i = 0; i < blockCount; ++i) {
+            const auto& block = reflection.getUniformBlock(i);
+            isCounterBlock[static_cast<SizeT>(i)] =
+                block.name.compare(0, prefixLength, Transpiler::ATOMIC_COUNTER_BLOCK_PREFIX) == 0;
+            anyCounterBlock = anyCounterBlock || isCounterBlock[static_cast<SizeT>(i)];
+        }
+        if (!anyCounterBlock) return {}; // every program that declares no atomic counter
+
+        struct CounterSpan {
+            Int offset = 0;
+            Int size = 0;
+            String name;
+        };
+        Vector<Vector<CounterSpan>> spansByBlock(static_cast<SizeT>(blockCount));
+        const Int uniformCount = reflection.getNumUniformVariables();
+        for (Int i = 0; i < uniformCount; ++i) {
+            const auto& uniform = reflection.getUniform(i);
+            const Int owner = uniform.index;
+            if (owner < 0 || owner >= blockCount || !isCounterBlock[static_cast<SizeT>(owner)]) continue;
+            const Int offset = uniform.offset;
+            if (offset < 0) continue; // no offset recorded; nothing to compare
+            Int elements = uniform.size > 1 ? uniform.size : 1;
+            if (const glslang::TType* type = uniform.getType(); type != nullptr && type->isArray()) {
+                elements = type->isSizedArray() ? type->getCumulativeArraySize() : 1;
+            }
+            const Int size = elements * static_cast<Int>(sizeof(MobileGL::Uint32));
+            if (offset % 4 != 0) {
+                return std::format("Atomic counter '{}' is declared at offset {}, which is not a multiple of 4.",
+                                   uniform.name, offset);
+            }
+            if (offset > Transpiler::MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_SIZE - size) {
+                return std::format("Atomic counter '{}' ends at byte {}, past the {}-byte "
+                                   "GL_MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_SIZE.",
+                                   uniform.name, offset + size, Transpiler::MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_SIZE);
+            }
+            auto& spans = spansByBlock[static_cast<SizeT>(owner)];
+            for (const CounterSpan& existing : spans) {
+                if (offset < existing.offset + existing.size && existing.offset < offset + size) {
+                    return std::format("Atomic counters '{}' and '{}' share a binding and overlap at byte offset {}.",
+                                       existing.name, uniform.name, std::max(offset, existing.offset));
+                }
+            }
+            spans.push_back({offset, size, uniform.name});
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    // GL 4.6 core 7.6: LinkProgram FAILS when a stage's count of active image uniforms exceeds
+    // GL_MAX_{VERTEX,TESS_CONTROL,TESS_EVALUATION,GEOMETRY,FRAGMENT,COMPUTE}_IMAGE_UNIFORMS, or
+    // when their sum exceeds GL_MAX_COMBINED_IMAGE_UNIFORMS. Nothing enforced it: glslang carries
+    // those numbers in TBuiltInResource only so gl_Max*ImageUniforms can expand from them, and
+    // its linker never counts uniforms against them - so a program declaring one image uniform
+    // more than the limit linked cleanly and then rendered nothing.
+    //
+    // The limits are the ones glGetIntegerv answers (MG_Impl/GLImpl/Getter/GL_Getter.cpp), the
+    // hardcoded tessellation zeros included: a program may not exceed a limit the implementation
+    // advertises, whatever the driver underneath would have taken.
+    //
+    // Counts the APPLICATION's image uniforms. The DirectGLES read/write split emits a second
+    // declaration for an image a stage both reads and writes (MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Utils.h), but
+    // that happens in the backend after this link, and counting the expanded set here would
+    // reject programs that are legal by the numbers GL advertises. Returns the info-log line for
+    // a program over a limit, empty for one within them.
+    static MobileGL::String ValidateImageUniformLimits(
+        glslang::TProgram& reflection, const MobileGL::MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::CompileEnv& env) {
+        using MobileGL::Array;
+        using MobileGL::Int;
+        using MobileGL::SizeT;
+        using MobileGL::UnorderedMap;
+
+        static constexpr EShLanguage kStages[] = {EShLangVertex,   EShLangTessControl, EShLangTessEvaluation,
+                                                  EShLangGeometry, EShLangFragment,    EShLangCompute};
+        static constexpr const char* kLimitNames[] = {
+            "GL_MAX_VERTEX_IMAGE_UNIFORMS",   "GL_MAX_TESS_CONTROL_IMAGE_UNIFORMS",
+            "GL_MAX_TESS_EVALUATION_IMAGE_UNIFORMS", "GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_IMAGE_UNIFORMS",
+            "GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_IMAGE_UNIFORMS", "GL_MAX_COMPUTE_IMAGE_UNIFORMS"};
+        constexpr SizeT kStageCount = sizeof(kStages) / sizeof(kStages[0]);
+        const Int limits[kStageCount] = {env.params.MaxVertexImageUniforms,
+                                         0,
+                                         0,
+                                         env.params.MaxGeometryImageUniforms,
+                                         env.params.MaxFragmentImageUniforms,
+                                         env.params.MaxComputeImageUniforms};
+
+        // Reflection spells an image ARRAY one of two ways, and which one it picks depends on how
+        // the shader indexed it: a variable index makes glslang expand the array into one entry
+        // per element ("u_image[0]".."u_image[8]", each carrying the ELEMENT type), while an
+        // array never dereferenced at all stays a single entry carrying the array type. One
+        // program can even produce both spellings for the same array. So neither counting entries
+        // nor trusting the declared size is right on its own - they are reconciled per declared
+        // name with a max, which is exact for either spelling and cannot double-count the mixture.
+        struct ImageUse {
+            Int entries = 0;  // reflection entries seen for this name in this stage
+            Int declared = 0; // largest element count any of them declared
+        };
+        UnorderedMap<MobileGL::String, Array<ImageUse, kStageCount>> useByName;
+
+        const Int uniformCount = reflection.getNumUniformVariables();
+        for (Int i = 0; i < uniformCount; ++i) {
+            const auto& uniform = reflection.getUniform(i);
+            const glslang::TType* type = uniform.getType();
+            if (type == nullptr || !type->isImage()) continue;
+            // An array occupies one image unit per element; an unsized one (never indexed, so
+            // never more than the single element glslang kept) counts as one.
+            Int elements = uniform.size > 1 ? uniform.size : 1;
+            if (type->isArray()) {
+                elements = type->isSizedArray() ? type->getCumulativeArraySize() : 1;
+            }
+            // `stages` is the set of stages that REFERENCE the uniform, which is exactly what GL
+            // counts: an image declared in two stages costs a unit in each, and one no stage
+            // reads is not active at all and costs nothing.
+            Array<ImageUse, kStageCount>* use = nullptr;
+            for (SizeT stage = 0; stage < kStageCount; ++stage) {
+                if ((static_cast<unsigned>(uniform.stages) & (1u << static_cast<unsigned>(kStages[stage]))) == 0) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                // The one insert this uniform performs, so the reference survives the rest of the
+                // stage loop - a flat hash map relocates on insert, never on read.
+                if (use == nullptr) {
+                    use = &useByName[StripArrayElementSuffix(uniform.name)];
+                }
+                ++(*use)[stage].entries;
+                (*use)[stage].declared = std::max((*use)[stage].declared, elements);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Int counts[kStageCount] = {};
+        for (const auto& entry : useByName) {
+            for (SizeT stage = 0; stage < kStageCount; ++stage) {
+                counts[stage] += std::max(entry.second[stage].entries, entry.second[stage].declared);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Int combined = 0;
+        for (SizeT stage = 0; stage < kStageCount; ++stage) {
+            combined += counts[stage];
+            if (counts[stage] > limits[stage]) {
+                return std::format("This program uses {} active image uniforms in one stage, more than the {} "
+                                   "{} allows.",
+                                   counts[stage], limits[stage], kLimitNames[stage]);
+            }
+        }
+        if (combined > env.params.MaxCombinedImageUniforms) {
+            return std::format("This program uses {} active image uniforms across its stages, more than the {} "
+                               "GL_MAX_COMBINED_IMAGE_UNIFORMS allows.",
+                               combined, env.params.MaxCombinedImageUniforms);
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+
     static bool IsBuiltInPipelineOutput(const glslang::TObjectReflection& output) {
         const auto* type = output.getType();
         return type && type->getQualifier().builtIn != glslang::EbvNone;
@@ -309,6 +577,21 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
 
         MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: Link body start, shaders to link: %zu", in.externalIndex, in.shaders.size());
 
+        if (!ValidateAttachedShaders()) return;
+
+        // Reads the COMPILE snapshots only - no parsed shader - so it runs before the L1
+        // probe: a conflicting explicit uniform location must fail the link whether or not
+        // the memo has an answer for this program's sources.
+        MergeShaderSideChannels();
+        if (!artifacts.infoLog.empty()) return; // a conflicting explicit uniform location
+
+        // ---- L1 of the shader translation memo ----
+        // Everything below this point - the parse, the link, mapIO, GlslangToSpv, spirv-opt,
+        // buildReflection and the global-UBO routing - is what a hit skips. See
+        // ProgramTranslationCache.h.
+        spirvHandoff.spirvCacheKey = BuildSpirvCacheKey(env);
+        if (TryPublishFromTranslationCache()) return;
+
         Vector<SharedPtr<glslang::TShader>> shaders;
         if (!ConsumeShaders(shaders)) return;
 
@@ -335,35 +618,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             }
         }
 
-        // Merge the shaders' lexically extracted explicit uniform locations. The same
+        // The last two are OUT parameters that mapIO fills, not requests it honours: the IO
-        // uniform declared in several stages must agree on its location (config-A glslang
+        // mapper's collect callback is the last point at which a resource's qualifier still
-        // enforced this at mapIO; the relaxed parse no longer sees the qualifiers).
+        // says what the SHADER declared rather than what glslang assigned, so both captures
-        for (const auto& shader : in.shaders) {
+        // have to be taken from inside the link. See TMglGlslIoResolver::reserverResourceSlot.
-            const ShaderCompileArtifacts& compiled = CompiledArtifacts(shader.compiled);
-            for (const auto& [name, location] : compiled.explicitUniformLocations) {
-                const auto [it, inserted] = artifacts.linkedExplicitUniformLocations.emplace(name, location);
-                if (!inserted && it->second != location) {
-                    artifacts.infoLog = std::format(
-                        "Uniform '{}' is declared with conflicting explicit locations ({} and {}) "
-                        "across stages.",
-                        name, it->second, location);
-                    DeferLog(std::format("ProgramObject {}: Link failed - {}", in.externalIndex, artifacts.infoLog));
-                    return;
-                }
-            }
-            // Sampler/image layout(binding = N) initial units, likewise invisible to the
-            // relaxed parse. Stage order matches the old per-stage mapIO capture, so a
-            // name declared in several stages keeps the last stage's binding as before.
-            for (const auto& [name, binding] : compiled.explicitOpaqueBindings) {
-                artifacts.explicitOpaqueUniformBindings[name] = binding;
-            }
-        }
-
         ProgramAttrib attrib{.shaders = Move(shaders),
                              .explicitVertexInLocations = in.explicitAttribLocations,
                              .explicitFragmentOutLocations = in.explicitFragDataLocation,
                              .explicitFragmentOutIndices = in.explicitFragDataIndex,
-                             .explicitOpaqueUniformBindings = &artifacts.explicitOpaqueUniformBindings};
+                             .explicitOpaqueUniformBindings = &artifacts.explicitOpaqueUniformBindings,
+                             .storageBlocksWithoutBinding = &artifacts.storageBlocksWithoutBinding};
 
         MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: Calling ShaderCompiler::LinkProgram", in.externalIndex);
         auto result = ShaderCompiler::LinkProgram(attrib);
@@ -381,6 +645,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             return;
         }
 
+
         // A compute program must have a fixed local group size, and GL states that as a
         // property of the PROGRAM: "at least one" of its compute shaders declares it (GL 4.6
         // core 7.13 / GLSL 4.30 4.4.1.4). MobileGL used to answer that question per SHADER,
@@ -497,14 +762,138 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         spirvHandoff.reflection.uniformIndexInTProgram = artifacts.uniformIndexInTProgram;
         spirvHandoff.reflection.tProgramUniformIndexToGl = artifacts.tProgramUniformIndexToGl;
         spirvHandoff.reflection.maxUniformLocation = artifacts.maxUniformLocation;
+        // The owned reflection mirror, and the block index space its global-UBO test needs.
+        // BuildGlobalUboRouting reads BOTH - per-uniform array size, opaqueness, GL type and
+        // matrix shape, plus "is this a member of a GL-visible block". Leaving them out of the
+        // handoff is not a compile error, it is a SILENT one: every array collapses to a
+        // single element and every element past the first falls through to the fallback tail
+        // allocator (ProgramTest.NestedStructArrayUniformElementWrites catches exactly that).
+        spirvHandoff.reflection.uniformReflection = artifacts.uniformReflection;
+        spirvHandoff.reflection.blockReflection = artifacts.blockReflection;
+        spirvHandoff.reflection.tProgramBlockIndexToGl = artifacts.tProgramBlockIndexToGl;
+        // Phase B pairs this with its own SpirvArtifacts to insert the completed front end.
+        // A COPY, because the GL-thread join moves `artifacts` out of this node before phase B
+        // runs - and with the TProgram dropped, because a memo must never hold a glslang arena.
+        if (spirvHandoff.spirvCacheKey.Valid()) {
+            auto forCache = MakeShared<ProgramObject::LinkArtifacts>(artifacts);
+            forCache->program.reset();
+            spirvHandoff.linkArtifactsForCache = Move(forCache);
+        }
         spirvHandoff.ready = true;
         MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: phase A done, %zu module(s) handed to the SPIR-V job", in.externalIndex,
                 spirvHandoff.shaderTypes.size());
     }
 
-    Bool ProgramLinkTask::ConsumeShaders(Vector<SharedPtr<glslang::TShader>>& outShaders) {
+    // The L1 key. Every input below is one that can change the SPIR-V this program
-        outShaders.assign(in.shaders.size(), nullptr);
+    // generates; see the key inventory on SpirvTranslationKeyInputs.
+    //
+    // Deliberately NOT keyed on: anything that only steers a BACKEND transpile - see the
+    // classification on CompileEnv::frontendFingerprint, and L2's own key in
+    // MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/TranslationCache.h. The single capability bit that IS here
+    // (nativeFloat64) earns its place by changing SanitizeAndOptimizeBinary's own output,
+    // which is what the payload stores.
+    MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::TranslationCacheKey ProgramLinkTask::BuildSpirvCacheKey(
+        const MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::CompileEnv& env) const {
+        using namespace MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler;
+        if (!ShaderTranslationCacheEnabled()) return {};
 
+        SpirvTranslationKeyInputs keyInputs;
+        // The FRONT-END fingerprint, not env.fingerprint: L1 must be shared by two contexts
+        // on different GPUs whenever glslang would produce the same thing for them. See the
+        // classification on CompileEnv::frontendFingerprint.
+        keyInputs.frontendFingerprint = env.frontendFingerprint;
+        // Always 0 on both production parse paths (ShaderCompileTask::RunCompilePipeline and
+        // ClaimParsedShader's re-parse). In the key regardless, so that a future non-zero
+        // value cannot alias a module parsed without it.
+        keyInputs.shaderCompileFlags = 0;
+        keyInputs.enableSpirvValidation = in.enableSpirvValidation;
+        // The one BACKEND capability bit in this key, and it has to be here: it reaches inside
+        // SanitizeAndOptimizeBinary, whose output is what the payload holds. Read from the same
+        // env snapshot ProgramSpirvTask hands the chain, so the key and the bytes can never
+        // disagree.
+        keyInputs.nativeFloat64 = env.ConsumesFloat64Natively();
+        keyInputs.stages.reserve(in.shaders.size());
+        for (const LinkShaderInput& shader : in.shaders) {
+            const ShaderCompileArtifacts& compiled = CompiledArtifacts(shader.compiled);
+            if (compiled.preprocessedSource.empty()) {
+                // No text to key on - an internal shader object, or an artifact this build
+                // did not populate. Refuse to key rather than key on nothing.
+                return {};
+            }
+            keyInputs.stages.push_back(SpirvTranslationKeyInputs::Stage{
+                .type = MG_Util::ConvertShaderStageToGLEnum(shader.stage),
+                .preprocessedSource = StringView(compiled.preprocessedSource)});
+        }
+        if (keyInputs.stages.empty()) return {};
+        keyInputs.explicitVertexInLocations = &in.explicitAttribLocations;
+        keyInputs.explicitFragmentOutLocations = &in.explicitFragDataLocation;
+        keyInputs.explicitFragmentOutIndices = &in.explicitFragDataIndex;
+        // In the key ONLY because the payload now carries the reflection: transform feedback
+        // is resolved by reading the linked intermediates and never perturbs the generated
+        // SPIR-V, but it does shape xfbVaryings / xfbStrides / xfbBufferMode /
+        // gsStripTriangles, and maxFragmentOutputColorNumber decides whether the link is
+        // rejected at all. Widening a payload means widening the key.
+        keyInputs.requestedXfbVaryings = &in.requestedXfbVaryings;
+        keyInputs.xfbBufferMode = static_cast<Uint32>(in.requestedXfbBufferMode);
+        keyInputs.maxFragmentOutputColorNumber = in.maxFragmentOutputColorNumber;
+        return BuildSpirvTranslationKey(keyInputs);
+    }
+
+    // The one link rejection that needs nothing but the compile snapshots. It runs before the
+    // L1 memo is consulted, so a hit can never paper over a program that must fail to link.
+    //
+    // Only the explicit default-block uniform locations are merged here, and only because they
+    // are the one piece of relaxed-parse wreckage that has to be recovered at COMPILE time:
+    // the snapshot is taken inside the parse, so it is per-shader by construction, and the
+    // same uniform declared in several stages must agree or the program cannot link. The
+    // opaque bindings and the unqualified storage blocks used to be merged alongside them;
+    // both now arrive from mapIO during LinkProgram below, straight into `artifacts`, which is
+    // both later and strictly better informed - the IO mapper sees macro-expanded declarations
+    // and a per-shader lexer never could.
+    void ProgramLinkTask::MergeShaderSideChannels() {
+        for (const auto& shader : in.shaders) {
+            const ShaderCompileArtifacts& compiled = CompiledArtifacts(shader.compiled);
+            for (const auto& [name, location] : compiled.explicitUniformLocations) {
+                const auto [it, inserted] = artifacts.linkedExplicitUniformLocations.emplace(name, location);
+                if (!inserted && it->second != location) {
+                    artifacts.infoLog = std::format(
+                        "Uniform '{}' is declared with conflicting explicit locations ({} and {}) "
+                        "across stages.",
+                        name, it->second, location);
+                    DeferLog(std::format("ProgramObject {}: Link failed - {}", in.externalIndex, artifacts.infoLog));
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // An L1 hit: the entire front end, published without constructing a TShader or a
+    // TProgram. Everything here is a copy out of plain owned data - `link.program` is null in
+    // the payload by construction, and nothing reads it any more.
+    Bool ProgramLinkTask::TryPublishFromTranslationCache() {
+        if (!spirvHandoff.spirvCacheKey.Valid()) return false;
+        const ProgramTranslationResultPtr hit =
+            GetProgramTranslationCache().Find(spirvHandoff.spirvCacheKey);
+        if (!hit) return false;
+
+        artifacts = hit->link;
+        spirvHandoff.shaderTypes.resize(in.shaders.size());
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < in.shaders.size(); i++) {
+            spirvHandoff.shaderTypes[i] = MG_Util::ConvertShaderStageToGLEnum(in.shaders[i].stage);
+        }
+        // An ALIASING SharedPtr: it points at the payload's SpirvArtifacts while sharing
+        // ownership of the whole payload, so phase B publishes them without a second copy and
+        // without any chance of the entry being evicted from under it.
+        spirvHandoff.cachedSpirv =
+            SharedPtr<const ProgramObject::SpirvArtifacts>(hit, &hit->spirv);
+        spirvHandoff.ready = true;
+        MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: L1 cache hit - the whole front end was reused; no parse, no "
+                "link, no SPIR-V generation",
+                in.externalIndex);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    Bool ProgramLinkTask::ValidateAttachedShaders() {
         // GL 4.6 core 7.3: a compute shader may only be linked with other compute shaders -
         // the compute pipeline has no other stages to link against, so a program that mixes
         // them must fail to link (KHR-GL43.compute_shader.api-program).
@@ -526,8 +915,6 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             const LinkShaderInput& input = in.shaders[i];
             const GLenum shaderType = MG_Util::ConvertShaderStageToGLEnum(input.stage);
             const ShaderCompileArtifacts& compiled = CompiledArtifacts(input.compiled);
-            MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: Preparing shader[%zu] stage %s", in.externalIndex, i,
-                    MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToString(shaderType).c_str());
 
             if (!compiled.compileStatus) {
                 // The compile log LEADS the quoted source, and that order is load-bearing:
@@ -546,6 +933,17 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
                                      in.externalIndex, i, artifacts.infoLog));
                 return false;
             }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    Bool ProgramLinkTask::ConsumeShaders(Vector<SharedPtr<glslang::TShader>>& outShaders) {
+        outShaders.assign(in.shaders.size(), nullptr);
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < in.shaders.size(); i++) {
+            const LinkShaderInput& input = in.shaders[i];
+            const GLenum shaderType = MG_Util::ConvertShaderStageToGLEnum(input.stage);
+            MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: Preparing shader[%zu] stage %s", in.externalIndex, i,
+                    MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToString(shaderType).c_str());
             String reparseLog;
             outShaders[i] = input.compiled->ClaimParsedShader(reparseLog);
             if (!outShaders[i]) {
@@ -606,6 +1004,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             return false;
         }
 
+        if (String atomicCounterError = ValidateAtomicCounterLayout(*artifacts.program);
+            !atomicCounterError.empty()) {
+            artifacts.infoLog = Move(atomicCounterError);
+            DeferLog(std::format("ProgramObject {}: Link failed - {}", in.externalIndex, artifacts.infoLog));
+            ProgramObject::ResetLinkArtifacts(artifacts);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (String imageUniformError = ValidateImageUniformLimits(*artifacts.program, env);
+            !imageUniformError.empty()) {
+            artifacts.infoLog = Move(imageUniformError);
+            DeferLog(std::format("ProgramObject {}: Link failed - {}", in.externalIndex, artifacts.infoLog));
+            ProgramObject::ResetLinkArtifacts(artifacts);
+            return false;
+        }
+
         // ---------- GL-facing index spaces (relaxed-parse cleanup) ----------
         // Blocks first: global-UBO membership drives the uniform filter below. The
         // synthesized MGL_GLOBAL_UBO is a transpiler artifact - its members are GL
@@ -623,6 +1037,30 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             artifacts.glBlockIndexToTProgram.push_back(i);
         }
 
+        // The GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK subsequence of that space. MobileGL does not pass
+        // EShReflectionSeparateBuffers to buildReflection above, so glslang files BUFFER blocks
+        // under indexToUniformBlock as well and the list just built also holds every shader
+        // storage block and every synthesized gl_AtomicCounterBlock_N. GL 4.6 core 7.6 says
+        // GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_BLOCKS / glGetActiveUniformBlockiv / glGetUniformBlockIndex see
+        // uniform blocks and nothing else; an atomic counter buffer is enumerated by
+        // GL_ACTIVE_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFERS and a storage block by GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCK.
+        //
+        // A SECOND space rather than a filter of the first, deliberately: the block space is
+        // what the backends walk (DirectGLES hands out one ESSL uniform-buffer binding point per
+        // entry as it goes) and what "tProgramBlockIndexToGl[i] < 0 means MGL_GLOBAL_UBO" reads,
+        // and neither may move.
+        artifacts.blockIndexToGlUniformBlock.assign(artifacts.glBlockIndexToTProgram.size(), -1);
+        artifacts.glUniformBlockIndexToBlock.clear();
+        for (SizeT blockIndex = 0; blockIndex < artifacts.glBlockIndexToTProgram.size(); ++blockIndex) {
+            const auto& block = artifacts.program->getUniformBlock(artifacts.glBlockIndexToTProgram[blockIndex]);
+            if (!IsGlUniformBlock(block)) continue;
+            artifacts.blockIndexToGlUniformBlock[blockIndex] =
+                static_cast<Int>(artifacts.glUniformBlockIndexToBlock.size());
+            artifacts.glUniformBlockIndexToBlock.push_back(static_cast<Int>(blockIndex));
+        }
+        MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: Reflection - %zu block(s), %zu of them GL uniform blocks", in.externalIndex,
+                artifacts.glBlockIndexToTProgram.size(), artifacts.glUniformBlockIndexToBlock.size());
+
         // ------------ Uniforms (GL Plain) ----------------
         // The relaxed parse sweeps every DECLARED default-block uniform into
         // MGL_GLOBAL_UBO whether or not any stage reads it. GL requires a
@@ -637,6 +1075,26 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             return uniform.index >= 0 && uniform.index < static_cast<Int>(artifacts.tProgramBlockIndexToGl.size()) &&
                    artifacts.tProgramBlockIndexToGl[uniform.index] < 0;
         };
+        // Member of a block GL can see - a named uniform block, a buffer block, or the
+        // synthesized atomic-counter block. GL locations are a property of the DEFAULT uniform
+        // block alone (GL 4.6 core 7.6.1), so these take none.
+        const auto isNamedBlockMember = [&isGlobalUboMember](const glslang::TObjectReflection& uniform) {
+            return uniform.index >= 0 && !isGlobalUboMember(uniform);
+        };
+        // A member of a BUFFER block is a buffer variable, not a uniform: GL 4.6 core 7.3.1
+        // gives it the GL_BUFFER_VARIABLE interface and 7.6 keeps it out of GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS,
+        // glGetActiveUniform, glGetUniformIndices and glGetActiveUniformsiv. The relaxed parse
+        // reflects it as a uniform anyway (no EShReflectionSeparateBuffers), so drop it from the
+        // GL index space here - the same place the dead default-block uniforms are dropped, and
+        // the counterpart of the location half already handled by isNamedBlockMember below.
+        //
+        // Atomic counters are NOT in this set even though their synthesized owner is a buffer
+        // block: an atomic_uint IS a uniform (of type GL_UNSIGNED_INT_ATOMIC_COUNTER), and
+        // KHR-GL43.shader_atomic_counters.basic-program-query enumerates it as one.
+        const auto isBufferVariable = [this](const glslang::TObjectReflection& uniform) {
+            if (uniform.index < 0 || uniform.index >= artifacts.program->getNumUniformBlocks()) return false;
+            return IsStorageBlock(artifacts.program->getUniformBlock(uniform.index));
+        };
         for (Int i = 0; i < tProgramUniformCount; i++) {
             const auto& uniform = artifacts.program->getUniform(i);
             if (isGlobalUboMember(uniform) && uniform.stages == 0) {
@@ -645,6 +1103,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
                         in.externalIndex, uniform.name.c_str());
                 continue;
             }
+            if (isBufferVariable(uniform)) {
+                MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: Reflection - buffer variable '%s' filtered from the GL uniform "
+                        "surface",
+                        in.externalIndex, uniform.name.c_str());
+                continue;
+            }
             artifacts.tProgramUniformIndexToGl[i] = static_cast<Int>(artifacts.glUniformIndexToTProgram.size());
             artifacts.glUniformIndexToTProgram.push_back(i);
         }
@@ -653,12 +1117,21 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
                 artifacts.activeUniformCount, tProgramUniformCount);
 
         // Effective explicit location per TProgram uniform, from two sources:
-        //  - the lexical side-channel for default-block uniforms - the relaxed parse
+        //  - the parse-time snapshot for default-block uniforms - the relaxed parse
         //    dropped their layout(location = N) qualifiers when collecting them into
         //    MGL_GLOBAL_UBO, so reflection cannot provide them ("source-explicit");
         //  - glslang's layoutLocation() for opaque uniforms, where the qualifier
         //    survives the relaxed parse (and mapIO auto-assigns the rest).
-        constexpr Uint kNoLocation = glslang::TQualifier::layoutLocationEnd;
+        //
+        // "no effective location yet". Deliberately OUTSIDE the location space rather than
+        // glslang::TQualifier::layoutLocationEnd, which is the first location past the pool and
+        // therefore only one off a legal one - a sentinel that sits at the boundary it guards has
+        // to be re-proved safe every time the ceiling moves, and glslang uses that same value for
+        // "this opaque uniform has no location" as well.
+        constexpr Uint kNoLocation = ~static_cast<Uint>(0);
+        // The ceiling glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_UNIFORM_LOCATIONS) advertises, which is what the
+        // allocator below has to honour: locations 0..kMaxUniformLocations-1 and no others.
+        constexpr Uint kMaxUniformLocations = static_cast<Uint>(ProgramObject::MAX_UNIFORM_LOCATIONS);
         Vector<Uint> effectiveLocation(tProgramUniformCount, kNoLocation);
         Vector<Bool> locationIsSourceExplicit(tProgramUniformCount, false);
         UnorderedMap<String, Uint> structExplicitCursor; // declared root -> next member location
@@ -674,8 +1147,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         for (const Int i : artifacts.glUniformIndexToTProgram) {
             const auto& uniform = artifacts.program->getUniform(i);
             const glslang::TType* type = uniform.getType();
-            const Bool inNamedBlock = uniform.index >= 0 && !isGlobalUboMember(uniform);
+            if (isNamedBlockMember(uniform)) continue; // block members never take glUniform locations
-            if (inNamedBlock) continue; // block members never take glUniform locations
 
             if (const Int* explicitLocation = findExplicitLocation(uniform.name)) {
                 effectiveLocation[i] = static_cast<Uint>(*explicitLocation);
@@ -695,13 +1167,19 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
                     cursor->second += static_cast<Uint>(GetUniformLocationSpan(uniform));
                 }
             }
-            if (effectiveLocation[i] == kNoLocation && type != nullptr && type->isOpaque()) {
+            // glslang parks "no location" at layoutLocationEnd, which is a real location in this
+            // table's numbering - test for it explicitly rather than letting it through as one.
+            if (effectiveLocation[i] == kNoLocation && type != nullptr && type->isOpaque() &&
+                uniform.layoutLocation() != glslang::TQualifier::layoutLocationEnd) {
                 effectiveLocation[i] = uniform.layoutLocation();
             }
             if (locationIsSourceExplicit[i] &&
-                effectiveLocation[i] + static_cast<Uint>(GetUniformLocationSpan(uniform)) > kNoLocation) {
+                effectiveLocation[i] + static_cast<Uint>(GetUniformLocationSpan(uniform)) > kMaxUniformLocations) {
                 // Config A rejected out-of-range explicit locations at parse; keep them
-                // from growing the location table unboundedly.
+                // from growing the location table unboundedly. Stated against the advertised
+                // GL_MAX_UNIFORM_LOCATIONS, because that is the rule being enforced (GL 4.6 core
+                // 7.6.1): an array whose LAST element passes the ceiling is a link error even
+                // though its base compiled fine.
                 artifacts.infoLog = std::format("Uniform '{}' explicit location {} is out of range.", uniform.name,
                                                 effectiveLocation[i]);
                 ProgramObject::ResetLinkArtifacts(artifacts);
@@ -709,12 +1187,58 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             }
         }
 
-        Int requiredUniformLocations = 0;
+        // ARB_explicit_uniform_location / GL 4.6 core 7.6.1: an explicit location is RESERVED
+        // whether or not the uniform turned out to be active. The dead default-block uniforms
+        // filtered out of glUniformIndexToTProgram above are invisible to every GL query - which
+        // is correct - but their locations must still be kept out of the implicit allocator's
+        // reach, or an implicit uniform is handed a location the source already claimed.
+        //
+        // Deliberately NOT written into artifacts.uniformLocations or uniformIndexInTProgram:
+        // glGetUniformLocation must keep answering -1 for a dead uniform, and a location no
+        // application can legally obtain must not become writable through glUniform*. The
+        // occupancy therefore lives in its own bitset, built once the table has been sized.
+        Vector<Pair<Uint, Int>> deadExplicitReservations;
+        Int deadReservedLocationCount = 0;
+        for (Int i = 0; i < tProgramUniformCount; i++) {
+            if (artifacts.tProgramUniformIndexToGl[i] >= 0) continue; // GL-visible: handled above
+            const auto& uniform = artifacts.program->getUniform(i);
+            if (!isGlobalUboMember(uniform) || uniform.stages != 0) continue;
+            const Int* explicitLocation = findExplicitLocation(uniform.name);
+            if (explicitLocation == nullptr) continue;
+
+            const Uint location = static_cast<Uint>(*explicitLocation);
+            const Int locationSpan = GetUniformLocationSpan(uniform);
+            if (location + static_cast<Uint>(locationSpan) > kMaxUniformLocations) {
+                artifacts.infoLog = std::format("Uniform '{}' explicit location {} is out of range.", uniform.name,
+                                                location);
+                ProgramObject::ResetLinkArtifacts(artifacts);
+                return false;
+            }
+            deadExplicitReservations.emplace_back(location, locationSpan);
+            deadReservedLocationCount += locationSpan;
+            artifacts.maxUniformLocation = std::max(artifacts.maxUniformLocation, location + locationSpan - 1);
+            MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: Reflection - inactive uniform '%s' reserves locations %u..%u without "
+                    "becoming GL-visible",
+                    in.externalIndex, uniform.name.c_str(), location, location + locationSpan - 1);
+        }
+
+        // Counts ONLY default-block uniforms, which is the whole of what a GL uniform location
+        // is and the whole of what GL_MAX_UNIFORM_LOCATIONS bounds (GL 4.6 core 7.6.1). A
+        // named-block member used to be counted here too and used to be handed a location by the
+        // first-fit pass below, which is a spec violation twice over: glGetUniformLocation must
+        // answer -1 for it (glGetProgramResourceLocation already did), and every slot it took
+        // pushed a real default-block uniform one location further up. On a program with a
+        // buffer block that is exactly how a location EQUAL to the advertised maximum got minted
+        // - the table's ceiling is raised to hold this count, so one extra block member raised it
+        // to MAX and the first-fit pass then filled the last slot
+        // (KHR-GL43.explicit_uniform_location.uniform-loc-mix-with-implicit-max, whose compute
+        // program carries an SSBO; its -max-array sibling ran the pool out and failed to link).
+        Int requiredUniformLocations = deadReservedLocationCount;
         for (const Int i : artifacts.glUniformIndexToTProgram) {
             auto& uniform = artifacts.program->getUniform(i);
             const Uint location = effectiveLocation[i];
             const Int locationSpan = GetUniformLocationSpan(uniform);
-            requiredUniformLocations += locationSpan;
+            if (!isNamedBlockMember(uniform)) requiredUniformLocations += locationSpan;
             if (location != kNoLocation) {
                 artifacts.maxUniformLocation = std::max(artifacts.maxUniformLocation, location + locationSpan - 1);
             }
@@ -727,6 +1251,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: Reflection - computed maxUniformLocation=%u uniformNameMaxLength=%d",
                 in.externalIndex, artifacts.maxUniformLocation, artifacts.uniformNameMaxLength);
 
+        // GL 4.6 core 7.6.1: explicit, implicit and reserved-but-inactive default-block uniforms
+        // all draw from the one GL_MAX_UNIFORM_LOCATIONS pool, and a program asking for more than
+        // the implementation advertises FAILS TO LINK
+        // (KHR-GL43.explicit_uniform_location.uniform-loc-negative-link-max-num-of-locations).
+        // A single uniform whose own span passes the ceiling was already rejected above; this is
+        // the aggregate half of the same rule.
+        if (requiredUniformLocations > static_cast<Int>(kMaxUniformLocations)) {
+            artifacts.infoLog =
+                std::format("Uniform locations exhausted: the default-block uniforms need {} locations but "
+                            "GL_MAX_UNIFORM_LOCATIONS is {}.",
+                            requiredUniformLocations, kMaxUniformLocations);
+            DeferLog(std::format("ProgramObject {}: Link failed - {}", in.externalIndex, artifacts.infoLog));
+            ProgramObject::ResetLinkArtifacts(artifacts);
+            return false;
+        }
+
         if (artifacts.maxUniformLocation + 1 < requiredUniformLocations) {
             MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: Reflection - maxUniformLocation+1 (%u) < requiredUniformLocations (%d), "
                     "adjusting",
@@ -741,6 +1281,27 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
                                                 glslang::TQualifier::layoutLocationEnd);
         artifacts.uniformSamplerOrImageUnitIndex.resize(artifacts.maxUniformLocation + 1, -1);
 
+        // Occupancy for the inactive explicit uniforms collected above: a set bit means "the
+        // source claimed this location", which is enough to keep the two implicit passes off it
+        // without making the location reachable through any GL entry point. A location the
+        // fallback grow path mints later is past this bitset by construction (every reservation
+        // was folded into maxUniformLocation before the table was sized), so the lookup treats
+        // out-of-range as free rather than resizing in lockstep.
+        // Left empty - and unallocated - when nothing reserved anything, which is every program in
+        // the shader-pack corpus; the lookup below reads an empty bitset as "nothing is reserved".
+        Vector<Bool> reservedLocation;
+        if (!deadExplicitReservations.empty()) {
+            reservedLocation.assign(artifacts.maxUniformLocation + 1, false);
+            for (const auto& [reservedBase, reservedSpan] : deadExplicitReservations) {
+                for (Int element = 0; element < reservedSpan; ++element) {
+                    reservedLocation[reservedBase + element] = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        const auto locationIsReserved = [&reservedLocation](SizeT location) {
+            return location < reservedLocation.size() && reservedLocation[location];
+        };
+
         Vector<int> unallocatedUniformIndex;
 
         // Pass 1: source-explicit locations. These are API contract
@@ -773,6 +1334,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         // is demoted to the first-fit pass below instead of failing the link.
         for (const Int i : artifacts.glUniformIndexToTProgram) {
             auto& uniform = artifacts.program->getUniform(i);
+            // Same rule the effective-location loop applies: a block member has no GL location,
+            // so it must not reach the first-fit pass either. Its uniformLocations entry stays
+            // at kNoLocation, which glGetUniformLocation reads back as the -1 the spec wants.
+            if (isNamedBlockMember(uniform)) continue;
             if (locationIsSourceExplicit[i]) continue;
             const Uint location = effectiveLocation[i];
             if (location == kNoLocation) {
@@ -785,7 +1350,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             Bool spanIsFree = location + locationSpan - 1 <= artifacts.maxUniformLocation;
             for (Int element = 0; spanIsFree && element < locationSpan; ++element) {
                 spanIsFree =
-                    artifacts.uniformIndexInTProgram[location + element] == glslang::TQualifier::layoutLocationEnd;
+                    artifacts.uniformIndexInTProgram[location + element] == glslang::TQualifier::layoutLocationEnd &&
+                    !locationIsReserved(location + element);
             }
             if (!spanIsFree) {
                 artifacts.uniformLocations[uniform.name] = kNoLocation;
@@ -817,7 +1383,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
                 bool hasRoom = locNeedle + locationSpan - 1 <= artifacts.maxUniformLocation;
                 for (Int element = 0; hasRoom && element < locationSpan; ++element) {
                     hasRoom = artifacts.uniformIndexInTProgram[locNeedle + element] ==
-                              glslang::TQualifier::layoutLocationEnd;
+                                  glslang::TQualifier::layoutLocationEnd &&
+                              !locationIsReserved(locNeedle + element);
                 }
                 if (!hasRoom) continue;
                 // Found a vacant location at locNeedle
@@ -837,6 +1404,24 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
                 // span is left; grow the table instead of leaving the uniform without
                 // a location (which would make it unsettable via glUniform*).
                 const SizeT base = artifacts.uniformIndexInTProgram.size();
+                // The growth stops at the pool GL advertises. GL 4.6 core 7.6.1 bounds every
+                // uniform location by GL_MAX_UNIFORM_LOCATIONS, and the conformance suite reads a
+                // returned location >= the advertised maximum as a failure outright
+                // (KHR-GLES31.explicit_uniform_location.uniform-loc-mix-with-implicit-max). Minting
+                // 4095, 4096, ... is strictly worse than refusing: those are locations no
+                // application may legally name and no later query can make legal, so they would
+                // only turn a link-time exhaustion into a silently unwritable uniform. Unreachable
+                // for any program that fits glslang's per-stage uniform-component limits - it takes
+                // a fragmented pool of thousands of explicitly-located slots to get here.
+                if (base + static_cast<SizeT>(locationSpan) > kMaxUniformLocations) {
+                    artifacts.infoLog = std::format(
+                        "Uniform locations exhausted: '{}' needs {} location(s) and no free span is left below "
+                        "GL_MAX_UNIFORM_LOCATIONS ({}).",
+                        uniform.name, locationSpan, kMaxUniformLocations);
+                    DeferLog(std::format("ProgramObject {}: Link failed - {}", in.externalIndex, artifacts.infoLog));
+                    ProgramObject::ResetLinkArtifacts(artifacts);
+                    return false;
+                }
                 artifacts.uniformIndexInTProgram.resize(base + locationSpan,
                                                         glslang::TQualifier::layoutLocationEnd);
                 artifacts.uniformSamplerOrImageUnitIndex.resize(base + locationSpan, -1);
@@ -959,14 +1544,21 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         }
 
         // ---------- UBO ----------
-        // GL-visible blocks only (MGL_GLOBAL_UBO was filtered out above).
+        // The BLOCK space (MGL_GLOBAL_UBO was filtered out above, storage and atomic counter
+        // blocks were not): these tables are what the backends index, and what the GL
+        // uniform-block entry points reach after translating out of the GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK space.
         const Int uboCount = static_cast<Int>(artifacts.glBlockIndexToTProgram.size());
         MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: Reflection - uniform block count (UBO) = %d", in.externalIndex, uboCount);
         artifacts.uniformBlockBinding.resize(uboCount, -1);
         for (Int i = 0; i < uboCount; i++) {
             auto& ubo = artifacts.program->getUniformBlock(artifacts.glBlockIndexToTProgram[i]);
-            artifacts.uniformBlockNameMaxLength =
+            // GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_BLOCK_MAX_NAME_LENGTH is measured over the names
-                std::max(artifacts.uniformBlockNameMaxLength, (Int)ubo.name.length());
+            // glGetActiveUniformBlockName can report, so only the GL uniform blocks count -
+            // a long storage-block name must not size the caller's buffer.
+            if (artifacts.blockIndexToGlUniformBlock[i] >= 0) {
+                artifacts.uniformBlockNameMaxLength =
+                    std::max(artifacts.uniformBlockNameMaxLength, (Int)ubo.name.length());
+            }
             artifacts.uniformBlockIndexByName[ubo.name] = i;
             // if there's binding defined in shader as layout(binding = ...),
             // retrieve it here.
@@ -987,9 +1579,140 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: Reflection - UBO[%d] name='%s' size=%u binding=%d", in.externalIndex, i,
                     ubo.name.c_str(), ubo.size, ubo.getBinding());
         }
+
+        SnapshotGlslangReflection();
         return true;
     }
 
+    // The last thing DoReflection does, and the thing that lets everything after it stop
+    // caring that a glslang::TProgram ever existed: copy every reflection record the GL query
+    // surface reads into LinkArtifacts' own owned tables.
+    //
+    // Indexed by TPROGRAM index throughout - the same space glUniformIndexToTProgram,
+    // tProgramUniformIndexToGl and uniformIndexInTProgram already speak - so the accessors
+    // that used to call program->getUniform(i) index uniformReflection[i] and are otherwise
+    // unchanged.
+    void ProgramLinkTask::SnapshotGlslangReflection() {
+        glslang::TProgram& program = *artifacts.program;
+
+        // Blocks FIRST: a uniform's effective layoutMatrix is resolved against its owning
+        // block below, which needs the block records to already exist.
+        const Int blockCount = program.getNumUniformBlocks();
+        artifacts.blockReflection.clear();
+        artifacts.blockReflection.reserve(static_cast<SizeT>(blockCount));
+        for (Int i = 0; i < blockCount; ++i) {
+            artifacts.blockReflection.push_back(MakeResourceReflection(program.getUniformBlock(i)));
+        }
+        SeedDefaultStorageBlockBindings();
+
+        const Int uniformCount = program.getNumUniformVariables();
+        artifacts.uniformReflection.clear();
+        artifacts.uniformReflection.reserve(static_cast<SizeT>(uniformCount));
+        artifacts.uniformIndexByName.clear();
+        artifacts.uniformIndexByName.reserve(static_cast<SizeT>(uniformCount));
+        for (Int i = 0; i < uniformCount; ++i) {
+            ProgramObject::UniformReflection record = MakeResourceReflection(program.getUniform(i));
+            // A block-level layout(row_major)/(column_major) that the member did not inherit
+            // in its own qualifier. Resolved once HERE rather than at every GL_UNIFORM_* query,
+            // which is what the getUniformBlock() fallback in the old accessors was doing.
+            if (record.type.layoutMatrix == static_cast<Int>(glslang::ElmNone) && record.index >= 0 &&
+                record.index < static_cast<Int>(artifacts.blockReflection.size())) {
+                record.type.layoutMatrix = artifacts.blockReflection[record.index].type.layoutMatrix;
+            }
+            // Keyed on the REFLECTED name and on uniforms only. That is deliberate and is the
+            // filtered semantics the old code hand-rolled: glslang's TReflection::nameToIndex
+            // also holds block and function entries, which is exactly why every
+            // getUniformIndex() call site re-checked getUniform(idx).name == name afterwards.
+            // First writer wins, so a duplicated name resolves the way a forward scan would.
+            artifacts.uniformIndexByName.emplace(record.name, i);
+            artifacts.uniformReflection.push_back(Move(record));
+        }
+
+        const Int pipeInputCount = program.getNumPipeInputs();
+        artifacts.pipeInputReflection.clear();
+        artifacts.pipeInputReflection.reserve(static_cast<SizeT>(pipeInputCount));
+        for (Int i = 0; i < pipeInputCount; ++i) {
+            artifacts.pipeInputReflection.push_back(MakeResourceReflection(program.getPipeInput(i)));
+        }
+
+        const Int pipeOutputCount = program.getNumPipeOutputs();
+        artifacts.pipeOutputReflection.clear();
+        artifacts.pipeOutputReflection.reserve(static_cast<SizeT>(pipeOutputCount));
+        for (Int i = 0; i < pipeOutputCount; ++i) {
+            artifacts.pipeOutputReflection.push_back(MakeResourceReflection(program.getPipeOutput(i)));
+        }
+
+        artifacts.lastStageIsFragment = program.getIntermediate(EShLangFragment) != nullptr;
+        for (Uint dim = 0; dim < 3u; ++dim) {
+            artifacts.computeLocalSize[dim] = program.getLocalSize(static_cast<Int>(dim));
+        }
+        MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: Reflection - snapshot: %zu uniform(s), %zu block(s), %zu input(s), "
+                "%zu output(s)",
+                in.externalIndex, artifacts.uniformReflection.size(), artifacts.blockReflection.size(),
+                artifacts.pipeInputReflection.size(), artifacts.pipeOutputReflection.size());
+    }
+
+    // GL 4.3 core 7.8: a shader storage block declared without a layout(binding = N) qualifier
+    // has a buffer binding of ZERO. MobileGL could not report that, because by the time this
+    // reflection is built the number in the block's qualifier is one glslang INVENTED.
+    //
+    // Every shader is parsed as a Vulkan client, so glslang's IO mapper takes the `set = openGl
+    // ? resource : ent.newSet` branch with openGl == 0 (iomapper.cpp resolveBinding) - i.e. it
+    // allocates out of ONE flat binding space shared by every sampler, image, uniform block,
+    // storage block and the synthesized MGL_GLOBAL_UBO - and then writes the result back into
+    // the type's qualifier (iomapper.cpp, `base->getWritableType().getQualifier().layoutBinding =
+    // at->second.newBinding`). getBinding() therefore answers with the auto-assigned slot and
+    // cannot be distinguished from a declared one. An unqualified block lands on 0 only when
+    // nothing else in the program claimed 0 first, which is why a lone storage block in a
+    // trivial shader looked correct and KHR-GL43.compute_shader.resource-ubo - whose shader also
+    // declares twelve uniform blocks - wrote everything to a binding nothing was bound at.
+    //
+    // THE FLAT SPACE IS LEFT ALONE. It is load-bearing: DirectVulkan indexes bindingKinds[],
+    // uniformBlockIndexByBinding[] and storageBlockIndexByBinding[] by that one number and
+    // asserts when two resources collide on it, so forcing the SPIR-V decoration to 0 would
+    // collide an unqualified block with the global UBO and take working programs down. What is
+    // repaired is the GL-VISIBLE binding, through the record GL already has for exactly this -
+    // the same per-name map glShaderStorageBlockBinding writes, which both backends already
+    // consult (ProgramInterface's GL_BUFFER_BINDING, DirectGLES's SPIRV-Cross binding rewrite,
+    // DirectVulkan's GetShaderStorageBlockBinding). Seeding it here means the default and a
+    // later rebind travel the same path, and basic-noBindingLayout - which rebinds all three of
+    // its unqualified blocks - keeps working because a rebind simply overwrites the seed.
+    //
+    // Seeded INSIDE `artifacts`, so an L1 translation-cache hit that republishes the artifacts
+    // wholesale carries it too; a seed applied outside them would silently vanish on a hit.
+    //
+    // The blocks are named by TMglGlslIoResolver at mapIO's collect callback, which runs over
+    // every declared block of every stage BEFORE the write-back above happens - so "declared no
+    // binding" is a fact read off the AST, not a guess made about the text. The lexical scanner
+    // this replaced could only report positively, dropping any declaration whose grammar it did
+    // not fully recognise, and could not read `binding = SOME_MACRO` at all (it ran on
+    // macro-unexpanded source, and reading "no literal" as "no binding" once aliased eight
+    // Flywheel storage blocks onto 0).
+    //
+    // THE COLLISION IS DELIBERATE, and it is GL's. Several unqualified blocks all default to 0
+    // and alias there until the application rebinds them; a real GL driver does the same, which
+    // is why every program that has more than one either rebinds or uses one of them.
+    // basic-noBindingLayout is that regression test - it rebinds all three of its blocks
+    // immediately after linking, and the DirectGLES transpile is lazy (first use, not link), so
+    // the ESSL it eventually emits already carries the rebound 0/1/2 and never the aliased seed.
+    // What this replaces was not a safer arrangement, only an accidental one: the three blocks
+    // got glslang's 0/1/2 and an application that rebound them to anything else still wrote to
+    // the wrong buffers.
+    void ProgramLinkTask::SeedDefaultStorageBlockBindings() {
+        if (artifacts.storageBlocksWithoutBinding.empty()) return;
+        for (const ProgramObject::BlockReflection& block : artifacts.blockReflection) {
+            if (!block.type.isBuffer) continue;
+            // An instance array reflects as "B[0]", "B[1]", ... and each element is its own GL
+            // resource with its own binding; the scanner keys on the block TYPE name, so the
+            // subscript is stripped before the lookup. GL gives element k of an unqualified
+            // array binding 0 + k, the same base + element rule a declared binding follows.
+            const String base = StripArrayElementSuffix(block.name);
+            if (!artifacts.storageBlocksWithoutBinding.contains(base)) continue;
+            // First writer wins: never overwrite a binding the application has already chosen.
+            artifacts.shaderStorageBlockBinding.emplace(block.name, BlockArrayElement(block.name));
+        }
+    }
+
     Bool ProgramLinkTask::ValidateFragmentOutputLocations() {
         if (!artifacts.program) return false;
         // The pipe-output list is the output interface of the program's LAST stage. Only a

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramLinkTask.h

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include <MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ShaderCompileTask.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Async/JobNode.h>
 #include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/CompileEnv.h>
+#include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/TranslationCache.h>
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
     // One attached shader, as the link sees it: never the ShaderObject, always a snapshot.
@@ -116,6 +117,26 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             // for phase B after the join has moved `artifacts` away.
             ProgramObject::LinkArtifacts reflection;
 
+            // L1 shader-translation memo key for this program's SPIR-V (see
+            // MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/TranslationCache.h). Built HERE, at the tail of phase
+            // A, and not by phase B - two reasons, both structural:
+            //   * the key covers the three link-time request maps, which live in `in` - and
+            //     it has to be built before the link, because a hit is what makes the link
+            //     unnecessary;
+            //   * built once, it serves both the lookup and the insert, so the program's
+            //     sources are copied into the blob exactly once per link.
+            // Invalid (null blob) when the cache is disabled, or when a stage arrived
+            // without preprocessed source - in which case phase B simply translates.
+            MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::TranslationCacheKey spirvCacheKey;
+
+            // Set on an L1 HIT: phase B publishes these SpirvArtifacts verbatim instead of
+            // generating anything. Null on a miss.
+            SharedPtr<const ProgramObject::SpirvArtifacts> cachedSpirv;
+            // Set on a MISS: the LinkArtifacts phase B has to pair with its own SpirvArtifacts
+            // to insert the completed front end. Copied here rather than read off the node,
+            // because the GL-thread join MOVES `artifacts` out before phase B runs.
+            SharedPtr<const ProgramObject::LinkArtifacts> linkArtifactsForCache;
+
             // The one flag phase B tests before doing anything: false means this link never
             // reached the tail of RunBody (it failed, or was cancelled mid-body).
             Bool ready = false;
@@ -142,8 +163,37 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         // ---- the link body, split exactly as ProgramObject::Link() had it ----
         // Each returns false to abort the link with `artifacts.infoLog` already set, which is
         // GL's definition of a failed link: LINK_STATUS false plus a log, never a GL error.
+        // The two link-rejection gates that need no parsed shader: a compute stage mixed
+        // with any other, and an attached shader that failed to compile. Split out of
+        // ConsumeShaders so they still run - in the same order, with the same diagnostics -
+        // BEFORE the L1 memo is consulted, rather than behind a hit that would skip them.
+        // Merges the per-stage explicit default-block uniform locations glslang recorded at
+        // compile time. Reads the compile snapshots only, so it runs before any parse - and
+        // before the L1 memo, so a hit can never paper over a program that must fail to link.
+        // Sets artifacts.infoLog and leaves linkStatus false when two stages disagree on an
+        // explicit uniform location.
+        void MergeShaderSideChannels();
+        Bool ValidateAttachedShaders();
         Bool ConsumeShaders(Vector<SharedPtr<glslang::TShader>>& outShaders);
+        // Publishes a whole front end straight out of the L1 memo: no TShader, no TProgram,
+        // no SPIR-V generation. Returns false on a miss.
+        Bool TryPublishFromTranslationCache();
+
+        // The L1 memo key for the SPIR-V this program is about to generate, or an invalid
+        // key when the cache is off or a stage has no preprocessed source to key on.
+        // Called at the tail of RunBody, where every input it needs is still owned by this
+        // node and `artifacts` has not yet been published.
+        MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::TranslationCacheKey BuildSpirvCacheKey(
+            const MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::CompileEnv& env) const;
         Bool DoReflection(const MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::CompileEnv& env);
+        // Copies every reflection record the GL query surface reads out of the glslang
+        // TProgram into LinkArtifacts own owned tables. Runs at the tail of DoReflection.
+        void SnapshotGlslangReflection();
+        // Gives every storage block whose shader declared no layout(binding = N) the binding
+        // GL 4.3 core 7.8 says it has - zero - because glslang's IO mapper has by then invented
+        // one and overwritten the qualifier. See the definition for why the invented binding is
+        // deliberately left in place for the backends' own use.
+        void SeedDefaultStorageBlockBindings();
         Bool ValidateFragmentOutputLocations();
         Bool ResolveTransformFeedbackVaryings();
         void ResolveGsTriangleStripCapture(const glslang::TIntermediate* captureIntermediate);

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramObject.cpp

@@ -155,6 +155,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
 
         Uint8* const scratch = m_spirv.globalUboScratch.data();
         const SizeT uboSize = m_spirv.globalUboScratch.size();
+        // Read straight off m_spirv, not through UsesNativeFloat64(): this runs INSIDE the
+        // phase-B publish, where the join gate is not re-entrant. Same reason the scratch above
+        // is taken directly.
+        const Bool nativeFloat64 = m_spirv.nativeFloat64;
 
         for (const auto& init : initializers) {
             // Scalars per array ELEMENT. A matrix element carries cols * rows of them, laid
@@ -165,12 +169,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             const Int elements = init.arraySize;
             if (componentsPerElement <= 0 || elements <= 0) continue;
 
-            // EbtDouble belongs with the floats now, not with the skipped types: every 64-bit
+            // EbtDouble belongs with the floats, not with the skipped types. On a DEMOTED
-            // float in a shader is narrowed to 32 bits before the module reaches a backend
+            // program its 64-bit floats were narrowed to 32 before the module reached a backend
             // (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass), so a `uniform double d = 1.5;` has exactly
-            // the 32-bit shadow encoding a `uniform float` does - and glslang already folded its
+            // the 32-bit shadow encoding a `uniform float` does; on a program that kept them it
-            // value into floatValues, which is a vector<double> either way. Leaving it out meant
+            // has an 8-byte one, which the store width below picks up. glslang folded the value
-            // the initializer was silently dropped and the uniform came up zero.
+            // into floatValues, a vector<double>, in both cases. Leaving it out meant the
+            // initializer was silently dropped and the uniform came up zero.
             const Bool isFloat = init.basicType == glslang::EbtFloat ||
                                  init.basicType == glslang::EbtFloat16 ||
                                  init.basicType == glslang::EbtDouble;
@@ -195,22 +200,36 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
                 // std140 pads every column of a float matrix out to a vec4, so the columns of
                 // a mat3 are 16 bytes apart even though each carries 12. The slot's own span
                 // states the stride the rest of the pipeline agreed on rather than guessing it.
-                const SizeT slotSpan = GetUniformStorageSpanInBytes(static_cast<Uint>(location));
+                // The static form, with the width taken from m_spirv directly: the member
+                // overload asks UsesNativeFloat64(), which joins phase B - and phase B is what
+                // is publishing right now.
+                const SizeT slotSpan =
+                    UniformStorageSpanInBytes(GetUniformTypeFacts(static_cast<Uint>(location)),
+                                              GetUniformSizesInBytes(static_cast<Uint>(location)), nativeFloat64);
                 const SizeT columnStride =
                     columns > 0 ? slotSpan / static_cast<SizeT>(columns) : slotSpan;
                 const Int componentsPerColumn = columns > 0 ? rows : componentsPerElement;
                 const Int columnCount = columns > 0 ? columns : 1;
 
+                // A `double` initializer on a program that KEPT its doubles lands in an 8-byte
+                // component, not a 4-byte one; every other basic type - and every double on a
+                // demoted program - stays one 32-bit word. glslang folded the value into
+                // floatValues (a vector<double>) either way, so only the store width moves.
+                const Bool isWideDouble = init.basicType == glslang::EbtDouble && nativeFloat64;
+                const SizeT componentSize = isWideDouble ? sizeof(Double) : sizeof(Uint32);
                 for (Int column = 0; column < columnCount; ++column) {
                     const SizeT byteOffset = static_cast<SizeT>(offset) + static_cast<SizeT>(column) * columnStride;
-                    const SizeT writeSize = static_cast<SizeT>(componentsPerColumn) * sizeof(Uint32);
+                    const SizeT writeSize = static_cast<SizeT>(componentsPerColumn) * componentSize;
                     if (byteOffset + writeSize > uboSize) break;
                     const SizeT firstComponent = static_cast<SizeT>(element) * componentsPerElement +
                                                  static_cast<SizeT>(column) * componentsPerColumn;
                     for (Int component = 0; component < componentsPerColumn; ++component) {
                         const SizeT source = firstComponent + static_cast<SizeT>(component);
-                        Uint8* const destination = scratch + byteOffset + component * sizeof(Uint32);
+                        Uint8* const destination = scratch + byteOffset + component * componentSize;
-                        if (isFloat) {
+                        if (isWideDouble) {
+                            const Double value = init.floatValues[source];
+                            std::memcpy(destination, &value, sizeof(value));
+                        } else if (isFloat) {
                             const Float value = static_cast<Float>(init.floatValues[source]);
                             std::memcpy(destination, &value, sizeof(value));
                         } else {
@@ -331,6 +350,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         artifacts.tProgramUniformIndexToGl.clear();
         artifacts.glBlockIndexToTProgram.clear();
         artifacts.tProgramBlockIndexToGl.clear();
+        artifacts.glUniformBlockIndexToBlock.clear();
+        artifacts.blockIndexToGlUniformBlock.clear();
         artifacts.linkedExplicitUniformLocations.clear();
         artifacts.uniformInitialValues.clear();
         artifacts.uniformIndexInTProgram.clear();
@@ -344,6 +365,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         artifacts.uniformBlockIndexByName.clear();
         artifacts.uniformBlockBinding.clear();
         artifacts.shaderStorageBlockBinding.clear();
+        // Cleared with it: the seed above is re-derived from the newly attached shaders on every
+        // link, so a stale set would otherwise default a block the new sources do declare a
+        // binding for.
+        artifacts.storageBlocksWithoutBinding.clear();
         artifacts.attribs.clear();
         artifacts.attribTypes.clear();
         artifacts.activeUniformCount = 0;
@@ -615,15 +640,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
 
 
     Int ProgramObject::GetFragmentDataLocation(const char* name) {
-        if (!Artifacts().program || !name) return -1;
+        // Answered from the OWNED pipe-output snapshot, not from Artifacts().program. The live
+        // TProgram is null on a translation-cache L1 hit - that is the entire point of the memo
+        // - and it is also null for any program that never linked. The old `if
+        // (!Artifacts().program) return -1` guard silently produced the never-linked answer for
+        // a perfectly good cached program, so glGetFragDataLocation returned -1 for every
+        // fragment output of it. The empty snapshot gives the never-linked case the same -1
+        // without needing the guard at all.
+        if (!name) return -1;
 
         const auto explicitLocation = Artifacts().linkedFragDataLocation.find(name);
-        const Int outputCount = Artifacts().program->getNumPipeOutputs();
+        for (const PipeOutputReflection& output : Artifacts().pipeOutputReflection) {
-        for (Int index = 0; index < outputCount; ++index) {
-            const auto& output = Artifacts().program->getPipeOutput(index);
             if (output.name != name) continue;
-            if (explicitLocation != Artifacts().linkedFragDataLocation.end()) return static_cast<Int>(explicitLocation->second);
+            if (explicitLocation != Artifacts().linkedFragDataLocation.end()) {
-            return static_cast<Int>(output.layoutLocation());
+                return static_cast<Int>(explicitLocation->second);
+            }
+            return output.location;
         }
         return -1;
     }

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramObject.h

@@ -24,6 +24,85 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
 
     class ProgramObject {
     public:
+        // GL_MAX_UNIFORM_LOCATIONS: locations 0 .. MAX_UNIFORM_LOCATIONS-1 are the whole legal
+        // range (GL 4.6 core 7.6.1 / ARB_explicit_uniform_location). Shared with GL_Getter rather
+        // than spelled twice, because the link and the query must agree exactly - the CTS declares
+        // a uniform at the advertised value minus one and expects it to link
+        // (KHR-GL43.explicit_uniform_location.uniform-loc-max).
+        //
+        // Tied to glslang's own ceiling and NOT raisable past it: ParseHelper rejects
+        // `layout(location = N)` for N >= TQualifier::layoutLocationEnd at COMPILE time, so
+        // layoutLocationEnd - 1 is the largest location any shader in this stack can declare -
+        // which makes exactly layoutLocationEnd locations, 0 .. layoutLocationEnd - 1, the pool.
+        // Advertising more would promise a location no shader could name. Comfortably above the
+        // 1024 GL 4.3 requires.
+        static constexpr Int MAX_UNIFORM_LOCATIONS = static_cast<Int>(glslang::TQualifier::layoutLocationEnd);
+
+        // Everything the query surface ever asked a glslang::TType, flattened. Twenty
+        // predicates, no recursion: nothing post-link ever walks a struct, a type name or the
+        // AST, so a POD covers the whole surface exactly.
+        struct TypeFacts {
+            Bool isArray = false;
+            // A runtime-sized array (a storage block's unsized trailing member) is an array
+            // that is NOT sized; GL_ARRAY_SIZE reports 0 for it.
+            Bool isSizedArray = false;
+            Bool isMatrix = false;
+            Bool isVector = false;
+            Bool isOpaque = false;
+            Bool isTexture = false;
+            Bool isImage = false;
+            Bool isDouble = false;   // getBasicType() == EbtDouble
+            Bool isVoid = false;     // getBasicType() == EbtVoid (hidden block members)
+            Bool isBuffer = false;   // getQualifier().storage == EvqBuffer
+            Bool isPatch = false;    // getQualifier().patch
+            Bool hasIndex = false;   // getQualifier().hasIndex()
+            Bool hasFormat = false;  // getQualifier().hasFormat()
+            Int vectorSize = 0;
+            Int matrixCols = 0;
+            Int matrixRows = 0;
+            Int layoutIndex = 0;     // getQualifier().layoutIndex
+            Uint layoutFormat = 0;   // getQualifier().getFormat()
+            // glslang::TLayoutMatrix, widened. For a uniform this is already RESOLVED against
+            // the owning block's qualifier, so the getUniformBlock() fallback the old
+            // accessors carried is gone.
+            Int layoutMatrix = 0;
+            // glslang::TBasicType, widened - ApplyUniformInitialValues and the typed
+            // glGetUniform* paths compare against a handful of enumerators.
+            Int basicType = 0;
+        };
+
+        // One glslang::TObjectReflection, flattened. Used for uniforms, blocks, pipe inputs
+        // and pipe outputs alike, because glslang reflects all four as TObjectReflection.
+        struct ResourceReflection {
+            String name;
+            GLenum glDefineType = 0;
+            Int offset = -1;
+            // TObjectReflection::size, RAW. For a uniform prefer `arraySize` below, which is
+            // the resolved GL_UNIFORM_SIZE answer.
+            Int size = 0;
+            // TObjectReflection::index - for a uniform, the TPROGRAM block index owning it
+            // (-1 for a default-block one; translate with GlBlockIndexFromTProgram).
+            Int index = -1;
+            Int counterIndex = -1;
+            Int arrayStride = 0;
+            Int topLevelArraySize = 0;
+            Int topLevelArrayStride = 0;
+            Int binding = -1;
+            Int location = -1; // layoutLocation()
+            // EShLanguageMask of the stages that reference it; 0 means "declared but read by
+            // nobody", which is what the dead-default-block-uniform filter tests.
+            Uint32 stages = 0;
+            // GL_UNIFORM_SIZE / GL_ARRAY_SIZE, already resolved through the
+            // isSizedArray()/getOuterArraySize()/size fallback.
+            GLint arraySize = 1;
+            TypeFacts type;
+        };
+
+        using UniformReflection = ResourceReflection;
+        using BlockReflection = ResourceReflection;
+        using PipeInputReflection = ResourceReflection;
+        using PipeOutputReflection = ResourceReflection;
+
         ProgramObject(Uint externalIndex) : m_externalIndex(externalIndex), m_lifetimeId(AllocateLifetimeId()) {}
         // Cancel-not-join, exactly like ~ShaderObject: the link job owns its inputs, so an
         // in-flight link whose program just went away is safe to abandon where it stands.
@@ -76,6 +155,46 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         // The last link's full input set; empty when this program has never linked (or its
         // last link had no shaders attached). GL-thread-owned, rebuilt in Link()'s prologue.
         const Vector<LinkedShaderRef>& GetLinkedShaderSnapshot() const { return m_linkedShaderSnapshot; }
+        // "Does this program's EXECUTABLE have this stage" - the only form of the question a
+        // draw may ask. GetShaderIndexByStage answers it of the live attach list, which by the
+        // rule above is a different set: glAttachShader adds to that list immediately while
+        // leaving the executable (and LINK_STATUS) alone, and glDetachShader defers the removal
+        // to the next Link(), so between an attach and the relink the two disagree in both
+        // directions. A draw-time stage test that reads the live list therefore starts rejecting
+        // draws GL requires to execute, against an executable that does not carry the stage at
+        // all - and stays wrong until the application happens to relink.
+        Bool HasLinkedShaderStage(ShaderStage stage) const {
+            return std::any_of(m_linkedShaderSnapshot.begin(), m_linkedShaderSnapshot.end(),
+                               [stage](const LinkedShaderRef& ref) {
+                                   return ref.shader && ref.shader->GetShaderStage() == stage;
+                               });
+        }
+        // The stage of each module of GetGeneratedSpirv(), at the SAME index and with the same
+        // size: phase B emits exactly one module per entry of the snapshot above, in that order
+        // (Link() fills ProgramLinkTask::in.shaders from the snapshot loop, phase A copies the
+        // stages straight across into SpirvHandoff::shaderTypes, and GetSpirvBinaryFromProgram
+        // walks that list). This - never GetAttachedShaders() - is what a consumer of the
+        // generated SPIR-V must size its loop by and index alongside.
+        //
+        // The two lists are NOT interchangeable and cannot be made so: the attach list is live
+        // and the SPIR-V is a link artifact, so a glAttachShader after a link grows one and not
+        // the other, with no link in between at which they could be reconciled. A loop that runs
+        // over the attach list and indexes the SPIR-V therefore reads off the end of it - which
+        // is a plain out-of-bounds Vector read, not a wrong answer.
+        //
+        // Deliberately a Vector<ShaderStage> and not the shader objects: every consumer wants
+        // only the stage, and a distinct type is what makes handing it the attach list by
+        // mistake a compile error rather than a segfault. Built on demand because these callers
+        // are program-BUILD paths (a backend rebuild, a pipeline cache miss), each of which then
+        // spends milliseconds compiling the very modules this indexes.
+        Vector<ShaderStage> GetLinkedShaderStages() const {
+            Vector<ShaderStage> stages;
+            stages.reserve(m_linkedShaderSnapshot.size());
+            for (const LinkedShaderRef& ref : m_linkedShaderSnapshot) {
+                stages.push_back(ref.shader ? ref.shader->GetShaderStage() : ShaderStage::Unknown);
+            }
+            return stages;
+        }
         // Pipeline-composite attach: AttachShader plus a pin that makes THIS program's
         // Link() consume ref's (source, node) instead of the shader's current ones, so a
         // post-link recompile of the stage program's shader cannot leak into the composite.
@@ -134,8 +253,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             const Int index = Artifacts().uniformIndexInTProgram[base];
             // "[k]" only addresses arrays ("scalar[0]" is not a uniform name), and only
             // in-range elements.
-            const glslang::TType* type = Artifacts().program->getUniform(index).getType();
+            if (!UniformAt(index).type.isArray) return -1;
-            if (type == nullptr || !type->isArray()) return -1;
             if (static_cast<GLint>(element) >= GetUniformArraySizeByTIndex(index)) return -1;
             const Int location = base + (Int)element;
             if (!UniformLocationsAliasSameUniform(base, location)) return -1;
@@ -161,12 +279,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             if (tIndex < 0 || tIndex >= static_cast<Int>(Artifacts().tProgramUniformIndexToGl.size())) return -1;
             return Artifacts().tProgramUniformIndexToGl[tIndex];
         }
-        // GL uniform-block index -> glslang TProgram block index (the inverse of
+        // Block index -> glslang TProgram block index (the inverse of
         // GlBlockIndexFromTProgram). The interface-query layer needs it to reach block
         // properties glslang exposes but no typed getter here does.
-        Int TProgramBlockIndex(Uint glBlockIndex) const {
+        Int TProgramBlockIndex(Uint blockIndex) const {
-            return glBlockIndex < Artifacts().glBlockIndexToTProgram.size()
+            return blockIndex < Artifacts().glBlockIndexToTProgram.size()
-                ? Artifacts().glBlockIndexToTProgram[glBlockIndex]
+                ? Artifacts().glBlockIndexToTProgram[blockIndex]
                 : -1;
         }
         Int GlBlockIndexFromTProgram(Int tBlockIndex) const {
@@ -174,45 +292,74 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             return Artifacts().tProgramBlockIndexToGl[tBlockIndex];
         }
 
+        // ---- GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK index <-> block index translation ----
+        // The block index space above carries the storage blocks and the synthesized atomic
+        // counter blocks as well; GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_BLOCKS counts only actual uniform blocks
+        // (GL 4.6 core 7.6). Every glGetActiveUniformBlock* / glGetUniformBlockIndex /
+        // glUniformBlockBinding entry point speaks THIS space and translates into the block
+        // space before touching any of the block-keyed tables; the backends keep speaking the
+        // block space directly. See LinkArtifacts::glUniformBlockIndexToBlock.
+        Int GetGlUniformBlockCount() const {
+            return static_cast<Int>(Artifacts().glUniformBlockIndexToBlock.size());
+        }
+        Bool IsActiveGlUniformBlock(Uint glUniformBlockIndex) const {
+            return glUniformBlockIndex < Artifacts().glUniformBlockIndexToBlock.size();
+        }
+        Int BlockIndexFromGlUniformBlock(Uint glUniformBlockIndex) const {
+            return glUniformBlockIndex < Artifacts().glUniformBlockIndexToBlock.size()
+                ? Artifacts().glUniformBlockIndexToBlock[glUniformBlockIndex]
+                : -1;
+        }
+        Int GlUniformBlockIndexFromBlock(Int blockIndex) const {
+            if (blockIndex < 0 || blockIndex >= static_cast<Int>(Artifacts().blockIndexToGlUniformBlock.size())) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            return Artifacts().blockIndexToGlUniformBlock[blockIndex];
+        }
+        // glGetUniformBlockIndex: GL_INVALID_INDEX for a name that is not an active UNIFORM
+        // block, which includes every storage block and every atomic counter block even though
+        // GetUniformBlockIndex() below resolves them (it answers in the block space, which the
+        // backends need to keep reaching them by name).
+        Uint GetGlUniformBlockIndex(const char* name) const {
+            const Uint blockIndex = GetUniformBlockIndex(name);
+            if (blockIndex == 0xFFFFFFFFu) return 0xFFFFFFFFu;
+            const Int glIndex = GlUniformBlockIndexFromBlock(static_cast<Int>(blockIndex));
+            return glIndex < 0 ? 0xFFFFFFFFu : static_cast<Uint>(glIndex);
+        }
+
         Int GetActiveUniformIndex(const String& name) const {
-            const Int tProgramCount = static_cast<Int>(Artifacts().tProgramUniformIndexToGl.size());
+            // uniformIndexByName is keyed by the REFLECTED name, so a lookup that hits is
-            const Int uniformIndex = Artifacts().program->getUniformIndex(name.c_str());
+            // already the exact-match the old code re-verified with a string compare after
-            if (uniformIndex >= 0 && uniformIndex < tProgramCount &&
+            // glslang's getUniformIndex(); a lookup that misses needs no bounds check.
-                Artifacts().program->getUniform(uniformIndex).name == name) {
+            const auto& byName = Artifacts().uniformIndexByName;
-                return GlUniformIndexFromTProgram(uniformIndex);
+            if (const auto direct = byName.find(name); direct != byName.end()) {
+                return GlUniformIndexFromTProgram(direct->second);
             }
 
             // Reflection stores an array uniform under "arr[0]"; accept the bare "arr"
             // spelling too. The reverse ("arr[0]" against a bare "arr" entry) is kept for
             // robustness against non-suffixed reflection entries.
             if (!name.empty() && name.back() != ']') {
-                const String suffixedName = name + "[0]";
+                const auto suffixed = byName.find(name + "[0]");
-                const Int suffixedIndex = Artifacts().program->getUniformIndex(suffixedName.c_str());
+                return suffixed != byName.end() ? GlUniformIndexFromTProgram(suffixed->second) : -1;
-                if (suffixedIndex >= 0 && suffixedIndex < tProgramCount &&
-                    Artifacts().program->getUniform(suffixedIndex).name == suffixedName) {
-                    return GlUniformIndexFromTProgram(suffixedIndex);
-                }
-                return -1;
             }
 
             if (name.length() <= 3 || name.compare(name.length() - 3, 3, "[0]") != 0) return -1;
-            const String baseName = name.substr(0, name.length() - 3);
+            const auto base = byName.find(name.substr(0, name.length() - 3));
-            const Int baseIndex = Artifacts().program->getUniformIndex(baseName.c_str());
+            return base != byName.end() ? GlUniformIndexFromTProgram(base->second) : -1;
-            if (baseIndex < 0 || baseIndex >= tProgramCount) return -1;
-            return Artifacts().program->getUniform(baseIndex).name == baseName ? GlUniformIndexFromTProgram(baseIndex)
-                                                                     : -1;
         }
 
         Bool IsValidUniformLocation(Int location) const { return IsValidUniformLocation(Artifacts(), location); }
 
         GLenum GetUniformType(Uint location) const {
-            auto& uniform = Artifacts().program->getUniform(Artifacts().uniformIndexInTProgram[location]);
+            return UniformAt(Artifacts().uniformIndexInTProgram[location]).glDefineType;
-            return uniform.glDefineType;
         }
 
         GLenum GetActiveUniformType(Uint index) const {
-            auto& uniform = Artifacts().program->getUniform(TProgramUniformIndex(index));
+            // The lowered counter is a plain uint inside a synthesized block; what the GL
-            return uniform.glDefineType;
+            // client declared - and what glGetActiveUniform must report - is an atomic_uint.
+            if (IsActiveUniformAtomicCounter(index)) return GL_UNSIGNED_INT_ATOMIC_COUNTER;
+            return UniformAt(TProgramUniformIndex(index)).glDefineType;
         }
 
         // Number of active array elements (GL_UNIFORM_SIZE / GL_ARRAY_SIZE); 1 for a non-array.
@@ -228,17 +375,73 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             return GetUniformArraySizeByTIndex(TProgramUniformIndex(index));
         }
 
-        Int GetActiveUniformBlockIndex(Uint index) const {
+        // The BLOCK index of the block owning this active uniform, or -1 when it owns none as
-            auto& uniform = Artifacts().program->getUniform(TProgramUniformIndex(index));
+        // far as GL is concerned. Internal: pair it with another block-space index, never with
+        // a GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK one (GetActiveUniformBlockIndex below is that one).
+        Int GetActiveUniformOwnerBlockIndex(Uint index) const {
+            // An atomic counter is a DEFAULT-BLOCK uniform to GL, whatever block the
+            // transpiler lowered it onto (GL 4.6 core 7.6, table 7.6): -1.
+            if (IsActiveUniformAtomicCounter(index)) return -1;
             // Members of the synthesized global UBO are default-block uniforms to GL: -1.
-            return GlBlockIndexFromTProgram(uniform.index);
+            return GlBlockIndexFromTProgram(UniformAt(TProgramUniformIndex(index)).index);
+        }
+
+        // GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_INDEX: an index into the GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_BLOCKS list, or -1. A
+        // buffer variable owns a storage block, which is not in that list, so it answers -1 too
+        // (and after the enumeration filter it is not an active uniform in the first place).
+        Int GetActiveUniformBlockIndex(Uint index) const {
+            return GlUniformBlockIndexFromBlock(GetActiveUniformOwnerBlockIndex(index));
+        }
+
+        // The transpiler lowers every atomic_uint onto a synthesized gl_AtomicCounterBlock_N
+        // block, but GL keeps seeing an atomic counter as a default-block uniform of type
+        // GL_UNSIGNED_INT_ATOMIC_COUNTER that points at an atomic-counter BUFFER. These two
+        // answer for that GL-level declaration; without them the query surface reports the
+        // lowering instead (GL_UNSIGNED_INT, block index 0) and
+        // KHR-GL43.shader_atomic_counters.basic-program-query fails on both.
+        //
+        // The returned value is an index into the GL_ACTIVE_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFERS list, i.e.
+        // the RANK of the owning counter block among the counter blocks in glslang's block
+        // order - exactly how ProgramInterface numbers the GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER
+        // resources glGetActiveAtomicCounterBufferiv answers from. -1 when this uniform is
+        // not an atomic counter.
+        // Answered from the OWNED reflection snapshot, never from Artifacts().program. This
+        // arrived reading the live TProgram, which is null for every program served from the
+        // translation cache's L1 - and unlike the other query-surface accessors that made the
+        // same mistake, this one DEREFERENCES it, so the second program built from a given set
+        // of sources would have taken the process down rather than answered wrongly. The
+        // snapshot carries the same three facts in the same TPROGRAM index space:
+        // getUniform(i).index -> UniformAt(i).index, getNumUniformBlocks() ->
+        // blockReflection.size(), getUniformBlock(i).name -> BlockAt(i).name.
+        Int GetActiveUniformAtomicCounterBufferIndex(Uint index) const {
+            const Int tIndex = TProgramUniformIndex(index);
+            if (tIndex < 0) return -1;
+            const Int owner = UniformAt(tIndex).index;
+            if (owner < 0) return -1;
+            const Int blockCount = static_cast<Int>(Artifacts().blockReflection.size());
+            if (owner >= blockCount) return -1;
+            const SizeT prefixLength = StringView(MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ATOMIC_COUNTER_BLOCK_PREFIX).size();
+            Int counterBufferIndex = 0;
+            for (Int i = 0; i < blockCount; ++i) {
+                const auto& blockName = BlockAt(i).name;
+                if (blockName.compare(0, prefixLength, MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ATOMIC_COUNTER_BLOCK_PREFIX) != 0) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (i == owner) return counterBufferIndex;
+                ++counterBufferIndex;
+            }
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        Bool IsActiveUniformAtomicCounter(Uint index) const {
+            return GetActiveUniformAtomicCounterBufferIndex(index) >= 0;
         }
 
         // GL_UNIFORM_OFFSET: byte offset within the owning named block; -1 for a default-block
         // uniform. The relaxed parse gives global-UBO members real byte offsets, but GL must keep
         // seeing them as default-block uniforms, so gate on the GL-visible block index.
         GLint GetActiveUniformOffset(Uint index) const {
-            const auto& uniform = Artifacts().program->getUniform(TProgramUniformIndex(index));
+            const auto& uniform = UniformAt(TProgramUniformIndex(index));
             if (GlBlockIndexFromTProgram(uniform.index) < 0) return -1;
             return uniform.offset;
         }
@@ -252,13 +455,19 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         // generated SPIR-V lay the array out with std140 16-byte-rounded strides. MobileGL's UBO
         // layout is always std140, where every array element stride rounds up to a vec4.
         GLint GetActiveUniformArrayStride(Uint index) const {
-            const auto& uniform = Artifacts().program->getUniform(TProgramUniformIndex(index));
+            const auto& uniform = UniformAt(TProgramUniformIndex(index));
             if (GlBlockIndexFromTProgram(uniform.index) < 0) return -1;
-            const glslang::TType* type = uniform.getType();
+            if (!uniform.type.isArray) return 0;
-            if (type == nullptr || !type->isArray()) return 0;
+            // An atomic counter reaches the std140 branch below only because the transpiler
-            if (type->isMatrix()) {
+            // lowered it onto a synthesized block; the buffer it actually addresses is an
+            // ATOMIC COUNTER buffer, whose elements are tightly packed uints (GL 4.6 core 7.6:
+            // "each counter is a single 4-byte value"). Its array stride is therefore 4, not the
+            // vec4 round-up std140 would apply
+            // (KHR-GL43.shader_atomic_counters.basic-program-query wants 4 for ac_counter67[0]).
+            if (IsActiveUniformAtomicCounter(index)) return 4;
+            if (uniform.type.isMatrix) {
                 const bool rowMajor = GetActiveUniformIsRowMajor(index) != 0;
-                const int vectors = rowMajor ? type->getMatrixRows() : type->getMatrixCols();
+                const int vectors = rowMajor ? uniform.type.matrixRows : uniform.type.matrixCols;
                 return GetActiveUniformMatrixStride(index) * vectors;
             }
             return 16; // scalars and vectors: std140 rounds the element stride up to a vec4
@@ -272,15 +481,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         // check suffices; the getUniformBlock() fallback is defensive for a config that instead leaves
         // an inheriting member's layoutMatrix == ElmNone.
         GLint GetActiveUniformIsRowMajor(Uint index) const {
-            const auto& uniform = Artifacts().program->getUniform(TProgramUniformIndex(index));
+            const auto& uniform = UniformAt(TProgramUniformIndex(index));
             if (GlBlockIndexFromTProgram(uniform.index) < 0) return 0;
-            const glslang::TType* type = uniform.getType();
+            if (!uniform.type.isMatrix) return 0;
-            if (type == nullptr || !type->isMatrix()) return 0;
+            // layoutMatrix is already resolved against the owning block's qualifier at
-            glslang::TLayoutMatrix layoutMatrix = type->getQualifier().layoutMatrix;
+            // snapshot time, so the getUniformBlock() fallback this used to carry is gone.
-            if (layoutMatrix == glslang::ElmNone) {
+            return (uniform.type.layoutMatrix == static_cast<Int>(glslang::ElmRowMajor)) ? 1 : 0;
-                layoutMatrix = Artifacts().program->getUniformBlock(uniform.index).getType()->getQualifier().layoutMatrix;
-            }
-            return (layoutMatrix == glslang::ElmRowMajor) ? 1 : 0;
         }
 
         // GL_UNIFORM_MATRIX_STRIDE: byte stride between columns (col-major) / rows (row-major) of a
@@ -290,16 +496,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         // out as std140 (packed/shared are coerced), so this matches the offsets glslang reports. For
         // every GL 3.3 float matrix this evaluates to 16, independent of majorness.
         GLint GetActiveUniformMatrixStride(Uint index) const {
-            const auto& uniform = Artifacts().program->getUniform(TProgramUniformIndex(index));
+            const auto& uniform = UniformAt(TProgramUniformIndex(index));
             if (GlBlockIndexFromTProgram(uniform.index) < 0) return -1;
-            const glslang::TType* type = uniform.getType();
+            if (!uniform.type.isMatrix) return 0;
-            if (type == nullptr || !type->isMatrix()) return 0;
+            const bool rowMajor = (uniform.type.layoutMatrix == static_cast<Int>(glslang::ElmRowMajor));
-            glslang::TLayoutMatrix layoutMatrix = type->getQualifier().layoutMatrix;
+            const int strideVectorComponents = rowMajor ? uniform.type.matrixCols : uniform.type.matrixRows;
-            if (layoutMatrix == glslang::ElmNone) {
-                layoutMatrix = Artifacts().program->getUniformBlock(uniform.index).getType()->getQualifier().layoutMatrix;
-            }
-            const bool rowMajor = (layoutMatrix == glslang::ElmRowMajor);
-            const int strideVectorComponents = rowMajor ? type->getMatrixCols() : type->getMatrixRows();
             constexpr int scalarSize = 4; // GL 3.3 core uniform matrices are float
             const int vectorAlignment = (strideVectorComponents <= 1)   ? scalarSize
                                         : (strideVectorComponents == 2) ? 2 * scalarSize
@@ -307,21 +508,39 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             return (vectorAlignment + 15) & ~15; // std140 round-up to a vec4
         }
 
-        const glslang::TType* GetUniformTType(Uint location) const {
+        // The flattened type of the uniform at `location`. This is what replaced
-            auto& uniform = Artifacts().program->getUniform(Artifacts().uniformIndexInTProgram[location]);
+        // GetUniformTType(): the same information, owned by the program instead of by a
-            return uniform.getType();
+        // glslang pool, so it stays valid for a link served from the L1 translation memo.
+        const TypeFacts& GetUniformTypeFacts(Uint location) const {
+            return UniformAt(Artifacts().uniformIndexInTProgram[location]).type;
         }
 
-        Bool IsUniformOpaqueAtLocation(Uint location) const { return GetUniformTType(location)->isOpaque(); }
+        // Replaces GetUniformTType(), which used to hand a raw glslang::TType* - into a
+        // pool the program no longer necessarily owns - out to the DirectGLES image-format
+        // bake. These are the only three things any caller ever read off it.
+        Bool UniformHasDeclaredImageFormat(Uint location) const {
+            return UniformAt(Artifacts().uniformIndexInTProgram[location]).type.hasFormat;
+        }
+        Uint GetUniformDeclaredImageFormat(Uint location) const {
+            return UniformAt(Artifacts().uniformIndexInTProgram[location]).type.layoutFormat;
+        }
+        // Matrix column count, 0 for a non-matrix. The global-UBO fallback allocator sizes a
+        // matrix slot from it.
+        Int GetUniformMatrixColumns(Uint location) const {
+            const auto& uniform = UniformAt(Artifacts().uniformIndexInTProgram[location]);
+            return uniform.type.isMatrix ? uniform.type.matrixCols : 0;
+        }
+
+        Bool IsUniformOpaqueAtLocation(Uint location) const {
+            return UniformAt(Artifacts().uniformIndexInTProgram[location]).type.isOpaque;
+        }
 
         const String& GetUniformName(Uint location) const {
-            auto& uniform = Artifacts().program->getUniform(Artifacts().uniformIndexInTProgram[location]);
+            return UniformAt(Artifacts().uniformIndexInTProgram[location]).name;
-            return uniform.name;
         }
 
         const String& GetActiveUniformName(Uint index) const {
-            auto& uniform = Artifacts().program->getUniform(TProgramUniformIndex(index));
+            return UniformAt(TProgramUniformIndex(index)).name;
-            return uniform.name;
         }
         // Sentinel for a uniform location without global-UBO backing storage (should not
         // survive linking: GenerateBinary falls back to tail-allocated scratch storage).
@@ -346,26 +565,47 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
                                                           : kInvalidUniformOffset;
         }
         Uint GetUniformSizesInBytes(Uint location) const { return MG_Util::GetGLTypeSize(GetUniformType(location)); }
-        // Bytes a uniform actually occupies in the global UBO, which is not its GL type size,
+        // std140 column stride of a matrix uniform in the global UBO: every column is padded out
-        // for two reasons. std140 pads each column of a matrix out to a vec4, so a mat3 spans
+        // to the base alignment of a vec4 for 32-bit components, and of a dvec4 for 64-bit ones -
-        // 48 bytes even though only 36 of them carry components. And every 64-bit float in a
+        // except that a 2-ROW double column is a dvec2, whose base alignment is already 16.
-        // shader is narrowed to 32 bits before the module reaches a backend
+        // (GL 4.6 core 7.6.2.2 rules 2-4; SPIRV-Cross derives the same numbers, which is what
-        // (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass) - the global UBO is laid out by reflecting that
+        // makes this agree with the reflected module.)
-        // demoted module - so a `double` uniform occupies exactly what its float-typed twin
+        static SizeT UniformMatrixColumnStride(const TypeFacts& type, const Bool nativeFloat64) {
-        // would, half its GL type size, and a `dmat4` is padded like any other matrix. Anything
+            if (type.isDouble && nativeFloat64) {
-        // reading or writing a whole uniform's storage - a bounds check, a copy between two
+                return type.matrixRows <= 2 ? 2 * sizeof(GLdouble) : 4 * sizeof(GLdouble);
-        // programs' shadows - wants this rather than GetUniformSizesInBytes.
-        static SizeT UniformStorageSpanInBytes(const glslang::TType* type, SizeT tightSize) {
-            if (type != nullptr && type->isMatrix()) {
-                return static_cast<SizeT>(type->getMatrixCols()) * 4 * sizeof(Float);
             }
-            if (type != nullptr && type->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtDouble) {
+            return 4 * sizeof(Float);
+        }
+        // Bytes a uniform actually occupies in the global UBO, which is not its GL type size,
+        // for two reasons. std140 pads each column of a matrix out to a vec4 (or a dvec4), so a
+        // mat3 spans 48 bytes even though only 36 of them carry components. And a 64-bit float
+        // may have been narrowed to 32 before the module reached the backend
+        // (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass) - the global UBO is laid out by reflecting
+        // whichever module was produced - so on a DEMOTED program a `double` uniform occupies
+        // exactly what its float-typed twin would, half its GL type size, and a `dmat4` is padded
+        // like any other 32-bit matrix. On a program that kept its doubles it occupies the full
+        // GL type size and its matrix columns are twice as far apart. `nativeFloat64` is the
+        // program's own SpirvArtifacts flag, never a live backend read: it describes the modules
+        // that were actually built. Anything reading or writing a whole uniform's storage - a
+        // bounds check, a copy between two programs' shadows - wants this rather than
+        // GetUniformSizesInBytes.
+        static SizeT UniformStorageSpanInBytes(const TypeFacts& type, SizeT tightSize,
+                                               const Bool nativeFloat64 = false) {
+            if (type.isMatrix) {
+                return static_cast<SizeT>(type.matrixCols) * UniformMatrixColumnStride(type, nativeFloat64);
+            }
+            if (type.isDouble && !nativeFloat64) {
                 return tightSize / 2;
             }
             return tightSize;
         }
+        // Whether this program's modules KEPT their 64-bit floats. Joins phase B, like every
+        // other question about the global UBO's layout - and it is one: it decides how wide a
+        // `double` uniform's slot is.
+        Bool UsesNativeFloat64() const { return Spirv().nativeFloat64; }
         SizeT GetUniformStorageSpanInBytes(Uint location) const {
-            return UniformStorageSpanInBytes(GetUniformTType(location), GetUniformSizesInBytes(location));
+            return UniformStorageSpanInBytes(GetUniformTypeFacts(location), GetUniformSizesInBytes(location),
+                                             UsesNativeFloat64());
         }
 
         // ---- "written since link": the per-location dirty set the pipeline composite mirrors from ----
@@ -476,14 +716,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             return mask;
         }
         Uint32 GetActiveFragmentOutputLocationMask() const {
-            if (!Artifacts().program) {
+            if (Artifacts().pipeOutputReflection.empty()) {
                 return 0;
             }
 
             Uint32 mask = 0;
-            const Int outputCount = Artifacts().program->getNumPipeOutputs();
+            const Int outputCount = static_cast<Int>(Artifacts().pipeOutputReflection.size());
             for (Int index = 0; index < outputCount; ++index) {
-                const Int location = static_cast<Int>(Artifacts().program->getPipeOutput(index).layoutLocation());
+                const Int location = Artifacts().pipeOutputReflection[index].location;
                 if (location >= 0 && location < 32) {
                     mask |= (1u << location);
                 }
@@ -491,38 +731,34 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             return mask;
         }
         Int GetActiveFragmentOutputCount() const {
-            return Artifacts().program ? Artifacts().program->getNumPipeOutputs() : 0;
+            return static_cast<Int>(Artifacts().pipeOutputReflection.size());
         }
         const String& GetActiveFragmentOutputName(Uint index) const {
-            MOBILEGL_ASSERT(Artifacts().program != nullptr, "ProgramObject::GetActiveFragmentOutputName: program is null");
+            MOBILEGL_ASSERT(index < static_cast<Uint>(Artifacts().pipeOutputReflection.size()),
-            MOBILEGL_ASSERT(index < static_cast<Uint>(Artifacts().program->getNumPipeOutputs()),
                             "ProgramObject::GetActiveFragmentOutputName: index=%u out of range", index);
-            return Artifacts().program->getPipeOutput(static_cast<Int>(index)).name;
+            return Artifacts().pipeOutputReflection[index].name;
         }
         Int GetFragmentOutputLocation(Uint index) const {
-            MOBILEGL_ASSERT(Artifacts().program != nullptr, "ProgramObject::GetFragmentOutputLocation: program is null");
+            MOBILEGL_ASSERT(index < static_cast<Uint>(Artifacts().pipeOutputReflection.size()),
-            MOBILEGL_ASSERT(index < static_cast<Uint>(Artifacts().program->getNumPipeOutputs()),
                             "ProgramObject::GetFragmentOutputLocation: index=%u out of range",
                             index);
-            return static_cast<Int>(Artifacts().program->getPipeOutput(static_cast<Int>(index)).layoutLocation());
+            return Artifacts().pipeOutputReflection[index].location;
         }
         GLint GetActiveFragmentOutputArraySize(Uint index) const {
-            MOBILEGL_ASSERT(Artifacts().program != nullptr, "ProgramObject::GetActiveFragmentOutputArraySize: program is null");
+            MOBILEGL_ASSERT(index < static_cast<Uint>(Artifacts().pipeOutputReflection.size()),
-            MOBILEGL_ASSERT(index < static_cast<Uint>(Artifacts().program->getNumPipeOutputs()),
                             "ProgramObject::GetActiveFragmentOutputArraySize: index=%u out of range", index);
-            return Artifacts().program->getPipeOutput(static_cast<Int>(index)).size;
+            return Artifacts().pipeOutputReflection[index].size;
         }
         GLenum GetFragmentOutputType(Uint index) const {
-            MOBILEGL_ASSERT(Artifacts().program != nullptr, "ProgramObject::GetFragmentOutputType: program is null");
+            MOBILEGL_ASSERT(index < static_cast<Uint>(Artifacts().pipeOutputReflection.size()),
-            MOBILEGL_ASSERT(index < static_cast<Uint>(Artifacts().program->getNumPipeOutputs()),
                             "ProgramObject::GetFragmentOutputType: index=%u out of range",
                             index);
-            return Artifacts().program->getPipeOutput(static_cast<Int>(index)).glDefineType;
+            return Artifacts().pipeOutputReflection[index].glDefineType;
         }
         GLenum GetAttribType(Uint index) const { return Artifacts().attribTypes[index]; }
         const String& GetAttribName(Uint index) const { return Artifacts().attribs[index]; }
-        GLenum GetActiveAttribType(Uint index) const { return Artifacts().program->getPipeInput(static_cast<Int>(index)).glDefineType; }
+        GLenum GetActiveAttribType(Uint index) const { return Artifacts().pipeInputReflection[index].glDefineType; }
-        GLint GetActiveAttribArraySize(Uint index) const { return Artifacts().program->getPipeInput(static_cast<Int>(index)).size; }
+        GLint GetActiveAttribArraySize(Uint index) const { return Artifacts().pipeInputReflection[index].size; }
         // The Vulkan-semantics parse reflects the vertex builtins under their SPIR-V names;
         // GL must keep reporting the GL spellings (glGetActiveAttrib and the program-input
         // resource queries enumerate builtins).
@@ -534,7 +770,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             return name;
         }
         const String& GetActiveAttribName(Uint index) const {
-            return NormalizeBuiltinPipeInputName(Artifacts().program->getPipeInput(static_cast<Int>(index)).name);
+            return NormalizeBuiltinPipeInputName(Artifacts().pipeInputReflection[index].name);
         }
         // PHASE B, all three (see EnsureSpirvJoined): the shadow buffer's layout is decided
         // by the OPTIMIZED SPIR-V, so it does not exist until the SPIR-V job has settled - and
@@ -627,7 +863,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             // which means the change is only honoured by regenerating the program. That
             // regeneration is gated on link-shaped versions, so without a counter that moves
             // here the new unit would never reach the driver.
-            if (const glslang::TType* type = GetUniformTType(location); type != nullptr && type->isImage()) {
+            if (GetUniformTypeFacts(location).isImage) {
                 ++m_imageUnitVersion;
             }
         }
@@ -702,23 +938,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         // SIGSEGV inside glslang::TProgram::getNumPipeInputs - KHR-GL30.api.coverage does exactly
         // this after a failed glGetAttribLocation, and reached it as soon as the CopyTexImage2D
         // throw ahead of it stopped killing the run first.
-        Int GetActiveAtomicCounterCount() const {
-            const auto& program = Artifacts().program;
-            return program ? program->getNumAtomicCounters() : 0;
-        }
         Int GetActiveAttributesCount() const {
-            const auto& program = Artifacts().program;
+            return static_cast<Int>(Artifacts().pipeInputReflection.size());
-            return program ? program->getNumPipeInputs() : 0;
         }
-        // GL-visible uniform blocks only: the synthesized MGL_GLOBAL_UBO the relaxed parse
+        // Size of the BLOCK index space - every block the relaxed parse produced except the
-        // materializes for default-block uniforms is filtered out by DoReflection.
+        // synthesized MGL_GLOBAL_UBO, which DoReflection filters out. NOT the answer to
+        // glGetProgramiv(GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_BLOCKS): storage blocks and atomic counter blocks
+        // live in here too, and GetGlUniformBlockCount() is the one that excludes them.
         Int GetActiveUniformBlocksCount() const { return static_cast<Int>(Artifacts().glBlockIndexToTProgram.size()); }
         GLuint GetComputeLocalSize(Uint dim) const {
-            const auto& program = Artifacts().program;
+            return dim < 3u ? Artifacts().computeLocalSize[dim] : 0u;
-            return program ? program->getLocalSize(static_cast<Int>(dim)) : 0;
         }
         Int GetActiveAttributesMaxLength() const { return Artifacts().attribInNameMaxLength; }
         Int GetActiveUniformBlocksMaxNameLength() const { return Artifacts().uniformBlockNameMaxLength; }
+        // Answers in the BLOCK space, so it resolves storage and atomic counter blocks too -
+        // the backends reach those by name. glGetUniformBlockIndex must NOT: use
+        // GetGlUniformBlockIndex() for the GL entry point.
         Uint GetUniformBlockIndex(const char* name) const {
             auto it = Artifacts().uniformBlockIndexByName.find(name);
             if (it != Artifacts().uniformBlockIndexByName.end()) return it->second;
@@ -729,21 +964,20 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             if (it != Artifacts().uniformBlockIndexByName.end()) return it->second;
             return 0xFFFFFFFFu; // GL_INVALID_INDEX
         }
-        Bool IsActiveUniformBlock(Uint index) const {
+        // Takes a BLOCK index. The GL entry points validate their argument against the
-            if (index >= GetActiveUniformBlocksCount()) return false;
+        // GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK space with IsActiveGlUniformBlock() first and translate; the bound
-            return true;
+        // test here is only the range of the space this index actually lives in.
-        }
         Uint GetUBOSizeAt(Uint index) const {
-            if (!IsActiveUniformBlock(index)) return 0;
+            if (index >= Artifacts().glBlockIndexToTProgram.size()) return 0;
             // glslang reports the unpadded end offset of the last member, but a std140 block
             // (like a std140 struct) occupies a vec4-rounded size, and that is what the
             // backend compiles: ES drivers reject draws whose bound UBO range is smaller
             // than the block (a block ending in ivec3 reported 12 while the driver needs 16).
-            return (Artifacts().program->getUniformBlock(Artifacts().glBlockIndexToTProgram[index]).size + 15u) & ~15u;
+            return (static_cast<Uint>(BlockAt(Artifacts().glBlockIndexToTProgram[index]).size) + 15u) & ~15u;
         }
 
         const String& GetUniformBlockName(Uint index) const {
-            auto& ubo = Artifacts().program->getUniformBlock(Artifacts().glBlockIndexToTProgram[index]);
+            const auto& ubo = BlockAt(Artifacts().glBlockIndexToTProgram[index]);
             return ubo.name;
         }
 
@@ -764,17 +998,20 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         // fills GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_INDICES, so the two queries always agree
         // (glslang's numMembers counts declared members, which diverges from the reflected
         // entry list for struct arrays and arrayed block instances).
+        // Takes a BLOCK index, and scans in the block space: GetUniformBlockMemberOwnerIndex
+        // answers there, so pairing it with the GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK-space
+        // GetActiveUniformBlockIndex would compare two different numberings.
         Int GetUniformBlockActiveUniformCount(Uint index) const {
             const Int ownerIndex = static_cast<Int>(GetUniformBlockMemberOwnerIndex(index));
             Int count = 0;
             for (Uint uniformIndex = 0; uniformIndex < Artifacts().activeUniformCount; ++uniformIndex) {
-                if (GetActiveUniformBlockIndex(uniformIndex) == ownerIndex) ++count;
+                if (GetActiveUniformOwnerBlockIndex(uniformIndex) == ownerIndex) ++count;
             }
             return count;
         }
 
         Bool IsUniformBlockReferencedByStage(Uint index, EShLanguage stage) const {
-            const auto& ubo = Artifacts().program->getUniformBlock(Artifacts().glBlockIndexToTProgram[index]);
+            const auto& ubo = BlockAt(Artifacts().glBlockIndexToTProgram[index]);
             const auto stageMask = static_cast<EShLanguageMask>(1 << stage);
             return (ubo.stages & stageMask) != 0;
         }
@@ -855,8 +1092,6 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         // (MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/ProgramInterface.cpp), which has to enumerate buffer
         // blocks, buffer variables, atomic counters and per-stage reference masks. Null
         // until a link has succeeded. Read through the join gate like everything else.
-        const glslang::TProgram* GetReflection() const { return Artifacts().program.get(); }
-
         Int GetShaderIndexByStage(ShaderStage stage) const {
             auto it = std::find_if(m_shaders.begin(), m_shaders.end(), [stage](const SharedPtr<ShaderObject>& shader) {
                 return shader->GetShaderStage() == stage;
@@ -909,9 +1144,50 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         // what makes "every read of link output joins the pending link" a property the
         // compiler checks rather than a review item - a new reader cannot spell the field
         // without going through the gate.
+        // ---- the owned mirror of glslang's reflection ----
+        //
+        // WHY THIS EXISTS. Every GL query about a linked program used to be answered by
+        // asking the live glslang::TProgram - program->getUniform(i).getType()->isMatrix()
+        // and friends. That made the TProgram part of the program's PERMANENT state, which
+        // in turn made the whole front end (parse + link) unskippable: the L1 shader
+        // translation memo could hand back the SPIR-V but the reflection still had to be
+        // rebuilt from a freshly parsed AST.
+        //
+        // These three tables are a snapshot of everything the query surface ever reads off
+        // the TProgram, in PLAIN OWNED VALUES - no TType*, no TString, nothing pointing into
+        // a glslang pool. Taken once at the tail of DoReflection (SnapshotGlslangReflection),
+        // they are copyable, immutable after the link, and safe to memoize and share between
+        // ProgramObjects and threads. Once they are filled, `program` is dead weight to
+        // everything except DoReflection itself.
+        //
+        // INDEXED BY TPROGRAM INDEX, deliberately: that is the space uniformIndexInTProgram,
+        // glUniformIndexToTProgram and tProgramUniformIndexToGl already speak, so every
+        // accessor that used to call program->getUniform(i) indexes uniformReflection[i]
+        // instead, unchanged in every other respect.
+
         struct LinkArtifacts {
+            // Live only between LinkProgram() and the end of DoReflection. Everything after
+            // that reads the owned mirror below; a link served from the L1 memo never
+            // constructs one at all, so this is null for such a program and MUST NOT be
+            // dereferenced outside DoReflection.
             SharedPtr<glslang::TProgram> program;
 
+            // The owned reflection snapshot. Indexed by TProgram index; see the structs above.
+            Vector<UniformReflection> uniformReflection;
+            Vector<BlockReflection> blockReflection;
+            Vector<PipeInputReflection> pipeInputReflection;
+            Vector<PipeOutputReflection> pipeOutputReflection;
+            // Program-level scalars glslang answers off the linked intermediates.
+            // Whether the program's LAST stage is the fragment stage. A color number - and so a
+            // color index - exists only there; a separable tess/geometry/vertex program's
+            // outputs are varyings and must report -1 (KHR-GL43.program_interface_query.
+            // separate-programs-tess-control).
+            Bool lastStageIsFragment = false;
+            Array<GLuint, 3> computeLocalSize{};
+            // Replaces program->getUniformIndex(name). Maps the reflected name to its
+            // TProgram uniform index.
+            UnorderedMap<String, Int> uniformIndexByName;
+
             // Attributes (Vertex in)
             Vector<String> attribs;
             Vector<GLenum> attribTypes;
@@ -928,9 +1204,32 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             Vector<Int> tProgramUniformIndexToGl;
             Vector<Int> glBlockIndexToTProgram;
             Vector<Int> tProgramBlockIndexToGl;
-            // Per-link merged snapshot of the attached shaders' lexically extracted
+            // GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK index space: ACTUAL uniform blocks only, a strict subsequence of
-            // layout(location = N) default-block uniform qualifiers (the relaxed parse drops
+            // glBlockIndexToTProgram above.
-            // them from reflection; the DoReflection assigner restores them from here).
+            //
+            // That list is the BLOCK space - everything the relaxed parse produced except
+            // MGL_GLOBAL_UBO - and it is what the backends walk and what every block-keyed table
+            // here (uniformBlockBinding, uniformBlockIndexByName, blockReflection ordering) is
+            // indexed by. It is NOT the GL uniform-block list: MobileGL does not pass
+            // EShReflectionSeparateBuffers to buildReflection, so glslang routes BUFFER blocks
+            // through indexToUniformBlock too, and the list therefore also carries every shader
+            // storage block and every synthesized gl_AtomicCounterBlock_N. GL 4.6 core 7.6 gives
+            // those their own enumerations (GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCK and
+            // GL_ACTIVE_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFERS respectively), and GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_BLOCKS /
+            // glGetActiveUniformBlock*/glGetUniformBlockIndex must not see either.
+            //
+            // Kept as a SECOND space rather than filtering the first in place: DirectGLES assigns
+            // one ESSL uniform-buffer binding point per entry of the block list as it walks it
+            // (Managers.cpp CacheResourceLocations and the matching per-draw loop in
+            // DirectGLES.cpp), so compacting that list would renumber every backend binding
+            // point, and tProgramBlockIndexToGl[i] < 0 is what DoReflection and
+            // BuildGlobalUboRouting read as "member of the synthesized global UBO".
+            Vector<Int> glUniformBlockIndexToBlock; // GL uniform-block index -> block index
+            Vector<Int> blockIndexToGlUniformBlock; // block index -> GL uniform-block index (-1)
+            // Per-link merged snapshot of the layout(location = N) qualifiers the attached
+            // shaders' default-block uniforms declared, as glslang recorded them at the point
+            // its relaxed remap dropped them (the relaxed parse drops them from reflection; the
+            // DoReflection assigner restores them from here).
             UnorderedMap<String, Int> linkedExplicitUniformLocations;
             // Per-link snapshot of the default-block uniform INITIALIZERS the attached shaders
             // declared ("uniform int i = 1;"). Desktop GLSL says that value is what the uniform
@@ -955,6 +1254,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             Vector<Int> uniformIndexInTProgram;
             // ditto. Will be set at glUniform1i
             Vector<Int> uniformSamplerOrImageUnitIndex;
+            // Sampler/image layout(binding = N) initial texture/image units, captured by
+            // TMglGlslIoResolver at mapIO's collect callback - the last point at which the
+            // qualifier still says what the shader declared. An OUTPUT of the link, not an
+            // input to it: nothing supplies this map, the resolver fills it.
             UnorderedMap<String, Uint> explicitOpaqueUniformBindings;
 
             // Ordered by uniform block index
@@ -969,7 +1272,21 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             Vector<Int> uniformBlockBinding;
             // glShaderStorageBlockBinding overrides, keyed by GL block name. See
             // SetShaderStorageBlockBinding for why this one is by name and not by index.
+            //
+            // ALSO SEEDED AT LINK, by ProgramLinkTask::SeedDefaultStorageBlockBindings, with the
+            // GL-mandated binding 0 for every storage block whose shader declared no
+            // layout(binding = N). Those blocks have no other way to be told apart from a block
+            // that declared one: glslang's IO mapper invents a binding and writes it into the
+            // qualifier, so the reflection reports the invention. A seed is therefore "GL's
+            // default binding for this block", and a later glShaderStorageBlockBinding simply
+            // overwrites it - default and rebind travel one path.
             UnorderedMap<String, Int> shaderStorageBlockBinding;
+            // Block type names of the storage blocks the program's shaders declared with NO
+            // layout(binding = N). Input to the seeding above; filled during mapIO by
+            // TMglGlslIoResolver, which is the last observer that can still tell a declared
+            // binding from an invented one - and, unlike the per-shader lexer this replaced,
+            // sees the declaration with its macros expanded.
+            std::set<String> storageBlocksWithoutBinding;
 
             Uint activeUniformCount = 0;
             Uint maxUniformLocation = 0;
@@ -1027,6 +1344,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             // not drawable, which the backends already express through their link-status
             // gates.
             Bool spirvStatus = false;
+            // Whether these modules KEPT their 64-bit floats instead of being narrowed to 32
+            // (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass). Decided per PROGRAM, never per module - the
+            // global UBO is one buffer all stages read, so two stages disagreeing about whether a
+            // `uniform double` occupies 4 or 8 bytes would put every uniform after it at a
+            // different offset in each. Recorded here rather than re-derived from the backend
+            // because it is the layout THESE modules were built with: it is what the routing
+            // table's offsets mean, and glUniform*d / glGetUniform*v have to write and read the
+            // width the shader actually declares.
+            Bool nativeFloat64 = false;
         };
 
         // ---- artifacts-only helpers, shared with ProgramLinkTask ----
@@ -1042,6 +1368,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         // ordering is explicit and nothing is exempt.
         static void ResetLinkArtifacts(LinkArtifacts& artifacts);
 
+        // The owned reflection snapshot, for the program-interface query layer. Replaces
+        // GetReflection(), which handed out the live glslang::TProgram - the last thing that
+        // forced a linked program to keep its parse alive.
+        const LinkArtifacts& GetLinkReflection() const {
+            EnsureLinkJoined();
+            return Artifacts();
+        }
+
         static Bool IsValidUniformLocation(const LinkArtifacts& artifacts, Int location) {
             if (location < 0 || location > static_cast<Int>(artifacts.maxUniformLocation)) return false;
             if (static_cast<SizeT>(location) >= artifacts.uniformIndexInTProgram.size()) return false;
@@ -1057,12 +1391,24 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         // for both. GL 3.3 core uniforms are always sized. Takes a TProgram uniform index (the space
         // the artifacts' uniformIndexInTProgram stores).
         static GLint GetUniformArraySizeByTIndex(const LinkArtifacts& artifacts, Int tIndex) {
-            const auto& uniform = artifacts.program->getUniform(tIndex);
+            return UniformAtIn(artifacts, tIndex).arraySize;
-            const glslang::TType* type = uniform.getType();
+        }
-            if (type != nullptr && type->isSizedArray()) {
+
-                return type->getOuterArraySize();
+        // Bounds-checked mirror lookup. Out of range yields a default-constructed entry
+        // rather than UB, which is the same shape the phase-B getters use: a program whose
+        // reflection is missing must stay answerable, not crash the query surface.
+        static const UniformReflection& UniformAtIn(const LinkArtifacts& artifacts, Int tIndex) {
+            static const UniformReflection kEmpty;
+            if (tIndex < 0 || static_cast<SizeT>(tIndex) >= artifacts.uniformReflection.size()) return kEmpty;
+            return artifacts.uniformReflection[tIndex];
+        }
+        const UniformReflection& UniformAt(Int tIndex) const { return UniformAtIn(Artifacts(), tIndex); }
+        const BlockReflection& BlockAt(Int tBlockIndex) const {
+            static const BlockReflection kEmpty;
+            if (tBlockIndex < 0 || static_cast<SizeT>(tBlockIndex) >= Artifacts().blockReflection.size()) {
+                return kEmpty;
             }
-            return uniform.size < 1 ? 1 : uniform.size;
+            return Artifacts().blockReflection[tBlockIndex];
         }
 
         // Blocks until a pending link has published its artifacts. Public because a few call

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramSpirvTask.cpp

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 #include <MG_Util/Async/ShaderCompilePool.h>
 #include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/ShaderCompiler.h>
 #include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpvcSession.h>
+#include <MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramTranslationCache.h>
+#include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/TranslationCache.h>
 #include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/Types.h>
 
 #include <cstring>
@@ -95,18 +97,39 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         // and `diagnostics`, and this node is the sole reader of the handoff.
         ProgramLinkTask::SpirvHandoff& handoff = m_phaseA->spirvHandoff;
         const Uint externalIndex = m_phaseA->in.externalIndex;
-        if (!handoff.ready || !handoff.reflection.program) {
+        if (!handoff.ready) {
             // Phase A did not reach its tail (it failed the link, or was cancelled mid-body).
             // Publish nothing; spirvStatus stays false.
             return;
         }
+        // A TProgram is required only to GENERATE. A link served from the L1 memo has none by
+        // construction - that is the entire point of the widened payload - and its SPIR-V and
+        // routing tables arrive ready-made in cachedSpirv.
+        if (!handoff.cachedSpirv && !handoff.reflection.program) return;
+
+        // An L1 hit already carries everything this phase would have produced. Publish it
+        // and stop: no GlslangToSpv, no spirv-opt, no routing pass.
+        if (handoff.cachedSpirv) {
+            artifacts = *handoff.cachedSpirv;
+            MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: L1 cache hit - %zu SPIR-V module(s) and the global-UBO "
+                    "routing reused",
+                    externalIndex, artifacts.generatedSpirv.size());
+            return;
+        }
 
         MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: Starting SPIR-V generation", externalIndex);
         const Bool deferOutputValidationForDirectVulkan =
             m_phaseA->in.env != nullptr && m_phaseA->in.env->backend == BackendType::DirectVulkan;
         const Bool enableSpirvValidation = m_phaseA->in.enableSpirvValidation;
         artifacts.enableSpirvValidation = enableSpirvValidation;
-        GenerateSpirv(handoff, externalIndex, deferOutputValidationForDirectVulkan, enableSpirvValidation);
+        // Whether this backend consumes 64-bit floats itself. Read off the SNAPSHOT, like every
+        // other environment question this node asks: a worker may not touch
+        // MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject, and the answer has to be the one the L1 key was built
+        // with (ProgramLinkTask::BuildSpirvCacheKey reads the same env) or a memo written under
+        // one answer could be handed back under the other.
+        const Bool nativeFloat64 = m_phaseA->in.env != nullptr && m_phaseA->in.env->ConsumesFloat64Natively();
+        GenerateSpirv(handoff, externalIndex, deferOutputValidationForDirectVulkan, enableSpirvValidation,
+                      nativeFloat64);
         // GlslangToSpv was the only consumer of the parsed ASTs; everything after this point
         // works on the SPIR-V and on the TProgram's own self-contained reflection pool. Drop
         // them here rather than at the end of the body, which is ~87% of this node's runtime
@@ -117,13 +140,18 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         //   * CAS-LOSER shaders (the re-parse in ShaderCompileTask::ClaimParsedShader, i.e.
         //     the 2nd..Nth link of a shared shader): freed here in full. The handoff is their
         //     ONLY owner.
-        //   * CAS-WINNER shaders (the common case - one shader object linked into one
+        //   * L1c-HIT shaders (the compile published a verdict and never parsed, so the parse
-        //     program, which is every program of an Iris pack load): NOT freed here. The
+        //     was made on demand by ClaimParsedShader): freed here in full, exactly like a
-        //     winner branch returns a COPY of ShaderCompileTask::artifacts.shader
+        //     CAS loser and for the same reason - the handoff is their only owner. This
-        //     (ShaderCompileTask.cpp:320) and the node never releases its own reference, while
+        //     category did not exist before the translation memo's compile half, and it makes
-        //     phase A holds that node through in.shaders[i].compiled for its whole life - and
+        //     the clear below strictly more effective than the paragraph below describes.
-        //     phase A lives until PhaseAReleaser fires at the end of this body. So the
+        //   * CAS-WINNER shaders (one shader object linked into one program, whose compile
-        //     refcount goes 2 -> 1 here and the arena dies where it would have died anyway.
+        //     MISSED L1c and therefore stored its parse): NOT freed here. The winner branch
+        //     returns a COPY of ShaderCompileTask::artifacts.shader and the node never
+        //     releases its own reference, while phase A holds that node through
+        //     in.shaders[i].compiled for its whole life - and phase A lives until
+        //     PhaseAReleaser fires at the end of this body. So the refcount goes 2 -> 1 here
+        //     and the arena dies where it would have died anyway.
         //
         // Making it free the winner's arena too means releasing whatever pins the TShader
         // inside the compile node, and neither obvious route is safe as a drive-by: moving out
@@ -137,13 +165,30 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
 
         MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: Building global-UBO routing tables", externalIndex);
         BuildGlobalUboRouting(handoff, externalIndex);
+
+        // The completed front end goes into the L1 memo HERE, where both halves exist: phase
+        // A's LinkArtifacts (carried in the handoff) and this phase's SpirvArtifacts.
+        //
+        // Only a clean run is memoized. A failed optimizer run leaves a module as whatever the
+        // chain got to before it gave up, and that is exactly the binary no other program
+        // should ever be handed.
+        if (artifacts.spirvStatus && handoff.spirvCacheKey.Valid() && handoff.linkArtifactsForCache) {
+            auto payload = MakeShared<ProgramTranslationResult>();
+            payload->link = *handoff.linkArtifactsForCache;
+            payload->link.program.reset(); // belt and braces: never memoize a glslang arena
+            payload->spirv = artifacts;
+            const SizeT payloadBytes = ProgramTranslationResultBytes(*payload);
+            GetProgramTranslationCache().Insert(handoff.spirvCacheKey,
+                                                ProgramTranslationResultPtr(Move(payload)),
+                                                payloadBytes);
+        }
         MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: Binary generation finished (generatedSpirv size=%zu)", externalIndex,
                 artifacts.generatedSpirv.size());
     }
 
     void ProgramSpirvTask::GenerateSpirv(const ProgramLinkTask::SpirvHandoff& handoff, const Uint externalIndex,
                                          const Bool deferOutputValidationForDirectVulkan,
-                                         const Bool enableSpirvValidation) {
+                                         const Bool enableSpirvValidation, const Bool nativeFloat64) {
         /* As we passed first stage compilation/linking,
          * we'll assume all the operations here should
          * pass. We may be able to employ some optimizations
@@ -171,12 +216,39 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: GenerateSpirv - generated %zu SPIR-V modules", externalIndex,
                 artifacts.generatedSpirv.size());
 
+        // The fp64 verdict, taken ONCE for the whole program and before any module is touched.
+        //
+        // Per program rather than per module, and that is forced by the global UBO: all stages
+        // read one buffer whose layout is derived by reflecting the modules, so a vertex stage
+        // that stored a `uniform double` as 4 bytes next to a fragment stage that stored it as 8
+        // would put every uniform after it somewhere different in each, and the routing table
+        // (one offset per location) could only describe one of them.
+        //
+        // The exception itself is the vertex INPUT: no backend here can fetch a 64-bit attribute,
+        // and VertexInputStateFactory picks the format from the VAO attribute without ever seeing
+        // what the shader declared, so a Float64 input would meet a narrowed float32 stream. One
+        // such stage demotes the whole program, which is exactly what every backend without
+        // native fp64 does to it anyway.
+        Bool keepFloat64 = nativeFloat64;
+        if (keepFloat64) {
+            for (const auto& spv : artifacts.generatedSpirv) {
+                if (ShaderCompiler::ModuleDeclaresFloat64VertexInput(spv)) {
+                    keepFloat64 = false;
+                    MGLOG_D("ProgramObject %u: a vertex stage declares a 64-bit float input; demoting the "
+                            "whole program despite native fp64",
+                            externalIndex);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        artifacts.nativeFloat64 = keepFloat64;
+
         // Linked SPIR-V generated, sanitize and optimize it
         Bool allOptimized = true;
         {
             for (auto& spv : artifacts.generatedSpirv) {
                 auto success = ShaderCompiler::SanitizeAndOptimizeBinary(
-                    spv, spv, !deferOutputValidationForDirectVulkan, enableSpirvValidation);
+                    spv, spv, !deferOutputValidationForDirectVulkan, enableSpirvValidation, keepFloat64);
                 if (!success) {
                     // The one genuine phase-B failure mode: one of the seven optimizer passes
                     // reported failure, so `spv` is whatever the run left behind. A fordebug
@@ -296,22 +368,25 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         for (Uint location = 0; location <= reflection.maxUniformLocation; ++location) {
             if (artifacts.uniformOffsets[location] != ProgramObject::kInvalidUniformOffset) continue;
             if (!ProgramObject::IsValidUniformLocation(reflection, static_cast<Int>(location))) continue;
-            const auto& uniform = reflection.program->getUniform(reflection.uniformIndexInTProgram[location]);
+            const auto& uniform =
-            const glslang::TType* type = uniform.getType();
+                ProgramObject::UniformAtIn(reflection, reflection.uniformIndexInTProgram[location]);
-            if (type != nullptr && type->isOpaque()) continue;
+            if (uniform.type.isOpaque) continue;
-            if (uniform.index >= 0 && uniform.index < reflection.program->getNumUniformBlocks() &&
+            // Member of a named uniform block: not settable through glUniform*, so it needs
-                std::strstr(reflection.program->getUniformBlock(uniform.index).name.c_str(),
+            // no global-UBO shadow storage. tProgramBlockIndexToGl[i] >= 0 means block i is
-                            MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::GLOBAL_UBO_NAME) == nullptr) {
+            // GL-visible, i.e. NOT the synthesized MGL_GLOBAL_UBO - which is exactly what the
-                // Member of a named uniform block: not settable through glUniform*, so it
+            // strstr(GLOBAL_UBO_NAME) test this replaced was asking, without needing the
-                // needs no global-UBO shadow storage.
+            // TProgram to spell the block name.
+            if (uniform.index >= 0 &&
+                uniform.index < static_cast<Int>(reflection.tProgramBlockIndexToGl.size()) &&
+                reflection.tProgramBlockIndexToGl[uniform.index] >= 0) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             // std140-style slot: the matrix upload paths write column vectors at
             // 16-byte strides, so a matrix slot must cover cols * 16 bytes.
             SizeT slotSize = MG_Util::GetGLTypeSize(uniform.glDefineType);
-            if (type != nullptr && type->isMatrix()) {
+            if (uniform.type.isMatrix) {
-                slotSize = static_cast<SizeT>(type->getMatrixCols()) * 16u;
+                slotSize = static_cast<SizeT>(uniform.type.matrixCols) * 16u;
             }
             slotSize = (slotSize + 15u) & ~static_cast<SizeT>(15u);
             const SizeT slotOffset = (artifacts.globalUboScratch.size() + 15u) & ~static_cast<SizeT>(15u);

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramSpirvTask.h

@@ -66,7 +66,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         void RunBody() override;
 
         void GenerateSpirv(const ProgramLinkTask::SpirvHandoff& handoff, Uint externalIndex,
-                           Bool deferOutputValidationForDirectVulkan, Bool enableSpirvValidation);
+                           Bool deferOutputValidationForDirectVulkan, Bool enableSpirvValidation,
+                           Bool nativeFloat64);
         void BuildGlobalUboRouting(const ProgramLinkTask::SpirvHandoff& handoff, Uint externalIndex);
 
         // Worker-side MGLOG replacement, replayed by the join on the GL thread. Same reason as

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramTranslationCache.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramTranslationCache.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#include "ProgramTranslationCache.h"
+
+namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
+    namespace {
+        // ---- L1 caps: 48 entries / 24 MiB ----
+        //
+        // Both numbers moved when the payload grew from "the SPIR-V modules" to "the whole
+        // front end". An entry is now the stages' preprocessed source (the key), the SPIR-V,
+        // the reflection snapshot and the global-UBO shadow - roughly twice what it was - so
+        // the byte budget doubled and the entry count came down to keep the worst case in the
+        // same place on a phone.
+        //
+        // The shape of the choice has not changed: this cache exists for REPETITION, not
+        // coverage. A KHR-GL33.texture_swizzle smoke case builds 2592 programs out of fewer
+        // than ten distinct ones, so a handful of entries serves it completely; an Iris
+        // shaderpack load is ~300-600 MOSTLY DISTINCT programs that would never hit however
+        // large the cache is, so a bigger cap there buys nothing and costs resident memory.
+        // 48 is comfortably above the distinct-program count of every repetition workload
+        // measured, and 24 MiB bounds the pathological case - a pack whose ~100 KB stages
+        // really are re-linked - at roughly three times the existing 8 MiB
+        // ShaderPreprocessCache budget, which is the other memo on this path.
+        constexpr SizeT kMaxEntries = 48;
+        constexpr SizeT kMaxBytes = 24u * 1024u * 1024u;
+
+        SizeT StringsBytes(const Vector<String>& values) {
+            SizeT bytes = 0;
+            for (const String& value : values) bytes += value.size() + sizeof(String);
+            return bytes;
+        }
+
+        SizeT ResourcesBytes(const Vector<ProgramObject::ResourceReflection>& records) {
+            SizeT bytes = records.size() * sizeof(ProgramObject::ResourceReflection);
+            for (const auto& record : records) bytes += record.name.size();
+            return bytes;
+        }
+    } // namespace
+
+    // Approximate on purpose: it feeds a budget, not an allocator. It counts the things that
+    // actually scale with shader size - the SPIR-V, the reflection names, the UBO shadow -
+    // and ignores per-entry fixed overhead.
+    SizeT ProgramTranslationResultBytes(const ProgramTranslationResult& result) {
+        SizeT bytes = 0;
+        for (const auto& module : result.spirv.generatedSpirv) bytes += module.size() * sizeof(unsigned);
+        bytes += result.spirv.uniformOffsets.size() * sizeof(Uint);
+        bytes += result.spirv.globalUboScratch.size();
+        bytes += ResourcesBytes(result.link.uniformReflection);
+        bytes += ResourcesBytes(result.link.blockReflection);
+        bytes += ResourcesBytes(result.link.pipeInputReflection);
+        bytes += ResourcesBytes(result.link.pipeOutputReflection);
+        bytes += StringsBytes(result.link.attribs);
+        bytes += StringsBytes(result.link.xfbInterfaceNames);
+        bytes += result.link.infoLog.size();
+        return bytes;
+    }
+
+    MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::BoundedTranslationCache<ProgramTranslationResult>&
+    GetProgramTranslationCache() {
+        // DELIBERATELY LEAKED - see the same note on the L2 cache in
+        // MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/TranslationCache.cpp. A function-local static OBJECT
+        // registers its destructor at first use, and first use here is a ShaderCompilePool
+        // worker; ShaderCompilePool's own atexit drain sentinel is registered strictly
+        // earlier, and exit handlers run in reverse order - so the cache would be destroyed
+        // while workers were still inserting into it. A function-local static POINTER is
+        // trivially destructible and registers no exit handler at all.
+        static auto* const kCache =
+            new MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::BoundedTranslationCache<ProgramTranslationResult>(
+                "ShaderTranslationCache L1 (GLSL->front end)", kMaxEntries, kMaxBytes);
+        return *kCache;
+    }
+
+    void ClearProgramTranslationCache() { GetProgramTranslationCache().Clear(); }
+
+    void LogProgramTranslationCacheStats() { GetProgramTranslationCache().LogStats(); }
+} // namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramTranslationCache.h

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramTranslationCache.h
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#pragma once
+#include <Includes.h>
+#include <MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramObject.h>
+#include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/TranslationCache.h>
+
+namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
+    // ===================================================================================
+    // L1 of the shader translation memo: THE WHOLE FRONT END of one glLinkProgram.
+    //
+    // A hit skips the glslang link and mapIO, GlslangToSpv, the 11-pass
+    // SanitizeAndOptimizeBinary chain, buildReflection, and the global-UBO routing pass. No
+    // TProgram is constructed at all - which is only possible because the GL query surface no
+    // longer reads one (see ProgramObject::UniformReflection and
+    // ProgramLinkTask::SnapshotGlslangReflection).
+    //
+    // IT DOES NOT SKIP THE PARSE, and no widening of this payload could: the parse belongs to
+    // glCompileShader, a different entry point one job earlier, and it has already run by the
+    // time a link looks this key up. Skipping it is L1c's job - the compile half of the memo,
+    // in MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/TranslationCache.h. The two together are what make a
+    // repeated program build construct no glslang object of any kind; either one alone leaves
+    // roughly half the front end on the hot path (~322 us of parse against a ~650 us
+    // CTS-shaped program build, and 1.45-1.48x measured on device with L1 alone).
+    //
+    // WHY THE PAYLOAD IS THE WHOLE THING rather than just the SPIR-V: the frontend answers
+    // glGetActiveUniform, glGetProgramResource*, glGetUniformLocation and the rest out of
+    // LinkArtifacts, and glUniform*/glGetUniform* out of SpirvArtifacts. Caching only the
+    // modules would have left the link on the hot path to rebuild exactly the data the
+    // payload can carry.
+    //
+    // WHY IT LIVES HERE AND NOT IN MG_Util: the payload is a ProgramObject::LinkArtifacts
+    // plus a ProgramObject::SpirvArtifacts, and MG_Util must not depend on MG_State. The
+    // KEY is plain bytes and stays in MG_Util (BuildSpirvTranslationKey), so both layers
+    // agree on exactly one definition of "the same front-end input".
+    //
+    // EVERYTHING IN THE PAYLOAD IS PLAIN OWNED DATA. `link.program` is null by construction:
+    // the whole point is that a hit never has a glslang arena to point into. Both structs
+    // were audited field by field - the only member that ever pointed into glslang-owned
+    // memory was `program` itself, and TUniformInitializer / XfbVarying, which look like
+    // glslang types, are std::string + std::vector aggregates.
+    struct ProgramTranslationResult {
+        // program == nullptr, always. Asserted at insert.
+        ProgramObject::LinkArtifacts link;
+        ProgramObject::SpirvArtifacts spirv;
+    };
+    using ProgramTranslationResultPtr = SharedPtr<const ProgramTranslationResult>;
+
+    SizeT ProgramTranslationResultBytes(const ProgramTranslationResult& result);
+
+    // Process-global, and safe to be: the FRONT-END environment fingerprint is in the key
+    // (see CompileEnv::frontendFingerprint), so a program built under one context's glslang
+    // limits can never be handed to a context with different ones - while two contexts on
+    // DIFFERENT GPUs that agree on those limits deliberately share entries.
+    //
+    // Global rather than per-context because the producer runs on a ShaderCompilePool worker
+    // and must not reach MG_State::pGLContext.
+    MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::BoundedTranslationCache<ProgramTranslationResult>&
+    GetProgramTranslationCache();
+
+    void ClearProgramTranslationCache();
+    void LogProgramTranslationCacheStats();
+} // namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ShaderCompileTask.cpp

@@ -8,13 +8,16 @@
 
 #include "ShaderCompileTask.h"
 
+#include <MG_State/GLState/BufferState/BufferState.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Converters/MGToGL/ProgramEnumConverter.h>
 #include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/ShaderCompiler.h>
 #include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/ShaderSourceProcessor.h>
+#include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/TranslationCache.h>
 #include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/Types.h>
 
 #include <glslang/Include/PoolAlloc.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <charconv>
 
 namespace {
@@ -137,11 +140,30 @@ namespace {
         return std::nullopt;
     }
 
+    // What glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER_BINDINGS) answers, recomputed rather than
+    // queried: the compile runs on a worker with no context, and the pname is not a plain backend
+    // parameter - the getter caps the backend's count by the state layer's fixed binding-point
+    // array (GL_Getter's GetIndexedBufferQueryPointCount). A shader must be judged against the
+    // number the application was told, not against either half of it.
+    static MobileGL::Int MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings(
+        const MobileGL::MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::CompileEnv& env) {
+        const MobileGL::Int frontendPoints =
+            static_cast<MobileGL::Int>(MobileGL::MG_State::GLState::BufferBindingPointCount);
+        if (!env.HasBackend()) return frontendPoints;
+        return std::min<MobileGL::Int>(frontendPoints, std::max<MobileGL::Int>(env.params.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings, 0));
+    }
+
     // The half of a compile that depends on nothing but the source text, the stage and the
-    // environment snapshot: preprocessing, the two lexical rejections, and the two lexical
+    // environment snapshot: preprocessing and the three lexical rejections. Split out so P0b
-    // side-channel extractions. Split out so P0b layer 2 can memoize exactly this and
+    // layer 2 can memoize exactly this and nothing else - the glslang parse stays per-object
-    // nothing else - the glslang parse stays per-object because its TShader is consume-once.
+    // because its TShader is consume-once. Deliberately free of any per-object state so the
-    // Deliberately free of any per-object state so the memo is sound.
+    // memo is sound.
+    //
+    // The side-channel EXTRACTIONS that used to live here are gone: what the relaxed parse
+    // destroys is now recovered from glslang itself, at the two points where it is destroyed
+    // (see ShaderCompileArtifacts::explicitUniformLocations and
+    // TMglGlslIoResolver::reserverResourceSlot). They could not stay here anyway - none of
+    // them is a function of the unexpanded source text, which is all this half can see.
     //
     // The compute local-size verdict reads `env` rather than the live backend, and
     // env.fingerprint is part of the P0b cache key, so a memo can never be returned against
@@ -172,15 +194,28 @@ namespace {
             return result;
         }
 
+        if (const std::optional<String> bindingError = FindShaderStorageBindingViolation(
+                result.preprocessedSource, MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings(env))) {
+            result.outcome = ShaderPreprocessOutcome::ResourceBindingRejected;
+            result.infoLog = *bindingError;
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        // NO ATOMIC-COUNTER OFFSET SCAN HERE ANY MORE: glslang raises both rules itself now, at
+        // the site where its relaxed remap folds the counter into a synthesized block
+        // (ParseHelper.cpp atomicCounterOffsetCheck, called from vkRelaxedRemapUniformVariable).
+        // A violation is an ordinary parse failure, so it reaches GL through the same path every
+        // other compile error does - and, unlike a scan of unexpanded text, it sees an offset
+        // spelled as a macro or a const expression.
+
         // The parse this feeds runs in the link-compatible configuration (Vulkan-client
         // env with relaxed rules): the TShader it produces is what glLinkProgram links and
         // what the backends' SPIR-V is generated from - there is no second, GL-client
         // parse. The GL frontend semantics the relaxed parse cannot provide are restored
-        // on top: explicit default-block uniform locations through the lexical
+        // on top, all of them out of glslang: explicit default-block uniform locations from
-        // side-channels below, dead-uniform/global-UBO filtering in
+        // the snapshot the parse takes, opaque bindings and unqualified storage blocks from
+        // the IO mapper's collect callback, dead-uniform/global-UBO filtering in
         // ProgramObject::DoReflection.
-        result.explicitUniformLocations = ExtractExplicitUniformLocations(result.preprocessedSource);
-        result.explicitOpaqueBindings = ExtractExplicitOpaqueBindings(result.preprocessedSource);
         result.outcome = ShaderPreprocessOutcome::Preprocessed;
         return result;
     }
@@ -248,26 +283,94 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             return;
         }
 
-        ShaderAttrib attrib{.shaderType = MG_Util::ConvertShaderStageToGLEnum(stage),
+        const GLenum glShaderType = MG_Util::ConvertShaderStageToGLEnum(stage);
-                            .sourceStr = shared.preprocessedSource,
+        // Always 0 on both production parse paths; see the key inventory on
-                            .flags = 0,
+        // ShaderParseVerdictKeyInputs for why it is in the key regardless.
-                            .env = &compileEnv};
+        constexpr Uint32 kShaderCompileFlags = 0;
 
-        auto result = ShaderCompiler::CompileShader(attrib);
+        // ---- L1c of the shader translation memo: the PARSE VERDICT ----------------------
-        if (result) {
+        // Everything below this probe - the glslang parse itself - is what a hit skips. What
+        // a hit does NOT produce is a TShader, and that is deliberate rather than a
+        // limitation: the TShader is consume-once, so it could never have been shared, and
+        // nothing on the COMPILE side of GL reads it. GL_COMPILE_STATUS, the info log,
+        // GL_SHADER_SOURCE, attach/detach and reuse across programs are all answered from
+        // what the verdict and the source-only half already carry.
+        //
+        // The parse is not skipped, it is DEFERRED: ClaimParsedShader re-parses on demand
+        // when a link finds no stored parse. A link that hits L1 never asks, so the parse
+        // never happens at all; a link that misses pays exactly one parse, where the CAS
+        // loser has always paid it. See TranslationCache.h's L1c section.
+        const TranslationCacheKey parseKey =
+            ShaderTranslationCacheEnabled()
+                ? BuildShaderParseVerdictKey(ShaderParseVerdictKeyInputs{
+                      .frontendFingerprint = compileEnv.frontendFingerprint,
+                      .shaderType = glShaderType,
+                      .preprocessedSource = StringView(shared.preprocessedSource),
+                      .shaderCompileFlags = kShaderCompileFlags})
+                : TranslationCacheKey{};
+        const ShaderParseVerdictPtr verdict =
+            parseKey.Valid() ? GetShaderParseVerdictCache().Find(parseKey) : nullptr;
+
+        // The two branches produce exactly one thing between them - a verdict, plus a TShader
+        // only when this task actually parsed - and converge on one publish below. Keeping the
+        // publish common is what stops a hit and a miss from ever drifting on WHAT a compile
+        // makes observable.
+        Bool parsedOk = false;
+        String parseLog;
+        SharedPtr<glslang::TShader> parsedShader;
+        UnorderedMap<String, Int> explicitUniformLocations;
+
+        if (verdict) {
+            parsedOk = verdict->parsed;
+            parseLog = verdict->infoLog;
+            // From the verdict, not from a parse - see ShaderParseVerdict for why they had to
+            // move into the payload when their origin moved into glslang.
+            explicitUniformLocations = verdict->explicitUniformLocations;
+            MGLOG_D("ShaderCompileTask: shader %u (stage %d) L1c hit - the glslang parse was skipped; "
+                    "compileStatus = %d",
+                    externalIndex, static_cast<Int>(stage), static_cast<Int>(parsedOk));
+        } else {
+            const ShaderAttrib attrib{.shaderType = glShaderType,
+                                      .sourceStr = shared.preprocessedSource,
+                                      .flags = kShaderCompileFlags,
+                                      .env = &compileEnv};
+            auto result = ShaderCompiler::CompileShader(attrib);
+            parsedOk = result.has_value();
+            if (parsedOk) {
+                parsedShader = result.value();
+                explicitUniformLocations = CollectExplicitUniformLocations(*parsedShader);
+            } else {
+                parseLog = result.error().log;
+            }
+            if (parseKey.Valid()) {
+                auto freshVerdict = MakeShared<ShaderParseVerdict>();
+                freshVerdict->parsed = parsedOk;
+                // Empty on success by construction, matching what the publish below does with
+                // the artifacts' own log; the diagnostic the application reads on failure.
+                freshVerdict->infoLog = parseLog;
+                freshVerdict->explicitUniformLocations = explicitUniformLocations;
+                const SizeT verdictBytes = ShaderParseVerdictBytes(*freshVerdict);
+                GetShaderParseVerdictCache().Insert(parseKey, ShaderParseVerdictPtr(Move(freshVerdict)),
+                                                    verdictBytes);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (parsedOk) {
             artifacts.compileStatus = true;
-            artifacts.shader = result.value();
+            // NULL ON AN L1c HIT, and that is a supported state rather than an oversight: see
+            // ShaderCompileArtifacts::shader and ClaimParsedShader.
+            artifacts.shader = Move(parsedShader);
             // Copy, not move: `shared` may alias a cache entry that has to outlive us, and
-            // `fresh` is about to be handed to the cache.
+            // `fresh` is about to be handed to the cache. Populated on the hit path too - it
+            // is what ClaimParsedShader's deferred parse consumes.
             artifacts.preprocessedSource = shared.preprocessedSource;
-            artifacts.explicitUniformLocations = shared.explicitUniformLocations;
+            artifacts.explicitUniformLocations = Move(explicitUniformLocations);
-            artifacts.explicitOpaqueBindings = shared.explicitOpaqueBindings;
             artifacts.infoLog.clear();
             if (shouldPopulateCache) {
                 cache->Insert(stage, sourceHash, *source, compileEnv.fingerprint, Move(fresh));
             }
         } else {
-            artifacts.infoLog = result.error().log;
+            artifacts.infoLog = Move(parseLog);
             // Deferred, not logged here, for two reasons. MGLOG from a pool thread interleaves
             // mid-line with the GL thread's own output and lands out of order relative to the
             // glCompileShader that caused it; diagnostics.logLines is replayed by the join, on
@@ -286,8 +389,6 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             if (shouldPopulateCache) {
                 fresh->outcome = ShaderPreprocessOutcome::ParseFailed;
                 fresh->infoLog = artifacts.infoLog;
-                fresh->explicitUniformLocations.clear();
-                fresh->explicitOpaqueBindings.clear();
                 cache->Insert(stage, sourceHash, *source, compileEnv.fingerprint, Move(fresh));
             }
         }
@@ -310,10 +411,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
             }
         }
 
-        // Either another link already consumed the stored parse (and mapIO mutated its
+        // Three ways to be here: another link already consumed the stored parse (and mapIO
-        // intermediate), or there never was one. Re-parse the preprocessed source through the
+        // mutated its intermediate); the compile hit L1c and never parsed at all; or there
-        // identical configuration; that costs one glslang parse, which is what GenerateBinary
+        // simply never was one. All three want the same thing - parse the preprocessed source
-        // used to spend here on EVERY link rather than only on reuse.
+        // through the identical configuration. That costs one glslang parse, which is what
+        // GenerateBinary used to spend here on EVERY link rather than only when needed.
         //
         // The guard is not optional on this path: from stage 4 this runs on a pool worker,
         // and TShader::parse would leave that worker's TLS allocator pointing at a pool the
@@ -329,7 +431,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
                             .env = artifacts.env.get()};
         auto result = ShaderCompiler::CompileShader(attrib);
         if (!result) {
-            // Should be unreachable: the same source parsed successfully at Compile().
+            // Should be unreachable. This exact (stage, preprocessed source, front-end env)
+            // parsed successfully once - either at this node's own Compile(), or at the
+            // Compile() whose verdict L1c handed this node - and every input the parse reads
+            // is covered by that tuple. ConsumeShaders turns a null into a failed link with a
+            // named internal error rather than a crash, which is the right shape for a
+            // "cannot happen" that would otherwise be a silent miscompile.
             outReparseLog = result.error().log;
             return nullptr;
         }

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ShaderCompileTask.h

@@ -41,20 +41,42 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         // re-parse in ClaimParsedShader() reproduces the original parse exactly, instead of
         // re-reading whatever the backend says now.
         SharedPtr<const MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::CompileEnv> env;
+        // The parse, WHEN THIS COMPILE ACTUALLY PARSED - and null otherwise, including when
+        // compileStatus is true.
+        //
+        // That combination is not a half-finished compile; it is an L1c hit. The translation
+        // memo's compile half (TranslationCache.h) knows this exact (stage, preprocessed
+        // source, front-end env) parses cleanly, so the verdict is published without running
+        // glslang. What a hit cannot hand over is the TShader itself: mapIO mutates its
+        // aliased intermediate at link, so a parse feeds exactly ONE link and could never
+        // have been shared between compiles.
+        //
+        // Nothing on the compile side of GL reads this - GL_COMPILE_STATUS, the info log,
+        // GL_SHADER_SOURCE, attach/detach and reuse across programs are all answered from the
+        // fields below. The one reader is ClaimParsedShader, which treats null as "parse it
+        // now", which is the same path the consume-once CAS loser has always taken.
         SharedPtr<glslang::TShader> shader;
         // The source the parse actually consumed (after PreprocessShaderSource), kept for
         // ClaimParsedShader's re-parse so a later link never depends on the preprocessor
         // being deterministic across backend-state changes.
         String preprocessedSource;
+        // The explicit layout(location = N) qualifiers this stage's default-block uniforms
+        // declared, as glslang recorded them at the point its Vulkan-relaxed remap dropped
+        // them (CollectExplicitUniformLocations).
+        //
+        // Populated on the L1c HIT path too, out of the cached verdict rather than out of a
+        // parse - which is why the verdict carries them. Everything else the relaxed parse
+        // destroys is recovered at LINK instead, from the IO mapper's collect callback, and so
+        // has no field here at all.
         UnorderedMap<String, Int> explicitUniformLocations;
-        UnorderedMap<String, Uint> explicitOpaqueBindings;
         String infoLog;
         Bool compileStatus = false;
     };
 
     // The unit of asynchronous shader compilation: one glCompileShader's worth of pure CPU
-    // work - preprocess, the two lexical rejections, the two lexical extractions, and the
+    // work - preprocess, the lexical rejections, and (unless the translation memo's compile
-    // glslang parse - with every input it needs owned by the node itself.
+    // half already knows the answer) the glslang parse plus the explicit-uniform-location
+    // snapshot it yields - with every input it needs owned by the node itself.
     //
     // That ownership is the whole point. The node reads no GL-thread state (the source is a
     // SharedPtr<const String> snapshot, the device limits come from the CompileEnv snapshot,
@@ -87,22 +109,29 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         // ---- output: valid iff IsComplete(), immutable afterwards ----
         ShaderCompileArtifacts artifacts;
 
-        // Hands out a link-consumable TShader, exactly once for the stored parse.
+        // Hands out a link-consumable TShader, parsing one on demand when this node has none.
         //
-        // glslang's mapIO mutates the TShader's aliased intermediate, so the parse this node
+        // TWO WAYS TO GET HERE WITHOUT A STORED PARSE, and they share one implementation:
-        // produced may feed exactly ONE link; every later link (a relink, or the same shader
+        //   * the CAS loser. glslang's mapIO mutates the TShader's aliased intermediate, so
-        // attached to a second program) needs a fresh parse. The claim is a CAS on this
+        //     the parse this node produced may feed exactly ONE link; every later link (a
-        // shared node rather than a flag on the ShaderObject because from stage 4 the two
+        //     relink, or the same shader attached to a second program) needs a fresh one. The
-        // callers can be two ProgramLinkTasks running on two workers: two programs sharing
+        //     claim is a CAS on this shared node rather than a flag on the ShaderObject
-        // one shader, linked back to back. Copying the parse out and tracking consumed-ness
+        //     because from stage 4 the two callers can be two ProgramLinkTasks on two
-        // per program would let both of them decide they were the first, run mapIO over the
+        //     workers: two programs sharing one shader, linked back to back. Copying the
-        // same intermediate twice, and ship silently corrupt SPIR-V.
+        //     parse out and tracking consumed-ness per program would let both of them decide
+        //     they were the first, run mapIO over the same intermediate twice, and ship
+        //     silently corrupt SPIR-V.
+        //   * an L1c HIT. The compile published a verdict without parsing at all (see
+        //     ShaderCompileArtifacts::shader), so this call IS the parse - deferred out of
+        //     glCompileShader to the first link that genuinely needs an AST. A link served
+        //     from L1 never gets here, which is the whole point: that program's front end
+        //     never constructs a glslang object of any kind.
         //
-        // The CAS loser re-parses artifacts.preprocessedSource against THIS node's own
+        // Either way the parse runs over artifacts.preprocessedSource against THIS node's own
         // CompileEnv (not against whatever the backend reports now), through the identical
-        // CompileShader path - so winner and loser produce byte-identical SPIR-V. Callable
+        // CompileShader path - so every claimant produces byte-identical SPIR-V. Callable
-        // only once IsComplete() and compileStatus are true. Returns null only if that
+        // only once IsComplete() and compileStatus are true. Returns null only if that parse
-        // re-parse fails, and outReparseLog then carries its diagnostics.
+        // fails, and outReparseLog then carries its diagnostics.
         //
         // Const because the claim is the node's own synchronization, not a mutation of its
         // published artifacts: a claim that is taken and then abandoned (its link was

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ShaderObject.cpp

@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         //
         // The failure case is covered too: the info log stays queryable because nothing is
         // cleared. And if the stored TShader already fed a link, the no-op leaves
-        // preprocessedSource and both side-channel maps intact, which is precisely what
+        // preprocessedSource and the explicit-location snapshot intact, which is precisely what
         // ClaimParsedShader's on-demand re-parse needs - a real recompile would have handed
         // the next link a fresh parse, the no-op hands it a fresh re-parse of the identical
         // source instead. Same result, one parse either way.

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ShaderObject.h

@@ -101,17 +101,11 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             const SharedPtr<glslang::TShader>& GetCompiledShader() const { return Compiled().shader; }
             const String& GetInfoLog() const { return Compiled().infoLog; }
             // Explicit layout(location = N) qualifiers on this shader's default-block
-            // uniforms, captured lexically at Compile() because the relaxed parse drops
+            // uniforms, as glslang recorded them at the point its Vulkan-relaxed remap
-            // them from reflection (see ExtractExplicitUniformLocations).
+            // discarded them (see CollectExplicitUniformLocations).
             const UnorderedMap<String, Int>& GetExplicitUniformLocations() const {
                 return Compiled().explicitUniformLocations;
             }
-            // Explicit layout(binding = N) on sampler/image uniforms - their initial
-            // texture/image units - captured lexically for the same reason (see
-            // ExtractExplicitOpaqueBindings).
-            const UnorderedMap<String, Uint>& GetExplicitOpaqueBindings() const {
-                return Compiled().explicitOpaqueBindings;
-            }
             Bool GetCompileStatus() const { return Compiled().compileStatus; }
             Bool GetDeleteStatus() const { return m_deleteStatus; }
 

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ShaderPreprocessCache.h

@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         ComputeLocalSizeRejected,
         // FindReservedIdentifierViolation rejected it.
         ReservedIdentifierRejected,
+        // FindShaderStorageBindingViolation rejected it: a storage block declared a binding at or
+        // past GL_MAX_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER_BINDINGS.
+        ResourceBindingRejected,
         // The source-only half was clean but glslang rejected the preprocessed source.
         // Memoizing this saves the parse itself on every later object with that source.
         ParseFailed,
@@ -33,13 +36,23 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
 
     // Everything ShaderObject::Compile() derives from the source text alone, i.e.
     // everything that is identical for two shader objects holding byte-identical source.
+    //
+    // "The source text alone" is now literally true: the preprocessed text, an accept/reject
+    // verdict, and the log that explains a rejection. Anything that needs to know what the
+    // shader MEANS is derived from the parse instead - see the note on the missing fields.
     struct ShaderPreprocessResult {
         ShaderPreprocessOutcome outcome = ShaderPreprocessOutcome::Preprocessed;
         // Valid unless the preprocessor itself never ran; kept even for the rejection
         // outcomes because that is the text the diagnostics refer to.
         String preprocessedSource;
-        UnorderedMap<String, Int> explicitUniformLocations;
+        // NO EXTRACTED SIDE CHANNELS ANY MORE, and their absence is the point. Explicit
-        UnorderedMap<String, Uint> explicitOpaqueBindings;
+        // uniform locations, explicit opaque bindings and unqualified storage blocks used to be
+        // lexed out of the text here, which meant reading MACRO-UNEXPANDED source: MobileGL's
+        // preprocessor rewrites the text, it does not run the C preprocessor, so
+        // `binding = SOME_MACRO` reached the scanners verbatim. All three now come from
+        // glslang - the first from a snapshot taken inside the parse, the other two from the
+        // IO mapper's collect callback - and none of them is a function of the source text
+        // ALONE any more, which is the only thing this struct is allowed to hold.
         // The compile info log to publish; empty when outcome == Preprocessed.
         String infoLog;
 

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/RenderState/RenderState.cpp

@@ -843,6 +843,21 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                     stored = box;
                     stateChanged = true;
                 }
+                // "The application has written this rectangle" is a DIFFERENT predicate from "the
+                // value moved", and the backends need the first one: glScissor(0, 0, 0, 0) as the
+                // very first scissor call leaves every stored box byte-identical to its
+                // never-written default, and that call is precisely the one whose meaning a
+                // backend must stop guessing at (see ScissorBoxWrittenMask).
+                //
+                // The transition has to count as a state change for the version too. DirectGLES'
+                // SyncRenderState early-outs on an unchanged render-state version BEFORE it
+                // reaches the span memcmp that would otherwise notice the mask, so a version-less
+                // flag flip would sit in the parameter block and never be pushed. It is a
+                // once-per-index transition, so the steady state still costs nothing.
+                if (m_parameters.ScissorBoxWrittenMask != kAllViewportsMask) {
+                    m_parameters.ScissorBoxWrittenMask = kAllViewportsMask;
+                    stateChanged = true;
+                }
                 if (stateChanged) ++m_version;
             }
 
@@ -855,9 +870,15 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                     MOBILEGL_ASSERT(false, "Scissor box index out of range: %u", index);
                     return;
                 }
-                if (m_parameters.ScissorBoxes[index] == box) return;
+                // See SetScissorBox: a first write is state even when it does not move the value,
+                // so the unchanged-value early-out may only fire once this index is already
+                // marked written.
+                const Uint32 writtenBit = 1u << index;
+                const Bool alreadyWritten = (m_parameters.ScissorBoxWrittenMask & writtenBit) != 0;
+                if (alreadyWritten && m_parameters.ScissorBoxes[index] == box) return;
 
                 m_parameters.ScissorBoxes[index] = box;
+                m_parameters.ScissorBoxWrittenMask |= writtenBit;
                 ++m_version;
             }
 

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/RenderState/RenderState.h

@@ -328,6 +328,18 @@ namespace MobileGL {
         // turns it into a real glEnable/glDisable.
         Uint32 ScissorTestEnabledMask = 0;
         Array<IntVec4, MAX_VIEWPORTS> ScissorBoxes{}; // x, y, width, height
+        // One bit per viewport, set the first time the application writes that index's scissor
+        // rectangle - glScissor broadcasts and sets all 16, glScissorIndexed/glScissorArrayv set
+        // the indices they name. It exists because the RECTANGLE cannot answer "has the
+        // application spoken?": ScissorBoxes starts all-zero (its spec initial value is the size
+        // of a window the frontend does not know yet, see the RenderState constructor), and
+        // glScissor(0, 0, 0, 0) is a legal GL state meaning "the scissor test rejects every
+        // fragment". A backend that reads an empty rectangle as the never-written sentinel
+        // therefore INVERTS that request into "accept every fragment"; DirectGLES did exactly
+        // that and KHR-GL43.viewport_array.scissor_zero_dimension caught it. Deliberately beside
+        // ScissorBoxes so it shares their tail span (after LogicOp) and DirectGLES' span memcmp
+        // picks a transition up like any other state.
+        Uint32 ScissorBoxWrittenMask = 0;
         // glEnable(GL_CLIP_DISTANCE0 + i) for i in [0, 8), one bit each. A bitmask rather than
         // eight bools because every consumer wants the set, not an individual flag, and because
         // the SYNC_CAPABILITY/SET_CAPABILITY macros key off a "<Name>Enabled" field name that

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/TextureState/MipmapStorage.cpp

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                     m_dirtyRects.resize(requiredLevelCount);
                     m_compressedData.resize(requiredLevelCount);
                     m_compressedFormats.resize(requiredLevelCount, GL_NONE);
+                    m_requestedCompressedFormats.resize(requiredLevelCount, GL_NONE);
                 }
 
                 m_texelSizes[level] = input.texelSize;
@@ -79,6 +80,9 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 m_compressedFormats[level] = GL_NONE;
                 m_compressedData[level].clear();
                 m_compressedData[level].shrink_to_fit();
+                // Same story for the requested-format tag: a respecified level is whatever this
+                // call asked for, and the compressed entry points re-arm it right afterwards.
+                m_requestedCompressedFormats[level] = GL_NONE;
             }
 
             void MipmapStorage::SetCompressedImage(Uint level, GLenum internalFormat, const void* data, SizeT size) {
@@ -110,6 +114,16 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 return m_compressedData[level].data();
             }
 
+            void MipmapStorage::SetRequestedCompressedFormat(Uint level, GLenum internalFormat) {
+                if (level >= m_requestedCompressedFormats.size()) return;
+                m_requestedCompressedFormats[level] = internalFormat;
+            }
+
+            GLenum MipmapStorage::GetRequestedCompressedFormat(Uint level) const {
+                if (level >= m_requestedCompressedFormats.size()) return GL_NONE;
+                return m_requestedCompressedFormats[level];
+            }
+
             void MipmapStorage::TruncateToLevelCount(SizeT levelCount) {
                 if (levelCount >= m_data.size()) return;
 
@@ -120,6 +134,7 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 m_dirtyRects.resize(levelCount);
                 m_compressedData.resize(levelCount);
                 m_compressedFormats.resize(levelCount);
+                m_requestedCompressedFormats.resize(levelCount);
             }
 
             void MipmapStorage::UpdateSubData(Uint level, DataPtr input) {

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/TextureState/MipmapStorage.h

@@ -96,6 +96,18 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 SizeT GetCompressedByteSize(Uint level) const;
                 const void* MapCompressedData(Uint level) const;
 
+                // The compressed internalformat the application ASKED for, which is not the same
+                // question as the one above: the six generic GL_COMPRESSED_* enums let the
+                // implementation choose, MobileGL chooses uncompressed storage, and the level is
+                // deliberately left untagged so GL_TEXTURE_COMPRESSED keeps answering false and
+                // glGetCompressedTexImage is not handed a blob nothing ever compressed. The entry
+                // points that must refuse a compressed image outright (glClearTexImage /
+                // glClearTexSubImage, GL 4.6 core 8.19) still need to know, so the request is
+                // recorded separately. Set right after AllocateLevel, which clears it.
+                void SetRequestedCompressedFormat(Uint level, GLenum internalFormat);
+                // GL_NONE when the level was not requested with a compressed internalformat.
+                GLenum GetRequestedCompressedFormat(Uint level) const;
+
             protected:
                 // Insert one clamped, non-empty write box, keeping the list disjoint
                 // and bounded (see kMaxDirtyRects).
@@ -115,6 +127,7 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 Vector<Vector<MipmapDirtyRegion>> m_dirtyRects;
                 Vector<Vector<Uint8>> m_compressedData;
                 Vector<GLenum> m_compressedFormats;
+                Vector<GLenum> m_requestedCompressedFormats;
             };
         } // namespace GLState
     } // namespace MG_State

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/TextureState/MipmapUploadTargetArray.h

@@ -111,6 +111,16 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                     return m_storage[targetIndex].MapCompressedData(level);
                 }
 
+                void SetRequestedCompressedFormat(Uint targetIndex, Uint level, GLenum internalFormat) {
+                    MOBILEGL_ASSERT(targetIndex < TargetCount, "SetRequestedCompressedFormat: target invalid");
+                    m_storage[targetIndex].SetRequestedCompressedFormat(level, internalFormat);
+                }
+
+                GLenum GetRequestedCompressedFormat(Uint targetIndex, Uint level) const {
+                    MOBILEGL_ASSERT(targetIndex < TargetCount, "GetRequestedCompressedFormat: target invalid");
+                    return m_storage[targetIndex].GetRequestedCompressedFormat(level);
+                }
+
             protected:
                 Array<MipmapStorage, TargetCount> m_storage;
             };

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/TextureState/TextureObject.cpp

@@ -250,6 +250,10 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 return m_contentVersion;
             }
 
+            Uint64 TextureObjectBase::GetShapeVersion() const {
+                return m_shapeVersion;
+            }
+
             Bool TextureObjectBase::IsMipmapCompleteForFilterCached(Bool mipmapped) const {
                 const int slot = mipmapped ? 1 : 0;
                 if (m_completeMemoShapeVersion[slot] == m_shapeVersion) {
@@ -373,6 +377,18 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 return m_textureStorage.MapCompressedData(GetIndexOfTextureUploadTarget(uploadTarget), mipmapLevel);
             }
 
+            void TextureObjectWithOneMipmap::SetMipmapRequestedCompressedFormat(TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget,
+                                                                       Uint mipmapLevel, GLenum internalFormat) {
+                m_textureStorage.SetRequestedCompressedFormat(GetIndexOfTextureUploadTarget(uploadTarget), mipmapLevel,
+                                                              internalFormat);
+            }
+
+            GLenum TextureObjectWithOneMipmap::GetMipmapRequestedCompressedFormat(TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget,
+                                                                       Uint mipmapLevel) const {
+                return m_textureStorage.GetRequestedCompressedFormat(GetIndexOfTextureUploadTarget(uploadTarget),
+                                                                     mipmapLevel);
+            }
+
             IntVec3 TextureObjectWithOneMipmap::GetBaseSize() const {
                 if (m_textureStorage.GetLevelCount() == 0) {
                     return {0, 0, 0};
@@ -418,8 +434,28 @@ namespace MobileGL {
         }
 
         Bool SamplesAsIncompleteTexture(const ITextureObject* texture, const SamplerObject* effectiveSampler) {
-            const Bool mipmapped =
+            // A multisample texture is fetched, never filtered. GL 4.6 core 8.17 gives it exactly
-                effectiveSampler != nullptr && effectiveSampler->GetMipmapMode() != SamplerMipmapMode::None;
+            // one level and says its sampler state is not used at all - texelFetch is the only way
+            // a shader can read it - so 8.14's filter-completeness rules, which is what the
+            // `mipmapped` branch below asks about, never apply to it.
+            //
+            // Deriving `mipmapped` from that unused sampler is what made EVERY multisample texture
+            // look incomplete: MIN_FILTER's initial value is NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR, and a texture
+            // that can only ever have one level never satisfies the mip-chain check. Both backends
+            // treat "samples as incomplete" as "do not bind it" (DirectGLES's per-unit walk in
+            // ResolveAndBindUnitTextures, DirectVulkan's UniformManager), so the sampler2DMS the
+            // shader declared was left pointing at nothing and every texelFetch read zero. That is
+            // the sampler2DMS/sampler2DMSArray half of KHR-GL43.compute_shader.resource-texture,
+            // which fails at the first data7 element with the multisample texture correctly
+            // cleared and simply never bound.
+            //
+            // IsCopyImageEndpointComplete already spells the same guard as
+            // CopyImageTargetHasMipmapChain; this was the one place that asked without it.
+            const TextureTarget target = texture != nullptr ? texture->GetTarget() : TextureTarget::Unknown;
+            const Bool filtered = target != TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisample &&
+                                  target != TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisampleArray;
+            const Bool mipmapped = filtered && effectiveSampler != nullptr &&
+                                   effectiveSampler->GetMipmapMode() != SamplerMipmapMode::None;
             return !IsMipmapCompleteForFilter(texture, mipmapped);
         }
 

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/TextureState/TextureObject.h

@@ -55,6 +55,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         // Backends compare it against a per-resource snapshot to skip re-syncing unchanged
         // textures across draws (e.g. the block atlas bound across a whole terrain batch).
         virtual Uint64 GetContentVersion() const = 0;
+        // Monotonic counter bumped on every SHAPE mutation - level sizes, the stored level
+        // set, the internal format, the level range (see BumpShapeVersion). Disjoint from the
+        // content version on purpose: glTexImage2D(..., nullptr) re-specifies a level's size
+        // without dirtying a single texel, so a backend that keys its "nothing changed since
+        // the last sync" skip on content alone keeps a resource of the OLD size alive.
+        virtual Uint64 GetShapeVersion() const = 0;
         // Answers IsMipmapCompleteForFilter() from a memo. Sampling completeness is a
         // property of the texture's SHAPE - level sizes, level count, level range,
         // internal format - and never of its texel content, but every draw asks about
@@ -106,6 +112,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         void SetImmutableLevels(Uint levels) override;
         Uint16 GetTextureParamsVersion() const override;
         Uint64 GetContentVersion() const override;
+        Uint64 GetShapeVersion() const override;
         Bool IsMipmapCompleteForFilterCached(Bool mipmapped) const override;
         // Bumps the content version without touching per-level storage-dirty flags. Used when the
         // set of defined mip levels grows via GPU-side mip generation (glGenerateMipmap): the level
@@ -220,6 +227,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         virtual GLenum GetMipmapCompressedFormat(TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget, Uint mipmapLevel) const = 0;
         virtual SizeT GetMipmapCompressedByteSize(TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget, Uint mipmapLevel) const = 0;
         virtual const void* MapMipmapCompressedImage(TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget, Uint mipmapLevel) const = 0;
+
+        // The compressed internalformat the level was REQUESTED with, recorded even when MobileGL
+        // answered it with uncompressed storage (the six generic GL_COMPRESSED_* enums) - see
+        // MipmapStorage. Only the entry points GL forbids on a compressed image read it.
+        virtual void SetMipmapRequestedCompressedFormat(TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget, Uint mipmapLevel,
+                                                        GLenum internalFormat) = 0;
+        // GL_NONE when the level was not requested with a compressed internalformat.
+        virtual GLenum GetMipmapRequestedCompressedFormat(TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget,
+                                                          Uint mipmapLevel) const = 0;
     };
 
     // Cheap replacement for dynamic_cast on the hot path: TextureObjectMipmap is the
@@ -286,6 +302,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
         GLenum GetMipmapCompressedFormat(TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget, Uint mipmapLevel) const override;
         SizeT GetMipmapCompressedByteSize(TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget, Uint mipmapLevel) const override;
         const void* MapMipmapCompressedImage(TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget, Uint mipmapLevel) const override;
+        void SetMipmapRequestedCompressedFormat(TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget, Uint mipmapLevel,
+                                                GLenum internalFormat) override;
+        GLenum GetMipmapRequestedCompressedFormat(TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget, Uint mipmapLevel) const override;
 
         IntVec3 GetBaseSize() const override;
         Bool IsComplete() const override;

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/TextureState/TextureObject2DCube.cpp

@@ -96,6 +96,18 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 return m_textureStorage.MapCompressedData(GetIndexOfTextureUploadTarget(uploadTarget), mipmapLevel);
             }
 
+            void TextureObject2DCube::SetMipmapRequestedCompressedFormat(TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget,
+                                                                       Uint mipmapLevel, GLenum internalFormat) {
+                m_textureStorage.SetRequestedCompressedFormat(GetIndexOfTextureUploadTarget(uploadTarget), mipmapLevel,
+                                                              internalFormat);
+            }
+
+            GLenum TextureObject2DCube::GetMipmapRequestedCompressedFormat(TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget,
+                                                                           Uint mipmapLevel) const {
+                return m_textureStorage.GetRequestedCompressedFormat(GetIndexOfTextureUploadTarget(uploadTarget),
+                                                                     mipmapLevel);
+            }
+
             Uint TextureObject2DCube::GetIndexOfTextureUploadTarget(TextureUploadTarget target) const {
                 MOBILEGL_ASSERT(TextureUploadTarget::CubeMapPositiveX <= target &&
                                     target <= TextureUploadTarget::CubeMapNegativeZ,

MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/TextureState/TextureObject2DCube.h

@@ -39,6 +39,10 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                 SizeT GetMipmapCompressedByteSize(TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget, Uint mipmapLevel) const override;
                 const void* MapMipmapCompressedImage(TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget,
                                                      Uint mipmapLevel) const override;
+                void SetMipmapRequestedCompressedFormat(TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget, Uint mipmapLevel,
+                                                        GLenum internalFormat) override;
+                GLenum GetMipmapRequestedCompressedFormat(TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget,
+                                                          Uint mipmapLevel) const override;
 
                 IntVec3 GetBaseSize() const override;
                 Bool IsComplete() const override;

MobileGL/MG_Test/Backend/DirectGLES/BaseInstanceInjectionTest.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Test/Backend/DirectGLES/BaseInstanceInjectionTest.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// The gate on the gl_BaseInstance indirect lowering in
+// MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Managers.cpp. That lowering declares a std430 storage block in the
+// VERTEX stage, and a vertex-stage storage block is optional in both APIs: the minimum for
+// GL_MAX_VERTEX_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS is 0 (GL 4.6 table 23.64, ES 3.2 table 21.44), and ARM's
+// GLES driver takes that allowance - a Mali-G925-Immortalis reports 0 for it and for all three
+// other graphics stages.
+//
+// Emitting the block on such a driver does not make it work. The driver refuses the program at
+// link time ("The number of vertex shader storage blocks (1) is greater than the maximum number
+// allowed (0)"), and because MobileGL's frontend GL_LINK_STATUS is glslang's rather than the
+// driver's, the application is told the program linked and then every draw with it renders
+// nothing. Dropping the indirect half instead keeps ordinary draws working and costs only the
+// per-command baseInstance of an indirect draw.
+//
+// No GL context and no driver: the lowering is a pure String -> String pass over one capability.
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <MG_Backend/DirectGLES/DirectGLES.h>
+#include <MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Managers.h>
+
+using MobileGL::Bool;
+using MobileGL::String;
+using MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::g_GLESCapabilities;
+using MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::PromoteDrawParameterGlobalsToUniforms;
+using MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::VertexStageStorageBlockUsable;
+
+namespace {
+    // The capability block is a process-global the backend fills in at init; restore whatever
+    // was there so ordering between this suite and any other that touches it cannot matter.
+    struct ScopedGLESCapabilitiesOverride {
+        ScopedGLESCapabilitiesOverride(): saved(g_GLESCapabilities) {}
+        ~ScopedGLESCapabilitiesOverride() { g_GLESCapabilities = saved; }
+        ScopedGLESCapabilitiesOverride(const ScopedGLESCapabilitiesOverride&) = delete;
+        ScopedGLESCapabilitiesOverride& operator=(const ScopedGLESCapabilitiesOverride&) = delete;
+
+        MobileGL::MG_External::GLESCapabilities saved;
+    };
+
+    Bool Contains(const String& haystack, const String& needle) {
+        return haystack.find(needle) != String::npos;
+    }
+
+    // What SPIRV-Cross hands the backend after LowerDrawParametersPass has demoted
+    // gl_BaseInstance to a Private global.
+    constexpr const char* kLoweredBaseInstanceVertexShader = R"(#version 310 es
+highp int mg_BaseInstanceLowered;
+void main() {
+    int instance = gl_InstanceID + mg_BaseInstanceLowered;
+    gl_Position = vec4(float(instance));
+}
+)";
+} // namespace
+
+// One block is all the indirect view needs, so the predicate is a >= 1 test.
+TEST(VertexStageStorageBlockUsableTest, RequiresAtLeastOneBlock) {
+    EXPECT_FALSE(VertexStageStorageBlockUsable(0));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(VertexStageStorageBlockUsable(1));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(VertexStageStorageBlockUsable(16));
+}
+
+// A driver that leaves the out-param untouched tells us nothing, and guessing "yes" is exactly
+// what produces the unlinkable program. Unusable, not clamped up to one.
+TEST(VertexStageStorageBlockUsableTest, ANegativeCountIsUnusableRatherThanClamped) {
+    EXPECT_FALSE(VertexStageStorageBlockUsable(-1));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(VertexStageStorageBlockUsable(-2147483647 - 1));
+}
+
+TEST(BaseInstanceInjectionGate, DriverWithVertexStorageBlocksGetsTheIndirectView) {
+    const ScopedGLESCapabilitiesOverride capsGuard;
+    g_GLESCapabilities.IndirectDrawInstanceIdIncludesBaseInstance = false;
+    g_GLESCapabilities.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings = 13;
+    g_GLESCapabilities.MaxVertexShaderStorageBlocks = 1;
+
+    const String rewritten =
+        PromoteDrawParameterGlobalsToUniforms(kLoweredBaseInstanceVertexShader, GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(Contains(rewritten, "layout(std430, binding = 12) readonly buffer mg_IndirectParams"));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(Contains(rewritten, "uniform highp int mg_BaseInstanceWordIndex;"));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(Contains(rewritten, "#define mg_BaseInstanceLowered ((mg_BaseInstanceWordIndex > 0) ? "
+                                    "int(mg_indirectWords[uint(mg_BaseInstanceWordIndex - 1)]) : mg_BaseInstance)"))
+        << rewritten;
+}
+
+// The bug this gate exists for. The block must not appear at all - not at a different binding,
+// not behind a preprocessor guard: a declaration the driver counts is a declaration that makes
+// the whole program unlinkable, and the frontend never surfaces that failure.
+TEST(BaseInstanceInjectionGate, DriverWithoutVertexStorageBlocksDeclaresNoBlockAtAll) {
+    const ScopedGLESCapabilitiesOverride capsGuard;
+    g_GLESCapabilities.IndirectDrawInstanceIdIncludesBaseInstance = false;
+    g_GLESCapabilities.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings = 13;
+    g_GLESCapabilities.MaxVertexShaderStorageBlocks = 0;
+
+    const String rewritten =
+        PromoteDrawParameterGlobalsToUniforms(kLoweredBaseInstanceVertexShader, GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(Contains(rewritten, "mg_IndirectParams")) << rewritten;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(Contains(rewritten, "buffer"));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(Contains(rewritten, "mg_indirectWords"));
+    // Nothing reads the word index any more, so nothing may declare it either - its presence is
+    // what BackendProgramObjectImpl uses to decide whether to bind an indirect params buffer.
+    EXPECT_FALSE(Contains(rewritten, "mg_BaseInstanceWordIndex"));
+}
+
+// Degraded, but still correct for every non-indirect draw: the plain mg_BaseInstance uniform is
+// what the non-indirect draw entry points already write.
+TEST(BaseInstanceInjectionGate, WithoutTheBlockBaseInstanceFallsBackToThePlainUniform) {
+    const ScopedGLESCapabilitiesOverride capsGuard;
+    g_GLESCapabilities.IndirectDrawInstanceIdIncludesBaseInstance = false;
+    g_GLESCapabilities.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings = 13;
+    g_GLESCapabilities.MaxVertexShaderStorageBlocks = 0;
+
+    const String rewritten =
+        PromoteDrawParameterGlobalsToUniforms(kLoweredBaseInstanceVertexShader, GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(Contains(rewritten, "uniform highp int mg_BaseInstance;")) << rewritten;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(Contains(rewritten, "#define mg_BaseInstanceLowered (mg_BaseInstance)")) << rewritten;
+    // The global declaration must be gone; leaving it would shadow the define.
+    EXPECT_FALSE(Contains(rewritten, "highp int mg_BaseInstanceLowered;\n"));
+}
+
+// On a driver that both leaks baseInstance into gl_InstanceID and has no vertex storage block,
+// the rebase has nothing to subtract. Subtracting the uniform instead would remove the base
+// twice from every non-indirect draw, which is worse than not rebasing at all.
+TEST(BaseInstanceInjectionGate, WithoutTheBlockInstanceIdRebaseCollapsesToIdentity) {
+    const ScopedGLESCapabilitiesOverride capsGuard;
+    g_GLESCapabilities.IndirectDrawInstanceIdIncludesBaseInstance = true;
+    g_GLESCapabilities.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings = 13;
+    g_GLESCapabilities.MaxVertexShaderStorageBlocks = 0;
+
+    const String rewritten =
+        PromoteDrawParameterGlobalsToUniforms(kLoweredBaseInstanceVertexShader, GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(Contains(rewritten, "#define mg_ZeroBasedInstanceID gl_InstanceID")) << rewritten;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(Contains(rewritten, "gl_InstanceID - ("));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(Contains(rewritten, "mg_indirectWords"));
+}
+
+// The gate is scoped to the block, not to the whole pass: mg_DrawID and mg_BaseVertex are plain
+// uniforms with no storage block behind them and must still be promoted on such a driver.
+TEST(BaseInstanceInjectionGate, DrawIdAndBaseVertexArePromotedRegardless) {
+    const ScopedGLESCapabilitiesOverride capsGuard;
+    g_GLESCapabilities.IndirectDrawInstanceIdIncludesBaseInstance = false;
+    g_GLESCapabilities.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings = 13;
+    g_GLESCapabilities.MaxVertexShaderStorageBlocks = 0;
+
+    const String source = R"(#version 310 es
+highp int mg_DrawID;
+highp int mg_BaseVertex;
+void main() {
+    gl_Position = vec4(float(mg_DrawID + mg_BaseVertex));
+}
+)";
+
+    const String rewritten = PromoteDrawParameterGlobalsToUniforms(source, GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(Contains(rewritten, "uniform highp int mg_DrawID;")) << rewritten;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(Contains(rewritten, "uniform highp int mg_BaseVertex;")) << rewritten;
+}

MobileGL/MG_Test/Backend/DirectGLES/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -16,5 +16,39 @@ target_link_libraries(
         ${LINK_LIBRARIES}
 )
 
+add_executable(
+        BaseInstanceInjectionTest
+        BaseInstanceInjectionTest.cpp
+)
+
+target_include_directories(BaseInstanceInjectionTest PRIVATE
+        ${MGL_ROOT}/include
+        ${MGL_ROOT}/MobileGL
+)
+
+target_link_libraries(
+        BaseInstanceInjectionTest PRIVATE
+        GTest::gtest_main
+        ${LINK_LIBRARIES}
+)
+
+add_executable(
+        ViewportIndexRoutingTest
+        ViewportIndexRoutingTest.cpp
+)
+
+target_include_directories(ViewportIndexRoutingTest PRIVATE
+        ${MGL_ROOT}/include
+        ${MGL_ROOT}/MobileGL
+)
+
+target_link_libraries(
+        ViewportIndexRoutingTest PRIVATE
+        GTest::gtest_main
+        ${LINK_LIBRARIES}
+)
+
 include(GoogleTest)
 gtest_discover_tests(EsslShaderPassTest DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT 30 PROPERTIES LABELS unit)
+gtest_discover_tests(BaseInstanceInjectionTest DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT 30 PROPERTIES LABELS unit)
+gtest_discover_tests(ViewportIndexRoutingTest DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT 30 PROPERTIES LABELS unit)