[Test] (BackendLoader, DirectGLES): cover the per-stage storage block limits and the mg_IndirectParams injection gate

fixed Asio include bug and added the ignored dir item .gradle

.github/scripts/fetch-trace-fixture-lfs.sh

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 set -euo pipefail
 
+script_dir="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+# shellcheck source=trace-fixture-lib.sh
+. "${script_dir}/trace-fixture-lib.sh"
+
 if [ "$#" -lt 1 ] || [ "$#" -gt 2 ]; then
   echo "usage: $0 <trace-case> [fixture-dir]" >&2
   exit 2
@@ -9,17 +13,45 @@ fi
 case_name="$1"
 fixture_dir="${2:-tools/trace_replay/fixtures}"
 python_bin="${PYTHON:-python3}"
-mirror_base="${MOBILEGL_TRACE_FIXTURE_MIRROR_BASE:-https://repo.miawa.cn/mgl/tools/trace_replay/fixtures}"
+# Fixture mirrors, tried in order before falling back to Git LFS. Override the
+# whole list with MOBILEGL_TRACE_FIXTURE_MIRROR_BASES (whitespace separated);
+# MOBILEGL_TRACE_FIXTURE_MIRROR_BASE still works and is tried first.
+default_mirror_bases=(
+  "https://git.hit.moe/swung0x48/MobileGL/media/branch/dev/tools/trace_replay/fixtures"
+  "https://repo.miawa.cn/mgl/tools/trace_replay/fixtures"
+)
+if [ -n "${MOBILEGL_TRACE_FIXTURE_MIRROR_BASES:-}" ]; then
+  read -r -a mirror_bases <<< "${MOBILEGL_TRACE_FIXTURE_MIRROR_BASES}"
+else
+  mirror_bases=("${default_mirror_bases[@]}")
+fi
+if [ -n "${MOBILEGL_TRACE_FIXTURE_MIRROR_BASE:-}" ]; then
+  mirror_bases=("${MOBILEGL_TRACE_FIXTURE_MIRROR_BASE}" "${mirror_bases[@]}")
+fi
+# Optional bearer token for mirrors that require authentication (private Gitea).
+mirror_token="${MOBILEGL_TRACE_FIXTURE_MIRROR_TOKEN:-}"
+download_attempts="${MOBILEGL_TRACE_FIXTURE_DOWNLOAD_ATTEMPTS:-5}"
+retry_delay="${MOBILEGL_TRACE_FIXTURE_RETRY_DELAY:-2}"
 
 if ! command -v "${python_bin}" >/dev/null 2>&1 && command -v python >/dev/null 2>&1; then
   python_bin=python
 fi
 
+if ! [[ "${download_attempts}" =~ ^[1-9][0-9]*$ ]]; then
+  echo "MOBILEGL_TRACE_FIXTURE_DOWNLOAD_ATTEMPTS must be a positive integer: ${download_attempts}" >&2
+  exit 2
+fi
+if ! [[ "${retry_delay}" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then
+  echo "MOBILEGL_TRACE_FIXTURE_RETRY_DELAY must be a non-negative integer: ${retry_delay}" >&2
+  exit 2
+fi
+
 fixture_list="$("${python_bin}" tools/trace_replay/trace_cases.py \
   --format fixture-files \
   --case "${case_name}" \
   --fixture-root "${fixture_dir}")"
-mapfile -t files <<< "${fixture_list}"
+# Strip CR so the script also works when python emits CRLF (Git Bash on Windows).
+mapfile -t files < <(printf '%s\n' "${fixture_list}" | tr -d '\r')
 
 include="$(IFS=,; echo "${files[*]}")"
 if [ "${case_name}" = "OpenRA" ]; then
@@ -34,34 +66,134 @@ if [ "${case_name}" = "OpenRA" ]; then
   exit 0
 fi
 
+fetch_file_from_mirror() {
+  local file="$1"
+  local url="$2"
+  local metadata
+  local expected_oid
+  local expected_size
+  local tmp_file="${file}.tmp"
+  local attempt
+  local partial_size
+  local curl_status
+  local curl_auth
+
+  metadata="$(get_lfs_metadata "${file}")" || return 1
+  read -r expected_oid expected_size <<< "${metadata}"
+
+  if [ -f "${tmp_file}" ]; then
+    partial_size="$(wc -c < "${tmp_file}" | tr -d '[:space:]')"
+    if [ "${partial_size}" -gt "${expected_size}" ]; then
+      echo "Discarding oversized partial fixture ${tmp_file}: ${partial_size} > ${expected_size}" >&2
+      rm -f "${tmp_file}"
+    elif [ "${partial_size}" = "${expected_size}" ]; then
+      if verify_fixture_file "${tmp_file}" "${file}" "${expected_oid}" "${expected_size}"; then
+        mv "${tmp_file}" "${file}"
+        return 0
+      fi
+      rm -f "${tmp_file}"
+    fi
+  fi
+
+  for ((attempt = 1; attempt <= download_attempts; attempt++)); do
+    partial_size=0
+    if [ -f "${tmp_file}" ]; then
+      partial_size="$(wc -c < "${tmp_file}" | tr -d '[:space:]')"
+    fi
+
+    if [ "${partial_size}" -gt 0 ]; then
+      echo "Resuming mirror download for ${file} at byte ${partial_size} (attempt ${attempt}/${download_attempts})"
+    else
+      echo "Starting mirror download for ${file} (attempt ${attempt}/${download_attempts})"
+    fi
+
+    curl_auth=()
+    if [ -n "${mirror_token}" ]; then
+      curl_auth=(--header "Authorization: token ${mirror_token}")
+    fi
+    if curl -L --fail --show-error --continue-at - "${curl_auth[@]}" --output "${tmp_file}" "${url}"; then
+      if verify_fixture_file "${tmp_file}" "${file}" "${expected_oid}" "${expected_size}"; then
+        mv "${tmp_file}" "${file}"
+        return 0
+      fi
+      echo "Mirror download failed integrity verification; retrying from the beginning: ${file}" >&2
+      rm -f "${tmp_file}"
+    else
+      curl_status=$?
+      partial_size=0
+      if [ -f "${tmp_file}" ]; then
+        partial_size="$(wc -c < "${tmp_file}" | tr -d '[:space:]')"
+      fi
+
+      if [ "${partial_size}" = "${expected_size}" ]; then
+        if verify_fixture_file "${tmp_file}" "${file}" "${expected_oid}" "${expected_size}"; then
+          mv "${tmp_file}" "${file}"
+          return 0
+        fi
+        rm -f "${tmp_file}"
+        partial_size=0
+      elif [ "${partial_size}" -gt "${expected_size}" ]; then
+        echo "Discarding oversized partial fixture ${tmp_file}: ${partial_size} > ${expected_size}" >&2
+        rm -f "${tmp_file}"
+        partial_size=0
+      elif [ "${curl_status}" -eq 33 ]; then
+        echo "Mirror refused the resume request; retrying from the beginning: ${file}" >&2
+        rm -f "${tmp_file}"
+        partial_size=0
+      fi
+
+      echo "Mirror download attempt ${attempt}/${download_attempts} failed with curl exit ${curl_status}; retained ${partial_size} bytes for resume: ${file}" >&2
+    fi
+
+    if [ "${attempt}" -lt "${download_attempts}" ]; then
+      sleep "${retry_delay}"
+    fi
+  done
+
+  rm -f "${tmp_file}"
+  return 1
+}
+
+# Files no mirror could serve, even after retrying every mirror. Only these fall
+# back to Git LFS, so a mirror that served the rest of the case still spares
+# GitHub the bandwidth for those files.
+mirror_failures=()
+
 fetch_from_mirror() {
   mkdir -p "${fixture_dir}"
   for file in "${files[@]}"; do
     local name
     local url
+    local base
+    local fetched=0
     name="$(basename "${file}")"
-    url="${mirror_base%/}/${name}"
-    echo "Fetching trace fixture from mirror: ${url}"
-    if ! curl -L --fail --retry 3 --retry-delay 2 -o "${file}.tmp" "${url}"; then
-      rm -f "${file}.tmp"
-      return 1
+    for base in "${mirror_bases[@]}"; do
+      url="${base%/}/${name}"
+      echo "Fetching trace fixture from mirror: ${url}"
+      if fetch_file_from_mirror "${file}" "${url}"; then
+        fetched=1
+        break
+      fi
+      echo "Mirror did not serve ${name}; trying the next mirror" >&2
+    done
+    if [ "${fetched}" -ne 1 ]; then
+      mirror_failures+=("${file}")
     fi
-    mv "${file}.tmp" "${file}"
   done
+  [ "${#mirror_failures[@]}" -eq 0 ]
 }
 
 if fetch_from_mirror; then
   echo "Fetched trace fixture files for ${case_name} from mirror: ${include}"
 else
-  echo "Mirror fetch failed for ${case_name}; falling back to Git LFS: ${include}"
+  fallback_include="$(IFS=,; echo "${mirror_failures[*]}")"
+  echo "All mirrors failed for ${#mirror_failures[@]} of ${#files[@]} file(s) of ${case_name}; falling back to Git LFS: ${fallback_include}"
   git lfs install --local
-  git lfs pull --include="${include}" --exclude=""
+  git lfs pull --include="${fallback_include}" --exclude=""
 fi
 
 for file in "${files[@]}"; do
-  test -s "${file}"
-  if head -n 1 "${file}" | grep -q "version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1"; then
-    echo "failed to hydrate LFS fixture: ${file}" >&2
-    exit 1
-  fi
+  metadata="$(get_lfs_metadata "${file}")"
+  read -r expected_oid expected_size <<< "${metadata}"
+  verify_fixture_file "${file}" "${file}" "${expected_oid}" "${expected_size}"
 done

.github/scripts/trace-fixture-cache.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Cache-side helper for trace fixtures.
+#
+#   key <case> [fixture-dir]     derive the actions/cache key and path list
+#   verify <case> [fixture-dir]  check restored fixtures against their pointers
+#   reset <case> [fixture-dir]   drop restored fixtures, leaving the pointers
+#
+# The cache key is content-addressed on the Git LFS pointer oids tracked at
+# HEAD, which are readable from a plain checkout without smudging. Fixture
+# content therefore maps 1:1 onto a key: unchanged content hits, changed
+# content is a new key and thus a miss, and the download path handles it. The
+# key deliberately carries no restore-keys prefix in the workflow - a fixture
+# that does not match the pointer exactly must never be restored.
+set -euo pipefail
+
+script_dir="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+# shellcheck source=trace-fixture-lib.sh
+. "${script_dir}/trace-fixture-lib.sh"
+
+# Bump when the key derivation changes in a way that must invalidate old
+# entries; the content digest alone would not notice a format change.
+key_schema="v1"
+
+if [ "$#" -lt 2 ] || [ "$#" -gt 3 ]; then
+  echo "usage: $0 <key|verify|reset> <trace-case> [fixture-dir]" >&2
+  exit 2
+fi
+
+command_name="$1"
+case_name="$2"
+fixture_dir="${3:-tools/trace_replay/fixtures}"
+python_bin="${PYTHON:-python3}"
+
+if ! command -v "${python_bin}" >/dev/null 2>&1 && command -v python >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  python_bin=python
+fi
+
+mapfile -t files < <(trace_fixture_files "${case_name}" "${fixture_dir}" "${python_bin}")
+if [ "${#files[@]}" -eq 0 ]; then
+  echo "no fixture files declared for trace case: ${case_name}" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+# Writes "name=value" to $GITHUB_OUTPUT when running under Actions, and to
+# stdout otherwise so the script stays runnable (and testable) off-CI.
+emit_output() {
+  local name="$1"
+  local value="$2"
+  if [ -n "${GITHUB_OUTPUT:-}" ]; then
+    if [[ "${value}" == *$'\n'* ]]; then
+      local delimiter="ghadelim_$(date +%s%N)_$$"
+      {
+        printf '%s<<%s\n' "${name}" "${delimiter}"
+        printf '%s\n' "${value}"
+        printf '%s\n' "${delimiter}"
+      } >> "${GITHUB_OUTPUT}"
+    else
+      printf '%s=%s\n' "${name}" "${value}" >> "${GITHUB_OUTPUT}"
+    fi
+  fi
+  printf '%s=%s\n' "${name}" "${value}"
+}
+
+sanitize_case() {
+  printf '%s' "$1" | sed 's/[^A-Za-z0-9._-]/_/g'
+}
+
+case "${command_name}" in
+  key)
+    manifest=""
+    for file in "${files[@]}"; do
+      # A case whose fixtures are committed directly rather than through Git LFS
+      # (OpenRA) has no pointer oid to key on, and nothing to download either.
+      # Report it as uncacheable so the workflow skips the cache entirely.
+      if ! metadata="$(get_lfs_metadata "${file}" 2>/dev/null)"; then
+        echo "trace case ${case_name} is not stored in Git LFS; skipping fixture cache" >&2
+        emit_output "cacheable" "false"
+        emit_output "key" ""
+        exit 0
+      fi
+      read -r expected_oid expected_size <<< "${metadata}"
+      manifest+="$(basename "${file}") ${expected_oid} ${expected_size}"$'\n'
+    done
+
+    digest="$(printf '%s' "${manifest}" | sha256sum | awk '{ print substr($1, 1, 16) }')"
+    safe_case="$(sanitize_case "${case_name}")"
+
+    emit_output "cacheable" "true"
+    emit_output "key" "trace-fixture-${key_schema}-${safe_case}-${digest}"
+    emit_output "paths" "$(printf '%s\n' "${files[@]}")"
+    ;;
+
+  verify)
+    for file in "${files[@]}"; do
+      metadata="$(get_lfs_metadata "${file}")"
+      read -r expected_oid expected_size <<< "${metadata}"
+      verify_fixture_file "${file}" "${file}" "${expected_oid}" "${expected_size}"
+    done
+    echo "Verified ${#files[@]} fixture file(s) for ${case_name} against the tracked Git LFS pointers."
+    ;;
+
+  reset)
+    # Put the working tree back to the pointer files a fresh checkout would
+    # have, so that a rejected cache entry falls through to exactly the same
+    # download path a cache miss takes.
+    for file in "${files[@]}"; do
+      rm -f "${file}" "${file}.tmp"
+    done
+    git checkout -- "${files[@]}"
+    echo "Reset ${#files[@]} fixture file(s) for ${case_name} to their tracked Git LFS pointers."
+    ;;
+
+  *)
+    echo "unknown command: ${command_name}" >&2
+    exit 2
+    ;;
+esac

.github/scripts/trace-fixture-lib.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Shared helpers for trace-fixture handling: reading the in-tree Git LFS pointer
+# metadata and verifying a fixture file against it. Sourced by
+# fetch-trace-fixture-lfs.sh (verify after download) and by
+# trace-fixture-cache.sh (cache key derivation and verify after cache restore),
+# so both paths agree on what a valid fixture is.
+
+# Reads the Git LFS pointer tracked at HEAD for a fixture path and prints
+# "<oid> <size>". Fails if the tracked blob is not a well-formed LFS pointer.
+get_lfs_metadata() {
+  local file="$1"
+  local pointer
+  local expected_oid
+  local expected_size
+
+  if ! pointer="$(git show "HEAD:${file}" 2>/dev/null)"; then
+    echo "failed to read tracked fixture metadata: ${file}" >&2
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! grep -q '^version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1$' <<< "${pointer}"; then
+    echo "tracked fixture is not a Git LFS pointer: ${file}" >&2
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  expected_oid="$(awk '$1 == "oid" && $2 ~ /^sha256:/ { sub(/^sha256:/, "", $2); print $2 }' <<< "${pointer}")"
+  expected_size="$(awk '$1 == "size" { print $2 }' <<< "${pointer}")"
+  if ! [[ "${expected_oid}" =~ ^[0-9a-f]{64}$ ]] || ! [[ "${expected_size}" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then
+    echo "invalid Git LFS pointer metadata: ${file}" >&2
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  printf '%s %s\n' "${expected_oid}" "${expected_size}"
+}
+
+# Checks an on-disk fixture against the size and SHA-256 from its LFS pointer.
+verify_fixture_file() {
+  local downloaded_file="$1"
+  local display_name="$2"
+  local expected_oid="$3"
+  local expected_size="$4"
+  local actual_oid
+  local actual_size
+
+  if [ ! -f "${downloaded_file}" ]; then
+    echo "fixture file is missing: ${display_name}" >&2
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  actual_size="$(wc -c < "${downloaded_file}" | tr -d '[:space:]')"
+  if [ "${actual_size}" != "${expected_size}" ]; then
+    echo "fixture size mismatch for ${display_name}: expected ${expected_size}, got ${actual_size}" >&2
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  actual_oid="$(sha256sum "${downloaded_file}" | awk '{ print $1 }')"
+  if [ "${actual_oid}" != "${expected_oid}" ]; then
+    echo "fixture SHA-256 mismatch for ${display_name}: expected ${expected_oid}, got ${actual_oid}" >&2
+    return 1
+  fi
+}
+
+# Prints the fixture file paths of a trace case, one per line. Strips CR so the
+# result is usable when python emits CRLF (Git Bash on Windows).
+trace_fixture_files() {
+  local case_name="$1"
+  local fixture_dir="$2"
+  local python_bin="${3:-python3}"
+
+  "${python_bin}" tools/trace_replay/trace_cases.py \
+    --format fixture-files \
+    --case "${case_name}" \
+    --fixture-root "${fixture_dir}" | tr -d '\r'
+}

.github/workflows/apk.yml

@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@ on:
 jobs:
   build:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      actions: write
+      contents: read
     env:
       CCACHE_BASEDIR: ${{ github.workspace }}
       CCACHE_COMPRESS: "true"
@@ -41,12 +44,11 @@ jobs:
           gradle-version: 8.10.2
 
       - name: Restore ccache
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v5
         with:
           path: .ccache
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-apk-${{ github.job }}-ccache-${{ github.ref_name }}-${{ github.run_id }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-apk-${{ github.job }}-ccache-v1
           restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-apk-${{ github.job }}-ccache-${{ github.ref_name }}-
             ${{ runner.os }}-apk-${{ github.job }}-ccache-
 
       - name: Install ccache
@@ -125,6 +127,28 @@ jobs:
         if: always()
         run: ccache --show-stats
 
+      # Rewrite one rolling entry per job on the default branch. The upload stays
+      # cumulative - it carries every object restored at the top of this run plus
+      # the few TUs that actually changed - but Actions cache keys are immutable,
+      # so the superseded blob has to be released before the same key can be
+      # re-uploaded. Running after the build means a failed build leaves the
+      # existing entry untouched. The other trigger branches restore this entry
+      # rather than each writing a ~4 GB one of their own.
+      - name: Release superseded ccache entry
+        if: github.ref_name == github.event.repository.default_branch
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+          CACHE_KEY: ${{ runner.os }}-apk-${{ github.job }}-ccache-v1
+        run: gh cache delete "${CACHE_KEY}" || true
+
+      - name: Save ccache
+        if: github.ref_name == github.event.repository.default_branch
+        continue-on-error: true
+        uses: actions/cache/save@v5
+        with:
+          path: .ccache
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-apk-${{ github.job }}-ccache-v1
+
       - name: Verify APK metadata and packaging
         run: |
           AAPT2="$(find "$ANDROID_HOME/build-tools" -name aapt2 -type f | sort -V | tail -n 1)"
@@ -185,7 +209,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Load trace cases
         id: trace-cases
         run: |
-          echo "android=$(python3 tools/trace_replay/trace_cases.py --ci --format github-apk)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          echo "android=$(python3 tools/trace_replay/trace_cases.py --ci --format github-apk-matrix)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           echo "names=$(python3 tools/trace_replay/trace_cases.py --ci --format names)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
   trace-fixtures:
@@ -201,9 +225,41 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout repo
         uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
+      - name: Derive trace fixture cache key
+        id: fixture-key
+        run: bash .github/scripts/trace-fixture-cache.sh key '${{ matrix.case }}'
+
+      - name: Restore trace fixture cache
+        id: fixture-cache
+        if: steps.fixture-key.outputs.cacheable == 'true'
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v5
+        with:
+          path: ${{ steps.fixture-key.outputs.paths }}
+          key: ${{ steps.fixture-key.outputs.key }}
+
+      - name: Verify restored trace fixture
+        id: fixture-verify
+        if: steps.fixture-cache.outputs.cache-hit == 'true'
+        run: |
+          if bash .github/scripts/trace-fixture-cache.sh verify '${{ matrix.case }}'; then
+            echo "ok=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          else
+            echo "ok=false" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+            echo "::warning::Cached fixture for ${{ matrix.case }} failed verification; falling back to the download path"
+            bash .github/scripts/trace-fixture-cache.sh reset '${{ matrix.case }}'
+          fi
+
       - name: Fetch trace fixture
+        if: steps.fixture-verify.outputs.ok != 'true'
         run: bash .github/scripts/fetch-trace-fixture-lfs.sh '${{ matrix.case }}'
 
+      - name: Save trace fixture cache
+        if: steps.fixture-key.outputs.cacheable == 'true' && steps.fixture-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        uses: actions/cache/save@v5
+        with:
+          path: ${{ steps.fixture-key.outputs.paths }}
+          key: ${{ steps.fixture-key.outputs.key }}
+
       - name: Stage trace fixture
         run: |
           safe_case="$(printf '%s' '${{ matrix.case }}' | sed 's/[^A-Za-z0-9._-]/_/g')"
@@ -227,6 +283,8 @@ jobs:
     env:
       AVD_NAME: mobilegl-ci
       ANDROID_AVD_HOME: ${{ github.workspace }}/.android/avd
+      ANDROID_HOME: ${{ github.workspace }}/.android/sdk
+      ANDROID_SDK_ROOT: ${{ github.workspace }}/.android/sdk
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repo
         uses: actions/checkout@v6
@@ -245,11 +303,11 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: |
             ${{ env.ANDROID_AVD_HOME }}
-            /usr/local/lib/android/sdk/emulator
-            /usr/local/lib/android/sdk/platform-tools
-            /usr/local/lib/android/sdk/platforms/android-35
-            /usr/local/lib/android/sdk/system-images/android-35/google_apis/x86_64
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-mobilegl-avd-api35-google_apis-x86_64-pixel_6-v1-${{ hashFiles('android-plugin/run-avd-ci.sh') }}
+            ${{ env.ANDROID_SDK_ROOT }}/emulator
+            ${{ env.ANDROID_SDK_ROOT }}/platform-tools
+            ${{ env.ANDROID_SDK_ROOT }}/platforms/android-35
+            ${{ env.ANDROID_SDK_ROOT }}/system-images/android-35/google_apis/x86_64
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-mobilegl-avd-api35-google_apis-x86_64-pixel_6-v2-${{ hashFiles('android-plugin/run-avd-ci.sh') }}
 
       - name: Create AVD
         if: steps.android-avd-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
@@ -274,21 +332,17 @@ jobs:
     env:
       AVD_NAME: mobilegl-ci
       ANDROID_AVD_HOME: ${{ github.workspace }}/.android/avd
+      ANDROID_HOME: ${{ github.workspace }}/.android/sdk
+      ANDROID_SDK_ROOT: ${{ github.workspace }}/.android/sdk
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       max-parallel: 4
-      matrix:
-        backend:
-          - name: DirectGLES
-            gpu: software
-          - name: DirectVulkan
-            gpu: lavapipe
-        case: ${{ fromJSON(needs.trace-cases.outputs.android) }}
+      matrix: ${{ fromJSON(needs.trace-cases.outputs.android) }}
     steps:
       - name: Set Swap Space
         uses: pierotofy/set-swap-space@v1.0
         with:
-          swap-size-gb: 16
+          swap-size-gb: 8
 
       - name: Checkout repo
         uses: actions/checkout@v6
@@ -324,11 +378,11 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: |
             ${{ env.ANDROID_AVD_HOME }}
-            /usr/local/lib/android/sdk/emulator
-            /usr/local/lib/android/sdk/platform-tools
-            /usr/local/lib/android/sdk/platforms/android-35
-            /usr/local/lib/android/sdk/system-images/android-35/google_apis/x86_64
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-mobilegl-avd-api35-google_apis-x86_64-pixel_6-v1-${{ hashFiles('android-plugin/run-avd-ci.sh') }}
+            ${{ env.ANDROID_SDK_ROOT }}/emulator
+            ${{ env.ANDROID_SDK_ROOT }}/platform-tools
+            ${{ env.ANDROID_SDK_ROOT }}/platforms/android-35
+            ${{ env.ANDROID_SDK_ROOT }}/system-images/android-35/google_apis/x86_64
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-mobilegl-avd-api35-google_apis-x86_64-pixel_6-v2-${{ hashFiles('android-plugin/run-avd-ci.sh') }}
 
       - name: Download retrace APK
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
@@ -366,6 +420,9 @@ jobs:
           MOBILEGL_USE_ANGLE: ${{ matrix.backend.name == 'DirectGLES' && '1' || '0' }}
           MOBILEGL_TRACE_ANGLE_VARIANT: ${{ matrix.case.name == 'minecraft-1.21.4-fabric-iris-bliss-in-world' && '90a62123d794' || 'ec889e6ea831' }}
           MOBILEGL_MAGMA_R11G11B10F_FALLBACK: ${{ matrix.backend.name == 'DirectVulkan' && '1' || '0' }}
+          MOBILEGL_FIX_ITERATIONRP_SUBGROUP_SCRATCH: ${{ matrix.backend.name == 'DirectVulkan' && matrix.case.name == 'minecraft-1.21.4-fabric-iris-iterationrp-in-world' && '1' || '0' }}
+          MOBILEGL_DERIVE_NUM_SUBGROUPS: ${{ matrix.backend.name == 'DirectVulkan' && matrix.case.name == 'minecraft-1.21.4-fabric-iris-iterationrp-in-world' && '1' || '0' }}
+          MOBILEGL_ITERATIONRP_FIX_BARRIER: ${{ matrix.backend.name == 'DirectVulkan' && matrix.case.name == 'minecraft-1.21.4-fabric-iris-iterationrp-in-world' && '1' || '0' }}
         run: |
           apk_file="android-retrace-apks/MobileGL-plugin-trace-release-${GITHUB_SHA}.apk"
           test -f "${apk_file}"
@@ -375,30 +432,75 @@ jobs:
           if [ "${{ matrix.backend.name }}" = "DirectGLES" ] && [ "${{ matrix.case.name }}" = "minecraft-1.21.4-fabric-iris-bliss-in-world" ]; then
             extra_retrace_args+=(--avoid-angle-llvmpipe-sampler-mipmap-min-filter)
           fi
+          if [ "${{ matrix.backend.name }}" = "DirectGLES" ] && [ "${{ matrix.case.avoid_angle_llvmpipe_explicit_lod_bias || false }}" = "true" ]; then
+            extra_retrace_args+=(--avoid-angle-llvmpipe-explicit-lod-bias)
+          fi
           if [ "${{ matrix.case.coherent_as_flush || false }}" = "true" ]; then
             extra_retrace_args+=(--coherent-as-flush)
           fi
-          timeout "$(( ${{ matrix.case.timeout_seconds }} + 300 ))" sh android-plugin/trace-replay-ci.sh \
-            --apk-file "${apk_file}" \
-            --package top.mobilegl.plugin.trace \
-            --backend "${{ matrix.backend.name }}" \
-            --result-root android-retrace-result \
-            --fixture-root android-retrace-fixture \
-            --case "${{ matrix.case.name }}" \
-            --trace-archive "${{ matrix.case.trace_archive }}" \
-            --trace-file "${{ matrix.case.trace_file }}" \
-            --golden "${{ matrix.case.golden }}" \
-            --alternate-golden "${{ matrix.case.alternate_golden || '' }}" \
-            --target-call "${{ matrix.case.target_call }}" \
-            --width "${{ matrix.case.width }}" \
-            --height "${{ matrix.case.height }}" \
-            --ssim-threshold "${{ matrix.case.ssim_threshold || '0.99' }}" \
-            --crop-x "${{ matrix.case.crop_x }}" \
-            --crop-y "${{ matrix.case.crop_y }}" \
-            --crop-width "${{ matrix.case.crop_width }}" \
-            --crop-height "${{ matrix.case.crop_height }}" \
-            --timeout-seconds "${{ matrix.case.timeout_seconds }}" \
-            "${extra_retrace_args[@]}"
+
+          run_retrace() {
+            timeout "$(( ${{ matrix.case.timeout_seconds }} + 300 ))" sh android-plugin/trace-replay-ci.sh \
+              --apk-file "${apk_file}" \
+              --package top.mobilegl.plugin.trace \
+              --backend "${{ matrix.backend.name }}" \
+              --result-root android-retrace-result \
+              --fixture-root android-retrace-fixture \
+              --case "${{ matrix.case.name }}" \
+              --trace-archive "${{ matrix.case.trace_archive }}" \
+              --trace-file "${{ matrix.case.trace_file }}" \
+              --golden "${{ matrix.case.golden }}" \
+              --alternate-golden "${{ matrix.case.alternate_golden || '' }}" \
+              --target-call "${{ matrix.case.target_call }}" \
+              --width "${{ matrix.case.width }}" \
+              --height "${{ matrix.case.height }}" \
+              --ssim-threshold "${{ matrix.case.ssim_threshold || '0.99' }}" \
+              --crop-x "${{ matrix.case.crop_x }}" \
+              --crop-y "${{ matrix.case.crop_y }}" \
+              --crop-width "${{ matrix.case.crop_width }}" \
+              --crop-height "${{ matrix.case.crop_height }}" \
+              --timeout-seconds "${{ matrix.case.timeout_seconds }}" \
+              "${extra_retrace_args[@]}"
+          }
+
+          retrace_status=0
+          run_retrace || retrace_status=$?
+          if [ "${retrace_status}" -eq 75 ]; then
+            echo "::warning::Android emulator infrastructure failed; restarting it and retrying this retrace once."
+            # Surface-lost is retried rather than failed, so it would otherwise
+            # be invisible. Report it per job - a healthy run prints nothing and
+            # a rate spike shows up as a row per affected case.
+            reason_file="android-retrace-result/infrastructure-failure-reason.txt"
+            surface_lost_retries=0
+            if [ -f "${reason_file}" ]; then
+              surface_lost_retries="$(grep -c 'angle-surface-lost' "${reason_file}" || true)"
+            fi
+            if [ "${surface_lost_retries}" -gt 0 ]; then
+              echo "surface-lost retries: ${surface_lost_retries} (${{ matrix.backend.name }}, ${{ matrix.case.name }})" \
+                >> "${GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY}"
+            fi
+            # The restart truncates EMULATOR_LOG, and the attempt that lost the
+            # emulator is the one worth reading - the retry usually only shows
+            # the wreckage. Keep the first attempt's log before it is clobbered.
+            if [ -f "${EMULATOR_LOG}" ]; then
+              cp "${EMULATOR_LOG}" "${EMULATOR_LOG}.first-attempt" || true
+            fi
+            sh android-plugin/run-avd-ci.sh stop \
+              --avd-name "${AVD_NAME}" \
+              --emulator-log "${EMULATOR_LOG}" \
+              --pid-file "${EMULATOR_PID_FILE}"
+            adb kill-server || true
+            sleep 2
+            sh android-plugin/run-avd-ci.sh start \
+              --avd-name "${AVD_NAME}" \
+              --gpu "${{ matrix.backend.gpu }}" \
+              --emulator-log "${EMULATOR_LOG}" \
+              --pid-file "${EMULATOR_PID_FILE}" \
+              --boot-timeout 300
+            run_retrace
+          elif [ "${retrace_status}" -ne 0 ]; then
+            exit "${retrace_status}"
+          fi
 
       - name: Collect retrace summary inputs
         if: always()
@@ -422,6 +524,13 @@ jobs:
           if [ -f "${EMULATOR_LOG}" ]; then
             cp "${EMULATOR_LOG}" android-retrace-result/diagnostics/emulator.log
           fi
+          if [ -f "${EMULATOR_LOG}.first-attempt" ]; then
+            cp "${EMULATOR_LOG}.first-attempt" android-retrace-result/diagnostics/emulator-first-attempt.log
+          fi
+          # A vanished emulator looks identical whether the host OOM killer took
+          # qemu or the renderer faulted. These two say which.
+          free -h > android-retrace-result/diagnostics/host-memory.txt 2>&1 || true
+          sudo dmesg -T 2>/dev/null | tail -300 > android-retrace-result/diagnostics/host-dmesg.txt || true
 
       - name: Stop Emulator
         if: always()
@@ -503,22 +612,41 @@ jobs:
           )
 
           if ((${#failed_cases[@]})); then
-            echo "Retaining fixtures for failed retrace case(s):"
+            echo "Retaining fixtures and results for failed retrace case(s):"
             printf '  %s\n' "${!failed_cases[@]}"
           else
-            echo "All retrace jobs succeeded; no fixtures need to be retained."
+            echo "All retrace jobs succeeded; nothing needs to be retained."
           fi
 
           deleted=0
           retained=0
           while IFS=$'\t' read -r artifact_id artifact_name; do
+            keep=0
             if [[ "${artifact_name}" == MobileGL-trace-fixture-* ]]; then
               case_name="${artifact_name#MobileGL-trace-fixture-}"
               if [[ -v "failed_cases[${case_name}]" ]]; then
-                echo "Retaining ${artifact_name} (${artifact_id}) for failed retrace."
-                ((retained += 1))
-                continue
+                keep=1
               fi
+            elif [[ "${artifact_name}" == MobileGL-android-retrace-result-* ]]; then
+              # The result artifact carries mobilegl.log, retrace.log, logcat,
+              # the emulator log and the actual/diff images - the only record of
+              # why a retrace failed. Its name ends in -<backend>-<case>, so a
+              # suffix match on the case name keeps both backends' results for a
+              # case that failed on either of them, which is what a comparison
+              # needs. The match is anchored at the end, so a case name that is a
+              # prefix of a longer one does not retain the longer one's results.
+              for case_name in "${!failed_cases[@]}"; do
+                if [[ "${artifact_name}" == *-"${case_name}" ]]; then
+                  keep=1
+                  break
+                fi
+              done
+            fi
+
+            if ((keep)); then
+              echo "Retaining ${artifact_name} (${artifact_id}) for failed retrace."
+              ((retained += 1))
+              continue
             fi
 
             echo "Deleting ${artifact_name} (${artifact_id})"

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-name: Test
+name: Test
 
 on:
   push:
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@ on:
 jobs:
   build-linux:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      actions: write
+      contents: read
     env:
       BUILD_DIR: build-linux
       CCACHE_BASEDIR: ${{ github.workspace }}
@@ -34,12 +37,11 @@ jobs:
         uses: lukka/get-cmake@v4.3.3
 
       - name: Restore ccache
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v5
         with:
           path: .ccache
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-test-${{ github.job }}-ccache-${{ github.ref_name }}-${{ github.run_id }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-test-${{ github.job }}-ccache-v1
           restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-test-${{ github.job }}-ccache-${{ github.ref_name }}-
             ${{ runner.os }}-test-${{ github.job }}-ccache-
 
       - name: Prepare Vulkan SDK
@@ -83,6 +85,8 @@ jobs:
             -DMOBILEGL_LOG_ACTIVE_LEVEL=MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_INFO \
             -DMOBILEGL_BUILD_TEST=ON \
             -DMOBILEGL_BUILD_BENCHMARK=ON \
+            -DMOBILEGL_BUILD_INTEGRATION_TEST=ON \
+            -DMOBILEGL_ITEST_VK_ICD=/usr/share/vulkan/icd.d/lvp_icd.json \
             -DMOBILEGL_BUILD_TRACE_REPLAY=OFF \
             -DBENCHMARK_DOWNLOAD_DEPENDENCIES=ON \
             -DBENCHMARK_ENABLE_TESTING=OFF \
@@ -95,6 +99,28 @@ jobs:
         if: always()
         run: ccache --show-stats
 
+      # Rewrite one rolling entry per job on the default branch. The upload stays
+      # cumulative - it carries every object restored at the top of this run plus
+      # the few TUs that actually changed - but Actions cache keys are immutable,
+      # so the superseded blob has to be released before the same key can be
+      # re-uploaded. Running after the build means a failed build leaves the
+      # existing entry untouched. The other trigger branches restore this entry
+      # rather than each writing one of their own.
+      - name: Release superseded ccache entry
+        if: github.ref_name == github.event.repository.default_branch
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+          CACHE_KEY: ${{ runner.os }}-test-${{ github.job }}-ccache-v1
+        run: gh cache delete "${CACHE_KEY}" || true
+
+      - name: Save ccache
+        if: github.ref_name == github.event.repository.default_branch
+        continue-on-error: true
+        uses: actions/cache/save@v5
+        with:
+          path: .ccache
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-test-${{ github.job }}-ccache-v1
+
       - name: Package Linux runtime
         run: |
           mkdir -p ci-artifacts
@@ -107,8 +133,10 @@ jobs:
             --exclude='build.ninja' \
             --exclude='cmake_install.cmake' \
             -czf ci-artifacts/mobilegl-linux-runtime.tgz \
+            "${BUILD_DIR}/CTestTestfile.cmake" \
             "${BUILD_DIR}/MobileGL/MG_Test" \
             "${BUILD_DIR}/MobileGL/MG_Benchmark" \
+            "${BUILD_DIR}/MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest" \
             "${SHARED_LIBS[@]}"
 
       - name: Upload Linux runtime
@@ -156,14 +184,107 @@ jobs:
           PY
 
       - name: Test
-        working-directory: build-linux/MobileGL/MG_Test
+        working-directory: build-linux
         run: |
+          ulimit -c unlimited
+          sudo sysctl -w kernel.core_pattern='/tmp/core.%e.%p'
           if [ "${{ secrets.ACTIONS_STEP_DEBUG }}" = "true" ]; then
-            ctest -V
+            ctest -V -L unit --no-tests=error
           else
-            ctest --output-on-failure
+            ctest --output-on-failure -L unit --no-tests=error
           fi
 
+      - name: Upload core dumps
+        if: failure()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: unit-core-dumps
+          path: /tmp/core.*
+          if-no-files-found: ignore
+
+  integration:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: build-linux
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repo
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+
+      - name: Get CMake
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@v4.3.3
+
+      - name: Install runtime dependencies
+        # Same set as the benchmark job, for the same reason: the scenarios bring
+        # up real headless EGL (llvmpipe) and Vulkan (lavapipe) contexts, and
+        # libegl-mesa0 - the EGL vendor library behind glvnd's libegl1 dispatch -
+        # only arrives as a Recommends.
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y libvulkan1 libegl1 libegl-mesa0 libgles2 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-vulkan-drivers
+
+      - name: Download Linux runtime
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        with:
+          name: mobilegl-linux-runtime
+          path: .
+
+      - name: Unpack Linux runtime
+        run: tar -xzf mobilegl-linux-runtime.tgz
+
+      - name: Normalize CTest command paths
+        run: |
+          python - <<'PY'
+          from pathlib import Path
+          import re
+
+          for path in Path('build-linux').rglob('CTestTestfile.cmake'):
+              text = path.read_text()
+              text = re.sub(r'"[^"]*/cmake-[^"]*/bin/cmake"', '"cmake"', text)
+              path.write_text(text)
+          PY
+
+      - name: Integration scenarios
+        working-directory: build-linux
+        # REQUIRE_GPU makes a driverless runner FAIL instead of skipping every
+        # scenario - an all-skip run is otherwise indistinguishable from a pass,
+        # which is how a five-month-old draw-dropping bug survived unseen until
+        # this lane existed.
+        #
+        # The lavapipe ICD pin lives in the build-linux configure
+        # (-DMOBILEGL_ITEST_VK_ICD), NOT here: the configure bakes it into each
+        # test's ctest ENVIRONMENT property, and a property entry OVERRIDES the
+        # job environment - a VK_ICD_FILENAMES exported here would be silently
+        # ignored while looking like it works. This lane runs on lavapipe
+        # deterministically, not on whichever of the eight Mesa ICDs a GPU-less
+        # runner enumerates first.
+        #
+        # Cores are armed so that any crash - the harness pre-flight child's
+        # included - leaves /tmp/core.*, which the failure-only step below ships
+        # as an artifact. Analyzing a downloaded core against the runtime
+        # artifact's binary in an ubuntu-24.04 userspace reproduces the exact
+        # crash stack without burning a CI round on an in-workflow debugger.
+        env:
+          MOBILEGL_ITEST_REQUIRE_GPU: "1"
+          MOBILEGL_FIX_ITERATIONRP_SUBGROUP_SCRATCH: "1"
+          MOBILEGL_DERIVE_NUM_SUBGROUPS: "1"
+          MOBILEGL_ITERATIONRP_FIX_BARRIER: "1"
+        run: |
+          ulimit -c unlimited
+          sudo sysctl -w kernel.core_pattern='/tmp/core.%e.%p'
+          if [ "${{ secrets.ACTIONS_STEP_DEBUG }}" = "true" ]; then
+            ctest -V -L integration-gpu --no-tests=error
+          else
+            ctest --output-on-failure -L integration-gpu --no-tests=error
+          fi
+
+      - name: Upload core dumps
+        if: failure()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: integration-core-dumps
+          path: /tmp/core.*
+          if-no-files-found: ignore
+
   benchmark:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: build-linux
@@ -176,9 +297,13 @@ jobs:
         uses: lukka/get-cmake@v4.3.3
 
       - name: Install runtime dependencies
+        # libegl-mesa0 is the EGL vendor library itself: DriverBench brings up a
+        # real GL context, and libegl1 is only glvnd's dispatch. It normally
+        # arrives as a Recommends of libegl1, which is too quiet a dependency for
+        # the one job that needs a working driver.
         run: |
           sudo apt-get update
-          sudo apt-get install -y libvulkan1 libegl1 libgles2 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-vulkan-drivers
+          sudo apt-get install -y libvulkan1 libegl1 libegl-mesa0 libgles2 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-vulkan-drivers
 
       - name: Download Linux runtime
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
@@ -202,8 +327,19 @@ jobs:
           PY
 
       - name: Benchmark
-        working-directory: build-linux/MobileGL/MG_Benchmark
-        run: ctest -V -C Release
+        working-directory: build-linux
+        run: |
+          ulimit -c unlimited
+          sudo sysctl -w kernel.core_pattern='/tmp/core.%e.%p'
+          ctest -V -C Release -L benchmark --no-tests=error
+
+      - name: Upload core dumps
+        if: failure()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: benchmark-core-dumps
+          path: /tmp/core.*
+          if-no-files-found: ignore
 
   build-retrace:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -211,6 +347,10 @@ jobs:
       - build-linux
       - test
       - benchmark
+      - integration
+    permissions:
+      actions: write
+      contents: read
     env:
       BUILD_DIR: build-retrace
       CCACHE_BASEDIR: ${{ github.workspace }}
@@ -235,12 +375,11 @@ jobs:
         uses: lukka/get-cmake@v4.3.3
 
       - name: Restore ccache
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v5
         with:
           path: .ccache
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-test-${{ github.job }}-ccache-${{ github.ref_name }}-${{ github.run_id }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-test-${{ github.job }}-ccache-v1
           restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-test-${{ github.job }}-ccache-${{ github.ref_name }}-
             ${{ runner.os }}-test-${{ github.job }}-ccache-
 
       - name: Prepare Vulkan SDK
@@ -306,6 +445,21 @@ jobs:
         if: always()
         run: ccache --show-stats
 
+      - name: Release superseded ccache entry
+        if: github.ref_name == github.event.repository.default_branch
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+          CACHE_KEY: ${{ runner.os }}-test-${{ github.job }}-ccache-v1
+        run: gh cache delete "${CACHE_KEY}" || true
+
+      - name: Save ccache
+        if: github.ref_name == github.event.repository.default_branch
+        continue-on-error: true
+        uses: actions/cache/save@v5
+        with:
+          path: .ccache
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-test-${{ github.job }}-ccache-v1
+
       - name: Normalize CTest command paths
         run: |
           python - <<'PY'
@@ -338,7 +492,9 @@ jobs:
     needs:
       - test
       - benchmark
+      - integration
     outputs:
+      matrix: ${{ steps.trace-cases.outputs.matrix }}
       names: ${{ steps.trace-cases.outputs.names }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repo
@@ -346,7 +502,9 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Load trace cases
         id: trace-cases
-        run: echo "names=$(python3 tools/trace_replay/trace_cases.py --ci --format names)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+        run: |
+          echo "matrix=$(python3 tools/trace_replay/trace_cases.py --ci --format github-test-matrix)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          echo "names=$(python3 tools/trace_replay/trace_cases.py --ci --format names)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
   trace-fixtures:
     name: trace fixture (${{ matrix.case }})
@@ -361,9 +519,41 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout repo
         uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
+      - name: Derive trace fixture cache key
+        id: fixture-key
+        run: bash .github/scripts/trace-fixture-cache.sh key '${{ matrix.case }}'
+
+      - name: Restore trace fixture cache
+        id: fixture-cache
+        if: steps.fixture-key.outputs.cacheable == 'true'
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v5
+        with:
+          path: ${{ steps.fixture-key.outputs.paths }}
+          key: ${{ steps.fixture-key.outputs.key }}
+
+      - name: Verify restored trace fixture
+        id: fixture-verify
+        if: steps.fixture-cache.outputs.cache-hit == 'true'
+        run: |
+          if bash .github/scripts/trace-fixture-cache.sh verify '${{ matrix.case }}'; then
+            echo "ok=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          else
+            echo "ok=false" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+            echo "::warning::Cached fixture for ${{ matrix.case }} failed verification; falling back to the download path"
+            bash .github/scripts/trace-fixture-cache.sh reset '${{ matrix.case }}'
+          fi
+
       - name: Fetch trace fixture
+        if: steps.fixture-verify.outputs.ok != 'true'
         run: bash .github/scripts/fetch-trace-fixture-lfs.sh '${{ matrix.case }}'
 
+      - name: Save trace fixture cache
+        if: steps.fixture-key.outputs.cacheable == 'true' && steps.fixture-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        uses: actions/cache/save@v5
+        with:
+          path: ${{ steps.fixture-key.outputs.paths }}
+          key: ${{ steps.fixture-key.outputs.key }}
+
       - name: Stage trace fixture
         run: |
           safe_case="$(printf '%s' '${{ matrix.case }}' | sed 's/[^A-Za-z0-9._-]/_/g')"
@@ -393,11 +583,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       max-parallel: 4
-      matrix:
-        backend:
-          - DirectGLES
-          - DirectVulkan
-        case: ${{ fromJSON(needs.trace-cases.outputs.names) }}
+      matrix: ${{ fromJSON(needs.trace-cases.outputs.matrix) }}
 
     steps:
       - name: Set Swap Space
@@ -451,11 +637,36 @@ jobs:
       - name: Retrace and validate
         working-directory: build-retrace/tools/trace_replay
         run: |
+          ulimit -c unlimited
+          sudo sysctl -w kernel.core_pattern='/tmp/core.%e.%p'
           if [ '${{ matrix.backend }}' = 'DirectVulkan' ]; then
             export MOBILEGL_MAGMA_R11G11B10F_FALLBACK=1
           fi
+          if [ '${{ matrix.backend }}' = 'DirectVulkan' ] \
+             && [ '${{ matrix.case }}' = 'minecraft-1.21.4-fabric-iris-iterationrp-in-world' ]; then
+            export MOBILEGL_FIX_ITERATIONRP_SUBGROUP_SCRATCH=1
+            export MOBILEGL_DERIVE_NUM_SUBGROUPS=1
+            export MOBILEGL_ITERATIONRP_FIX_BARRIER=1
+          fi
+          # The blended depth-write quirk auto-enables only on Qualcomm, which no CI
+          # runner has, so force it on for the OIT case it exists to fix. ForceOn
+          # bypasses only the vendor gate, so this exercises the real strip on
+          # lavapipe. The Android AVD lane deliberately leaves it off, keeping the
+          # unstripped path covered for the same trace.
+          if [ '${{ matrix.backend }}' = 'DirectVulkan' ] \
+             && [ '${{ matrix.case }}' = 'improved-transparency-minecraft-26.3' ]; then
+            export MOBILEGL_MAGMA_DISABLE_BLENDED_DEPTH_WRITE=1
+          fi
           ctest -V --no-tests=error -R '^MobileGLTraceReplay\.${{ matrix.case }}\.${{ matrix.backend }}$'
 
+      - name: Upload core dumps
+        if: failure()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: retrace-core-dumps-${{ matrix.backend }}-${{ matrix.case }}
+          path: /tmp/core.*
+          if-no-files-found: ignore
+
       - name: Upload actual image
         if: always()
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7

.gitignore

@@ -25,3 +25,6 @@ MobileGL/MG*/cmake-build*
 /android-plugin/app/src/trace/jniLibs
 /android-plugin/local.properties
 tools/trace_replay/work/
+__pycache__/
+*.py[cod]
+/.gradle

.gitmodules

@@ -7,9 +7,6 @@
 [submodule "3rdparty/SPIRV-Cross"]
 	path = 3rdparty/SPIRV-Cross
 	url = https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-Cross.git
-[submodule "include/FastSTL"]
-	path = include/FastSTL
-	url = https://github.com/MobileGL-Dev/FastSTL.git
 [submodule "3rdparty/tracy"]
 	path = 3rdparty/tracy
 	url = https://github.com/wolfpld/tracy.git
@@ -31,3 +28,9 @@
 [submodule "3rdparty/apitrace"]
 	path = 3rdparty/apitrace
 	url = https://github.com/MobileGL-Dev/apitrace.git
+[submodule "3rdparty/asio"]
+	path = 3rdparty/asio
+	url = https://github.com/chriskohlhoff/asio.git
+[submodule "include/ska"]
+	path = include/ska
+	url = https://github.com/MobileGL-Dev/flat_hash_map.git

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@ project("MobileGL")
 
 option(MOBILEGL_BUILD_TEST        "Build MobileGL tests"                             ON )
 option(MOBILEGL_BUILD_BENCHMARK   "Build MobileGL benchmarks"                        ON )
+# Headless end-to-end GPU scenarios (MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest). They need a
+# real GPU/ICD to do anything, so they are off by default for CI; every scenario
+# skips cleanly where there is none. Registered under the `integration-gpu`
+# ctest label so a run can select or exclude them.
+option(MOBILEGL_BUILD_INTEGRATION_TEST "Build MobileGL headless GPU integration tests" OFF)
 option(MOBILEGL_FORCE_RELEASE_OPT "Enable Release optimization flags in Debug build" ON )
 option(MOBILEGL_ENABLE_TRACY      "Enable tracy for profiling"                       OFF)
 option(MOBILEGL_BUILD_TRACE_REPLAY "Build desktop apitrace replay runner"            OFF)
@@ -15,9 +20,86 @@ set(MOBILEGL_VULKAN_LIBRARY "" CACHE FILEPATH "Vulkan loader/MoltenVK library to
 if (ANDROID)
     set(MOBILEGL_BUILD_TEST       OFF CACHE BOOL "Build MobileGL tests"      FORCE)
     set(MOBILEGL_BUILD_BENCHMARK  OFF CACHE BOOL "Build MobileGL benchmarks" FORCE)
+
+    # ------- Android API level policy: minimum 26, decided here and only here -------
+    # MobileGL ships against API 26: the codebase must not use any API introduced
+    # after 26. That usage constraint is enforced where it is real - the shipping
+    # gradle build compiles at minSdk 26, where a newer API is simply undeclared
+    # and fails to compile. Configuring at a HIGHER level is therefore allowed
+    # (nothing in the tree may rely on it), but a LOWER level would change the
+    # libc contract underneath the shipped library and is refused.
+    #
+    # This has to live at configure time because the level cannot be corrected
+    # from a source header. A `#define __ANDROID_API__ 26` in a common header
+    # only rewrites the macro for the bionic headers that happen to be included
+    # after it; any libc++ header pulled in earlier has already latched its
+    # feature macros at the real configure-time level. libc++ and bionic then
+    # disagree about which symbols exist - libc++ calls e.g.
+    # pthread_cond_clockwait while bionic, re-read at the lowered level, has
+    # hidden its declaration. MobileGL/Defines.h carried exactly that pin from
+    # the first commit until it was removed; this guard is what replaces it.
+    #
+    # Read the level back from the compiler target triple first. Its trailing
+    # number (aarch64-none-linux-android26) is precisely what clang turns into
+    # __ANDROID_API__, so it cannot disagree with the compile itself, and it is
+    # already past every NDK normalisation step - codename aliases, "latest",
+    # and per-ABI minimum pull-ups. ANDROID_PLATFORM_LEVEL is the fallback for
+    # generators/languages where the triple variable is not populated.
+    #
+    # Note CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION is deliberately NOT consulted: it holds the API
+    # level only under the NDK's newer toolchain path, and is a meaningless 1
+    # when ANDROID_USE_LEGACY_TOOLCHAIN_FILE is on (which is what AGP has been
+    # defaulting to). Reading it would fail every legacy-mode build.
+    set(MOBILEGL_ANDROID_API_LEVEL 26)
+
+    set(_mobilegl_android_api "")
+    foreach (_mobilegl_api_triple "${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_TARGET}"
+                                  "${CMAKE_C_COMPILER_TARGET}")
+        if (NOT _mobilegl_android_api AND
+            _mobilegl_api_triple MATCHES "-android([0-9]+)$")
+            set(_mobilegl_android_api "${CMAKE_MATCH_1}")
+        endif()
+    endforeach()
+
+    foreach (_mobilegl_api_var ANDROID_PLATFORM_LEVEL ANDROID_NATIVE_API_LEVEL
+                               ANDROID_PLATFORM)
+        if (NOT _mobilegl_android_api AND ${_mobilegl_api_var})
+            string(REGEX REPLACE "^android-" ""
+                   _mobilegl_android_api "${${_mobilegl_api_var}}")
+        endif()
+    endforeach()
+
+    if (NOT _mobilegl_android_api MATCHES "^[0-9]+$")
+        message(FATAL_ERROR
+            "MobileGL: could not determine the Android API level (got "
+            "\"${_mobilegl_android_api}\"). Configure with the NDK toolchain "
+            "file and -DANDROID_PLATFORM=android-${MOBILEGL_ANDROID_API_LEVEL}.")
+    elseif (_mobilegl_android_api LESS MOBILEGL_ANDROID_API_LEVEL)
+        message(FATAL_ERROR
+            "MobileGL requires at least Android API ${MOBILEGL_ANDROID_API_LEVEL}, "
+            "but this build resolved to API ${_mobilegl_android_api}.\n"
+            "Configure with -DANDROID_PLATFORM=android-${MOBILEGL_ANDROID_API_LEVEL} "
+            "(gradle builds get this from minSdk ${MOBILEGL_ANDROID_API_LEVEL}, so "
+            "check that minSdk instead of adding an override).")
+    elseif (_mobilegl_android_api GREATER MOBILEGL_ANDROID_API_LEVEL)
+        message(STATUS
+            "MobileGL: configuring at Android API ${_mobilegl_android_api} "
+            "(> shipping minimum ${MOBILEGL_ANDROID_API_LEVEL}). Allowed, but the "
+            "tree must not use post-${MOBILEGL_ANDROID_API_LEVEL} APIs - the "
+            "minSdk-${MOBILEGL_ANDROID_API_LEVEL} gradle build is the enforcing "
+            "compile.")
+    endif()
+
+    message(STATUS "MobileGL: Android API level ${_mobilegl_android_api}")
+
+    unset(_mobilegl_android_api)
+    unset(_mobilegl_api_var)
+    unset(_mobilegl_api_triple)
 endif()
 
-if (NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug" OR MOBILEGL_FORCE_RELEASE_OPT)
+option(MOBILEGL_ENABLE_LTO "Build with ThinLTO/IPO" OFF)
+
+if ((NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug" OR MOBILEGL_FORCE_RELEASE_OPT) AND MOBILEGL_ENABLE_LTO)
     # Check if ThinLTO or LTO is suppported
     include(CheckIPOSupported)
     include(CheckCCompilerFlag)
@@ -100,6 +182,7 @@ set(ENABLE_SPVREMAPPER         OFF CACHE BOOL "Enable SPVRemapper" FORCE)
 set(ENABLE_OPT                 ON  CACHE BOOL "Enable SPIRV-Tools opt usage in glslang" FORCE)
 set(BUILD_EXTERNAL             ON  CACHE BOOL "Build external deps in External/" FORCE)
 set(ENABLE_GLSLANG_INSTALL     OFF CACHE BOOL "Install glslang targets" FORCE)
+set(SPIRV_SKIP_EXECUTABLES     ON  CACHE BOOL "Skip building SPIRV-Tools executables" FORCE)
 
 set(SPIRV_CROSS_C_API          ON  CACHE BOOL "Enable C API" FORCE)
 set(SPIRV_CROSS_ENABLE_GLSL    ON  CACHE BOOL "Enable GLSL backend" FORCE)
@@ -147,6 +230,9 @@ set(SOURCE_FILES
 
     MobileGL/MG_Util/Debug/Log.cpp
 
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/Async/JobNode.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/Async/ShaderCompilePool.cpp
+
     MobileGL/MG_Util/Math/VectorTypes.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/Metrics/TextureMetrics.cpp
 
@@ -180,6 +266,7 @@ set(SOURCE_FILES
 
     MobileGL/MG_Util/Classifiers/TextureEnumClassifier.cpp
 
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/CompileEnv.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/ShaderCompiler.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpvcSession.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/ShaderSourceProcessor.cpp
@@ -187,19 +274,43 @@ set(SOURCE_FILES
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/FlattenInterfaceStructPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/EliminateFloatEqualsZeroPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/RenameSamplerFunctionParameterPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/RenameBuiltinShadowingFunctionsPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DecomposeWorkgroupVec3Pass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DecoratePositionInvariantPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DemoteFloat64Pass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/LowerDrawParametersPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/LowerViewportIndexPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/PackDoubleVertexInputsPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/FlattenXfbInterfaceBlocksPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/SplitArrayVertexInputsPass.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/RebaseInstanceIndexPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/ZeroBaseVertexPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/DeriveNumSubgroupsPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/FixIterationRPBarrierPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/FixIterationRPSubgroupScratchPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/EmulateSubgroupsPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/NormalizeRectCoordinatesPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/Lower1DArrayImagesPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/BakeImageFormatsPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/ClampMultisampleFetchPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/PrivateToEntryLocalPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/StripUniformLocationsPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/StripUboMemberRelaxedPrecisionPass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/StripNoPerspectivePass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/EmulateNoPerspectivePass.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/SpirvPasses/LegalizeFragmentOutputIndexPass.cpp
 
     MobileGL/MG_Util/BackendLoaders/OpenGL/Loader.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/BackendLoaders/Vulkan/Loader.cpp
 
     MobileGL/MG_Util/SelfTest/DriverPost.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Util/SelfTest/DriverPostIterationRPWitness.cpp
 
     MobileGL/MG_Util/Texture/PixelStoreProcessor.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Util/Texture/TextureFormatProcessor.cpp
 
     MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLXImpl/Exporting/Definitions.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLXImpl/GLXImpl.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLXImpl/LookUp/LookUp.cpp
 
     MobileGL/MG_Impl/EGLImpl/Exporting/Definitions.cpp
@@ -213,6 +324,8 @@ set(SOURCE_FILES
     MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Framebuffer/Validators.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Framebuffer/GL_Framebuffer.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/GL_Program.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/ProgramInterface.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/GL_ProgramPipeline.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Texture/GL_Texture.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Texture/Validators.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Texture/ProxyTexture.cpp
@@ -235,6 +348,7 @@ set(SOURCE_FILES
     MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/BackendObject_DirectGLES.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Utils.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Managers.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/MultiDraw.cpp
 
     MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/DirectVulkan.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/BackendObject_DirectVulkan.cpp
@@ -273,7 +387,12 @@ set(SOURCE_FILES
     MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/TextureState/TextureUnit.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/TextureState/TextureState.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramObject.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramLinkTask.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramSpirvTask.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ShaderCompileTask.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ShaderObject.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ShaderPreprocessCache.cpp
+    MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ShaderCompileAdoptionMap.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramState.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/RenderState/RenderState.cpp
     MobileGL/MG_State/GLState/FramebufferState/FramebufferObject.cpp
@@ -296,9 +415,22 @@ endif()
 if (ANDROID)
     list(APPEND SOURCE_FILES
         MobileGL/MG_Util/SelfTest/DriverPostJni.cpp
+        MobileGL/MG_Util/SelfTest/DriverBenchJni.cpp
     )
 endif()
 
+if (WIN32)
+    list(APPEND SOURCE_FILES
+        MobileGL/MG_Impl/WGLImpl/WGLImpl.cpp
+        MobileGL/MG_Impl/WGLImpl/Exporting/Definitions.cpp
+    )
+endif()
+
+# The shader-compile pool runs standalone Asio on real threads. This host's glibc (>= 2.34)
+# merged pthread into libc, so it links without asking, but the NDK and musl are not
+# guaranteed to be as forgiving - ask for it explicitly rather than rely on the accident.
+find_package(Threads REQUIRED)
+
 set(MOBILEGL_LINK_LIBRARIES
         glslang::glslang
         spirv-cross-c
@@ -308,12 +440,17 @@ set(MOBILEGL_LINK_LIBRARIES
         GPUOpen::VulkanMemoryAllocator
         Vulkan::UtilityHeaders
         spirv-reflect-static
+        Threads::Threads
 )
 
 set(MOBILEGL_COMPILE_DEF
         -DVMA_STATIC_VULKAN_FUNCTIONS=0
         -DVMA_DYNAMIC_VULKAN_FUNCTIONS=1
         -DVMA_VULKAN_VERSION=1001000
+        # Header-only Asio, no Boost, no deprecated interfaces. Set on the definition list
+        # rather than per-target so the shared library and the _s static target agree.
+        -DASIO_STANDALONE
+        -DASIO_NO_DEPRECATED
 )
 
 message(STATUS "MOBILEGL_COMPILE_DEF=${MOBILEGL_COMPILE_DEF}")
@@ -325,12 +462,24 @@ set(MOBILEGL_INCLUDE_DIR
         ${spirv-tools_SOURCE_DIR}/include
         ${spirv-tools_BINARY_DIR}
         ${SPIRV-Headers_SOURCE_DIR}/include
+        # Header-only submodule: no add_subdirectory, no link target. Only
+        # MG_Util/Async/ShaderCompilePool.cpp includes it, and it stays behind that file's
+        # pimpl so no consumer target needs this path.
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/3rdparty/asio/include
 )
 
-add_library(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} SHARED 
+add_library(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} SHARED
     ${SOURCE_FILES}
 )
 
+if (WIN32)
+    # The wgl* entry points are exported via .def (see the comment in wgl.def);
+    # only the shared library links it.
+    target_sources(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE
+        MobileGL/MG_Impl/WGLImpl/Exporting/wgl.def
+    )
+endif()
+
 if (CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
     set_target_properties(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} PROPERTIES
         C_VISIBILITY_PRESET default
@@ -373,6 +522,18 @@ if(UNIX AND NOT APPLE AND NOT ANDROID)
     endforeach()
 endif()
 
+if(WIN32)
+    # Drop-in for the classic GL loader path: a copy named opengl32.dll placed
+    # next to a host executable is what LoadLibrary("opengl32.dll") and gdi32's
+    # pixel-format forwarding will resolve.
+    add_custom_command(TARGET ${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} POST_BUILD
+        COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different
+                "$<TARGET_FILE:${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME}>"
+                "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME}>/opengl32.dll"
+        COMMENT "Creating opengl32.dll drop-in copy"
+    )
+endif()
+
 if(NOT ANDROID)
     add_library(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME}_s STATIC 
         ${SOURCE_FILES}
@@ -424,8 +585,21 @@ if (ANDROID)
 endif()
 
 if (APPLE AND NOT MOBILEGL_IOS)
+    # MobileGL statically embeds glslang, SPIRV-Tools, and SPIRV-Cross. When
+    # this dylib is injected with DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES, exporting those C++
+    # symbols interposes incompatible copies embedded by host libraries such
+    # as shaderc. Keep only the public GL/EGL/CGL loader surface globally
+    # visible; GetProcAddress can still return pointers to hidden internals.
+    set(MOBILEGL_MACOS_EXPORTED_SYMBOLS
+        "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/MobileGL/MG_Impl/DyldInterpose/ExportedSymbols.txt")
+    target_link_options(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE
+        "LINKER:-exported_symbols_list,${MOBILEGL_MACOS_EXPORTED_SYMBOLS}")
+    set_property(TARGET ${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} APPEND PROPERTY
+        LINK_DEPENDS "${MOBILEGL_MACOS_EXPORTED_SYMBOLS}")
+
     target_link_libraries(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} PUBLIC
         "-framework Cocoa"
+        "-framework CoreVideo"
         "-framework QuartzCore"
         "-framework Foundation"
         "-framework OpenGL"
@@ -433,6 +607,7 @@ if (APPLE AND NOT MOBILEGL_IOS)
     if(TARGET ${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME}_s)
         target_link_libraries(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME}_s PUBLIC
             "-framework Cocoa"
+            "-framework CoreVideo"
             "-framework QuartzCore"
             "-framework Foundation"
             "-framework OpenGL"
@@ -475,16 +650,37 @@ if (NOT ANDROID AND NOT MOBILEGL_IOS)
 endif ()
 
 if (NOT ANDROID)
+    # Enable testing in the top-level scope so a CTestTestfile.cmake is emitted
+    # at the build-tree root. This lets `ctest` be invoked from the top-level
+    # build directory (IDE "run all tests", CI) and discover every test in the
+    # subdirectories below, instead of having to descend into each
+    # MG_Test/MG_Benchmark subdirectory. Tests are tagged with CTest labels
+    # (unit / benchmark / integration), so e.g. `ctest -L unit` selects just
+    # the unit suite.
+    enable_testing()
+
     if (MOBILEGL_BUILD_TEST)
         add_subdirectory(MobileGL/MG_Test)
     endif()
 
+    # After MG_Test so googletest is already available when the unit tests are
+    # built; the module fetches its own copy when they are not.
+    if (MOBILEGL_BUILD_INTEGRATION_TEST)
+        add_subdirectory(MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest)
+    endif()
+
     if (MOBILEGL_BUILD_BENCHMARK)
         add_subdirectory(MobileGL/MG_Benchmark)
     endif()
 
     if (MOBILEGL_BUILD_TRACE_REPLAY)
-        enable_testing()
         add_subdirectory(tools/trace_replay)
     endif()
 endif()
+
+# The integration binary is also useful as a standalone adb-shell executable.
+# Android cannot use the desktop-only MobileGL_s target, so its CMake module
+# links libMobileGL.so and creates an AImageReader-backed window instead.
+if (ANDROID AND MOBILEGL_BUILD_INTEGRATION_TEST)
+    add_subdirectory(MobileGL/MG_IntegrationTest)
+endif()

MobileGL/Config.h

@@ -14,12 +14,48 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Config {
     inline const String ProjectName = "MobileGL";
     inline const String CoreName = "MobileGL Core";
     inline const String CoreVendor = "MobileGL-Dev (BZLZHH, Swung0x48, Tungsten)";
-    inline const Version CoreVersion = {26, 7, 0, "-dev", VersionType::Development};
+    inline const Version CoreVersion = {26, 8, 0, "-dev", VersionType::Development};
     inline const VersionStringFormatAttrib DefaultVersionStringFormatAttrib = {2, 2, 0, true, true};
     inline const Uint64 CacheVersion = 0;
 
     extern BackendType ActiveBackendType;
 
+    // Tri-state override for device-specific quirks: Auto lets the detected device decide,
+    // ForceOn/ForceOff bypass the detection in either direction. ForceOn only bypasses the
+    // device gate - each quirk keeps its structural safety checks.
+    enum class QuirkOverride : Uint8 {
+        Auto = 0,
+        ForceOn,
+        ForceOff,
+    };
+
+    // Preferred DirectVulkan dispatch tier for the glMultiDraw* families. A preference,
+    // never a demand: the renderer clamps it to what the device supports at device
+    // creation, falling down the chain ext -> indirect -> unroll with one log line.
+    enum class MultiDrawMode : Uint8 {
+        Auto = 0, // unset: best supported tier
+        Ext,      // VK_EXT_multi_draw: one vkCmdDrawMultiEXT / vkCmdDrawMultiIndexedEXT
+        Indirect, // multiDrawIndirect feature: one vkCmdDraw*Indirect over a transient command array
+        Unroll,   // one vkCmdDraw* per sub-draw
+    };
+
+    // Preferred DirectGLES emulation tier for glMultiDrawElements(BaseVertex). GLES has no
+    // such entry point in core, so every tier below is an emulation; they differ only in
+    // which driver capability they lean on and how many driver calls a batch costs. Like
+    // the Magma knob this is a preference, clamped at resolution time to what the ES
+    // driver actually supports, with one log line when it falls back.
+    enum class GLESMultiDrawMode : Uint8 {
+        Auto = 0,      // unset: best supported tier
+        Ext,           // one glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertexEXT
+        MultiIndirect, // one glMultiDrawElementsIndirectEXT over a scratch command buffer
+        Indirect,      // one glDrawElementsIndirect per sub-draw over that same buffer
+        BaseVertex,    // one glDrawElementsBaseVertex per sub-draw
+        DrawElements,  // baseVertex folded into a scratch index buffer on the CPU, then plain
+                       // glDrawElements per sub-draw (for drivers with no base-vertex draw at all)
+        Compute,       // a compute shader flattens every sub-draw into one rebased index buffer,
+                       // drawn by a single glDrawElements
+    };
+
     // Feature toggles parsed once from environment variables in MG_ConfigLoader::Init()
     // (ConfigLoader.cpp), before the accepted-env map is destroyed. All Bool fields share
     // one truthy rule: the variable is set, non-empty, not "0", and not "false"
@@ -33,14 +69,58 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Config {
     struct FeaturesTable {
         // MOBILEGL_DISABLE_TIMERQUERY: do not advertise or use GPU timer queries.
         Bool DisableTimerQuery = false;
+        // MOBILEGL_ENABLE_SPIRV_VALIDATION: validate generated and transformed SPIR-V.
+        // Disabled by default because validation is a diagnostics-only cost.
+        Bool EnableSpirvValidation = false;
         // MOBILEGL_USE_ANGLE: load ANGLE EGL/GLES libraries.
         Bool UseAngle = false;
 #if defined(MOBILEGL_TRACE_ANGLE_VARIANTS)
         // MOBILEGL_TRACE_ANGLE_VARIANT: signed trace-APK ANGLE build short hash.
         String TraceAngleVariant;
 #endif
-        // MOBILEGL_DISABLE_SUBGROUP: force-disable Vulkan shader subgroup support.
+        // MOBILEGL_DISABLE_SUBGROUP: force-disable Vulkan shader subgroup support,
+        // including the opt-in emulated compute path below.
         Bool DisableSubgroup = false;
+        // MOBILEGL_MAGMA_EMULATE_SUBGROUP: implement GL_KHR_shader_subgroup's compute
+        // stage on a 32-lane VIRTUAL subgroup lowered to workgroup-shared memory
+        // (ShaderTranspiler::EmulateSubgroupsPass). Strictly a last resort: it only ever
+        // engages when this flag is set AND the device has no native subgroup support at
+        // all - a device with real subgroup operations always uses them natively,
+        // whatever their width (the known iterationRP defect is patched by
+        // FixIterationRPSubgroupScratch below instead). Off by default.
+        Bool MagmaEmulateSubgroup = false;
+        // MOBILEGL_FIX_ITERATIONRP_SUBGROUP_SCRATCH: patch iterationRP's own bug - the
+        // pack declares `shared vec2 prefixSumCache[32]` for a 512-invocation exposure
+        // reduction and indexes it by gl_SubgroupID, so any device with sub-16-lane
+        // subgroups (8-lane lavapipe -> 64 subgroups) writes shared memory out of
+        // bounds. The pass grows that one array to what the device's topology needs and
+        // touches nothing else; it only rewrites modules positively matching the pack's
+        // reduction fingerprint (ShaderTranspiler::FixIterationRPSubgroupScratchPass),
+        // so every other shader passes through byte-identical - as does iterationRP
+        // itself on >= 16-lane devices. Auto is ON; ForceOff replays the pack's bug
+        // verbatim.
+        QuirkOverride FixIterationRPSubgroupScratch = QuirkOverride::Auto;
+        // MOBILEGL_ITERATIONRP_FIX_BARRIER: repair Program 203's missing workgroup
+        // rendezvous between its two reductions over prefixSumCache. Off by default and
+        // fingerprint-gated by FixIterationRPBarrierPass when enabled.
+        Bool IterationRPFixBarrier = false;
+        // MOBILEGL_DERIVE_NUM_SUBGROUPS: replace compute gl_NumSubgroups loads with
+        // ceil(workgroup invocations / gl_SubgroupSize) on the NATIVE subgroup path
+        // (ShaderTranspiler::DeriveNumSubgroupsPass). Auto is ON: GL requires
+        // gl_SubgroupID < gl_NumSubgroups, Adreno's builtin reports 1 while the same
+        // dispatch emits IDs 0..7, and the derived value is the one Vulkan guarantees
+        // whenever the pipeline can request REQUIRE_FULL_SUBGROUPS (which the renderer
+        // does whenever local_size_x is a multiple of the native width). ForceOff returns
+        // to the raw driver builtin.
+        QuirkOverride DeriveNumSubgroups = QuirkOverride::Auto;
+        // MOBILEGL_ADVERTISE_FP64: add GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 to the advertised extension
+        // string. `double` in a shader always WORKS - it is narrowed to 32 bits before any
+        // module reaches a backend (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass) - but the extension
+        // promises 64-bit precision, and that is the one thing the narrowing cannot deliver.
+        // Off by default so an application that checks the string before using doubles keeps
+        // its float path; on for measuring what the conformance suite makes of the demoted
+        // precision. See the DemoteFloat64Pass header and the "fp64" POST row.
+        Bool AdvertiseFp64 = false;
         // MOBILEGL_MAGMA_R11G11B10F_FALLBACK: use fallback format for R11G11B10F on Vulkan.
         Bool MagmaR11G11B10FFallback = false;
         // MOBILEGL_MAGMA_FRAMESINFLIGHT: requested Magma frames in flight, defaulting to 3.
@@ -48,6 +128,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Config {
         // MOBILEGL_AVOID_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MIN_FILTER: avoid mipmap min filters in samplers,
         // resolves certain rendering bugs on ANGLE + llvmpipe.
         Bool AvoidSamplerMipmapMinFilter = false;
+        // MOBILEGL_AVOID_EXPLICIT_LOD_BIAS: leave an already-explicit LOD argument alone when
+        // emulating GL_TEXTURE_LOD_BIAS, instead of adding the bias uniform to it. Injecting
+        // the uniform turns a compile-time-constant LOD into a runtime expression, which
+        // sends ANGLE + llvmpipe down a mip-selection path that dereferences a NULL
+        // descriptor and kills the process. Deviates from spec (Vulkan adds the bias to
+        // OpImageSampleExplicitLod), so it is an avoidance for that stack only.
+        Bool AvoidExplicitLodBias = false;
         // MOBILEGL_COHERENT_AS_FLUSH: app-compat for engines (e.g. Flywheel) that write
         // GPU-read data through persistent GL_MAP_FLUSH_EXPLICIT_BIT maps they never
         // flush. Persistent FLUSH_EXPLICIT map requests are rewritten to coherent
@@ -61,6 +148,61 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Config {
         // per-draw glBufferSubData path instead of the persistent-mapped ring allocator
         // (negative control / driver-bug escape hatch).
         Bool DisableUboRing = false;
+        // MOBILEGL_ESPRYT_FORCE_DS_READBACK_EMULATION: make DirectGLES skip the native ES
+        // depth/stencil reads and always go through the shader-sampling emulation. Core GL
+        // ES has no depth or stencil readback, but some drivers accept it anyway (Mesa does,
+        // Adreno does not), which means the emulation is dead code on exactly the stack the
+        // headless suite runs on. This forces it live so the scenarios and the CTS can
+        // exercise the path, and gives the device an A/B lever over the same choice.
+        Bool EsprytForceDepthStencilReadbackEmulation = false;
+        // MOBILEGL_RELAXED_SEMANTICS: relax strict core-profile rules (e.g. VAO-0 draws,
+        // texture-name reuse after delete) even on contexts that explicitly requested a core
+        // profile. Without it, relaxed semantics still apply to every context that did not
+        // explicitly request a core profile via EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_PROFILE_MASK / a >=3.1
+        // version request.
+        Bool RelaxedSemantics = false;
+        // MOBILEGL_MAGMA_DISABLE_BLENDED_DEPTH_WRITE: overrides the DirectVulkan quirk that
+        // strips depth writes from accumulation-blended pipelines (MIN/MAX or additive
+        // ONE+ONE - the multi-pass depth-equality signature) on drivers without
+        // cross-pipeline vertex position invariance. Sorted-transparency "over" blends,
+        // gl_FragDepth writers, and fully color-masked attachments are exempt (see
+        // PipelineFactory::ShouldSuppressDepthWrite). Auto detects Qualcomm.
+        QuirkOverride MagmaDisableBlendedDepthWriteQuirk = QuirkOverride::Auto;
+        // MOBILEGL_DISABLE_ROBUST_BUFFER_ACCESS: leave the Vulkan robustBufferAccess device
+        // feature off. It is enabled by default to match GL's defined out-of-range fetch
+        // behavior; this escape hatch exists to measure or dodge its GPU cost on a device.
+        Bool DisableRobustBufferAccess = false;
+        // MOBILEGL_MAGMA_MULTIDRAW_MODE: preferred DirectVulkan multi-draw dispatch tier
+        // ("ext" | "indirect" | "unroll", see MultiDrawMode). Clamped to device support;
+        // unset picks the best supported tier.
+        MultiDrawMode MagmaMultiDrawMode = MultiDrawMode::Auto;
+        // MOBILEGL_ESPRYT_MULTIDRAW_MODE: preferred DirectGLES glMultiDrawElements emulation
+        // tier ("ext" | "multiindirect" | "indirect" | "basevertex" | "drawelements" |
+        // "compute", see GLESMultiDrawMode). Clamped to driver support; unset picks the best
+        // supported tier, which never includes "compute" - see the note on its resolution.
+        GLESMultiDrawMode EsprytMultiDrawMode = GLESMultiDrawMode::Auto;
+        // MOBILEGL_ASYNC_SHADER_COMPILE: overrides asynchronous shader compilation. Unset
+        // keeps the built-in default (MG_Util::Async::kAsyncShaderCompileDefault); falsy
+        // forces every glCompileShader/glLinkProgram to run synchronously on the calling
+        // thread AND withdraws GL_KHR_parallel_shader_compile, so the single switch reverts
+        // both the threading and the application-visible behaviour change.
+        QuirkOverride AsyncShaderCompile = QuirkOverride::Auto;
+        // MOBILEGL_ASYNC_SHADER_COMPILE_THREADS: shader-compile worker count. 0 (unset) means
+        // auto, which is min(4, big cores); an explicit value is honoured as given.
+        Uint32 AsyncShaderCompileThreads = 0;
+        // MOBILEGL_ASYNC_OPTIMISTIC_SHADER_STATUS: while a compile job is still in flight,
+        // glGetShaderiv(GL_COMPILE_STATUS) answers GL_TRUE and the shader info log reads
+        // empty, WITHOUT joining the job (latched per compile - see
+        // ShaderObject::TakeOptimisticCompileAnswer). A deliberate, bounded spec violation:
+        // a real failure still fails the program link with the compile log quoted. It
+        // exists for applications that compile hundreds of shaders serially and read the
+        // status right after each glCompileShader - Iris's shader-pack load - where those
+        // per-shader joins are what serializes the batch on its main path (Iris's gbuffer
+        // phase issues no program-level query between programs; program-level LINK_STATUS
+        // and the program info log still join truthfully, so paths that check each link
+        // immediately stay serial by their own construction). Off by default; never
+        // advertise it.
+        QuirkOverride AsyncOptimisticShaderStatus = QuirkOverride::Auto;
     };
     extern FeaturesTable Features;
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Config

MobileGL/ConfigLoader.cpp

@@ -86,6 +86,58 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_ConfigLoader {
         return it != acceptedEnvVariablesMap->end() && IsTruthyValue(it->second);
     }
 
+    // Quirk overrides are tri-state: an unset variable keeps device auto-detection, a truthy
+    // value forces the quirk on, anything else set ("0", "false", "") forces it off.
+    inline MG_Config::QuirkOverride QueryEnvQuirkOverride(const String& key) {
+        auto it = acceptedEnvVariablesMap->find(key);
+        if (it == acceptedEnvVariablesMap->end()) {
+            return MG_Config::QuirkOverride::Auto;
+        }
+        return IsTruthyValue(it->second) ? MG_Config::QuirkOverride::ForceOn
+                                         : MG_Config::QuirkOverride::ForceOff;
+    }
+
+    // Multi-draw mode is a named-value preference: unset keeps Auto (best supported tier),
+    // a recognized name selects that tier as the ceiling, anything else warns and keeps Auto.
+    inline MG_Config::MultiDrawMode QueryEnvMultiDrawMode(const String& key) {
+        auto it = acceptedEnvVariablesMap->find(key);
+        if (it == acceptedEnvVariablesMap->end()) {
+            return MG_Config::MultiDrawMode::Auto;
+        }
+        String lowered = it->second;
+        std::transform(lowered.begin(), lowered.end(), lowered.begin(),
+                       [](unsigned char c) { return static_cast<char>(std::tolower(c)); });
+        if (lowered == "ext") return MG_Config::MultiDrawMode::Ext;
+        if (lowered == "indirect") return MG_Config::MultiDrawMode::Indirect;
+        if (lowered == "unroll") return MG_Config::MultiDrawMode::Unroll;
+        if (lowered.empty() || lowered == "auto") return MG_Config::MultiDrawMode::Auto;
+        MGLOG_W("Config: Ignoring invalid env variable %s='%s'; expected ext|indirect|unroll|auto, using auto",
+                key.c_str(), it->second.c_str());
+        return MG_Config::MultiDrawMode::Auto;
+    }
+
+    // Same contract as QueryEnvMultiDrawMode, over the DirectGLES tier names.
+    inline MG_Config::GLESMultiDrawMode QueryEnvGLESMultiDrawMode(const String& key) {
+        auto it = acceptedEnvVariablesMap->find(key);
+        if (it == acceptedEnvVariablesMap->end()) {
+            return MG_Config::GLESMultiDrawMode::Auto;
+        }
+        String lowered = it->second;
+        std::transform(lowered.begin(), lowered.end(), lowered.begin(),
+                       [](unsigned char c) { return static_cast<char>(std::tolower(c)); });
+        if (lowered == "ext") return MG_Config::GLESMultiDrawMode::Ext;
+        if (lowered == "multiindirect") return MG_Config::GLESMultiDrawMode::MultiIndirect;
+        if (lowered == "indirect") return MG_Config::GLESMultiDrawMode::Indirect;
+        if (lowered == "basevertex") return MG_Config::GLESMultiDrawMode::BaseVertex;
+        if (lowered == "drawelements") return MG_Config::GLESMultiDrawMode::DrawElements;
+        if (lowered == "compute") return MG_Config::GLESMultiDrawMode::Compute;
+        if (lowered.empty() || lowered == "auto") return MG_Config::GLESMultiDrawMode::Auto;
+        MGLOG_W("Config: Ignoring invalid env variable %s='%s'; expected "
+                "ext|multiindirect|indirect|basevertex|drawelements|compute|auto, using auto",
+                key.c_str(), it->second.c_str());
+        return MG_Config::GLESMultiDrawMode::Auto;
+    }
+
     inline Uint32 QueryEnvUint32(const String& key, Uint32 defaultValue, Uint32 minValue, Uint32 maxValue) {
         auto it = acceptedEnvVariablesMap->find(key);
         if (it == acceptedEnvVariablesMap->end()) {
@@ -110,18 +162,38 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_ConfigLoader {
     inline void InitFeatures() {
         auto& features = MG_Config::Features;
         features.DisableTimerQuery = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_DISABLE_TIMERQUERY");
+        features.EnableSpirvValidation = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_ENABLE_SPIRV_VALIDATION");
         features.UseAngle = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_USE_ANGLE");
 #if defined(MOBILEGL_TRACE_ANGLE_VARIANTS)
         QueryEnvVariable("MOBILEGL_TRACE_ANGLE_VARIANT", features.TraceAngleVariant, "");
 #endif
         features.DisableSubgroup = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_DISABLE_SUBGROUP");
+        features.MagmaEmulateSubgroup = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_MAGMA_EMULATE_SUBGROUP");
+        features.FixIterationRPSubgroupScratch =
+            QueryEnvQuirkOverride("MOBILEGL_FIX_ITERATIONRP_SUBGROUP_SCRATCH");
+        features.IterationRPFixBarrier = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_ITERATIONRP_FIX_BARRIER");
+        features.DeriveNumSubgroups = QueryEnvQuirkOverride("MOBILEGL_DERIVE_NUM_SUBGROUPS");
+        features.AdvertiseFp64 = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_ADVERTISE_FP64");
         features.MagmaR11G11B10FFallback = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_MAGMA_R11G11B10F_FALLBACK");
         features.MagmaFramesInFlight = QueryEnvUint32("MOBILEGL_MAGMA_FRAMESINFLIGHT", 3, 1, 64);
         features.AvoidSamplerMipmapMinFilter =
             QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_AVOID_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MIN_FILTER");
+        features.AvoidExplicitLodBias = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_AVOID_EXPLICIT_LOD_BIAS");
         features.CoherentAsFlush = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_COHERENT_AS_FLUSH");
         features.TraceSkipAutodestroy = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_TRACE_SKIP_AUTODESTROY");
         features.DisableUboRing = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_DISABLE_UBO_RING");
+        features.EsprytForceDepthStencilReadbackEmulation =
+            QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_ESPRYT_FORCE_DS_READBACK_EMULATION");
+        features.RelaxedSemantics = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_RELAXED_SEMANTICS");
+        features.MagmaDisableBlendedDepthWriteQuirk =
+            QueryEnvQuirkOverride("MOBILEGL_MAGMA_DISABLE_BLENDED_DEPTH_WRITE");
+        features.DisableRobustBufferAccess = QueryEnvFlag("MOBILEGL_DISABLE_ROBUST_BUFFER_ACCESS");
+        features.MagmaMultiDrawMode = QueryEnvMultiDrawMode("MOBILEGL_MAGMA_MULTIDRAW_MODE");
+        features.EsprytMultiDrawMode = QueryEnvGLESMultiDrawMode("MOBILEGL_ESPRYT_MULTIDRAW_MODE");
+        features.AsyncShaderCompile = QueryEnvQuirkOverride("MOBILEGL_ASYNC_SHADER_COMPILE");
+        features.AsyncShaderCompileThreads = QueryEnvUint32("MOBILEGL_ASYNC_SHADER_COMPILE_THREADS", 0, 0, 64);
+        features.AsyncOptimisticShaderStatus =
+            QueryEnvQuirkOverride("MOBILEGL_ASYNC_OPTIMISTIC_SHADER_STATUS");
     }
 
     inline void InitBackendType() {

MobileGL/Defines.h

@@ -9,10 +9,20 @@
 #pragma once
 
 // ============== Platform-specific definitions and macros ============== //
-#ifdef __ANDROID__
-#undef __ANDROID_API__
-#define __ANDROID_API__ 26 // force Android API level to 26 for compatibility
-#endif
+// No __ANDROID_API__ pin here on purpose. The effective API level is owned by
+// the build system (gradle minSdk 26 -> -DANDROID_PLATFORM=android-26, enforced
+// by the configure-time guard in CMakeLists.txt), not by a macro.
+//
+// History: this used to `#define __ANDROID_API__ 26` to *raise* the level back
+// when the build configured something lower, so that pthread_getname_np (which
+// bionic guards with __INTRODUCED_IN(26)) would be declared. Once a later
+// change added an `#undef` in front of it, the same line started *lowering* the
+// level whenever the build configured higher than 26 - and that is an
+// include-order split-brain, not a compatibility knob: a TU that includes any
+// libc++ header before Includes.h latches libc++'s feature macros at the
+// configure-time level, and only the bionic headers pulled in afterwards see
+// the lowered value. The two halves then disagree (e.g. libc++ believes
+// pthread_cond_clockwait exists while bionic has since hidden its declaration).
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
 #ifndef NOMINMAX
@@ -34,8 +44,26 @@
 #define MOBILEGL_EGL_API MOBILEGL_API
 #define MOBILEGL_CGL_API MOBILEGL_API
 #define MOBILEGL_NSOPENGL_API MOBILEGL_API
+#define MOBILEGL_WGL_API MOBILEGL_API
 
 // ====================== MobileGL configurations ======================= //
+// The numeric log levels live here, not only in Log.h: MOBILEGL_ASSERT below compares
+// MOBILEGL_LOG_ACTIVE_LEVEL against MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, and in a translation unit
+// that includes Defines.h without Log.h both tokens would silently evaluate to 0 in the
+// preprocessor conditional - enabling the assert in exactly the INFO-level builds it is
+// documented to be compiled out of. Log.h redefines them identically, which is legal.
+//
+// Severity order, ascending: DEBUG < INFO < WARN < ERROR < FATAL. MOBILEGL_LOG_ACTIVE_LEVEL
+// names the lowest severity compiled in, so the production default INFO keeps I/W/E/F and
+// drops only D. Any edit here must be mirrored in Log.h.
+#ifndef MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG
+#define MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG 0
+#define MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_INFO 1
+#define MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_WARN 2
+#define MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR 3
+#define MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_FATAL 4
+#endif
+
 #ifndef MOBILEGL_LOG_ACTIVE_LEVEL
 #define MOBILEGL_LOG_ACTIVE_LEVEL MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_INFO
 #endif
@@ -67,6 +95,12 @@
 #endif
 
 // =============================== Utils ================================ //
+// Asserts are live in exactly the builds where MGLOG_D is live, i.e. DEBUG builds only;
+// an INFO build (the production default) compiles them out. DEBUG is the lowest severity
+// in the ordering above, so "ACTIVE <= DEBUG" is true only for ACTIVE == DEBUG - the same
+// gate MGLOG_D uses in Log.h. That equivalence is what makes this gate survive the
+// 2026-08-13 renumbering unchanged; the contract is and stays
+// "INFO builds: asserts OFF; DEBUG builds: asserts ON".
 #if MOBILEGL_LOG_ACTIVE_LEVEL <= MOBILEGL_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG
     #define MOBILEGL_ASSERT(condition, ...)                                                                                \
         do {                                                                                                               \

MobileGL/GlobalObjects.cpp

@@ -14,7 +14,13 @@ namespace MobileGL {
     } // namespace MG_Config
 
     namespace MG_Backend {
-        UniquePtr<BackendObject> pActiveBackendObject;
+        // Leak-at-exit storage: the UniquePtr itself lives on the heap and is
+        // never destroyed by the runtime, so process exit runs no backend
+        // destructors (static destruction order across TUs is undefined).
+        // Deterministic teardown happens inside the EGL lifecycle instead:
+        // the last eglTerminate calls MobileGL::Destroy(), which .reset()s
+        // these singletons while the process is still healthy.
+        UniquePtr<BackendObject>& pActiveBackendObject = *new UniquePtr<BackendObject>();
         GlobalBackendFunctionsTable gBackendFunctionsTable;
     } // namespace MG_Backend
 } // namespace MobileGL

MobileGL/Includes.h

@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@
 #include <stacktrace>
 #endif
 
-// Include FastSTL
-#include <FastSTL/UnorderedMap.h>
+// Include ska::flat_hash_map
+#include <ska/flat_hash_map.hpp>
 
 // Include xxHash
 #include <xxhash.h>

MobileGL/Init.cpp

@@ -9,14 +9,28 @@
 #include "Init.h"
 #include "Config.h"
 #include <MG_Backend/BackendObjects.h>
+#include <MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/DirectVulkan.h>
 #include <MG_State/GLState/Core.h>
 #include <MG_State/EGLState/Core.h>
 #include <MG_Impl/GLImpl/Texture/ProxyTexture.h>
 #include <MG_Impl/GLImpl/Framebuffer/GL_Framebuffer.h>
+#include <MG_Impl/GLImpl/Sync/GL_Sync.h>
+#include <MG_Impl/GLImpl/Query/GL_Query.h>
+#include <MG_Util/Async/ShaderCompilePool.h>
+#include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/ShaderCompiler.h>
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <mutex>
 
 namespace MobileGL {
     namespace {
-        Bool g_isInitialized = false;
+        std::atomic<Bool> g_isInitialized = false;
+        thread_local Bool tl_initializing = false;
+
+        std::mutex& InitMutex() {
+            static std::mutex mutex;
+            return mutex;
+        }
 
         void DestroyImpl(Bool logLifecycle) {
             if (!g_isInitialized) {
@@ -26,12 +40,38 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             if (logLifecycle) {
                 MGLOG_I("MobileGL closing...");
             }
-            glslang::FinalizeProcess();
+            // First, before anything else is torn down. In-flight compile/link jobs own
+            // their own inputs and are safe against everything below EXCEPT glslang's
+            // process globals and the TShader/TProgram objects hanging off pGLContext,
+            // both of which this function is about to destroy. This is the one
+            // cancellation path in the whole design that waits.
+            MG_Util::Async::ShaderCompilePool::Get().StopAndDrain();
+            // GL syncs die with their contexts, and every context is gone by the
+            // time full teardown runs: drain the live-sync registry while the
+            // backend function table can still release the backend handles (and
+            // before a re-initialized library could pair them with the wrong
+            // backend's DeleteSync).
+            MG_Impl::GLImpl::DestroyAllSyncObjects();
+            // Queries die with their contexts for the same reason, and their registry
+            // is the same shape of process-global map: drain it here too, while the
+            // function table can still pair each backend handle with the backend that
+            // minted it.
+            MG_Impl::GLImpl::DestroyAllQueryObjects();
             MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject.reset();
             MG_State::pGLContext.reset();
             MG_State::pEGLContext.reset();
             MG_Impl::GLImpl::TextureImpl::pProxyTextureManager.reset();
             MG_Impl::GLImpl::FramebufferImpl::pDefaultFramebufferInfo.reset();
+            // Must run AFTER pGLContext.reset(). FinalizeProcess -> ShFinalize deletes
+            // glslang's process-wide pool allocator and every cached built-in symbol table,
+            // while the TShader/TProgram objects owned by the shader and program objects
+            // still reference levels adopted from those tables. Finalizing first left live
+            // glslang objects pointing at freed memory for the rest of the teardown.
+            glslang::FinalizeProcess();
+            // Immediately after, and never apart from it: FinalizeProcess just deleted the
+            // built-in symbol tables the prewarm latch stands for, so leaving it set would
+            // make the next Initialize() skip a prewarm it genuinely needs.
+            MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::ResetPrewarmLatch();
             MG_Backend::gBackendFunctionsTable = {};
             g_isInitialized = false;
             if (logLifecycle) {
@@ -59,45 +99,55 @@ namespace MobileGL {
         MG_Impl::Init();
         MGLOG_D("MG_Impl initialized");
         glslang::InitializeProcess();
+        // On the GL thread, before any worker can exist. glslang builds its built-in symbol
+        // tables lazily under a process-wide lock held for the whole build, so without this
+        // the first concurrent compiles of a shaderpack all serialize behind the very first
+        // parse and asynchronous compilation looks like it is doing nothing.
+        //
+        // Gated on the flag, because the problem it solves only exists when there are
+        // workers: with compilation synchronous, nothing ever contends for that lock and the
+        // three throwaway parses buy nothing - they just add to every eglInitialize. Read the
+        // flag here rather than inside PrewarmBuiltins so ShaderCompiler keeps no dependency
+        // on the async subsystem (ProgramUtilTest compiles that file without it).
+        if (MG_Util::Async::AsyncShaderCompileEnabled()) {
+            MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::ShaderCompiler::PrewarmBuiltins();
+        }
         MGLOG_D("glslang initialized");
         g_isInitialized = true;
         MGLOG_I("MobileGL initialized");
     }
 
+    void EnsureInitialized() {
+        if (g_isInitialized.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // Re-entrant call while this thread is already inside Initialize()
+        // (e.g. an init step routing back through a public entry point).
+        if (tl_initializing) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(InitMutex());
+        if (g_isInitialized.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        tl_initializing = true;
+        Initialize();
+        tl_initializing = false;
+    }
+
     void Destroy() {
         DestroyImpl(true);
     }
 
-#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__APPLE__)
-    __attribute__((constructor)) static void AutoInit() {
-        Initialize();
-    }
-
-    __attribute__((destructor)) static void AutoDestroy() {
-        if (MG_Config::Features.TraceSkipAutodestroy) {
-            return;
-        }
-#if defined(__APPLE__)
-        // macOS injected dylibs can run destructors after logging/backend static state is already torn down.
-        return;
-#else
-        DestroyImpl(false);
-#endif
-    }
-#endif
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    BOOL WINAPI DllMain(HMODULE hModule, DWORD ul_reason_for_call, LPVOID lpReserved) {
-        switch (ul_reason_for_call) {
-        case DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH:
-            Initialize();
-            break;
-
-        case DLL_PROCESS_DETACH:
-            Destroy();
-            break;
-        }
-        return TRUE;
-    }
-#endif
+    // MobileGL's lifecycle is owned entirely by the host-API layers
+    // (EGL/WGL/CGL): initialization happens lazily on the first entry point
+    // via EnsureInitialized(), and full teardown happens deterministically
+    // when the last EGL display is terminated with nothing current (EGLImpl
+    // calls Destroy()). There is intentionally no backend-initializing static
+    // constructor, no static destructor, and no DllMain: the global singletons
+    // use leak-at-exit storage (see GlobalObjects.cpp), so a process that exits
+    // without eglTerminate simply leaks them to the OS instead of running
+    // backend destructors during static teardown. macOS has a lightweight
+    // dyld constructor that installs NSOpenGL dispatch hooks only; full backend
+    // initialization still enters here from the first hooked CGL context.
 } // namespace MobileGL

MobileGL/Init.h

@@ -11,6 +11,13 @@
 
 namespace MobileGL {
     void Initialize();
+    // Thread-safe, idempotent, and re-entrant wrapper around Initialize().
+    // Host layers (EGL/WGL/CGL entry points) call this lazily on first use so
+    // full backend initialization never depends on ELF/DLL static constructors,
+    // and so a fresh init can follow a full Destroy() (e.g. after the last
+    // eglTerminate). The macOS dyld bootstrap installs only lightweight
+    // NSOpenGL method hooks.
+    void EnsureInitialized();
     void Destroy();
 
     namespace MG_Util::Debug {

MobileGL/MG_Backend/BackendObject.h

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ namespace MobileGL {
     namespace MG_State::GLState {
         class FramebufferObject;
         class ITextureObject;
+        class RenderbufferObject;
     }
 
     enum class BackendType {
@@ -24,6 +25,19 @@ namespace MobileGL {
     };
 
     namespace MG_Backend {
+        // One endpoint of a glCopyImageSubData. GL 4.6 core 18.3.2 accepts GL_RENDERBUFFER
+        // alongside the ten whole-image texture targets, and a renderbuffer name lives in a
+        // namespace of its own - so an endpoint is a sum type, not an ITextureObject. At most
+        // one of the two pointers is set; neither is set when the name named nothing, which is
+        // the INVALID_VALUE the frontend validator reports.
+        struct CopyImageEndpoint {
+            SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject> Texture;
+            SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::RenderbufferObject> Renderbuffer;
+
+            Bool IsRenderbuffer() const { return Renderbuffer != nullptr; }
+            Bool Exists() const { return Texture != nullptr || Renderbuffer != nullptr; }
+        };
+
         enum class FormatCapability : Uint64 {
             Creatable = 1ull << 0,
 
@@ -145,6 +159,10 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                                             GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLfloat* value);
             void (*ClearNamedFramebufferfi)(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject>& framebuffer,
                                             GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, GLfloat depth, GLint stencil);
+            void (*ClearNamedFramebufferiv)(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject>& framebuffer,
+                                            GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLint* value);
+            void (*ClearNamedFramebufferuiv)(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject>& framebuffer,
+                                             GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLuint* value);
             void (*BlitFramebuffer)(GLint srcX0, GLint srcY0, GLint srcX1, GLint srcY1, GLint dstX0, GLint dstY0,
                                     GLint dstX1, GLint dstY1, GLbitfield mask, GLenum filter);
             void (*BlitNamedFramebuffer)(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject>& readFramebuffer,
@@ -156,9 +174,9 @@ namespace MobileGL {
                                    GLsizei height, GLint border);
             void (*CopyTexSubImage2D)(GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint x, GLint y,
                                       GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
-            void (*CopyImageSubData)(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& srcTexture,
+            void (*CopyImageSubData)(const CopyImageEndpoint& src,
                                      GLenum srcTarget, GLint srcLevel, GLint srcX, GLint srcY, GLint srcZ,
-                                     const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& dstTexture,
+                                     const CopyImageEndpoint& dst,
                                      GLenum dstTarget, GLint dstLevel, GLint dstX, GLint dstY, GLint dstZ,
                                      GLsizei srcWidth, GLsizei srcHeight, GLsizei srcDepth);
             void (*GenerateMipmap)(GLenum target);
@@ -177,15 +195,18 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             void (*GetIntegeri_v)(GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint* data);
             void (*GetInteger64i_v)(GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint64* data);
             void (*GetProgramiv)(GLuint program, GLenum pname, GLint* params);
-            void (*GetProgramInterfaceiv)(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, GLenum pname, GLint* params);
-            GLuint (*GetProgramResourceIndex)(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, const GLchar* name);
-            void (*GetProgramResourceName)(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, GLuint index, GLsizei bufSize,
-                                           GLsizei* length, GLchar* name);
-            void (*GetProgramResourceiv)(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, GLuint index, GLsizei propCount,
-                                         const GLenum* props, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei* length, GLint* params);
-            GLint (*GetProgramResourceLocation)(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, const GLchar* name);
-            GLint (*GetProgramResourceLocationIndex)(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, const GLchar* name);
-            void (*ShaderStorageBlockBinding)(GLuint program, GLuint storageBlockIndex, GLuint storageBlockBinding);
+            // The GL program interface (glGetProgramInterfaceiv / glGetProgramResource*) is NOT
+            // a backend query: it describes the program the application wrote, in the
+            // application's namespace, which neither backend program is in. It is answered
+            // entirely by MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/ProgramInterface from the frontend reflection.
+            // Takes the block's GL NAME, not glShaderStorageBlockBinding's index. The index
+            // the application passes is the frontend interface-query enumeration's, and no
+            // backend shares that index space: DirectVulkan enumerates SPIR-V descriptor
+            // bindings and DirectGLES asks a real driver about SPIRV-Cross-generated ESSL.
+            // The name is the one coordinate all three agree on, so the frontend resolves the
+            // index against its own enumeration and each backend maps the name to its own.
+            void (*ShaderStorageBlockBinding)(GLuint program, const GLchar* storageBlockName,
+                                              GLuint storageBlockBinding);
             // GL fence sync objects. All entries are optional (may be null); the
             // frontend then falls back to always-signaled sync semantics.
             // FenceSync may itself return null when the backend cannot create a
@@ -220,6 +241,39 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             // and leave the query readable later.
             Bool (*GetQueryResult64)(BackendQueryHandle query, Bool wait, Uint64* outNanoseconds);
             void (*DeleteBackendQuery)(BackendQueryHandle query);
+            // GL_SAMPLES_PASSED occlusion queries (optional; null = unsupported,
+            // the frontend then rejects the target). Results/deletion flow through
+            // GetQueryResult64 / DeleteBackendQuery like timer queries.
+            BackendQueryHandle (*BeginOcclusionQuery)();
+            void (*EndOcclusionQuery)(BackendQueryHandle query);
+            // Transform feedback primitive queries backed by real GPU query pools
+            // (optional; null = frontend falls back to CPU accounting).
+            BackendQueryHandle (*BeginXfbPrimitivesQuery)(Bool generated);
+            void (*EndXfbPrimitivesQuery)(BackendQueryHandle query);
+            // Whether GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_PRIMITIVES_WRITTEN should be answered from the
+            // frontend's own accounting wherever that accounting is exact - a capture with no
+            // geometry stage - instead of from the query above. Set by DirectGLES, whose result
+            // is whatever the ES driver's PRIMITIVES_WRITTEN counter says: Adreno reports twice
+            // the written count for a vertex-only capture that follows a large render pass,
+            // where the desktop-exact answer is the one the frontend already computed. Defaults
+            // to false, so a backend that never sets it keeps using its GPU result.
+            Bool PrefersCpuXfbPrimitiveAccounting = false;
+            // Transform feedback capture spans, for backends whose own GL/ES driver
+            // performs the capture (DirectGLES). Both optional; null means the backend
+            // drives capture from its draw recording instead (DirectVulkan). End is
+            // called while the frontend capture state is still active, so the backend
+            // can still see the capture program and buffer bindings.
+            // GL_PATCH_VERTICES; ES 3.2 spells it the same way.
+            void (*PatchParameteri)(GLenum pname, GLint value);
+            void (*BeginTransformFeedback)(GLenum primitiveMode);
+            void (*EndTransformFeedback)();
+            // ARB_transform_feedback2. A backend that leaves these null keeps the single
+            // implicit capture span the frontend has always modelled; the frontend state
+            // (paused flag, per-object bindings) is tracked either way.
+            void (*PauseTransformFeedback)();
+            void (*ResumeTransformFeedback)();
+            void (*BindTransformFeedback)(GLuint name);
+            void (*DeleteTransformFeedback)(GLuint name);
             Int64 (*GetGpuTimestampNs)(); // glGetInteger64v(GL_TIMESTAMP); 0 if unsupported
         };
         struct GlobalBackendFunctionsTable {
@@ -230,8 +284,26 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             void (*SetSwapInterval)(Int interval);
         };
 
+        // Coarse GPU vendor identity for gating device-specific quirks. Detected from the
+        // Vulkan physical-device vendorID or the GLES GL_VENDOR/GL_RENDERER strings; stays
+        // Unknown when detection is inconclusive, in which case auto-gated quirks stay off.
+        enum class GpuVendorKind : Uint8 {
+            Unknown = 0,
+            Qualcomm,
+            Arm,
+            Nvidia,
+            Amd,
+            Intel,
+            ImgTec,
+            // Software rasterizers (llvmpipe/lavapipe, SwiftShader).
+            Software,
+        };
+
         struct DynamicBackendParameters {
             SizeT UniformBufferOffsetAlignment = 256;
+            // GL_MAX_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT. 1.0 means the backend cannot filter anisotropically,
+            // which is also why the extension is not advertised in that case.
+            Float MaxTextureMaxAnisotropy = 1.0f;
             Float AliasedLineWidthRangeMin = 1.0f;
             Float AliasedLineWidthRangeMax = 1.0f;
             Float SmoothLineWidthRangeMin = 1.0f;
@@ -254,6 +326,13 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             Int MaxIntegerSamples = 1;
             Int MaxSamples = 1;
             Int MaxSampleMaskWords = 1;
+            // Tessellation limits; defaults are the GL 4.0 core minimums.
+            Int MaxPatchVertices = 32;
+            Int MaxTessGenLevel = 64;
+            // GL_MIN/MAX_PROGRAM_TEXTURE_GATHER_OFFSET. Defaults are the GL 4.0 core
+            // minimums, which every ES 3.1 driver also guarantees.
+            Int MinProgramTextureGatherOffset = -8;
+            Int MaxProgramTextureGatherOffset = 7;
             Int MaxTextureImageUnits = 32;
             Int MaxVertexTextureImageUnits = 32;
             Int MaxComputeTextureImageUnits = 32;
@@ -261,14 +340,35 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             Int MaxVertexAttribs = 16;
             Int MaxComputeShaderStorageBlocks = 8;
             Int MaxCombinedShaderStorageBlocks = 32;
+            // Per-stage GL_MAX_*_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS. Zero is a legal answer for the four
+            // non-compute, non-fragment stages and these defaults are the spec minimums, not
+            // placeholders: GL 4.6 table 23.64 and ES 3.2 table 21.44 both set the minimum for
+            // vertex, tessellation control, tessellation evaluation and geometry at 0, and only
+            // fragment (8 in GL, 4 in ES) and compute are guaranteed to have any. Every real ARM
+            // GLES driver takes that allowance - a Mali-G925 reports 0 for all four - so a
+            // backend that cannot honour a graphics-stage storage block MUST report 0 here
+            // rather than a hopeful number. Advertising a non-zero count the driver will refuse
+            // does not make the block work; it only moves the failure from an honest
+            // "unsupported" at query time to a backend link error the frontend never surfaces,
+            // after which every draw with that program silently renders nothing.
+            Int MaxVertexShaderStorageBlocks = 0;
+            Int MaxTessControlShaderStorageBlocks = 0;
+            Int MaxTessEvaluationShaderStorageBlocks = 0;
+            Int MaxGeometryShaderStorageBlocks = 0;
+            Int MaxFragmentShaderStorageBlocks = 8;
             Int MaxComputeUniformBlocks = 12;
             Int MaxComputeWorkGroupInvocations = 128;
             Int MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings = 8;
             Int MaxTextureBufferSize = 65536;
+            // GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_OFFSET_ALIGNMENT; 1 means the offset is unconstrained.
+            Int TextureBufferOffsetAlignment = 1;
             Int MaxUniformBufferBindings = 24;
             Int MaxUniformBlockSize = 16384;
             Int MaxImageUnits = 8;
             Int MaxCombinedImageUniforms = 8;
+            Int MaxVertexImageUniforms = 0;
+            Int MaxGeometryImageUniforms = 0;
+            Int MaxFragmentImageUniforms = 8;
             Int MaxComputeImageUniforms = 8;
             Int MaxDrawBuffers = 8;
             Int MaxColorAttachments = 8;
@@ -279,19 +379,69 @@ namespace MobileGL {
             Float ViewportBoundsRangeMin = 0.0f;
             Float ViewportBoundsRangeMax = 0.0f;
             Int ViewportSubpixelBits = 0;
+            // GL 4.x fragment-interpolation offset limits. These defaults are the
+            // core minimums and are replaced by live GLES/Vulkan device limits.
+            Float MinFragmentInterpolationOffset = -0.5f;
+            // For four fractional bits the greatest required legal offset is
+            // 0.5 - 2^-4 = 0.4375 (GL 4.6 table 23.70).
+            Float MaxFragmentInterpolationOffset = 0.4375f;
+            Int FragmentInterpolationOffsetBits = 4;
             Bool SupportsWideLines = false;
+            // Whether a framebuffer whose depth and stencil attachments are distinct
+            // images can be rendered to. GL only requires support when both refer to the
+            // same image and lets an implementation answer GL_FRAMEBUFFER_UNSUPPORTED
+            // otherwise, which is what DirectVulkan (one combined attachment) and the
+            // real ES drivers behind DirectGLES both do. Defaults to true so a backend
+            // that never sets it keeps the permissive behaviour.
+            Bool SupportsDistinctDepthStencilAttachments = true;
+            // Whether attaching a single layer of a 3D or array texture to a framebuffer actually
+            // renders to that layer. DirectGLES hands the layer straight to
+            // glFramebufferTextureLayer, so it does; DirectVulkan maps a GL layer onto a Vulkan
+            // array layer with no notion of a 3D depth slice, so it does not yet. Defaults to false
+            // so a backend that never sets it gets the conservative answer.
+            // Which layered texture targets this backend can attach ONE layer of to a framebuffer
+            // and then really clear, render and read back that layer. Bit (1u << TextureTarget) is
+            // set for each supported target. Deliberately per target rather than one flag: the three
+            // ways a GL layer maps onto Vulkan are independent capabilities. A 2D or 2D multisample
+            // array layer IS a VkImage array layer and needs nothing extra; a 3D texture's layer is
+            // a z slice, which needs a 2D-array-compatible image and a per-slice clear that
+            // vkCmdClearColorImage cannot express; a cube map array needs an image shape and the
+            // imageCubeArray feature before it can be attached at any layer at all. Defaults to 0 so
+            // a backend that never sets it gets the conservative answer.
+            Uint32 PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentTargets = 0;
+
+            static constexpr Uint32 PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentBit(TextureTarget target) {
+                return (static_cast<Int>(target) >= 0 &&
+                        static_cast<Int>(target) < static_cast<Int>(TextureTarget::TextureTargetCount))
+                           ? (1u << static_cast<Uint32>(target))
+                           : 0u;
+            }
+
+            Bool SupportsPerLayerFramebufferAttachment(TextureTarget target) const {
+                const Uint32 bit = PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentBit(target);
+                return bit != 0 && (PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentTargets & bit) != 0;
+            }
+            // Whether glVertexAttribLFormat / glVertexArrayAttribLFormat can be honoured, i.e.
+            // whether a 64-bit vertex attribute can actually reach a shader unconverted. Detected,
+            // never assumed: DirectVulkan needs VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures::shaderFloat64 (the
+            // attribute travels as its 32-bit word pair, so no VK_FORMAT_R64* is required, but the
+            // bitcast result is Float64); DirectGLES can never have it, ESSL having no fp64 type at
+            // all. Defaults to false so a backend that never sets it gets the conservative answer.
+            Bool SupportsFloat64VertexAttributes = false;
             SizeT MaxShaderStorageBlockSize = 128 * 1024 * 1024;
             Uint32 SubgroupSize = 0;
             Uint32 SubgroupSupportedStages = 0;
             Uint32 SubgroupSupportedFeatures = 0;
             Bool SubgroupQuadOperationsInAllStages = false;
+            GpuVendorKind GpuVendor = GpuVendorKind::Unknown;
         };
 
         enum class WindowBackend {
             Android,
             X11,
             MetalLayer,
-            // TODO: Wayland, Windows, etc.
+            Win32, // Handle is an HWND
+            // TODO: Wayland, etc.
             WindowBackendCount,
             Unknown = -1
         };

MobileGL/MG_Backend/BackendObjects.h

@@ -13,6 +13,6 @@
 #include "DirectVulkan/BackendObject_DirectVulkan.h"
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend {
-    extern UniquePtr<BackendObject> pActiveBackendObject;
+    extern UniquePtr<BackendObject>& pActiveBackendObject;
     extern GlobalBackendFunctionsTable gBackendFunctionsTable;
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/BackendObject_DirectGLES.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 #include "BackendObject_DirectGLES.h"
 #include "MG_Backend/BackendObject.h"
+#include "MG_Backend/BackendObjects.h"
 #include <MG_Backend/DirectGLES/DirectGLES.h>
 #include <MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Managers.h>
 #include <MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Utils.h>
@@ -18,8 +19,10 @@
 #include <MG_Util/Converters/MGToGL/TextureEnumConverter.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Converters/MGToStr/TextureEnumConverter.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Texture/TextureFormatProcessor.h>
+#include <MG_Util/Async/ShaderCompilePool.h>
 #include <Config.h>
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <cmath>
 #include <format>
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
@@ -31,8 +34,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
 
         void ClearGLErrors(const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& gl) {
             if (!gl.glGetError) return;
-            while (gl.glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) {
-            }
+            while (gl.glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) {}
         }
 
         Bool CheckNoGLError(const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& gl) {
@@ -76,8 +78,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         }
 
         Bool IsGLESProbeMultisampleTarget(TextureTarget target) {
-            return target == TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisample ||
-                   target == TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisampleArray;
+            return target == TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisample || target == TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisampleArray;
         }
 
         GLenum GetFramebufferAttachment(TextureInternalFormat format) {
@@ -114,8 +115,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             GLenum normalizedInternalFormat = glFormat;
             GLenum imageFormat = GL_RGBA;
             GLenum imageType = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
-            MG_Util::TextureFormatProcessor::NormalizePixelFormat(
-                glFormat, PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit::None, &normalizedInternalFormat, &imageFormat, &imageType);
+            MG_Util::TextureFormatProcessor::NormalizePixelFormat(glFormat, PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit::None,
+                                                                  &normalizedInternalFormat, &imageFormat, &imageType);
             return imageFormat != GL_RED_INTEGER && imageFormat != GL_RG_INTEGER && imageFormat != GL_RGB_INTEGER &&
                    imageFormat != GL_RGBA_INTEGER && !MG_Util::IsDepthFormatInternalFormat(format) &&
                    !MG_Util::IsStencilFormatInternalFormat(format);
@@ -153,9 +154,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         GLESProbeFormatInfo BuildNativeProbeFormatInfo(GLenum requestedInternalFormat) {
             GLESProbeFormatInfo info;
             info.InternalFormat = requestedInternalFormat;
-            MG_Util::TextureFormatProcessor::NormalizePixelFormat(
-                requestedInternalFormat, PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit::None, nullptr, &info.ImageFormat,
-                &info.ImageType);
+            MG_Util::TextureFormatProcessor::NormalizePixelFormat(requestedInternalFormat,
+                                                                  PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit::None, nullptr,
+                                                                  &info.ImageFormat, &info.ImageType);
             return info;
         }
 
@@ -209,6 +210,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             if (options & PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit::NoDepthComponent32) {
                 reasons.push_back("GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT32 native probe failed on OpenGL ES");
             }
+            if (options & PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit::NoThreeChannelRenderTarget) {
+                reasons.push_back("no colour-renderable three-channel format on OpenGL ES");
+            }
+            if (options & PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit::NoSnorm16RenderTarget) {
+                reasons.push_back("EXT_render_snorm not supported");
+            }
 
             String reason;
             for (SizeT i = 0; i < reasons.size(); ++i) {
@@ -226,20 +233,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             return MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToString(internalFormat);
         }
 
-        void LogGLESFormatCaveat(TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat,
-                                 SizeT targetIndex,
+        void LogGLESFormatCaveat(TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat, SizeT targetIndex,
                                  const GLESProbeFormatInfo& fallbackInfo) {
             MGLOG_D("Caveat: %s %s not fully supported. Reason: %s. Fallback: %s",
                     GetFormatCapabilityTargetName(targetIndex).c_str(),
-                    MG_Util::ConvertTextureInternalFormatToString(logicalFormat).c_str(),
-                    fallbackInfo.Reason.c_str(),
+                    MG_Util::ConvertTextureInternalFormatToString(logicalFormat).c_str(), fallbackInfo.Reason.c_str(),
                     ConvertFallbackInternalFormatToString(fallbackInfo.InternalFormat).c_str());
         }
 
-        Bool BuildFallbackProbeFormatInfo(GLenum requestedInternalFormat,
-                                          Flags<PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit> options,
-                                          Bool forced,
-                                          GLESProbeFormatInfo& outInfo) {
+        Bool BuildFallbackProbeFormatInfo(GLenum requestedInternalFormat, Flags<PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit> options,
+                                          Bool forced, GLESProbeFormatInfo& outInfo) {
             const Flags<PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit> applicableOptions =
                 MG_Util::TextureFormatProcessor::GetApplicablePixelFormatNormalizeOptions(requestedInternalFormat,
                                                                                           options);
@@ -254,8 +257,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             return outInfo.InternalFormat != GL_UNKNOWN_MGL;
         }
 
-        FormatCapabilityFlags BuildTextureCapsFromProbe(TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat,
-                                                        TextureTarget target,
+        FormatCapabilityFlags BuildTextureCapsFromProbe(TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat, TextureTarget target,
                                                         Bool renderable) {
             FormatCapabilityFlags caps = GetTextureFeatureCaps(logicalFormat, target);
             if (renderable) {
@@ -269,16 +271,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             return caps;
         }
 
-        void AddFullFormatCaps(FormatCapabilityCache& cache,
-                               SizeT targetIndex,
-                               SizeT formatIndex,
+        void AddFullFormatCaps(FormatCapabilityCache& cache, SizeT targetIndex, SizeT formatIndex,
                                FormatCapabilityFlags caps) {
             cache.FullCaps[targetIndex][formatIndex] |= caps;
         }
 
-        Bool AddCaveatFormatCaps(FormatCapabilityCache& cache,
-                                 SizeT targetIndex,
-                                 SizeT formatIndex,
+        Bool AddCaveatFormatCaps(FormatCapabilityCache& cache, SizeT targetIndex, SizeT formatIndex,
                                  FormatCapabilityFlags caps) {
             Bool added = false;
             for (FormatCapability capability : kReportedFormatCapabilities) {
@@ -292,8 +290,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         }
 
         Int GetGLESFormatMaxSamples(const MG_External::GLESCapabilities& capabilities,
-                                    TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat,
-                                    GLenum imageFormat) {
+                                    TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat, GLenum imageFormat) {
             const Bool isDepth = MG_Util::IsDepthFormatInternalFormat(logicalFormat);
             const Bool isStencil = MG_Util::IsStencilFormatInternalFormat(logicalFormat);
             const Bool isInteger = imageFormat == GL_RED_INTEGER || imageFormat == GL_RG_INTEGER ||
@@ -307,10 +304,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             return capabilities.MaxColorTextureSamples;
         }
 
-        Bool ProbeFramebufferCompletenessForTexture(const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& gl,
-                                                   TextureTarget target,
-                                                   GLuint texture,
-                                                   TextureInternalFormat format) {
+        Bool ProbeFramebufferCompletenessForTexture(const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& gl, TextureTarget target,
+                                                    GLuint texture, TextureInternalFormat format) {
             GLuint framebuffer = 0;
             GLint prevFramebuffer = 0;
             if (!gl.glGenFramebuffers || !gl.glBindFramebuffer || !gl.glCheckFramebufferStatus ||
@@ -356,9 +351,44 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             return complete;
         }
 
-        Bool ProbeFramebufferCompletenessForRenderbuffer(const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& gl,
-                                                        GLuint renderbuffer,
-                                                        TextureInternalFormat format) {
+        // Whether the driver renders to a framebuffer whose depth and stencil come from
+        // two different renderbuffers. GL only requires support when both attachments are
+        // the same image, and ES drivers commonly answer GL_FRAMEBUFFER_UNSUPPORTED here;
+        // reporting COMPLETE from the frontend and then rendering into a framebuffer the
+        // driver refuses leaves the results silently empty.
+        Bool ProbeDistinctDepthStencilAttachments(const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& gl) {
+            if (!gl.glGenFramebuffers || !gl.glBindFramebuffer || !gl.glFramebufferRenderbuffer ||
+                !gl.glCheckFramebufferStatus || !gl.glDeleteFramebuffers || !gl.glGenRenderbuffers ||
+                !gl.glBindRenderbuffer || !gl.glRenderbufferStorage || !gl.glDeleteRenderbuffers) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            GLint prevFramebuffer = 0, prevRenderbuffer = 0;
+            gl.glGetIntegerv(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING, &prevFramebuffer);
+            gl.glGetIntegerv(GL_RENDERBUFFER_BINDING, &prevRenderbuffer);
+
+            GLuint framebuffer = 0;
+            GLuint renderbuffers[2] = {0, 0};
+            gl.glGenFramebuffers(1, &framebuffer);
+            gl.glGenRenderbuffers(2, renderbuffers);
+            gl.glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, renderbuffers[0]);
+            gl.glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT16, 4, 4);
+            gl.glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, renderbuffers[1]);
+            gl.glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, GL_STENCIL_INDEX8, 4, 4);
+            gl.glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, framebuffer);
+            gl.glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, GL_RENDERBUFFER, renderbuffers[0]);
+            gl.glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT, GL_RENDERBUFFER, renderbuffers[1]);
+            const Bool supported = gl.glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) == GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE;
+
+            gl.glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, static_cast<GLuint>(prevFramebuffer));
+            gl.glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, static_cast<GLuint>(prevRenderbuffer));
+            gl.glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &framebuffer);
+            gl.glDeleteRenderbuffers(2, renderbuffers);
+            return supported;
+        }
+
+        Bool ProbeFramebufferCompletenessForRenderbuffer(const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& gl, GLuint renderbuffer,
+                                                         TextureInternalFormat format) {
             GLuint framebuffer = 0;
             GLint prevFramebuffer = 0;
             if (!gl.glGenFramebuffers || !gl.glBindFramebuffer || !gl.glFramebufferRenderbuffer ||
@@ -377,9 +407,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             return complete;
         }
 
+        // `samples` only reaches the multisample targets; every other target ignores it. The
+        // descending sample walk (ProbeTextureSampleCounts) reuses this whole routine rather than
+        // repeating the gen/bind/completeness/delete dance.
         Bool ProbeTexture(const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& gl, TextureTarget target, GLenum internalFormat,
                           GLenum imageFormat, GLenum imageType, TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat,
-                          Bool* outRenderable) {
+                          Bool* outRenderable, Int samples = 1) {
             if (!IsGLESProbeTextureTarget(target) || !gl.glGenTextures || !gl.glBindTexture || !gl.glDeleteTextures) {
                 return false;
             }
@@ -399,10 +432,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
 
             const Bool isMultisample = IsGLESProbeMultisampleTarget(target);
             if (isMultisample) {
+                const auto probeSamples = static_cast<GLsizei>(std::max(samples, 1));
                 if (target == TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisample && gl.glTexStorage2DMultisample) {
-                    gl.glTexStorage2DMultisample(glTarget, 1, internalFormat, 1, 1, GL_TRUE);
+                    gl.glTexStorage2DMultisample(glTarget, probeSamples, internalFormat, 1, 1, GL_TRUE);
                 } else if (target == TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisampleArray && gl.glTexStorage3DMultisample) {
-                    gl.glTexStorage3DMultisample(glTarget, 1, internalFormat, 1, 1, 1, GL_TRUE);
+                    gl.glTexStorage3DMultisample(glTarget, probeSamples, internalFormat, 1, 1, 1, GL_TRUE);
                 } else {
                     gl.glBindTexture(glTarget, static_cast<GLuint>(previousBinding));
                     gl.glDeleteTextures(1, &texture);
@@ -425,16 +459,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                     }
                     break;
                 case TextureTarget::Texture3D:
-                    gl.glTexImage3D(glTarget, 0, static_cast<GLint>(internalFormat), 2, 2, 2, 0, imageFormat,
-                                    imageType, nullptr);
+                    gl.glTexImage3D(glTarget, 0, static_cast<GLint>(internalFormat), 2, 2, 2, 0, imageFormat, imageType,
+                                    nullptr);
                     break;
                 case TextureTarget::Texture2DArray:
-                    gl.glTexImage3D(glTarget, 0, static_cast<GLint>(internalFormat), 2, 2, 1, 0, imageFormat,
-                                    imageType, nullptr);
+                    gl.glTexImage3D(glTarget, 0, static_cast<GLint>(internalFormat), 2, 2, 1, 0, imageFormat, imageType,
+                                    nullptr);
                     break;
                 case TextureTarget::TextureCubeMapArray:
-                    gl.glTexImage3D(glTarget, 0, static_cast<GLint>(internalFormat), 2, 2, 6, 0, imageFormat,
-                                    imageType, nullptr);
+                    gl.glTexImage3D(glTarget, 0, static_cast<GLint>(internalFormat), 2, 2, 6, 0, imageFormat, imageType,
+                                    nullptr);
                     break;
                 default:
                     break;
@@ -455,11 +489,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             return created;
         }
 
-        Bool ProbeRenderbuffer(const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& gl,
-                               GLenum internalFormat,
-                               TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat,
-                               Bool multisample,
-                               Int samples) {
+        Bool ProbeRenderbuffer(const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& gl, GLenum internalFormat,
+                               TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat, Bool multisample, Int samples) {
             if (!gl.glGenRenderbuffers || !gl.glBindRenderbuffer || !gl.glDeleteRenderbuffers) {
                 return false;
             }
@@ -481,17 +512,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                 gl.glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, internalFormat, 1, 1);
             }
             const Bool created = CheckNoGLError(gl);
-            const Bool complete = created && ProbeFramebufferCompletenessForRenderbuffer(gl, renderbuffer, logicalFormat);
+            const Bool complete =
+                created && ProbeFramebufferCompletenessForRenderbuffer(gl, renderbuffer, logicalFormat);
             gl.glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, static_cast<GLuint>(prevRenderbuffer));
             gl.glDeleteRenderbuffers(1, &renderbuffer);
             ClearGLErrors(gl);
             return complete;
         }
 
-        Vector<Int> ProbeRenderbufferSampleCounts(const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& gl,
-                                                  GLenum internalFormat,
-                                                  TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat,
-                                                  Int maxSamples) {
+        Vector<Int> ProbeRenderbufferSampleCounts(const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& gl, GLenum internalFormat,
+                                                  TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat, Int maxSamples) {
             Vector<Int> sampleCounts;
             for (Int samples = std::max(maxSamples, 1); samples > 1; samples >>= 1) {
                 if (ProbeRenderbuffer(gl, internalFormat, logicalFormat, true, samples)) {
@@ -502,6 +532,29 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             return sampleCounts;
         }
 
+        // The multisample TEXTURE twin of ProbeRenderbufferSampleCounts. It used to be a
+        // hardcoded {1}, which made glGetInternalformativ(GL_SAMPLES) claim a one-sample maximum
+        // for every format on the multisample targets even where glTexImage2DMultisample happily
+        // accepts four - GL 4.6 core 8.8 makes that query the definition of the maximum, so the
+        // two answers cannot both be right. Completeness is required at every count, exactly as
+        // the renderbuffer walk requires it; the caller only reaches here once the one-sample
+        // probe has already succeeded, so 1 terminates the list without being re-probed.
+        Vector<Int> ProbeTextureSampleCounts(const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& gl, TextureTarget target,
+                                             GLenum internalFormat, GLenum imageFormat, GLenum imageType,
+                                             TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat, Int maxSamples) {
+            Vector<Int> sampleCounts;
+            for (Int samples = std::max(maxSamples, 1); samples > 1; samples >>= 1) {
+                Bool renderable = false;
+                const Bool created = ProbeTexture(gl, target, internalFormat, imageFormat, imageType, logicalFormat,
+                                                  &renderable, samples);
+                if (created && renderable) {
+                    sampleCounts.push_back(samples);
+                }
+            }
+            sampleCounts.push_back(1);
+            return sampleCounts;
+        }
+
         void PopulateFormatCapabilitiesImpl(const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& gl,
                                             const MG_External::GLESCapabilities& capabilities,
                                             FormatCapabilityCache& cache) {
@@ -519,26 +572,94 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                 }
 
                 const GLESProbeFormatInfo nativeInfo = BuildNativeProbeFormatInfo(requestedInternalFormat);
-                GLESProbeFormatInfo fallbackInfo;
-                const Bool hasForcedFallback =
-                    BuildFallbackProbeFormatInfo(requestedInternalFormat, forcedOptions, true, fallbackInfo);
-                if (!hasForcedFallback) {
-                    BuildFallbackProbeFormatInfo(requestedInternalFormat, driverOptions, false, fallbackInfo);
+                GLESProbeFormatInfo outerFallbackInfo;
+                const Bool outerHasForcedFallback =
+                    BuildFallbackProbeFormatInfo(requestedInternalFormat, forcedOptions, true, outerFallbackInfo);
+                if (!outerHasForcedFallback) {
+                    BuildFallbackProbeFormatInfo(requestedInternalFormat, driverOptions, false, outerFallbackInfo);
                 }
 
                 for (SizeT targetIndex = 0; targetIndex < kFormatCapabilityTextureTargetCount; ++targetIndex) {
                     const auto target = static_cast<TextureTarget>(targetIndex);
+                    // Colour-attachable targets need a colour-renderable fallback; the ordinary
+                    // fallback for a three-channel format is another three-channel one, which ES
+                    // accepts as a texture but never as an attachment. Recompute the fallback per
+                    // target so those formats get widened where the target demands it.
+                    const Flags<PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit> renderTargetOptions =
+                        TextureImpl::GetRenderTargetNormalizeOptions(capabilities, targetIndex);
+                    // Multisample storage has no three-channel form on ES at all, so its widening
+                    // is unconditional and skips the native probe (which cannot succeed). Every
+                    // other target keeps the widening on the DRIVER branch, behind the native
+                    // probe: `shouldProbeFallback = !nativeCreated || !nativeRenderable` below is
+                    // what makes the substitution conditional on the driver actually refusing, so
+                    // a driver that does render to a three-channel image keeps allocating it byte
+                    // for byte. That is a per-format runtime answer, NOT a desktop-vs-device
+                    // split: llvmpipe renders to GL_RGB16F but refuses GL_RGB8_SNORM, GL_SRGB8,
+                    // GL_RGB32F and the RGB integer formats, so the CI driver widens those eight
+                    // too. Re-run the retrace fixtures and the glcts suites on any change here.
+                    const Bool widenUnconditionally = IsGLESProbeMultisampleTarget(target);
+                    GLESProbeFormatInfo fallbackInfo = outerFallbackInfo;
+                    Bool hasForcedFallback = outerHasForcedFallback;
+                    if (renderTargetOptions) {
+                        // Folded into the forced options only when a forced fallback already
+                        // applies, so the render-target bits never *create* one: ANGLE's forced
+                        // GL_RGB8_SNORM -> GL_RGB16F is still three-channel and still needs
+                        // widening, but a non-ANGLE driver must not lose its native probe.
+                        const Flags<PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit> forcedProbeOptions =
+                            (outerHasForcedFallback || widenUnconditionally) ? forcedOptions | renderTargetOptions
+                                                                             : forcedOptions;
+                        hasForcedFallback =
+                            BuildFallbackProbeFormatInfo(requestedInternalFormat, forcedProbeOptions, true,
+                                                         fallbackInfo);
+                        if (!hasForcedFallback) {
+                            BuildFallbackProbeFormatInfo(requestedInternalFormat,
+                                                         driverOptions | renderTargetOptions, false, fallbackInfo);
+                        }
+                        // HONEST STATUS OF THE FORCED PATH. A forced fallback is only ever built
+                        // for ANGLE (GetForcedPixelFormatNormalizeOptions returns nothing for any
+                        // other renderer), and it SKIPS the native probe entirely - the widened
+                        // format is asserted rather than measured on this device. That assertion
+                        // is validated on exactly one configuration, the android-angle retrace
+                        // golden; it is NOT covered by the headless llvmpipe suites, which take
+                        // the driver branch below and prove nothing about ANGLE's answers. So log
+                        // the choice at INFO rather than the usual MGLOG_D caveat: on any other
+                        // ANGLE device the device report is the only evidence there is of which
+                        // storage format the image really got. Once per format on the ordinary 2D
+                        // target - repeating it for all ten targets would bury the report.
+                        if (hasForcedFallback && target == TextureTarget::Texture2D &&
+                            (MG_Util::TextureFormatProcessor::GetApplicablePixelFormatNormalizeOptions(
+                                 requestedInternalFormat, renderTargetOptions) &
+                             PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit::NoThreeChannelRenderTarget)) {
+                            MGLOG_I("Three-channel widening (FORCED path, no native probe): %s stored as %s. "
+                                    "Reason: %s. Device-validated on the android-angle golden only.",
+                                    MG_Util::ConvertTextureInternalFormatToString(logicalFormat).c_str(),
+                                    ConvertFallbackInternalFormatToString(fallbackInfo.InternalFormat).c_str(),
+                                    fallbackInfo.Reason.c_str());
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // 1D, 1D-array and rectangle textures live on an ES target (see
+                    // TextureImpl::MapToBackendTextureTarget), so they have to be probed there too -
+                    // probing the desktop-only target itself always failed, which left those slots
+                    // of the cache empty and stopped any fallback format from being selected for
+                    // them (a GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT32 1D texture then got no storage at all).
+                    const TextureTarget probeTarget = TextureImpl::MapToBackendTextureTarget(target);
+
                     Bool shouldProbeFallback = hasForcedFallback;
                     if (!hasForcedFallback) {
                         Bool nativeRenderable = false;
                         const Bool nativeCreated =
-                            ProbeTexture(gl, target, nativeInfo.InternalFormat, nativeInfo.ImageFormat,
+                            ProbeTexture(gl, probeTarget, nativeInfo.InternalFormat, nativeInfo.ImageFormat,
                                          nativeInfo.ImageType, logicalFormat, &nativeRenderable);
                         if (nativeCreated) {
                             AddFullFormatCaps(cache, targetIndex, formatIndex,
                                               BuildTextureCapsFromProbe(logicalFormat, target, nativeRenderable));
                             if (IsGLESProbeMultisampleTarget(target)) {
-                                cache.SampleCounts[targetIndex][formatIndex] = {1};
+                                const Int maxSamples =
+                                    GetGLESFormatMaxSamples(capabilities, logicalFormat, nativeInfo.ImageFormat);
+                                cache.SampleCounts[targetIndex][formatIndex] = ProbeTextureSampleCounts(
+                                    gl, probeTarget, nativeInfo.InternalFormat, nativeInfo.ImageFormat,
+                                    nativeInfo.ImageType, logicalFormat, maxSamples);
                             }
                         }
                         shouldProbeFallback = !nativeCreated || !nativeRenderable;
@@ -547,24 +668,46 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                     if (shouldProbeFallback && fallbackInfo.InternalFormat != GL_UNKNOWN_MGL) {
                         Bool fallbackRenderable = false;
                         const Bool fallbackCreated =
-                            ProbeTexture(gl, target, fallbackInfo.InternalFormat, fallbackInfo.ImageFormat,
+                            ProbeTexture(gl, probeTarget, fallbackInfo.InternalFormat, fallbackInfo.ImageFormat,
                                          fallbackInfo.ImageType, logicalFormat, &fallbackRenderable);
                         if (fallbackCreated) {
-                            if (AddCaveatFormatCaps(cache, targetIndex, formatIndex,
-                                                    BuildTextureCapsFromProbe(logicalFormat, target,
-                                                                              fallbackRenderable))) {
+                            if (AddCaveatFormatCaps(
+                                    cache, targetIndex, formatIndex,
+                                    BuildTextureCapsFromProbe(logicalFormat, target, fallbackRenderable))) {
                                 LogGLESFormatCaveat(logicalFormat, targetIndex, fallbackInfo);
                             }
                             if (IsGLESProbeMultisampleTarget(target)) {
-                                cache.SampleCounts[targetIndex][formatIndex] = {1};
+                                const Int maxSamples =
+                                    GetGLESFormatMaxSamples(capabilities, logicalFormat, fallbackInfo.ImageFormat);
+                                cache.SampleCounts[targetIndex][formatIndex] = ProbeTextureSampleCounts(
+                                    gl, probeTarget, fallbackInfo.InternalFormat, fallbackInfo.ImageFormat,
+                                    fallbackInfo.ImageType, logicalFormat, maxSamples);
                             }
                         }
                     }
                 }
 
                 const SizeT renderbufferTargetIndex = GetRenderbufferFormatCapabilityTargetIndex();
-                Bool shouldProbeFallbackRenderbuffer = hasForcedFallback;
-                if (!hasForcedFallback) {
+                // A renderbuffer exists only to be attached, so it needs the same three-channel
+                // widening the colour-attachable texture targets get - and on the same terms: the
+                // native storage is probed first, so a driver that renders to it keeps it.
+                const Flags<PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit> renderbufferOptions =
+                    TextureImpl::GetRenderTargetNormalizeOptions(capabilities, renderbufferTargetIndex);
+                GLESProbeFormatInfo renderbufferFallbackInfo = outerFallbackInfo;
+                Bool renderbufferHasForcedFallback = outerHasForcedFallback;
+                if (renderbufferOptions) {
+                    const Flags<PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit> forcedProbeOptions =
+                        outerHasForcedFallback ? forcedOptions | renderbufferOptions : forcedOptions;
+                    renderbufferHasForcedFallback = BuildFallbackProbeFormatInfo(
+                        requestedInternalFormat, forcedProbeOptions, true, renderbufferFallbackInfo);
+                    if (!renderbufferHasForcedFallback) {
+                        BuildFallbackProbeFormatInfo(requestedInternalFormat, driverOptions | renderbufferOptions,
+                                                     false, renderbufferFallbackInfo);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Bool shouldProbeFallbackRenderbuffer = renderbufferHasForcedFallback;
+                if (!renderbufferHasForcedFallback) {
                     const Bool nativeRenderbufferComplete =
                         ProbeRenderbuffer(gl, nativeInfo.InternalFormat, logicalFormat, false, 1);
                     if (nativeRenderbufferComplete) {
@@ -578,16 +721,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                         shouldProbeFallbackRenderbuffer = true;
                     }
                 }
-                if (shouldProbeFallbackRenderbuffer && fallbackInfo.InternalFormat != GL_UNKNOWN_MGL &&
-                    ProbeRenderbuffer(gl, fallbackInfo.InternalFormat, logicalFormat, false, 1)) {
+                if (shouldProbeFallbackRenderbuffer && renderbufferFallbackInfo.InternalFormat != GL_UNKNOWN_MGL &&
+                    ProbeRenderbuffer(gl, renderbufferFallbackInfo.InternalFormat, logicalFormat, false, 1)) {
                     if (AddCaveatFormatCaps(cache, renderbufferTargetIndex, formatIndex,
                                             GetRenderbufferFeatureCaps(logicalFormat))) {
-                        LogGLESFormatCaveat(logicalFormat, renderbufferTargetIndex, fallbackInfo);
+                        LogGLESFormatCaveat(logicalFormat, renderbufferTargetIndex, renderbufferFallbackInfo);
                     }
                     const Int maxSamples =
-                        GetGLESFormatMaxSamples(capabilities, logicalFormat, fallbackInfo.ImageFormat);
-                    cache.SampleCounts[renderbufferTargetIndex][formatIndex] =
-                        ProbeRenderbufferSampleCounts(gl, fallbackInfo.InternalFormat, logicalFormat, maxSamples);
+                        GetGLESFormatMaxSamples(capabilities, logicalFormat, renderbufferFallbackInfo.ImageFormat);
+                    cache.SampleCounts[renderbufferTargetIndex][formatIndex] = ProbeRenderbufferSampleCounts(
+                        gl, renderbufferFallbackInfo.InternalFormat, logicalFormat, maxSamples);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -603,11 +746,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                 .ExtraVendor = Nullopt,              // Extra vendor
                 .RendererGLInfo =
                     {
-                        .TargetGLVersion = {3, 3, 0},   // Target OpenGL Version
+                        .TargetGLVersion = {4, 0, 0},   // GL target version
                         .TargetGLSLVersion = {4, 6, 0}, // Target Shading Language Version
-                        // Baseline advertisement (no timer queries yet); reconciled once
-                        // the ES capabilities exist, see UpdateAdvertisedTimerQueryExtension.
-                        .Extensions = BuildAdvertisedExtensions(false),
+                        // Baseline advertisement (no runtime capabilities yet); reconciled once
+                        // the ES capabilities exist, see UpdateAdvertisedCapabilityExtensions.
+                        .Extensions = BuildAdvertisedExtensions(false, false, false, false),
                         .IsCompatibilityProfile = false // Is Compatibility Profile
                     },
                 .StaticBackendCapability = {.AllowVSOnlyPrograms = false} // Backend Capability
@@ -627,17 +770,42 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         // thread can only observe the extension string after the
         // advertisement for its context has settled; rebuilding the whole
         // list keeps the re-run after a context recreation idempotent.
-        void UpdateAdvertisedTimerQueryExtension() {
-            MutableRendererInfo().RendererGLInfo.Extensions = BuildAdvertisedExtensions(AreTimerQueriesSupported());
+        void UpdateAdvertisedCapabilityExtensions(const MG_External::GLESCapabilities& capabilities) {
+            MutableRendererInfo().RendererGLInfo.Extensions = BuildAdvertisedExtensions(
+                AreTimerQueriesSupported(), capabilities.SupportsTextureFilterAnisotropy,
+                capabilities.SupportsDrawIndirect,
+                capabilities.SupportsDrawIndirect && capabilities.SupportsBaseInstance);
         }
     } // namespace
 
     void PopulateFormatCapabilities(const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& gl,
-                                    const MG_External::GLESCapabilities& capabilities,
-                                    FormatCapabilityCache& cache) {
+                                    const MG_External::GLESCapabilities& capabilities, FormatCapabilityCache& cache) {
         PopulateFormatCapabilitiesImpl(gl, capabilities, cache);
     }
 
+    Int ClampSamplesToBackendSupport(SizeT targetIndex, TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat, GLenum imageFormat,
+                                     Int samples) {
+        if (samples <= 1) {
+            return samples;
+        }
+
+        Int maxSamples = 0;
+        const SizeT formatIndex = static_cast<SizeT>(logicalFormat);
+        if (pActiveBackendObject && targetIndex < kFormatCapabilityTargetCount &&
+            formatIndex < kFormatCapabilityFormatCount) {
+            // Descending, so the head is the largest count this device actually allocated.
+            const Vector<Int>& probedCounts =
+                pActiveBackendObject->GetFormatCapabilities().SampleCounts[targetIndex][formatIndex];
+            if (!probedCounts.empty()) {
+                maxSamples = probedCounts.front();
+            }
+        }
+        if (maxSamples <= 0) {
+            maxSamples = GetGLESFormatMaxSamples(g_GLESCapabilities, logicalFormat, imageFormat);
+        }
+        return std::min(samples, std::max(maxSamples, 1));
+    }
+
     BackendObject_DirectGLES::~BackendObject_DirectGLES() {
         DestroyEGLContext();
     }
@@ -672,11 +840,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             return false;
         }
         DirectGLES::SetGLESCapabilities(m_GLESCapabilities);
-        // Now that g_GLESCapabilities knows about GL_EXT_disjoint_timer_query,
-        // reconcile the E_GL_ARB_timer_query advertisement (see the comment on
-        // UpdateAdvertisedTimerQueryExtension for why it cannot happen when
-        // the extension list is first built).
-        UpdateAdvertisedTimerQueryExtension();
+        // Now that g_GLESCapabilities knows the host extensions, entry points, and ES version,
+        // reconcile every runtime-gated advertisement (see the comment on
+        // UpdateAdvertisedCapabilityExtensions for why this cannot happen when the list is first
+        // built).
+        UpdateAdvertisedCapabilityExtensions(m_GLESCapabilities);
         UpdateDynamicBackendParameters();
         PopulateFormatCapabilities(m_GLESFunctions, m_GLESCapabilities, MutableFormatCapabilities());
         PrintFormatCapabilities(GetFormatCapabilities());
@@ -698,11 +866,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             return false;
         }
 
-        if ((handle.Backend != WindowBackend::Android &&
-             handle.Backend != WindowBackend::X11 &&
-             handle.Backend != WindowBackend::MetalLayer) ||
+        if ((handle.Backend != WindowBackend::Android && handle.Backend != WindowBackend::X11 &&
+             handle.Backend != WindowBackend::MetalLayer && handle.Backend != WindowBackend::Win32) ||
             !handle.Handle) {
-            MGLOG_E("DirectGLES backend only supports Android, X11, and CAMetalLayer native windows");
+            MGLOG_E("DirectGLES backend only supports Android, X11, CAMetalLayer, and Win32 native windows");
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -818,24 +985,91 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         return MutableRendererInfo();
     }
 
-    Vector<GLExtension> BuildAdvertisedExtensions(Bool timerQueriesSupported) {
-        Vector<GLExtension> extensions = {V_OpenGL30, V_OpenGL31, V_OpenGL32,
-                                          V_OpenGL33, E_GL_ARB_draw_buffers_blend, E_GL_ARB_compute_shader,
-                                          E_GL_ARB_shader_storage_buffer_object, E_GL_ARB_shader_image_load_store,
-                                          E_GL_ARB_program_interface_query, E_GL_ARB_framebuffer_object,
-                                          E_GL_EXT_framebuffer_object, E_GL_ARB_depth_texture, E_GL_ARB_buffer_storage,
-                                          E_GL_ARB_texture_storage, E_GL_ARB_texture_storage_multisample,
-                                          E_GL_ARB_direct_state_access,
-                                          E_GL_ARB_multi_draw_indirect, E_GL_ARB_indirect_parameters,
-                                          E_GL_ARB_shader_draw_parameters, E_GL_ARB_gpu_shader5, E_GL_ARB_multi_bind,
-                                          E_GL_ARB_shading_language_420pack, E_GL_ARB_vertex_attrib_binding,
-                                          E_GL_ARB_shader_image_size};
+    Vector<GLExtension> BuildAdvertisedExtensions(Bool timerQueriesSupported, Bool anisotropicFilteringSupported,
+                                                  Bool drawIndirectSupported,
+                                                  Bool nonZeroIndirectBaseInstanceSupported) {
+        Vector<GLExtension> extensions = {
+            V_OpenGL30, V_OpenGL31, V_OpenGL32, V_OpenGL33, V_OpenGL40, E_GL_ARB_draw_buffers_blend,
+            E_GL_ARB_compute_shader, E_GL_ARB_shader_storage_buffer_object, E_GL_ARB_shader_image_load_store,
+            E_GL_ARB_clear_buffer_object, E_GL_ARB_program_interface_query, E_GL_ARB_framebuffer_object, E_GL_EXT_framebuffer_object,
+            E_GL_ARB_depth_texture, E_GL_ARB_buffer_storage, E_GL_ARB_texture_storage,
+            E_GL_ARB_texture_storage_multisample, E_GL_ARB_clear_texture, E_GL_ARB_direct_state_access,
+            E_GL_ARB_multi_draw_indirect, E_GL_ARB_indirect_parameters, E_GL_ARB_shader_draw_parameters,
+            E_GL_ARB_gpu_shader5, E_GL_ARB_multi_bind, E_GL_ARB_shading_language_420pack,
+            E_GL_ARB_vertex_attrib_binding,
+            // Both are core from GL 3.2/3.3 on and implemented here for
+            // every advertised version, but an app targeting 3.0/3.1
+            // only reaches them through the extension string - the CTS
+            // picks a whole different shader for draw_buffers without
+            // explicit_attrib_location. DirectVulkan advertises both.
+            E_GL_ARB_explicit_attrib_location, E_GL_ARB_texture_multisample, E_GL_ARB_shader_image_size,
+            // Core since GL 3.1 and implemented for every version advertised here. The string
+            // matters because applications gate the ENTRY POINTS on it rather than on the
+            // version: a caller that finds the extension missing never resolves
+            // glGetUniformBlockIndex / glUniformBlockBinding, and one that then uses uniform
+            // blocks anyway calls through a null pointer.
+            E_GL_ARB_uniform_buffer_object,
+            // Sampling the stencil aspect through DEPTH_STENCIL_TEXTURE_MODE. Core from 4.3,
+            // so on a 4.0 context the string is the only way to reach it. The host ES driver
+            // has had the same texture parameter since ES 3.1, which every device MobileGL
+            // runs on provides.
+            E_GL_ARB_stencil_texturing,
+            // Advertised with GL_NUM_PROGRAM_BINARY_FORMATS = 0, which the
+            // extension explicitly permits. It is also the only thing that
+            // exposes glProgramParameteri before GL 4.1.
+            E_GL_ARB_get_program_binary};
+        // Minecraft 26.3 checks this prerequisite before it even considers
+        // GL_ARB_multi_draw_indirect. ES 3.1 supplies both single-draw entry points; the loader
+        // folds the version and pointer checks into SupportsDrawIndirect.
+        if (drawIndirectSupported) {
+            extensions.push_back(E_GL_ARB_draw_indirect);
+        }
+        // ARB_base_instance also defines the last word of an indirect command. Direct calls are
+        // emulated on every Espryt device, but without host GL_EXT_base_instance a native indirect
+        // draw cannot shift divisor attributes by a GPU-authored non-zero value, so do not promise
+        // that incomplete case.
+        if (drawIndirectSupported && nonZeroIndirectBaseInstanceSupported) {
+            extensions.push_back(E_GL_ARB_base_instance);
+        }
+        // GL_KHR_parallel_shader_compile is MobileGL's own capability, not the host ES
+        // driver's: the compiler threads are MobileGL's, and glCompileShader/glLinkProgram
+        // are serviced entirely inside the frontend. Whether the device driver advertises
+        // the string is irrelevant here (the POST reports it separately, for the day the
+        // driver-side link is what gets parallelised).
+        //
+        // Gated on the async flag deliberately, and this is the whole reason the gate
+        // exists. Advertising the string is the one part of asynchronous compilation that a
+        // recorded trace can never cover: Iris and Sodium change their SUBMISSION SCHEDULE
+        // the moment they see it - they enqueue whole pipeline batches and poll
+        // GL_COMPLETION_STATUS_KHR instead of compiling one program at a time - so
+        // MOBILEGL_ASYNC_SHADER_COMPILE=0 has to withdraw the application-visible behaviour
+        // change as well as the threading, or the kill switch would only be half a switch.
+        if (MG_Util::Async::AsyncShaderCompileEnabled()) {
+            extensions.push_back(E_GL_KHR_parallel_shader_compile);
+        }
+        // GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 is opt-in (MOBILEGL_ADVERTISE_FP64). Every `double` in a
+        // shader compiles and runs already - it is narrowed to 32 bits before the module
+        // reaches this backend - so an application that simply uses doubles needs nothing
+        // advertised. What the extension additionally promises is 64-bit PRECISION, which no
+        // mobile GPU has and the narrowing cannot fake, so advertising it by default would
+        // make an application that checks the string take a path MobileGL cannot honour.
+        if (MG_Config::Features.AdvertiseFp64) {
+            extensions.push_back(E_GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64);
+        }
         // Only advertised when the device driver actually has usable timer queries
         // (GL_EXT_disjoint_timer_query plus its entry points) and the
         // MOBILEGL_DISABLE_TIMERQUERY escape hatch is off.
         if (timerQueriesSupported && !MG_Config::Features.DisableTimerQuery) {
             extensions.push_back(E_GL_ARB_timer_query);
         }
+        // Only advertised when the host ES driver actually filters anisotropically: the sampler
+        // state is accepted regardless, but forwarding it would be a no-op without the extension,
+        // and an app that trusts the string (LWJGL builds GLCapabilities from it) would silently
+        // get plain trilinear.
+        if (anisotropicFilteringSupported) {
+            extensions.push_back(E_GL_EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic);
+            extensions.push_back(E_GL_ARB_texture_filter_anisotropic);
+        }
         return extensions;
     }
 
@@ -864,6 +1098,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             funcsTable.GL.MultiDrawElementsIndirect = MultiDrawElementsIndirect;
             funcsTable.GL.MultiDrawElementsIndirectCount = MultiDrawElementsIndirectCount;
             funcsTable.GL.MultiDrawArraysIndirect = MultiDrawArraysIndirect;
+            funcsTable.GL.MultiDrawArraysIndirectCount = MultiDrawArraysIndirectCount;
             funcsTable.GL.DrawRangeElementsBaseVertex = DrawRangeElementsBaseVertex;
             funcsTable.GL.DrawRangeElements = DrawRangeElements;
             funcsTable.GL.DrawElementsInstancedBaseVertexBaseInstance = DrawElementsInstancedBaseVertexBaseInstance;
@@ -882,12 +1117,6 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             funcsTable.GL.GetIntegeri_v = GetIntegeri_v;
             funcsTable.GL.GetInteger64i_v = GetInteger64i_v;
             funcsTable.GL.GetProgramiv = GetProgramiv;
-            funcsTable.GL.GetProgramInterfaceiv = GetProgramInterfaceiv;
-            funcsTable.GL.GetProgramResourceIndex = GetProgramResourceIndex;
-            funcsTable.GL.GetProgramResourceName = GetProgramResourceName;
-            funcsTable.GL.GetProgramResourceiv = GetProgramResourceiv;
-            funcsTable.GL.GetProgramResourceLocation = GetProgramResourceLocation;
-            funcsTable.GL.GetProgramResourceLocationIndex = GetProgramResourceLocationIndex;
             funcsTable.GL.ShaderStorageBlockBinding = ShaderStorageBlockBinding;
             funcsTable.GL.Clear = Clear;
             funcsTable.GL.ClearBufferfi = ClearBufferfi;
@@ -895,6 +1124,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
             funcsTable.GL.ClearBufferuiv = ClearBufferuiv;
             funcsTable.GL.ClearBufferiv = ClearBufferiv;
             funcsTable.GL.ClearNamedFramebufferfv = ClearNamedFramebufferfv;
+            funcsTable.GL.ClearNamedFramebufferiv = ClearNamedFramebufferiv;
+            funcsTable.GL.ClearNamedFramebufferuiv = ClearNamedFramebufferuiv;
             funcsTable.GL.ClearNamedFramebufferfi = ClearNamedFramebufferfi;
             funcsTable.GL.BlitFramebuffer = BlitFramebuffer;
             funcsTable.GL.BlitNamedFramebuffer = BlitNamedFramebuffer;
@@ -924,11 +1155,36 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                 funcsTable.GL.BeginTimeElapsedQuery = BeginTimeElapsedQuery;
                 funcsTable.GL.EndTimeElapsedQuery = EndTimeElapsedQuery;
                 funcsTable.GL.QueryCounterTimestamp = QueryCounterTimestamp;
-                funcsTable.GL.IsQueryResultAvailable = IsQueryResultAvailable;
-                funcsTable.GL.GetQueryResult64 = GetQueryResult64;
-                funcsTable.GL.DeleteBackendQuery = DeleteBackendQuery;
                 funcsTable.GL.GetGpuTimestampNs = GetGpuTimestampNs;
             }
+            // Occlusion queries are core ES3 (independent of MOBILEGL_DISABLE_TIMERQUERY)
+            // and share the handle-based result/delete entries, which must exist even
+            // when the timer-query group above is disabled.
+            funcsTable.GL.BeginOcclusionQuery = BeginOcclusionQuery;
+            funcsTable.GL.EndOcclusionQuery = EndOcclusionQuery;
+            // Real driver primitive counters: the frontend's CPU accounting cannot see a
+            // geometry shader's amplification.
+            funcsTable.GL.BeginXfbPrimitivesQuery = BeginXfbPrimitivesQuery;
+            funcsTable.GL.EndXfbPrimitivesQuery = EndXfbPrimitivesQuery;
+            // ...but where it CAN see the whole capture - no geometry stage - the frontend's
+            // own count is the desktop-exact one and the ES driver's is only as good as the
+            // vendor made it (Adreno doubles PRIMITIVES_WRITTEN for a vertex-only capture that
+            // follows a large render pass). The query above stays installed: it is still what
+            // answers an amplifying span, and PRIMITIVES_GENERATED always.
+            funcsTable.GL.PrefersCpuXfbPrimitiveAccounting = true;
+            funcsTable.GL.IsQueryResultAvailable = IsQueryResultAvailable;
+            funcsTable.GL.GetQueryResult64 = GetQueryResult64;
+            funcsTable.GL.DeleteBackendQuery = DeleteBackendQuery;
+            // Transform feedback is captured by the real ES driver rather than
+            // reconstructed from the draw recording, so the frontend has to hand the
+            // span boundaries over.
+            funcsTable.GL.PatchParameteri = DirectGLES::PatchParameteri;
+            funcsTable.GL.BeginTransformFeedback = XfbImpl::BeginTransformFeedback;
+            funcsTable.GL.EndTransformFeedback = XfbImpl::EndTransformFeedback;
+            funcsTable.GL.PauseTransformFeedback = XfbImpl::PauseTransformFeedback;
+            funcsTable.GL.ResumeTransformFeedback = XfbImpl::ResumeTransformFeedback;
+            funcsTable.GL.BindTransformFeedback = XfbImpl::BindTransformFeedback;
+            funcsTable.GL.DeleteTransformFeedback = XfbImpl::DeleteTransformFeedback;
             funcsTableInitialized = true;
         }
         return funcsTable;
@@ -938,8 +1194,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         return m_dynamicParameters;
     }
 
+    void BackendObject_DirectGLES::ApplyGLESCapabilitiesForTesting(const MG_External::GLESCapabilities& capabilities) {
+        m_GLESCapabilities = capabilities;
+        UpdateDynamicBackendParameters();
+    }
+
     void BackendObject_DirectGLES::UpdateDynamicBackendParameters() {
         m_dynamicParameters.UniformBufferOffsetAlignment = m_GLESCapabilities.UniformBufferOffsetAlignment;
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxTextureMaxAnisotropy = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxTextureMaxAnisotropy;
         m_dynamicParameters.AliasedLineWidthRangeMin = m_GLESCapabilities.AliasedLineWidthRangeMin;
         m_dynamicParameters.AliasedLineWidthRangeMax = m_GLESCapabilities.AliasedLineWidthRangeMax;
         m_dynamicParameters.SmoothLineWidthRangeMin = m_GLESCapabilities.SmoothLineWidthRangeMin;
@@ -962,6 +1224,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxIntegerSamples = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxIntegerSamples;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxSamples = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxSamples;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxSampleMaskWords = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxSampleMaskWords;
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxPatchVertices = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxPatchVertices;
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxTessGenLevel = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxTessGenLevel;
+        m_dynamicParameters.MinProgramTextureGatherOffset = m_GLESCapabilities.MinProgramTextureGatherOffset;
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxProgramTextureGatherOffset = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxProgramTextureGatherOffset;
         // Clamp the advertised sampler limits the same way the DirectVulkan backend does: per-stage
         // GL_MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS must never exceed host-side fixed arrays sized off it (e.g.
         // Minecraft's 128-entry Blaze3D GlStateManager.TEXTURES[], iterated by Iris), and the combined
@@ -985,17 +1251,87 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                      static_cast<Int>(MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS));
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxComputeShaderStorageBlocks = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxComputeShaderStorageBlocks;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxCombinedShaderStorageBlocks = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxCombinedShaderStorageBlocks;
+        // Per-stage storage-block counts, forwarded from the host driver rather than invented.
+        // A stage the driver cannot serve reports 0, which is a legal answer everywhere these
+        // limits appear (GL 4.6 table 23.64, ES 3.2 table 21.44 - the minimum is 0 for every
+        // graphics stage except fragment) and is the only answer that lets an application take
+        // its own fallback instead of building a program the driver will refuse to link. The
+        // stage limit cannot exceed the combined limit or the number of binding points there
+        // are to bind buffers to, so clamp to both.
+        const auto clampStageStorageBlocks = [this](Int stageLimit) {
+            return std::min({std::max(stageLimit, 0), std::max(m_dynamicParameters.MaxCombinedShaderStorageBlocks, 0),
+                             std::max(m_dynamicParameters.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings, 0)});
+        };
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings;
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxVertexShaderStorageBlocks =
+            clampStageStorageBlocks(m_GLESCapabilities.MaxVertexShaderStorageBlocks);
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxTessControlShaderStorageBlocks =
+            clampStageStorageBlocks(m_GLESCapabilities.MaxTessControlShaderStorageBlocks);
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxTessEvaluationShaderStorageBlocks =
+            clampStageStorageBlocks(m_GLESCapabilities.MaxTessEvaluationShaderStorageBlocks);
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxGeometryShaderStorageBlocks =
+            clampStageStorageBlocks(m_GLESCapabilities.MaxGeometryShaderStorageBlocks);
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxFragmentShaderStorageBlocks =
+            clampStageStorageBlocks(m_GLESCapabilities.MaxFragmentShaderStorageBlocks);
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxComputeUniformBlocks = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxComputeUniformBlocks;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxComputeWorkGroupInvocations = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxComputeWorkGroupInvocations;
-        m_dynamicParameters.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings;
+        // (MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings is assigned above, before the per-stage clamp reads it.)
+        // This is the number glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE) hands the application, and
+        // on a host without buffer textures it is knowingly a floor MobileGL cannot honour rather
+        // than a driver answer (m_GLESCapabilities.MaxTextureBufferSizeIsDriverReported says
+        // which). Reporting 0 instead was considered and rejected: MobileGL advertises an OpenGL
+        // 4.x context, where buffer textures are core and the limit has a spec minimum of 65536,
+        // so 0 is not a legal answer and applications are not written to survive it. GL offers no
+        // way to say "this core feature is missing", so the honesty is carried outside the limit:
+        // FillInGLESCapabilities logs the tier, glTexBuffer and the program build each name the
+        // missing capability at MGLOG_I, and the driver POST carries a "Buffer textures" row that
+        // FAILs on this tier.
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxTextureBufferSize = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxTextureBufferSize;
+        m_dynamicParameters.TextureBufferOffsetAlignment = m_GLESCapabilities.TextureBufferOffsetAlignment;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxUniformBufferBindings = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxUniformBufferBindings;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxUniformBlockSize = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxUniformBlockSize;
-        const Int maxSupportedTextureUnits =
-            static_cast<Int>(MG_State::GLState::TextureState::MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS);
-        m_dynamicParameters.MaxImageUnits = std::min(m_GLESCapabilities.MaxImageUnits, maxSupportedTextureUnits);
-        m_dynamicParameters.MaxCombinedImageUniforms = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxCombinedImageUniforms;
-        m_dynamicParameters.MaxComputeImageUniforms = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxComputeImageUniforms;
+        const Int maxSupportedTextureUnits = static_cast<Int>(MG_State::GLState::TextureState::MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS);
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxImageUnits =
+            std::max(std::min(m_GLESCapabilities.MaxImageUnits, maxSupportedTextureUnits), 0);
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxCombinedImageUniforms = std::max(m_GLESCapabilities.MaxCombinedImageUniforms, 0);
+        const auto clampStageImageUniforms = [this](Int stageLimit) {
+            return std::min({std::max(stageLimit, 0), m_dynamicParameters.MaxImageUnits,
+                             m_dynamicParameters.MaxCombinedImageUniforms});
+        };
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxVertexImageUniforms = clampStageImageUniforms(m_GLESCapabilities.MaxVertexImageUniforms);
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxGeometryImageUniforms =
+            clampStageImageUniforms(m_GLESCapabilities.MaxGeometryImageUniforms);
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxFragmentImageUniforms =
+            clampStageImageUniforms(m_GLESCapabilities.MaxFragmentImageUniforms);
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxComputeImageUniforms =
+            clampStageImageUniforms(m_GLESCapabilities.MaxComputeImageUniforms);
+        m_dynamicParameters.SupportsDistinctDepthStencilAttachments =
+            ProbeDistinctDepthStencilAttachments(DirectGLES::g_GLESFuncs);
+        // SyncAttachmentObject routes a layered upload target to glFramebufferTextureLayer with the
+        // attachment's layer passed through, so this backend really does render to the layer it was
+        // given - provided the driver resolved the entry point at all.
+        // SyncAttachmentObject (Managers.cpp, the glFramebufferTextureLayer branch) routes exactly
+        // five upload targets to glFramebufferTextureLayer with the attachment's layer passed
+        // through, so this backend really does render to the layer it was given - provided the driver
+        // resolved the entry point at all. The cube map array is the one target that also needs
+        // ES-level support before it has any storage to attach.
+        m_dynamicParameters.PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentTargets = 0;
+        if (DirectGLES::g_GLESFuncs.glFramebufferTextureLayer != nullptr) {
+            using DynParams = MG_Backend::DynamicBackendParameters;
+            m_dynamicParameters.PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentTargets |=
+                DynParams::PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentBit(TextureTarget::Texture3D) |
+                DynParams::PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentBit(TextureTarget::Texture1DArray) |
+                DynParams::PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentBit(TextureTarget::Texture2DArray) |
+                DynParams::PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentBit(TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisampleArray);
+            if (m_GLESCapabilities.SupportsTextureCubeMapArray) {
+                m_dynamicParameters.PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentTargets |=
+                    DynParams::PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentBit(TextureTarget::TextureCubeMapArray);
+            }
+        }
+        // Not a driver question and never will be: OpenGL ES has no double-precision vertex format
+        // and ESSL has no fp64 type to consume one with, so a 64-bit vertex attribute has nowhere to
+        // land on this backend regardless of what the driver underneath happens to support.
+        m_dynamicParameters.SupportsFloat64VertexAttributes = false;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxDrawBuffers = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxDrawBuffers;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxColorAttachments = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxColorAttachments;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxClipDistances = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxClipDistances;
@@ -1005,8 +1341,50 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
         m_dynamicParameters.ViewportBoundsRangeMin = m_GLESCapabilities.ViewportBoundsRangeMin;
         m_dynamicParameters.ViewportBoundsRangeMax = m_GLESCapabilities.ViewportBoundsRangeMax;
         m_dynamicParameters.ViewportSubpixelBits = m_GLESCapabilities.ViewportSubpixelBits;
+        m_dynamicParameters.MinFragmentInterpolationOffset =
+            std::isfinite(m_GLESCapabilities.MinFragmentInterpolationOffset) &&
+                    m_GLESCapabilities.MinFragmentInterpolationOffset <= -0.5f
+                ? m_GLESCapabilities.MinFragmentInterpolationOffset
+                : -0.5f;
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxFragmentInterpolationOffset = 0.4375f;
+        m_dynamicParameters.FragmentInterpolationOffsetBits = 4;
+        if (m_GLESCapabilities.FragmentInterpolationOffsetBits >= 4 &&
+            std::isfinite(m_GLESCapabilities.MaxFragmentInterpolationOffset)) {
+            const Float requiredMaxOffset =
+                0.5f - std::ldexp(1.0f, -m_GLESCapabilities.FragmentInterpolationOffsetBits);
+            if (m_GLESCapabilities.MaxFragmentInterpolationOffset >= requiredMaxOffset) {
+                m_dynamicParameters.MaxFragmentInterpolationOffset = m_GLESCapabilities.MaxFragmentInterpolationOffset;
+                m_dynamicParameters.FragmentInterpolationOffsetBits =
+                    m_GLESCapabilities.FragmentInterpolationOffsetBits;
+            }
+        }
         m_dynamicParameters.SupportsWideLines =
             m_GLESCapabilities.AliasedLineWidthRangeMax > 1.0f || m_GLESCapabilities.SmoothLineWidthRangeMax > 1.0f;
+
+        const auto containsAny = [](const String& haystack, std::initializer_list<const char*> needles) {
+            return std::any_of(needles.begin(), needles.end(),
+                               [&](const char* needle) { return haystack.find(needle) != String::npos; });
+        };
+        const String vendorAndRenderer =
+            m_GLESCapabilities.GLESVendorString + " " + m_GLESCapabilities.GLESRendererString;
+        if (containsAny(vendorAndRenderer, {"llvmpipe", "SwiftShader", "softpipe"})) {
+            // Check software rasterizers first: ANGLE-on-llvmpipe reports both.
+            m_dynamicParameters.GpuVendor = GpuVendorKind::Software;
+        } else if (containsAny(vendorAndRenderer, {"Qualcomm", "Adreno"})) {
+            m_dynamicParameters.GpuVendor = GpuVendorKind::Qualcomm;
+        } else if (containsAny(vendorAndRenderer, {"Mali", "ARM"})) {
+            m_dynamicParameters.GpuVendor = GpuVendorKind::Arm;
+        } else if (containsAny(vendorAndRenderer, {"NVIDIA"})) {
+            m_dynamicParameters.GpuVendor = GpuVendorKind::Nvidia;
+        } else if (containsAny(vendorAndRenderer, {"AMD", "Radeon"})) {
+            m_dynamicParameters.GpuVendor = GpuVendorKind::Amd;
+        } else if (containsAny(vendorAndRenderer, {"Intel"})) {
+            m_dynamicParameters.GpuVendor = GpuVendorKind::Intel;
+        } else if (containsAny(vendorAndRenderer, {"Imagination", "PowerVR"})) {
+            m_dynamicParameters.GpuVendor = GpuVendorKind::ImgTec;
+        } else {
+            m_dynamicParameters.GpuVendor = GpuVendorKind::Unknown;
+        }
     }
 
     const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& BackendObject_DirectGLES::GetGLESFunctions() const {

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/BackendObject_DirectGLES.h

@@ -18,6 +18,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                                     const MG_External::GLESCapabilities& capabilities,
                                     FormatCapabilityCache& cache);
 
+    // Clamps a requested sample count down to what the ES driver can really deliver for this
+    // format on this format-capability target: the probed per-format list when there is one, the
+    // driver's per-class GL_MAX_*_SAMPLES otherwise. The frontend deliberately validates against
+    // the count MobileGL advertises instead (GL_Getter's GetAdvertisedMaxSamples), which on a
+    // driver reporting GL_MAX_INTEGER_SAMPLES 1 is higher than the driver accepts, so every ES
+    // allocation call has to come through here. The shadow state keeps the requested count, so
+    // GL_TEXTURE_SAMPLES and framebuffer completeness still answer what the application asked for.
+    Int ClampSamplesToBackendSupport(SizeT targetIndex, TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat, GLenum imageFormat,
+                                     Int samples);
+
     class BackendObject_DirectGLES : public BackendObject {
     public:
         ~BackendObject_DirectGLES() override;
@@ -41,6 +51,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
 
         const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& GetGLESFunctions() const;
         const MG_External::EGLFunctionsTable& GetEGLFunctions() const;
+        void ApplyGLESCapabilitiesForTesting(const MG_External::GLESCapabilities& capabilities);
 
     private:
         void UpdateDynamicBackendParameters();
@@ -66,9 +77,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
     const RendererInfo& GetRendererIdentity();
 
     // The full OpenGL extension list Espryt advertises (glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS))
-    // for a device whose timer queries are (or are not) usable. The
-    // MOBILEGL_DISABLE_TIMERQUERY escape hatch is applied inside.
-    Vector<GLExtension> BuildAdvertisedExtensions(Bool timerQueriesSupported);
+    // for a device whose timer queries / anisotropic filtering / native indirect draws /
+    // non-zero indirect baseInstance semantics are (or are not) usable.
+    // The MOBILEGL_DISABLE_TIMERQUERY escape hatch is applied inside.
+    Vector<GLExtension> BuildAdvertisedExtensions(Bool timerQueriesSupported, Bool anisotropicFilteringSupported,
+                                                  Bool drawIndirectSupported,
+                                                  Bool nonZeroIndirectBaseInstanceSupported);
 
     // Format: <OpenGL ES Renderer>, OpenGL ES <Major>.<Minor> — the exact string an
     // initialized backend returns from GetBackendAPIVersionString (and that ends up

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/DirectGLES.h

@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@
     operation Utils::CheckGLESError();
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
+    // Re-establishes the frontend texture-unit bindings on the native ES context.
+    // Content uploads use scratch bindings, so draws and dispatches call this after
+    // texture synchronization.
+    void BindCurrentTextures();
     void ClearBufferfi(GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, GLfloat depth, GLint stencil);
     void ClearBufferfv(GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLfloat* value);
     void ClearBufferuiv(GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLuint* value);
@@ -36,6 +40,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
     void MultiDrawElementsIndirectCount(GLenum mode, GLenum type, const void* indirect, GLintptr drawcount,
                                         GLsizei maxdrawcount, GLsizei stride);
     void MultiDrawArraysIndirect(GLenum mode, const void* indirect, GLsizei drawcount, GLsizei stride);
+    void MultiDrawArraysIndirectCount(GLenum mode, const void* indirect, GLintptr drawcount, GLsizei maxdrawcount,
+                                      GLsizei stride);
     void DrawRangeElementsBaseVertex(GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, GLsizei count, GLenum type,
                                      const void* indices, GLint basevertex);
     void DrawRangeElements(GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const void* indices);
@@ -55,6 +61,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                                  GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLfloat* value);
     void ClearNamedFramebufferfi(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject>& framebuffer,
                                  GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, GLfloat depth, GLint stencil);
+    void ClearNamedFramebufferiv(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject>& framebuffer,
+                                 GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLint* value);
+    void ClearNamedFramebufferuiv(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject>& framebuffer,
+                                  GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLuint* value);
     void BlitFramebuffer(GLint srcX0, GLint srcY0, GLint srcX1, GLint srcY1, GLint dstX0, GLint dstY0, GLint dstX1,
                          GLint dstY1, GLbitfield mask, GLenum filter);
     void BlitNamedFramebuffer(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject>& readFramebuffer,
@@ -66,9 +76,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
                         GLsizei height, GLint border);
     void CopyTexSubImage2D(GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width,
                            GLsizei height);
-    void CopyImageSubData(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& srcTexture,
+    void CopyImageSubData(const CopyImageEndpoint& src,
                           GLenum srcTarget, GLint srcLevel, GLint srcX, GLint srcY, GLint srcZ,
-                          const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& dstTexture,
+                          const CopyImageEndpoint& dst,
                           GLenum dstTarget, GLint dstLevel, GLint dstX, GLint dstY, GLint dstZ,
                           GLsizei srcWidth, GLsizei srcHeight, GLsizei srcDepth);
     void GenerateMipmap(GLenum target);
@@ -84,15 +94,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
     void GetIntegeri_v(GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint* data);
     void GetInteger64i_v(GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint64* data);
     void GetProgramiv(GLuint program, GLenum pname, GLint* params);
-    void GetProgramInterfaceiv(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, GLenum pname, GLint* params);
-    GLuint GetProgramResourceIndex(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, const GLchar* name);
-    void GetProgramResourceName(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, GLuint index, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei* length,
-                                GLchar* name);
-    void GetProgramResourceiv(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, GLuint index, GLsizei propCount,
-                              const GLenum* props, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei* length, GLint* params);
-    GLint GetProgramResourceLocation(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, const GLchar* name);
-    GLint GetProgramResourceLocationIndex(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, const GLchar* name);
-    void ShaderStorageBlockBinding(GLuint program, GLuint storageBlockIndex, GLuint storageBlockBinding);
+    void ShaderStorageBlockBinding(GLuint program, const GLchar* storageBlockName, GLuint storageBlockBinding);
     Bool InitWindowSurface(NativeWindowType window);
     Bool InitPbufferSurface(EGLint width, EGLint height);
     Bool MakeCurrent();
@@ -117,6 +119,24 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
     // capability read needs no current ES context, and it stays false until
     // the ES capabilities have been filled in.
     Bool AreTimerQueriesSupported();
+    // True when the host ES driver can back a GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER at all - ES 3.2 core, or
+    // EXT/OES_texture_buffer, with glTexBuffer resolved. Desktop GL has had buffer textures as
+    // core since 3.1, so the frontend advertises them unconditionally and an app may call
+    // glTexBuffer whenever it likes; this is the only thing standing between that call and a
+    // null entry point. False also means every shader declaring a samplerBuffer is
+    // uncompilable on this driver, which the program build reports by name.
+    Bool AreBufferTexturesSupported();
+    // Human-readable name of the buffer-texture tier for diagnostics and the driver POST:
+    // "core (ES 3.2)", "GL_EXT_texture_buffer", "GL_OES_texture_buffer" or "unsupported".
+    const char* GetBufferTextureTierName();
+    // glTexBuffer / glTexBufferRange through whichever spelling this driver's buffer-texture
+    // support actually ships: the unsuffixed names are ES 3.2 core, while an EXT/OES driver
+    // exports glTexBuffer{,Range}EXT / OES. Callers must have checked
+    // AreBufferTexturesSupported() first. CallTexBufferRange reports whether it could honour
+    // the range - no tier is required to expose the range form, and the whole-buffer form is
+    // the documented fallback.
+    void CallTexBuffer(GLenum target, GLenum internalFormat, GLuint buffer);
+    Bool CallTexBufferRange(GLenum target, GLenum internalFormat, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size);
     // GL timer-query objects, backed by GL_EXT_disjoint_timer_query. The
     // creators return null (the frontend then falls back to an immediately
     // available zero result) when the calling thread does not own the ES
@@ -126,6 +146,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
     BackendQueryHandle BeginTimeElapsedQuery();
     void EndTimeElapsedQuery(BackendQueryHandle query);
     BackendQueryHandle QueryCounterTimestamp();
+    // GL_ANY_SAMPLES_PASSED(_CONSERVATIVE) occlusion queries: core ES3, independent of
+    // GL_EXT_disjoint_timer_query and of MOBILEGL_DISABLE_TIMERQUERY. Results/deletion
+    // flow through GetQueryResult64/DeleteBackendQuery like the timer queries above.
+    BackendQueryHandle BeginOcclusionQuery();
+    void EndOcclusionQuery(BackendQueryHandle query);
+    // GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_PRIMITIVES_WRITTEN / GL_PRIMITIVES_GENERATED, also core ES
+    // (GL_PRIMITIVES_GENERATED from ES 3.2 on). Null when the target is unavailable, in
+    // which case the frontend falls back to counting primitives from the draw calls.
+    BackendQueryHandle BeginXfbPrimitivesQuery(Bool generated);
+    void EndXfbPrimitivesQuery(BackendQueryHandle query);
     Bool IsQueryResultAvailable(BackendQueryHandle query);
     // Returns true when a final value landed in *outNanoseconds (a zero for
     // null or stale-generation handles IS final: the frontend may cache it
@@ -142,6 +172,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
     // A buffer retired during frame N is safe to recycle once CompletedFrameSerial() >= N.
     Uint64 CurrentFrameSerial();
     Uint64 CompletedFrameSerial();
+    // Block (up to timeoutNs) until the given frame serial provably retired on the
+    // GPU, using the per-frame fence ring. False when no usable fence covers the
+    // serial (fence-less context, foreign thread, or the slot was recycled);
+    // completion state is untouched in that case.
+    Bool WaitForFrameSerialCompleted(Uint64 serial, Uint64 timeoutNs);
     // Applies (or defers until the window surface exists) the app-requested
     // eglSwapInterval on the native EGL surface.
     void SetSwapInterval(Int interval);
@@ -150,6 +185,49 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
     void SetGLESCapabilities(const MG_External::GLESCapabilities& capabilities);
     void DestroyEGLContext();
 
+    // Transform feedback capture spans, performed by the real ES driver. The
+    // capture set is declared on the backend program at link time; the driver-side
+    // begin is deferred to the first draw of the span (ES needs the capturing
+    // program current and the capture buffers bound), and the end also mirrors the
+    // captured bytes back into the frontend buffer shadows.
+    void PatchParameteri(GLenum pname, GLint value);
+
+    namespace XfbImpl {
+        Bool AreTransformFeedbacksSupported();
+        // True while a capture span is open on the current transform feedback object
+        // (frontend Begin seen and not paused), whether or not the deferred driver-side
+        // Begin has been issued yet. Draw paths that would restructure the primitive
+        // stream, or that need to dispatch compute mid-draw, decline while it is set.
+        Bool IsCaptureSpanOpen();
+        void BeginTransformFeedback(GLenum primitiveMode);
+        void EndTransformFeedback();
+        void PauseTransformFeedback();
+        void ResumeTransformFeedback();
+        void BindTransformFeedback(GLuint name);
+        void DeleteTransformFeedback(GLuint name);
+        void OnBackendContextDestroyed();
+    } // namespace XfbImpl
+
+    namespace RenderStateImpl {
+        // Pushes the frontend's render-state block to the ES driver, diffed against what was
+        // last pushed.
+        //
+        // `forColorClear` names the CALLER, and the only thing it changes is the colour write
+        // mask handed to the driver. A draw into a colour attachment the backend widened from
+        // three channels to four gets that buffer's alpha channel masked OFF, so nothing can
+        // move the stored alpha away from the 1.0 the application's three-channel format
+        // implies (see FramebufferImpl::g_alphaWidenedDrawBufferMask). A CLEAR is how that 1.0
+        // gets there in the first place, so it must be allowed to write alpha - hence the flag
+        // rather than an unconditional doctoring. It is part of the sync memo, so a clear
+        // followed by a draw re-pushes the mask instead of early-outing on an unchanged
+        // frontend version.
+        //
+        // The application's own colour mask is never modified: glGet(GL_COLOR_WRITEMASK)
+        // answers from the frontend state, which this function only reads.
+        void SyncRenderState(Bool forColorClear = false);
+        void InvalidateSyncedRenderState();
+    } // namespace RenderStateImpl
+
     extern MG_External::EGLFunctionsTable g_EGLFuncs;
     extern MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable g_GLESFuncs;
     extern MG_External::GLESCapabilities g_GLESCapabilities;

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/MultiDraw.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,928 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/MultiDraw.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#include "MultiDraw.h"
+#include "Managers.h"
+#include <MG_State/GLState/Core.h>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <limits>
+
+namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::MultiDrawImpl {
+    using MG_Config::GLESMultiDrawMode;
+
+    namespace {
+        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        // Batch shape
+        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        SizeT IndexTypeSize(GLenum type) {
+            switch (type) {
+            case GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE: return 1;
+            case GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT: return 2;
+            case GL_UNSIGNED_INT: return 4;
+            default: return 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // The all-ones value of an index type, which is what GL restarts on once
+        // primitive restart is in play. CheckPrimitiveRestartSupported has already
+        // rejected the arbitrary-index form of GL_PRIMITIVE_RESTART, so an enabled
+        // restart always restarts here and nowhere else.
+        Uint32 RestartSentinelFor(GLenum type) {
+            switch (type) {
+            case GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE: return 0xFFu;
+            case GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT: return 0xFFFFu;
+            default: return 0xFFFFFFFFu;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Bool RestartActive() {
+            return MG_State::pGLContext->IsCapabilityEnabled(CapabilityInput::PrimitiveRestart) ||
+                   MG_State::pGLContext->IsCapabilityEnabled(CapabilityInput::PrimitiveRestartFixedIndex);
+        }
+
+        // Vertices per primitive for the modes whose sub-draws may be concatenated into a
+        // single draw without changing the primitive stream. Zero for strip/loop/fan modes
+        // (concatenation would weld one sub-draw's last primitive to the next sub-draw's
+        // first) and for GL_PATCHES, whose primitive size is dynamic tessellation state.
+        Uint32 ConcatenablePrimitiveSize(GLenum mode) {
+            switch (mode) {
+            case GL_POINTS: return 1;
+            case GL_LINES: return 2;
+            case GL_TRIANGLES: return 3;
+            case GL_LINES_ADJACENCY: return 4;
+            case GL_TRIANGLES_ADJACENCY: return 6;
+            default: return 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Beyond this an emulated batch would ask for a scratch allocation measured in
+        // hundreds of megabytes (and the scratch ring never shrinks again); decline and let
+        // a per-sub-draw tier handle it instead of trying and failing inside the driver.
+        constexpr SizeT kMaxFlattenedIndices = SizeT{1} << 24;
+
+        // The flattening dispatch is one invocation per output index. ES 3.1 only
+        // guarantees 65535 work groups per dimension, and exceeding it makes
+        // glDispatchCompute an INVALID_VALUE no-op - which would leave the draw reading an
+        // uninitialised index buffer rather than failing visibly. Cap the tier there
+        // instead of querying: 4.19M indices is far past any real multi-draw batch, and
+        // beyond it the per-sub-draw tiers are the better answer anyway.
+        constexpr SizeT kComputeWorkGroupSize = 64;
+        constexpr SizeT kMaxComputeWorkGroups = 65535;
+        constexpr SizeT kMaxComputeFlattenedIndices = kMaxComputeWorkGroups * kComputeWorkGroupSize;
+
+        Uint BoundDrawIndirectBufferId() {
+            const auto& indirect =
+                MG_State::pGLContext->GetBufferBindingSlot(BufferTarget::DrawIndirect).GetBoundObject();
+            if (!indirect) return 0;
+            const auto* resource = BufferImpl::EnsureBufferResource(indirect);
+            return resource ? resource->id : 0;
+        }
+
+        const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::BufferObject>& BoundIndexBuffer() {
+            static const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::BufferObject> none;
+            const auto& vao = MG_State::pGLContext->GetBoundVertexArray();
+            if (!vao) return none;
+            return vao->GetIndexBufferBindingSlot().GetBoundObject();
+        }
+
+        // The GL name PrepareForDraw left on GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, i.e. what a tier
+        // that swaps in a scratch index buffer has to put back. Restoring the exact name
+        // matters beyond tidiness: the VAO twin memoises that it already synced this
+        // index binding and will not re-issue it on the next draw.
+        Uint BoundIndexBufferId() {
+            const auto& ibo = BoundIndexBuffer();
+            if (!ibo) return 0;
+            const auto* resource = BufferImpl::EnsureBufferResource(ibo);
+            return resource ? resource->id : 0;
+        }
+
+        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        // Scratch GL objects
+        //
+        // All of them belong to the ES context and are abandoned (not deleted) when it
+        // dies, exactly like XfbImpl's scatter buffer: the names are the dead context's
+        // to reclaim, and deleting them would target whatever the successor context
+        // handed out for the same name.
+        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        struct ScratchBuffer {
+            Uint id = 0;
+            SizeT capacity = 0;
+            SizeT cursor = 0; // ring buffers only: next free byte
+        };
+
+        ScratchBuffer g_indirectCommands; // synthesized DrawElementsIndirectCommand array
+        ScratchBuffer g_rebasedIndices;   // CPU-rebased index stream
+        ScratchBuffer g_drawInfo;         // compute tier: per-sub-draw descriptors
+        ScratchBuffer g_flattenedIndices; // compute tier: flattened index stream
+
+        Uint g_computeProgram = 0;
+        Bool g_computeProgramFailed = false;
+        GLint g_uElementSize = -1;
+        GLint g_uDrawCount = -1;
+        GLint g_uTotalIndices = -1;
+
+        // Reused staging, so a steady stream of batches allocates nothing.
+        Vector<DrawElementsIndirectCommand> g_commandStaging;
+        Vector<Uint32> g_indexStaging;
+        Vector<Uint32> g_drawInfoStaging;
+        Vector<GLint> g_zeroBaseVertices;
+
+        // Everything below stages through GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, the manager-wide staging target
+        // (BufferImpl::TempBufferTarget); binding it disturbs no VAO state.
+        Bool EnsureScratchName(ScratchBuffer& buffer) {
+            if (buffer.id != 0) return true;
+            GLuint id = 0;
+            g_GLESFuncs.glGenBuffers(1, &id);
+            if (id == 0) return false;
+            buffer.id = id;
+            buffer.capacity = 0;
+            buffer.cursor = 0;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Whole-buffer upload, for the two buffers that are read from offset 0 because they
+        // are bound as storage blocks. Respecifies rather than sub-updates: glBufferData
+        // orphans the previous store, so the upload never waits on a dispatch still reading
+        // the old contents out of the same name.
+        Bool UploadScratch(ScratchBuffer& buffer, SizeT bytes, const void* data) {
+            if (bytes == 0) return true;
+            if (!EnsureScratchName(buffer)) return false;
+            BufferImpl::BindBufferId(BufferImpl::TempBufferTarget, buffer.id);
+            // Grow in powers of two so a batch that creeps up in size stops respecifying.
+            SizeT capacity = buffer.capacity == 0 ? bytes : buffer.capacity;
+            while (capacity < bytes) capacity *= 2;
+            g_GLESFuncs.glBufferData(BufferImpl::TempBufferTarget, static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(capacity), nullptr,
+                                     GL_STREAM_DRAW);
+            buffer.capacity = capacity;
+            buffer.cursor = 0;
+            if (data) {
+                g_GLESFuncs.glBufferSubData(BufferImpl::TempBufferTarget, 0, static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(bytes), data);
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Ring upload, for the buffers whose consumers can address a byte offset (indirect
+        // commands and rewritten index streams). Respecifying per batch is what an
+        // orphan-every-time scheme costs, and on a desktop-class driver that allocation
+        // dominated the tiers that use these buffers - a multi-draw of 32 sub-draws stages
+        // 640 bytes and paid for a fresh store to hold them. Bump-allocating instead means
+        // one respecify per wrap; every byte between two wraps is written exactly once, so
+        // nothing in flight is overwritten, and the wrap itself orphans.
+        constexpr SizeT kRingAlignment = 16; // >= 4, so both command and uint32-index offsets stay legal
+        constexpr SizeT kMinRingBytes = 1u << 16;
+
+        Bool UploadScratchRing(ScratchBuffer& buffer, SizeT bytes, const void* data, SizeT& outOffset) {
+            outOffset = 0;
+            if (bytes == 0) return true;
+            if (!EnsureScratchName(buffer)) return false;
+            BufferImpl::BindBufferId(BufferImpl::TempBufferTarget, buffer.id);
+
+            const SizeT aligned = (bytes + kRingAlignment - 1) & ~(kRingAlignment - 1);
+            if (buffer.capacity < aligned) {
+                SizeT capacity = buffer.capacity == 0 ? kMinRingBytes : buffer.capacity;
+                while (capacity < aligned) capacity *= 2;
+                g_GLESFuncs.glBufferData(BufferImpl::TempBufferTarget, static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(capacity), nullptr,
+                                         GL_STREAM_DRAW);
+                buffer.capacity = capacity;
+                buffer.cursor = 0;
+            } else if (buffer.cursor + aligned > buffer.capacity) {
+                g_GLESFuncs.glBufferData(BufferImpl::TempBufferTarget, static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(buffer.capacity),
+                                         nullptr, GL_STREAM_DRAW);
+                buffer.cursor = 0;
+            }
+
+            outOffset = buffer.cursor;
+            if (data) {
+                g_GLESFuncs.glBufferSubData(BufferImpl::TempBufferTarget, static_cast<GLintptr>(outOffset),
+                                            static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(bytes), data);
+            }
+            buffer.cursor += aligned;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        // Tier resolution
+        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        // Best-first, and measured rather than assumed. MobileGlues orders its own Auto
+        // multiindirect -> indirect -> basevertex; on both ES drivers available here that
+        // is backwards, because staging a command buffer per batch costs more than the
+        // driver entries it saves. mc_sodium_multidraw (132 batches x 32 sub-draws),
+        // ns/op, median of three:
+        //
+        //                    NVIDIA ES 3.2   Mesa llvmpipe ES 3.2
+        //   ext                  n/a               19300
+        //   basevertex           2500              25200
+        //   multiindirect        5700              27600
+        //   drawelements         5600              28700
+        //   indirect             5800              31000
+        //
+        // Ring-allocating the command staging (instead of respecifying per batch) was
+        // tried first and moved the indirect tiers by less than noise, so the cost is the
+        // indirect draw path itself, not the upload. Only "ext" - a real multi-draw entry
+        // point rather than an indirect one - actually beats replaying the sub-draws.
+        //
+        // The compute tier is deliberately absent from the ladder: it rewrites the
+        // primitive stream rather than replaying it, and it measured slowest of all here,
+        // so it stays opt-in behind the env knob (the same call MobileGlues makes - its
+        // Auto never selects Compute either).
+        constexpr GLESMultiDrawMode kAutoLadder[] = {
+            GLESMultiDrawMode::Ext,      GLESMultiDrawMode::BaseVertex,   GLESMultiDrawMode::MultiIndirect,
+            GLESMultiDrawMode::Indirect, GLESMultiDrawMode::DrawElements,
+        };
+
+        Bool SupportsTier(GLESMultiDrawMode tier) {
+            return IsTierSupported(g_GLESCapabilities, g_GLESFuncs, tier);
+        }
+
+        GLESMultiDrawMode g_resolvedTier = GLESMultiDrawMode::Auto;
+        Bool g_tierResolved = false;
+        String g_tierResolution;
+
+        void ResolveTierOnce() {
+            if (g_tierResolved) return;
+            g_tierResolved = true;
+            g_resolvedTier =
+                ResolveTier(g_GLESCapabilities, g_GLESFuncs, MG_Config::Features.EsprytMultiDrawMode,
+                            &g_tierResolution);
+            MGLOG_D("DirectGLES multi-draw: %s", g_tierResolution.c_str());
+        }
+
+        // Which tiers have already announced themselves, one bit per GLESMultiDrawMode.
+        // The resolution line above says which tier was CHOSEN; this says which one a
+        // batch actually went through, and the two differ whenever a batch's shape
+        // demotes it. Worth a line each: a multi-draw path that resolves to a tier and
+        // then quietly runs a different one is exactly how "the batch drew nothing"
+        // hides.
+        Uint32 g_announcedTiers = 0;
+
+        void NoteTierExecuted(GLESMultiDrawMode tier) {
+            const Uint32 bit = 1u << static_cast<Uint32>(tier);
+            if (g_announcedTiers & bit) return;
+            g_announcedTiers |= bit;
+            MGLOG_D("DirectGLES multi-draw: first batch executed via tier \"%s\"", TierName(tier));
+        }
+
+        // The tier this particular batch can actually take. A tier is demoted here when
+        // the batch's own shape - not the driver - rules it out; the compute tier keeps
+        // its remaining feasibility checks inside its implementation, where the data it
+        // has to walk is already in hand.
+        GLESMultiDrawMode ResolveTierForBatch(Bool programReadsDrawID, Bool perSubDrawBaseVertex,
+                                              Bool hasIndexBuffer) {
+            ResolveTierOnce();
+            GLESMultiDrawMode tier = g_resolvedTier;
+
+            // Batched tiers issue one driver entry for the whole batch, so the emulated
+            // gl_DrawID uniform can only hold one value across every sub-draw. A program
+            // that reads gl_DrawID gets an unrolled tier, which feeds each sub-draw its
+            // own index (the spec's value); nothing else observes the difference. The
+            // emulated gl_BaseVertex is one uniform for the same reason, so a batch whose
+            // sub-draws carry their own base vertices unrolls too - even the Ext tier,
+            // which hands the driver the whole basevertex array, can only leave ONE value
+            // in the uniform the shader reads.
+            const Bool batched = tier == GLESMultiDrawMode::Ext || tier == GLESMultiDrawMode::MultiIndirect ||
+                                 tier == GLESMultiDrawMode::Compute;
+            if (batched && (programReadsDrawID || perSubDrawBaseVertex)) {
+                tier = SupportsTier(GLESMultiDrawMode::BaseVertex) ? GLESMultiDrawMode::BaseVertex
+                                                                   : GLESMultiDrawMode::DrawElements;
+            }
+
+            // The indirect tiers describe each sub-draw as an element offset into the
+            // bound element array buffer. A client-memory index array has no such buffer,
+            // and indirect draws are not defined without one.
+            if (!hasIndexBuffer &&
+                (tier == GLESMultiDrawMode::MultiIndirect || tier == GLESMultiDrawMode::Indirect)) {
+                tier = SupportsTier(GLESMultiDrawMode::BaseVertex) ? GLESMultiDrawMode::BaseVertex
+                                                                   : GLESMultiDrawMode::DrawElements;
+            }
+            return tier;
+        }
+
+        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        // Index rewriting, shared by the two tiers that fold base vertices into indices
+        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        // Both of those tiers emit GL_UNSIGNED_INT regardless of the source type. Keeping
+        // the source width would be wrong, not merely tight: GL adds baseVertex to the
+        // index at full precision, so a GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT index plus a base vertex past
+        // 65535 addresses a vertex the source type cannot spell. Widening also gives the
+        // rewritten stream a restart sentinel (0xFFFFFFFF) that survives the rebase.
+        void RebaseIndices(const Uint8* source, SizeT sourceIndexCount, SizeT indexSize, Int32 baseVertex,
+                           Bool restartActive, Uint32 restartSentinel, Uint32* out) {
+            const Uint32 baseVertexBits = static_cast<Uint32>(baseVertex);
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < sourceIndexCount; ++i) {
+                Uint32 value = 0;
+                switch (indexSize) {
+                case 1: value = source[i]; break;
+                case 2: {
+                    Uint16 narrow = 0;
+                    std::memcpy(&narrow, source + i * 2, sizeof(narrow));
+                    value = narrow;
+                    break;
+                }
+                default: std::memcpy(&value, source + i * 4, sizeof(value)); break;
+                }
+                // Unsigned wraparound is the defined behaviour for a negative base vertex.
+                out[i] = (restartActive && value == restartSentinel) ? 0xFFFFFFFFu : value + baseVertexBits;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // CPU-readable bytes of one sub-draw's indices, from the frontend shadow of the
+        // bound index buffer or straight from the client array. Null when the sub-draw
+        // would read outside the buffer.
+        const Uint8* ResolveSubDrawIndices(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::BufferObject>& indexBuffer,
+                                           const Uint8* indexBufferBytes, SizeT indexBufferSize, const void* indices,
+                                           SizeT indexCount, SizeT indexSize) {
+            if (!indexBuffer) {
+                return static_cast<const Uint8*>(indices);
+            }
+            if (!indexBufferBytes) return nullptr;
+            const SizeT byteOffset = reinterpret_cast<SizeT>(indices);
+            const SizeT byteEnd = byteOffset + indexCount * indexSize;
+            if (byteEnd > indexBufferSize || byteEnd < byteOffset) return nullptr;
+            return indexBufferBytes + byteOffset;
+        }
+
+        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        // Tier: Ext - one glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertexEXT
+        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        Bool RunExt(GLenum mode, const GLsizei* count, GLenum type, const GLvoid* const* indices, GLsizei drawcount,
+                    const GLint* basevertex) {
+            if (!SupportsTier(GLESMultiDrawMode::Ext)) return false;
+            const GLint* baseVertices = basevertex;
+            if (!baseVertices) {
+                // glMultiDrawElements: every base vertex is 0, but the entry point still
+                // wants an array. One permanently-zero vector serves every such batch.
+                if (g_zeroBaseVertices.size() < static_cast<SizeT>(drawcount)) {
+                    g_zeroBaseVertices.resize(static_cast<SizeT>(drawcount), 0);
+                }
+                baseVertices = g_zeroBaseVertices.data();
+            }
+            g_GLESFuncs.glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertexEXT(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, baseVertices);
+            NoteTierExecuted(GLESMultiDrawMode::Ext);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        // Tiers: MultiIndirect / Indirect - synthesized indirect commands
+        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        Bool RunIndirect(GLenum mode, const GLsizei* count, GLenum type, const GLvoid* const* indices,
+                         GLsizei drawcount, const GLint* basevertex, Bool batched, Bool feedDrawID,
+                         Bool feedBaseVertex) {
+            if (!SupportsTier(batched ? GLESMultiDrawMode::MultiIndirect : GLESMultiDrawMode::Indirect)) return false;
+            const SizeT indexSize = IndexTypeSize(type);
+            if (indexSize == 0) return false;
+            // Indirect commands address indices as an element offset into the bound element
+            // array buffer, and an indirect draw is not defined without one.
+            const auto& indexBuffer = BoundIndexBuffer();
+            if (!indexBuffer) return false;
+
+            g_commandStaging.resize(static_cast<SizeT>(drawcount));
+            for (GLsizei i = 0; i < drawcount; ++i) {
+                const SizeT byteOffset = reinterpret_cast<SizeT>(indices[i]);
+                // firstIndex counts elements, so an offset that is not a whole number of
+                // them cannot be expressed as a command at all.
+                if (byteOffset % indexSize != 0) return false;
+                auto& command = g_commandStaging[static_cast<SizeT>(i)];
+                command.count = count[i] > 0 ? static_cast<Uint32>(count[i]) : 0u;
+                command.instanceCount = 1;
+                command.firstIndex = static_cast<Uint32>(byteOffset / indexSize);
+                command.baseVertex = basevertex ? basevertex[i] : 0;
+                command.baseInstance = 0;
+            }
+
+            const SizeT commandBytes = g_commandStaging.size() * sizeof(DrawElementsIndirectCommand);
+            SizeT commandBase = 0;
+            if (!UploadScratchRing(g_indirectCommands, commandBytes, g_commandStaging.data(), commandBase)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Every synthesized command carries baseInstance 0. Say so through the direct
+            // path, which also clears the indirect-params word index a preceding real
+            // indirect draw may have left pointing into its own command buffer.
+            SetCurrentBaseInstance(0);
+
+            const Uint previousIndirectBinding = BoundDrawIndirectBufferId();
+            BufferImpl::BindBufferId(GL_DRAW_INDIRECT_BUFFER, g_indirectCommands.id);
+            if (batched) {
+                g_GLESFuncs.glMultiDrawElementsIndirectEXT(mode, type, reinterpret_cast<const void*>(commandBase),
+                                                           drawcount, 0);
+            } else {
+                for (GLsizei i = 0; i < drawcount; ++i) {
+                    if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(static_cast<Uint32>(i));
+                    if (feedBaseVertex) SetCurrentBaseVertex(basevertex ? basevertex[i] : 0);
+                    const SizeT commandOffset = commandBase + static_cast<SizeT>(i) * sizeof(DrawElementsIndirectCommand);
+                    g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElementsIndirect(mode, type, reinterpret_cast<const void*>(commandOffset));
+                }
+                if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(0);
+                if (feedBaseVertex) SetCurrentBaseVertex(0);
+            }
+            BufferImpl::BindBufferId(GL_DRAW_INDIRECT_BUFFER, previousIndirectBinding);
+            NoteTierExecuted(batched ? GLESMultiDrawMode::MultiIndirect : GLESMultiDrawMode::Indirect);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        // Tier: BaseVertex - the per-sub-draw replay
+        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        Bool RunBaseVertexLoop(GLenum mode, const GLsizei* count, GLenum type, const GLvoid* const* indices,
+                               GLsizei drawcount, const GLint* basevertex, Bool feedDrawID, Bool feedBaseVertex) {
+            if (!SupportsTier(GLESMultiDrawMode::BaseVertex)) return false;
+            for (GLsizei i = 0; i < drawcount; ++i) {
+                if (count[i] <= 0) continue;
+                if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(static_cast<Uint32>(i));
+                if (feedBaseVertex) SetCurrentBaseVertex(basevertex ? basevertex[i] : 0);
+                g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElementsBaseVertex(mode, count[i], type, indices[i],
+                                                     basevertex ? basevertex[i] : 0);
+            }
+            if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(0);
+            if (feedBaseVertex) SetCurrentBaseVertex(0);
+            NoteTierExecuted(GLESMultiDrawMode::BaseVertex);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        // Tier: DrawElements - base vertices folded into a scratch index stream
+        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        Bool RunRebasedDrawElements(GLenum mode, const GLsizei* count, GLenum type, const GLvoid* const* indices,
+                                    GLsizei drawcount, const GLint* basevertex, Bool feedDrawID,
+                                    Bool feedBaseVertex) {
+            const SizeT indexSize = IndexTypeSize(type);
+            if (indexSize == 0) return false;
+
+            SizeT total = 0;
+            for (GLsizei i = 0; i < drawcount; ++i) {
+                if (count[i] > 0) total += static_cast<SizeT>(count[i]);
+            }
+            if (total == 0) return true;
+            if (total > kMaxFlattenedIndices) return false;
+
+            const auto& indexBuffer = BoundIndexBuffer();
+            const Uint8* indexBufferBytes = nullptr;
+            SizeT indexBufferSize = 0;
+            if (indexBuffer) {
+                // The shadow is the source of truth for CPU reads, but a persistent map or
+                // a shader write may have moved past it since the last sync.
+                indexBuffer->SyncPersistentMappedRange();
+                indexBuffer->SyncGpuWrites();
+                indexBufferBytes = indexBuffer->MappedData();
+                indexBufferSize = indexBuffer->GetSize();
+            }
+
+            const Bool restartActive = RestartActive();
+            const Uint32 restartSentinel = RestartSentinelFor(type);
+            g_indexStaging.resize(total);
+            SizeT cursor = 0;
+            for (GLsizei i = 0; i < drawcount; ++i) {
+                if (count[i] <= 0) continue;
+                const SizeT subDrawCount = static_cast<SizeT>(count[i]);
+                const Uint8* source = ResolveSubDrawIndices(indexBuffer, indexBufferBytes, indexBufferSize, indices[i],
+                                                            subDrawCount, indexSize);
+                if (!source) {
+                    MGLOG_E_ONCE("DirectGLES multi-draw (drawelements tier): sub-draw %d reads outside the bound index "
+                            "buffer; skipping the batch",
+                            i);
+                    return false;
+                }
+                RebaseIndices(source, subDrawCount, indexSize, basevertex ? basevertex[i] : 0, restartActive,
+                              restartSentinel, g_indexStaging.data() + cursor);
+                cursor += subDrawCount;
+            }
+
+            SizeT indexBase = 0;
+            if (!UploadScratchRing(g_rebasedIndices, total * sizeof(Uint32), g_indexStaging.data(), indexBase)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            const Uint previousIndexBinding = BoundIndexBufferId();
+            BufferImpl::BindBufferId(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_rebasedIndices.id);
+            cursor = 0;
+            for (GLsizei i = 0; i < drawcount; ++i) {
+                if (count[i] <= 0) continue;
+                if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(static_cast<Uint32>(i));
+                // The base vertex is folded into the rewritten index stream here, so the
+                // driver sees none - but gl_BaseVertex still has to report the value the
+                // application passed for this sub-draw.
+                if (feedBaseVertex) SetCurrentBaseVertex(basevertex ? basevertex[i] : 0);
+                g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElements(mode, count[i], GL_UNSIGNED_INT,
+                                           reinterpret_cast<const void*>(indexBase + cursor * sizeof(Uint32)));
+                cursor += static_cast<SizeT>(count[i]);
+            }
+            if (feedDrawID) SetCurrentDrawID(0);
+            if (feedBaseVertex) SetCurrentBaseVertex(0);
+            BufferImpl::BindBufferId(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, previousIndexBinding);
+            NoteTierExecuted(GLESMultiDrawMode::DrawElements);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        // Tier: Compute - the whole batch flattened into one rebased index stream
+        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        // One index per invocation. The sub-draw an output slot belongs to is found by
+        // binary search over the inclusive prefix sums of the sub-draw counts, which is
+        // why the descriptors are sorted by construction. Sub-draws with a zero count
+        // repeat the previous prefix sum and are therefore skipped by the search.
+        //
+        // Three storage blocks, not the five the shape suggests: ES 3.1 only guarantees
+        // four per compute stage, so the per-sub-draw descriptors share one buffer.
+        constexpr const char* kFlattenComputeSource = R"(#version 310 es
+layout(local_size_x = 64) in;
+
+uniform uint uElementSize;
+uniform uint uDrawCount;
+uniform uint uTotalIndices;
+
+layout(std430, binding = 0) readonly buffer SourceIndices { uint sourceWords[]; };
+layout(std430, binding = 1) readonly buffer DrawInfo { uint drawInfo[]; };
+layout(std430, binding = 2) writeonly buffer FlatIndices { uint flatIndices[]; };
+
+uint ReadSourceIndex(uint element) {
+    if (uElementSize == 4u) {
+        return sourceWords[element];
+    }
+    if (uElementSize == 2u) {
+        uint word = sourceWords[element >> 1u];
+        return (word >> ((element & 1u) * 16u)) & 0xFFFFu;
+    }
+    uint word = sourceWords[element >> 2u];
+    return (word >> ((element & 3u) * 8u)) & 0xFFu;
+}
+
+void main() {
+    uint outIndex = gl_GlobalInvocationID.x;
+    if (outIndex >= uTotalIndices) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    uint low = 0u;
+    uint high = uDrawCount - 1u;
+    while (low < high) {
+        uint mid = low + (high - low) / 2u;
+        if (drawInfo[mid * 3u + 2u] > outIndex) {
+            high = mid;
+        } else {
+            low = mid + 1u;
+        }
+    }
+
+    uint localIndex = outIndex - (low == 0u ? 0u : drawInfo[(low - 1u) * 3u + 2u]);
+    // Unsigned wraparound is the defined behaviour for a negative base vertex. No
+    // restart sentinel handling: the tier declines outright while restart is enabled.
+    flatIndices[outIndex] = ReadSourceIndex(localIndex + drawInfo[low * 3u]) + drawInfo[low * 3u + 1u];
+}
+)";
+
+        struct FlattenedStream {
+            Uint bufferId = 0;
+            SizeT indexCount = 0;
+        };
+
+        Bool EnsureComputeProgram() {
+            if (g_computeProgram != 0) return true;
+            if (g_computeProgramFailed) return false;
+            g_computeProgramFailed = true; // cleared again only on a complete success
+
+            const GLuint shader = g_GLESFuncs.glCreateShader(GL_COMPUTE_SHADER);
+            if (shader == 0) {
+                MGLOG_E_ONCE("DirectGLES multi-draw (compute tier): glCreateShader(GL_COMPUTE_SHADER) failed");
+                return false;
+            }
+            const char* source = kFlattenComputeSource;
+            g_GLESFuncs.glShaderSource(shader, 1, &source, nullptr);
+            g_GLESFuncs.glCompileShader(shader);
+            GLint status = GL_FALSE;
+            g_GLESFuncs.glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &status);
+            if (status != GL_TRUE) {
+                char log[1024] = {};
+                g_GLESFuncs.glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, sizeof(log) - 1, nullptr, log);
+                MGLOG_E_ONCE("DirectGLES multi-draw (compute tier): index-flattening shader failed to compile: %s", log);
+                g_GLESFuncs.glDeleteShader(shader);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            const GLuint program = g_GLESFuncs.glCreateProgram();
+            if (program == 0) {
+                MGLOG_E_ONCE("DirectGLES multi-draw (compute tier): glCreateProgram failed");
+                g_GLESFuncs.glDeleteShader(shader);
+                return false;
+            }
+            g_GLESFuncs.glAttachShader(program, shader);
+            g_GLESFuncs.glLinkProgram(program);
+            g_GLESFuncs.glDeleteShader(shader);
+            g_GLESFuncs.glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &status);
+            if (status != GL_TRUE) {
+                char log[1024] = {};
+                g_GLESFuncs.glGetProgramInfoLog(program, sizeof(log) - 1, nullptr, log);
+                MGLOG_E_ONCE("DirectGLES multi-draw (compute tier): index-flattening program failed to link: %s", log);
+                g_GLESFuncs.glDeleteProgram(program);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            g_computeProgram = program;
+            g_uElementSize = g_GLESFuncs.glGetUniformLocation(program, "uElementSize");
+            g_uDrawCount = g_GLESFuncs.glGetUniformLocation(program, "uDrawCount");
+            g_uTotalIndices = g_GLESFuncs.glGetUniformLocation(program, "uTotalIndices");
+            g_computeProgramFailed = false;
+            MGLOG_D("DirectGLES multi-draw: index-flattening compute program ready (id %u)", program);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Builds the flattened stream, or leaves `out` empty when this batch's shape rules
+        // the tier out. Runs BEFORE PrepareForDraw - see the call site - so it may leave
+        // the compute program current and the first storage points unbound; the
+        // preparation that follows re-establishes both.
+        void FlattenWithCompute(GLenum mode, const GLsizei* count, GLenum type, const GLvoid* const* indices,
+                                GLsizei drawcount, const GLint* basevertex, FlattenedStream& out) {
+            if (!SupportsTier(GLESMultiDrawMode::Compute)) return;
+            const SizeT indexSize = IndexTypeSize(type);
+            if (indexSize == 0) return;
+
+            // Merging sub-draws into a single draw only reproduces the original primitive
+            // stream for list-shaped modes: a strip, loop or fan would gain primitives
+            // spanning the seam between two sub-draws.
+            const Uint32 primitiveSize = ConcatenablePrimitiveSize(mode);
+            if (primitiveSize == 0) return;
+
+            // Primitive restart defeats the whole-multiple-of-a-primitive argument below,
+            // even for a list mode. A restart ends the current primitive, so a sub-draw of
+            // six GL_TRIANGLES indices with a restart after the third emits ONE triangle
+            // and drops the two leftover vertices - and once concatenated those leftovers
+            // find a third vertex in the next sub-draw and become a triangle that GL never
+            // draws. Splicing separator sentinels into the flattened stream could fix it,
+            // at the cost of a per-sub-draw offset the prefix-sum layout does not carry;
+            // declining is the honest trade for a tier that is already opt-in.
+            if (RestartActive()) return;
+
+            // The shader reads the source indices as a storage buffer, so there has to be
+            // a real buffer to read - a client-memory index array has none.
+            const auto& indexBuffer = BoundIndexBuffer();
+            if (!indexBuffer) return;
+
+            // A dispatch inside an open capture span is not legal, and the span would also
+            // observe one merged draw rather than the batch it asked for.
+            if (XfbImpl::IsCaptureSpanOpen()) return;
+
+            auto* sourceResource = BufferImpl::EnsureBufferResource(indexBuffer);
+            if (!sourceResource || sourceResource->id == 0) return;
+            const SizeT sourceSize = indexBuffer->GetSize();
+            // std430 addresses the source as uint[]; a tail shorter than a word is not
+            // reachable, so a narrow index type needs a word-multiple buffer.
+            if (indexSize < 4 && (sourceSize % 4) != 0) return;
+
+            g_drawInfoStaging.resize(3 * static_cast<SizeT>(drawcount));
+            SizeT total = 0;
+            for (GLsizei i = 0; i < drawcount; ++i) {
+                const SizeT subDrawCount = count[i] > 0 ? static_cast<SizeT>(count[i]) : 0;
+                // GL drops a trailing partial primitive per sub-draw; concatenation would
+                // instead splice it onto the next sub-draw's first vertices.
+                if (subDrawCount % primitiveSize != 0) return;
+                const SizeT byteOffset = reinterpret_cast<SizeT>(indices[i]);
+                if (byteOffset % indexSize != 0) return;
+                if (subDrawCount != 0) {
+                    const SizeT byteEnd = byteOffset + subDrawCount * indexSize;
+                    if (byteEnd > sourceSize || byteEnd < byteOffset) return;
+                }
+                total += subDrawCount;
+                if (total > kMaxComputeFlattenedIndices) return;
+                const SizeT slot = 3 * static_cast<SizeT>(i);
+                g_drawInfoStaging[slot] = static_cast<Uint32>(byteOffset / indexSize);
+                g_drawInfoStaging[slot + 1] = static_cast<Uint32>(basevertex ? basevertex[i] : 0);
+                g_drawInfoStaging[slot + 2] = static_cast<Uint32>(total);
+            }
+            if (total == 0) return; // nothing to draw; the ordinary tiers no-op just as well
+
+            if (!EnsureComputeProgram()) return;
+            if (!UploadScratch(g_drawInfo, g_drawInfoStaging.size() * sizeof(Uint32), g_drawInfoStaging.data())) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!UploadScratch(g_flattenedIndices, total * sizeof(Uint32), nullptr)) return;
+
+            BufferImpl::BindBufferBaseCached(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0, sourceResource->id);
+            BufferImpl::BindBufferBaseCached(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 1, g_drawInfo.id);
+            BufferImpl::BindBufferBaseCached(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 2, g_flattenedIndices.id);
+
+            g_GLESFuncs.glUseProgram(g_computeProgram);
+            PrgramImpl::g_lastUsedBackendProgramId = g_computeProgram;
+            if (g_uElementSize >= 0) g_GLESFuncs.glUniform1ui(g_uElementSize, static_cast<GLuint>(indexSize));
+            if (g_uDrawCount >= 0) g_GLESFuncs.glUniform1ui(g_uDrawCount, static_cast<GLuint>(drawcount));
+            if (g_uTotalIndices >= 0) g_GLESFuncs.glUniform1ui(g_uTotalIndices, static_cast<GLuint>(total));
+
+            g_GLESFuncs.glDispatchCompute(
+                static_cast<GLuint>((total + kComputeWorkGroupSize - 1) / kComputeWorkGroupSize), 1, 1);
+            g_GLESFuncs.glMemoryBarrier(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BARRIER_BIT | GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BARRIER_BIT);
+
+            // Hand the storage points back to their GL default. PrepareForDraw re-syncs
+            // only the points the app has actually touched, so leaving a scratch buffer on
+            // an untouched point would keep it visible to the next shader that declares one.
+            for (Uint point = 0; point < 3; ++point) {
+                BufferImpl::BindBufferBaseCached(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, point, 0);
+            }
+
+            NoteTierExecuted(GLESMultiDrawMode::Compute);
+            out.bufferId = g_flattenedIndices.id;
+            out.indexCount = total;
+        }
+    } // namespace
+
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Public surface
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    Bool IsTierSupported(const MG_External::GLESCapabilities& caps, const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& funcs,
+                         GLESMultiDrawMode tier) {
+        const Bool esAtLeast31 =
+            caps.GLESVersion.Major > 3 || (caps.GLESVersion.Major == 3 && caps.GLESVersion.Minor >= 1);
+        switch (tier) {
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::Ext:
+            return caps.SupportsMultiDrawElementsBaseVertex;
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::MultiIndirect:
+            return caps.SupportsMultiDrawIndirect && esAtLeast31 && funcs.glDrawElementsIndirect != nullptr;
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::Indirect:
+            return esAtLeast31 && funcs.glDrawElementsIndirect != nullptr;
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::BaseVertex:
+            return caps.SupportsDrawElementsBaseVertex;
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::DrawElements:
+            // Plain glDrawElements over a rewritten index stream: ES 2 core, so this is
+            // the floor every other tier can fall back to.
+            return true;
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::Compute:
+            // Three storage blocks, which is inside the four ES 3.1 guarantees per stage.
+            return caps.SupportsComputeShader && caps.MaxComputeShaderStorageBlocks >= 3 &&
+                   funcs.glBindBufferBase != nullptr;
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::Auto:
+            break;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    GLESMultiDrawMode ResolveTier(const MG_External::GLESCapabilities& caps,
+                                  const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& funcs, GLESMultiDrawMode requested,
+                                  String* explanation) {
+        const auto bestAuto = [&]() {
+            for (const GLESMultiDrawMode tier : kAutoLadder) {
+                if (IsTierSupported(caps, funcs, tier)) return tier;
+            }
+            return GLESMultiDrawMode::DrawElements;
+        };
+
+        GLESMultiDrawMode resolved = GLESMultiDrawMode::DrawElements;
+        String line;
+        if (requested == GLESMultiDrawMode::Auto) {
+            resolved = bestAuto();
+            line = String("auto -> ") + TierName(resolved);
+        } else if (IsTierSupported(caps, funcs, requested)) {
+            resolved = requested;
+            line = String("MOBILEGL_ESPRYT_MULTIDRAW_MODE=") + TierName(requested) + " -> " + TierName(resolved);
+        } else {
+            resolved = bestAuto();
+            line = String("MOBILEGL_ESPRYT_MULTIDRAW_MODE=") + TierName(requested) +
+                   " requested but unsupported by this driver -> " + TierName(resolved);
+        }
+
+        if (explanation) {
+            String supported;
+            for (const GLESMultiDrawMode tier : kAutoLadder) {
+                if (!IsTierSupported(caps, funcs, tier)) continue;
+                if (!supported.empty()) supported += ", ";
+                supported += TierName(tier);
+            }
+            if (IsTierSupported(caps, funcs, GLESMultiDrawMode::Compute)) {
+                supported += supported.empty() ? "compute (opt-in)" : ", compute (opt-in)";
+            }
+            *explanation = line + " (driver supports: " + supported + ")";
+        }
+        return resolved;
+    }
+
+    const char* TierName(GLESMultiDrawMode tier) {
+        switch (tier) {
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::Auto: return "auto";
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::Ext: return "ext";
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::MultiIndirect: return "multiindirect";
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::Indirect: return "indirect";
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::BaseVertex: return "basevertex";
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::DrawElements: return "drawelements";
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::Compute: return "compute";
+        }
+        return "unknown";
+    }
+
+    GLESMultiDrawMode ResolvedTier() {
+        ResolveTierOnce();
+        return g_resolvedTier;
+    }
+
+    String DescribeTierResolution() {
+        ResolveTierOnce();
+        return g_tierResolution;
+    }
+
+    void OnBackendContextDestroyed() {
+        g_indirectCommands = {};
+        g_rebasedIndices = {};
+        g_drawInfo = {};
+        g_flattenedIndices = {};
+        g_computeProgram = 0;
+        g_computeProgramFailed = false;
+        g_uElementSize = -1;
+        g_uDrawCount = -1;
+        g_uTotalIndices = -1;
+    }
+
+    void DrawElementsBatch(GLenum mode, const GLsizei* count, GLenum type, const GLvoid* const* indices,
+                           GLsizei drawcount, const GLint* basevertex) {
+        if (drawcount <= 0 || !count || !indices) return;
+        // State-independent and possibly throwing, so it runs before any GL work.
+        CheckPrimitiveRestartSupported(type);
+
+        const Bool hasIndexBuffer = BoundIndexBuffer() != nullptr;
+
+        // The compute tier dispatches BEFORE the draw state is established: doing it
+        // afterwards would mean unpicking the program, SSBO and index bindings
+        // PrepareForDraw just made, and a dispatch inside an open transform feedback
+        // span is not legal at all. On success it hands back a flattened index stream.
+        // A batch whose sub-draws carry their own base vertices cannot be flattened either
+        // when the program reads gl_BaseVertex: one draw call leaves one uniform value.
+        // Asked conservatively because this decision precedes PrepareForDraw - see
+        // CurrentProgramMayNeedPerSubDrawBuiltins. Flattening is the irreversible half:
+        // once the batch is one draw the values are gone, whereas declining to flatten only
+        // costs the unrolled tier.
+        FlattenedStream flattened;
+        if (ResolvedTier() == GLESMultiDrawMode::Compute &&
+            !CurrentProgramMayNeedPerSubDrawBuiltins(basevertex != nullptr)) {
+            FlattenWithCompute(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, flattened);
+        }
+
+        PrepareForDraw(DrawSyncBit::IndexBuffer);
+
+        if (flattened.indexCount != 0) {
+            const Uint previousIndexBinding = BoundIndexBufferId();
+            BufferImpl::BindBufferId(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, flattened.bufferId);
+            g_GLESFuncs.glDrawElements(mode, static_cast<GLsizei>(flattened.indexCount), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, nullptr);
+            BufferImpl::BindBufferId(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, previousIndexBinding);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Now that PrepareForDraw has synced the program, both questions have real answers;
+        // the tier choice and the per-sub-draw feeds use those, not the guess above.
+        const Bool feedDrawID = CurrentProgramReadsDrawID();
+        const Bool feedBaseVertex = basevertex != nullptr && CurrentProgramReadsBaseVertex();
+        const GLESMultiDrawMode tier = ResolveTierForBatch(feedDrawID, feedBaseVertex, hasIndexBuffer);
+
+        Bool drawn = false;
+        switch (tier) {
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::Ext:
+            drawn = RunExt(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex);
+            break;
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::MultiIndirect:
+            drawn = RunIndirect(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, /*batched=*/true, feedDrawID,
+                                feedBaseVertex);
+            break;
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::Indirect:
+            drawn = RunIndirect(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, /*batched=*/false, feedDrawID,
+                                feedBaseVertex);
+            break;
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::BaseVertex:
+            drawn = RunBaseVertexLoop(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, feedDrawID, feedBaseVertex);
+            break;
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::DrawElements:
+            drawn = RunRebasedDrawElements(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, feedDrawID,
+                                           feedBaseVertex);
+            break;
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::Compute:
+            // Its pre-pass ran above; reaching here means it declined this batch's shape.
+            break;
+        case GLESMultiDrawMode::Auto:
+            break; // resolution never yields Auto
+        }
+
+        // Every tier above may decline a batch whose shape it cannot express. The two
+        // below are the floor: a base-vertex replay where the driver has one, and the
+        // rewritten index stream where it does not. Both are safe for any batch these
+        // entry points can receive.
+        if (!drawn) {
+            drawn = RunBaseVertexLoop(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, feedDrawID, feedBaseVertex);
+        }
+        if (!drawn) {
+            drawn = RunRebasedDrawElements(mode, count, type, indices, drawcount, basevertex, feedDrawID,
+                                           feedBaseVertex);
+        }
+        if (!drawn) {
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("DirectGLES multi-draw: no usable tier for a %d sub-draw batch (mode 0x%x, type 0x%x); "
+                    "the batch was dropped",
+                    drawcount, mode, type);
+        }
+    }
+} // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::MultiDrawImpl

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/MultiDraw.h

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/MultiDraw.h
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#pragma once
+#include <Includes.h>
+#include <Config.h>
+#include "DirectGLES.h"
+
+// Emulation of the desktop glMultiDrawElements / glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertex entry
+// points on OpenGL ES, which has neither in core.
+//
+// Every strategy below is an emulation; they differ only in which driver capability
+// they lean on and in how many driver entries a batch of N sub-draws costs. The design
+// follows MobileGlues (MobileGL-Dev/MobileGlues, gl/multidraw.cpp) tier for tier, plus
+// the native GL_EXT_multi_draw_arrays interaction that MobileGL already had:
+//
+//   Ext           one glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertexEXT           1 driver entry
+//   MultiIndirect one glMultiDrawElementsIndirectEXT             1 driver entry + 1 upload
+//   Indirect      N x glDrawElementsIndirect                     N + 1 upload
+//   BaseVertex    N x glDrawElementsBaseVertex                   N
+//   DrawElements  N x glDrawElements over CPU-rebased indices    N + 1 upload
+//   Compute       1 x glDrawElements over a GPU-flattened,       1 dispatch + 1 entry
+//                 rebased index stream
+//
+// Which one runs is resolved once per ES context from the driver's capabilities,
+// capped by MOBILEGL_ESPRYT_MULTIDRAW_MODE, and can additionally be demoted per batch
+// when the batch's own shape rules a tier out (see ResolveTierForBatch in the .cpp).
+namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::MultiDrawImpl {
+    // The tier this ES context resolved to, computed on first use and stable after.
+    MG_Config::GLESMultiDrawMode ResolvedTier();
+    // "multiindirect", "compute", ... - stable identifiers, also used by the POST row.
+    const char* TierName(MG_Config::GLESMultiDrawMode tier);
+    // One line naming the resolved tier, the tiers the driver can support, and the env
+    // clamp if one applied. For DriverPost and the startup log.
+    String DescribeTierResolution();
+
+    // The resolution itself, as a pure function of a capability set: the backend feeds
+    // it the live ES context's capabilities, DriverPost feeds it the ones it probed
+    // standalone, and both therefore report the same tier. `explanation`, when non-null,
+    // receives the "requested -> resolved (driver supports: ...)" line.
+    MG_Config::GLESMultiDrawMode ResolveTier(const MG_External::GLESCapabilities& caps,
+                                             const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& funcs,
+                                             MG_Config::GLESMultiDrawMode requested, String* explanation);
+    // Whether one tier is runnable on the given capability set, for per-row POST output.
+    Bool IsTierSupported(const MG_External::GLESCapabilities& caps, const MG_External::GLESFunctionsTable& funcs,
+                         MG_Config::GLESMultiDrawMode tier);
+
+    // Runs `drawcount` indexed sub-draws as one glMultiDrawElements(BaseVertex) call
+    // would. `basevertex` is null for the plain glMultiDrawElements entry point (every
+    // base vertex is 0). Owns the whole draw, preparation included: callers must not
+    // have run PrepareForDraw, because the compute tier has to dispatch before the
+    // draw state is established.
+    void DrawElementsBatch(GLenum mode, const GLsizei* count, GLenum type, const GLvoid* const* indices,
+                           GLsizei drawcount, const GLint* basevertex);
+
+    // The ES context is gone: every scratch buffer and the compute program belonged to
+    // it, so drop the names without deleting them (the dead context reclaims them).
+    void OnBackendContextDestroyed();
+} // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES::MultiDrawImpl

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectGLES/Utils.h

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 #pragma once
 #include <Includes.h>
 #include <MG_State/GLState/Core.h>
+#include <MG_Util/BackendLoaders/OpenGL/Loader.h>
+#include <MG_Util/Texture/TextureFormatProcessor.h>
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
     namespace DebugImpl {
@@ -34,24 +36,199 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectGLES {
     } // namespace VertexArrayImpl
 
     namespace TextureImpl {
+        // Whether images on this format-capability target can back a colour attachment, and so
+        // need a colour-renderable storage format even when the frontend asked for a
+        // three-channel one ES never renders to. Shared by the capability probe (which passes the
+        // capabilities it has just queried, before the globals are published) and by the
+        // allocation path (which reads the active backend's), so the format the cache was probed
+        // with is always the format the image is created with.
+        Bool TargetRequiresRenderableFormat(SizeT targetIndex);
+        Flags<PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit> GetRenderTargetNormalizeOptions(
+            const MG_External::GLESCapabilities& capabilities, SizeT targetIndex);
+
         void GenerateTextureFormatInfo(TextureInternalFormat internalFormat, GLenum* outInternalFormat,
                                        GLenum* outFormat, GLenum* outType,
                                        TextureTarget target = TextureTarget::Unknown);
         void GenerateRenderbufferFormatInfo(TextureInternalFormat internalFormat, GLenum* outInternalFormat,
                                             GLenum* outFormat, GLenum* outType);
         Bool ShouldUseCaveatTextureFormat(TextureInternalFormat internalFormat, TextureTarget target);
+
+        // True when the format the image is actually created with has an alpha channel the
+        // frontend format does not (the three-channel colour-renderable widening). GL reads such
+        // a channel back as 1.0, so any swizzle source of ALPHA has to be answered with ONE and
+        // any readback of the image has to overwrite the alpha the draw happened to leave there.
+        Bool BackendTextureFormatAddsAlpha(TextureInternalFormat internalFormat, TextureTarget target);
+        Bool BackendRenderbufferFormatAddsAlpha(TextureInternalFormat internalFormat);
         Bool ShouldUseCaveatRenderbufferFormat(TextureInternalFormat internalFormat);
     } // namespace TextureImpl
 
     namespace FramebufferImpl {} // namespace FramebufferImpl
 
+    // Pure CPU helpers of the client-format readback conversion (ReadPixels/GetTexImage repack a wide
+    // RGBA(_INTEGER) read into the caller's (format, type) layout). Kept context-free so unit tests can
+    // exercise the exact packing the GL CTS packed_pixels oracle compares against.
+    namespace ReadbackImpl {
+        struct ReadbackChannelMapping {
+            Int sourceChannel[4]; // RGBA source channel feeding each destination component
+            Int channelCount;     // destination component count
+            Bool isInteger;
+        };
+        Bool GetReadbackChannelMapping(GLenum format, ReadbackChannelMapping& outMapping);
+
+        // Byte size of one destination component of `type`; packed types report the packed word size.
+        // 0 = type not supported by the conversion path.
+        SizeT GetReadbackComponentSize(GLenum type);
+
+        // Bit-field layout of a GL packed pixel type. width/shift are indexed in the client format's
+        // component order (matching ReadbackChannelMapping); shift is the LSB position of the field in
+        // the packed word: non-REV types pack the first component from the MSB, *_REV types from the
+        // LSB (GL 3.3 table 3.6; field positions mirror the GL CTS glcPackedPixelsTests pack_* oracle).
+        struct PackedReadbackLayout {
+            Int fieldCount;     // format components stored in the packed word
+            Int width[4];       // bit width of each component's field
+            Int shift[4];       // LSB bit position of each component's field
+            SizeT byteSize;     // packed word size in bytes (1, 2 or 4)
+            Bool isFloatPacked; // 10F_11F_11F_REV / 5_9_9_9_REV: fields hold unsigned small floats
+        };
+        Bool GetPackedReadbackLayout(GLenum type, PackedReadbackLayout& out);
+
+        // Unsigned small-float encoders (EXT_packed_float / EXT_texture_shared_exponent semantics).
+        Uint32 EncodeFloatToUnsignedF11(Float value);
+        Uint32 EncodeFloatToUnsignedF10(Float value);
+        Uint32 EncodeSharedExponentRGB9E5(const Float rgb[3]);
+
+        // Destination bytes per pixel for a (format mapping, type) readback pair; 0 when the pair is
+        // not convertible (unknown type, packed field count != format component count, floating-point
+        // or packed-float type with an integer format).
+        SizeT GetReadbackDstPixelSize(const ReadbackChannelMapping& mapping, GLenum type);
+
+        // Repacks one row of wide RGBA(_INTEGER) texels (4 components of wideType each) into the
+        // client's (format, type) layout. src holds width * 4 * GetReadbackComponentSize(wideType)
+        // bytes, dst receives width * GetReadbackDstPixelSize(mapping, type) bytes.
+        void ConvertWideReadbackRow(const Uint8* src, Uint8* dst, SizeT width, GLenum wideType,
+                                    const ReadbackChannelMapping& mapping, GLenum type);
+
+        // Stores wide RGBA(_INTEGER) rows into the client pointer or the bound PACK pixel buffer,
+        // honoring the client-side PACK pixel-store parameters (row length, alignment, skips,
+        // swap-bytes, and - when applyPackImageParams - image height/skip images). Shared by the
+        // DirectGLES and DirectVulkan readback conversion paths.
+        Bool StoreWideRowsToClient(const Uint8* wide, GLenum wideType, GLsizei width, GLsizei sliceHeight,
+                                   GLsizei sliceCount, const ReadbackChannelMapping& mapping, GLenum type,
+                                   void* pixels, Bool applyPackImageParams);
+
+        // Stores packed 32-bit source words verbatim, with the same destination addressing, PACK
+        // parameters and pixel-pack-buffer handling as StoreWideRowsToClient. For the sources whose
+        // storage word already IS the client word (MG_Util::IsRawPackedPixelTransfer): routing those
+        // through the wide float intermediate re-encodes them, and the RGB9_E5 encoder canonicalizes
+        // the shared exponent, so glGetTexImage would answer with different bits than were stored.
+        // `srcWords` holds sliceHeight * sliceCount tightly stacked rows of `width` 32-bit words.
+        // False when `type` is not a 4-byte packed type.
+        Bool StorePackedWordsToClient(const Uint8* srcWords, GLsizei width, GLsizei sliceHeight, GLsizei sliceCount,
+                                      GLenum type, void* pixels, Bool applyPackImageParams);
+    } // namespace ReadbackImpl
+
     namespace PrgramImpl {
         String ProcessOutColorLocations(const String& glslCode);
         String ForceSupporterOutput(const String& glslCode);
         String ClampNormFallbackOutputs(String glslCode, GLenum shaderType, Uint32 snormOutputMask,
                                         Uint32 unormOutputMask);
         String ForceFlatIntegerVaryings(const String& glslCode, GLenum shaderType);
+        // Legacy GLSL's gl_FragColor is broadcast to every enabled draw buffer (GL 4.6
+        // 15.2.3), but ShaderSourceProcessor lowers it to the single output mg_FragColor,
+        // which only ever reaches draw buffer 0. Replicates it across `drawBufferCount`
+        // outputs and copies the value into them at the end of main. A no-op for
+        // drawBufferCount <= 1, i.e. for everything but a framebuffer that actually
+        // enables several draw buffers, so the ordinary single-target shader is untouched.
+        String BroadcastLegacyFragColor(String glslCode, GLenum shaderType, Uint drawBufferCount);
+        // SPIRV-Cross emits `#extension GL_EXT_texture_buffer : require` for every buffer-texture
+        // sampler when it targets ESSL below 320, and offers no way to ask for the OES spelling.
+        // On a driver that advertises only GL_OES_texture_buffer that directive is a compile
+        // error, so the name is retargeted in the emitted source. A no-op on every other tier:
+        // ES 3.2 needs no directive at all and an EXT driver already has the right one.
+        String RetargetTextureBufferExtension(String glslCode,
+                                              MG_External::GLESCapabilities::TextureBufferTier tier);
+        // Adds `#extension GL_NV_image_formats : require` when the shader carries an image
+        // format qualifier GLSL ES has no core spelling for. SPIRV-Cross prints the format and
+        // asks for nothing, so the request has to be made here. `needed` is the caller's answer,
+        // because only it knows which formats are in play AND whether the driver advertises the
+        // extension - requesting an unadvertised extension is itself a compile error, so this is
+        // never emitted speculatively. A no-op when not needed or already present.
+        String RequestExtendedImageFormats(String glslCode, Bool needed);
+        // Adds `#extension GL_OES_viewport_array : require` when the emitted ESSL names
+        // gl_ViewportIndex. SPIRV-Cross prints that identifier and asks for nothing (unlike
+        // gl_Layer, which it backs with GL_NV_viewport_array2 on ES) and ESSL has no core
+        // spelling for it at any version, so the request has to be made here or the stage does
+        // not compile - which loses the whole program, not just the multi-viewport routing.
+        // `needed` is the caller's answer for the same reason as above: only it knows whether the
+        // driver advertises the extension, and requesting an unadvertised one is itself a compile
+        // error, so this is never emitted speculatively. A no-op when not needed or already
+        // present.
+        String RequestViewportArrayExtension(String glslCode, Bool needed);
+        // Writes a format layout qualifier into the image declarations named in
+        // `esslFormatByUniformName` that still have none. The completion half of the image-format
+        // bake, and ONLY that: the SPIR-V pass (BakeImageFormatsPass) is what normally puts the
+        // format in, but SPIRV-Cross throws rather than printing the formats it calls
+        // desktop-only when it targets ESSL - r8ui among them, which is what the stencil half of
+        // KHR-GL4x.packed_depth_stencil.stencil_texturing binds - and a throw loses the whole
+        // stage. So those formats stay out of the module and are spelled here instead, on the
+        // emitted text, where nothing can refuse them.
+        //
+        // Declarations that already carry a format are left exactly as they are, whoever wrote
+        // it. Must run before RemoveLayoutBinding, which is where an image's layout qualifier
+        // stops being safe to edit by hand.
+        String BakeImageFormatQualifiers(String glslCode, const UnorderedMap<String, String>& esslFormatByUniformName);
         String RemoveLayoutBinding(const String& glslCode);
+        // Prefix of the writeonly half a read+write image uniform is split into (see
+        // SplitReadWriteImageUniforms); the suffix is the image's own name.
+        constexpr const char* IMAGE_WRITE_ALIAS_PREFIX = "mg_imageWrite_";
+        // ESSL refuses an image variable that carries a format qualifier other than r32f /
+        // r32i / r32ui unless it also carries `readonly` or `writeonly` (GLSL ES 3.10 4.9 /
+        // 3.20 4.10; glslang enforces it verbatim in ParseHelper.cpp's layoutObjectCheck).
+        // SPIRV-Cross emits NEITHER for an image the shader both reads and writes: it
+        // speculatively decorates every storage image NonWritable+NonReadable
+        // (fixup_image_load_store_access), then OpImageRead clears NonReadable and
+        // OpImageWrite clears NonWritable, and to_qualifiers_glsl only prints `readonly`
+        // from NonWritable and `writeonly` from NonReadable. Desktop GLSL is happy with the
+        // bare declaration, so the frontend raises no error and the illegal ESSL only shows
+        // up as a device compile failure - and then as a silently no-op draw.
+        //
+        // Restores a legal declaration:
+        //  * loaded only            -> add `readonly`
+        //  * stored only            -> add `writeonly`
+        //  * both                   -> emit TWO declarations on the same binding and of the
+        //                              same type, `readonly <name>` and `writeonly
+        //                              <IMAGE_WRITE_ALIAS_PREFIX><name>`, and point every
+        //                              imageStore at the second one. Several image variables
+        //                              may share an image unit as long as they have the same
+        //                              type and format, which is exactly what the pair is.
+        //
+        // Budget note: the split DOUBLES the image-uniform count of the stage it fires in, so
+        // a driver advertising a tight GL_MAX_{FRAGMENT,VERTEX,...}_IMAGE_UNIFORMS can turn a
+        // shader that used to compile into a link failure. ES only guarantees 4 fragment image
+        // uniforms, so a shader with more than half the limit in read+write images is the case
+        // to watch.
+        //
+        // Runs on the transpiled ESSL, so it must see the bindings the frontend units were
+        // already rewritten to and must run before those bindings are stripped - see the call
+        // site in Managers.cpp.
+        String SplitReadWriteImageUniforms(const String& glslCode);
+        // Prefix of the per-sampler float uniform that carries GL_TEXTURE_LOD_BIAS into
+        // the shader (see EmulateTextureLodBias); the suffix is the sampler's own name.
+        constexpr const char* LOD_BIAS_UNIFORM_PREFIX = "mg_lodBias_";
+        // ES has no per-texture/sampler LOD bias at all (GL_TEXTURE_LOD_BIAS is desktop
+        // only; Vulkan spells it VkSamplerCreateInfo::mipLodBias), so it has to reach the
+        // shader as a uniform and be folded into every lookup's level of detail. Declares
+        // one `uniform highp float mg_lodBias_<sampler>;` per mip-capable sampler and adds
+        // it to the bias / explicit-LOD argument of every lookup that takes one. Draws push
+        // the bound texture's (or sampler object's) value into it; a shader whose samplers
+        // all have a zero bias is therefore unaffected. Returns the source unchanged when
+        // there is nothing to rewrite.
+        //
+        // avoidExplicitLodBias leaves lookups that already carry an explicit LOD untouched,
+        // so their constant level stays constant; only the implicit-LOD forms take the bias.
+        // Off by default and only ever set on ANGLE + llvmpipe, where injecting the uniform
+        // into a constant LOD crashes the driver (MOBILEGL_AVOID_EXPLICIT_LOD_BIAS).
+        String EmulateTextureLodBias(const String& glslCode, Bool avoidExplicitLodBias = false);
     } // namespace PrgramImpl
 
     namespace Utils {

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/BackendObject_DirectVulkan.cpp

@@ -9,15 +9,19 @@
 #include "BackendObject_DirectVulkan.h"
 #include "MG_Backend/BackendObject.h"
 #include "DirectVulkan.h"
+#include "SubgroupSupportPolicy.h"
 #include "MG_State/GLState/FramebufferState/FramebufferObject.h"
+#include "MG_State/GLState/Core.h"
 #include "MG_State/GLState/TextureState/TextureState.h"
 #include "MG_Util/Classifiers/TextureEnumClassifier.h"
 #include "MG_Util/Converters/MGToGL/TextureEnumConverter.h"
 #include "MG_Util/Converters/MGToStr/TextureEnumConverter.h"
 #include "MG_Util/Converters/MGToVk/TextureEnumConverter.h"
 #include "MG_Util/Texture/TextureFormatProcessor.h"
+#include "MG_Util/Async/ShaderCompilePool.h"
 
 #include <Config.h>
+#include <cmath>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <cstring>
 
@@ -40,13 +44,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         Bool IsLayeredTarget(TextureTarget target) {
             return target == TextureTarget::Texture3D || target == TextureTarget::Texture1DArray ||
                    target == TextureTarget::Texture2DArray || target == TextureTarget::TextureCubeMap ||
-                   target == TextureTarget::TextureCubeMapArray ||
-                   target == TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisampleArray;
+                   target == TextureTarget::TextureCubeMapArray || target == TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisampleArray;
         }
 
         Bool IsMultisampleTarget(TextureTarget target) {
-            return target == TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisample ||
-                   target == TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisampleArray;
+            return target == TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisample || target == TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisampleArray;
         }
 
         Bool IsTextureBufferTarget(TextureTarget target) {
@@ -58,8 +60,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             GLenum normalizedInternalFormat = glFormat;
             GLenum imageFormat = GL_RGBA;
             GLenum imageType = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
-            MG_Util::TextureFormatProcessor::NormalizePixelFormat(
-                glFormat, PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit::None, &normalizedInternalFormat, &imageFormat, &imageType);
+            MG_Util::TextureFormatProcessor::NormalizePixelFormat(glFormat, PixelFormatNormalizeOptionBit::None,
+                                                                  &normalizedInternalFormat, &imageFormat, &imageType);
             return imageFormat == GL_RED_INTEGER || imageFormat == GL_RG_INTEGER || imageFormat == GL_RGB_INTEGER ||
                    imageFormat == GL_RGBA_INTEGER;
         }
@@ -80,8 +82,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             return caps;
         }
 
-        FormatCapabilityFlags BuildVulkanCaps(TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat,
-                                              TextureTarget target,
+        FormatCapabilityFlags BuildVulkanCaps(TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat, TextureTarget target,
                                               VkFormatFeatureFlags features) {
             FormatCapabilityFlags caps;
             const Bool isDepth = MG_Util::IsDepthFormatInternalFormat(logicalFormat);
@@ -100,8 +101,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             const Bool sampled = (features & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_BIT) != 0;
             const Bool linearFilter = (features & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_FILTER_LINEAR_BIT) != 0;
             const Bool colorRenderable = (features & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT) != 0;
-            const Bool depthStencilRenderable =
-                (features & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT) != 0;
+            const Bool depthStencilRenderable = (features & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT) != 0;
             const Bool renderable = (isDepth || isStencil) ? depthStencilRenderable : colorRenderable;
 
             if (sampled || renderable) {
@@ -140,6 +140,20 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             case TextureInternalFormat::RGB:
             case TextureInternalFormat::RGB8:
                 return TextureInternalFormat::RGBA8;
+            // Legacy low-bit-depth formats with no (or rarely supported) native Vulkan
+            // encoding; a wider normalized fallback keeps at least the required precision.
+            case TextureInternalFormat::R3G3B2:
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB4:
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB5:
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGBA2:
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGBA4:
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB5A1:
+                return TextureInternalFormat::RGBA8;
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB10:
+                return TextureInternalFormat::RGB10A2;
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB12:
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGBA12:
+                return TextureInternalFormat::RGBA16;
             case TextureInternalFormat::SRGB8:
                 return TextureInternalFormat::SRGB8Alpha8;
             case TextureInternalFormat::RGB8Snorm:
@@ -184,21 +198,20 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
         Bool HasNewCaveatFormatCaps(FormatCapabilityFlags nativeCaps, FormatCapabilityFlags fallbackCaps) {
             for (FormatCapability capability : kReportedFormatCapabilities) {
-                if (HasFormatCapability(fallbackCaps, capability) &&
-                    !HasFormatCapability(nativeCaps, capability)) {
+                if (HasFormatCapability(fallbackCaps, capability) && !HasFormatCapability(nativeCaps, capability)) {
                     return true;
                 }
             }
             return false;
         }
 
-        void LogVulkanFormatCaveat(TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat,
-                                   SizeT targetIndex,
+        void LogVulkanFormatCaveat(TextureInternalFormat logicalFormat, SizeT targetIndex,
                                    TextureInternalFormat fallbackFormat) {
-            MGLOG_D("Caveat: %s %s not fully supported. Reason: native Vulkan format is not fully supported. Fallback: %s",
-                    GetFormatCapabilityTargetName(targetIndex).c_str(),
-                    MG_Util::ConvertTextureInternalFormatToString(logicalFormat).c_str(),
-                    MG_Util::ConvertTextureInternalFormatToString(fallbackFormat).c_str());
+            MGLOG_D(
+                "Caveat: %s %s not fully supported. Reason: native Vulkan format is not fully supported. Fallback: %s",
+                GetFormatCapabilityTargetName(targetIndex).c_str(),
+                MG_Util::ConvertTextureInternalFormatToString(logicalFormat).c_str(),
+                MG_Util::ConvertTextureInternalFormatToString(fallbackFormat).c_str());
         }
 
         Vector<Int> BuildSampleCounts(Int maxSamples) {
@@ -242,15 +255,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
                 for (SizeT targetIndex = 0; targetIndex < kFormatCapabilityTextureTargetCount; ++targetIndex) {
                     const auto target = static_cast<TextureTarget>(targetIndex);
-                    const VkFormatFeatureFlags nativeFeatures =
-                        IsTextureBufferTarget(target) ? nativeProperties.bufferFeatures
-                                                      : nativeProperties.optimalTilingFeatures;
+                    const VkFormatFeatureFlags nativeFeatures = IsTextureBufferTarget(target)
+                                                                    ? nativeProperties.bufferFeatures
+                                                                    : nativeProperties.optimalTilingFeatures;
                     FormatCapabilityFlags nativeCaps = BuildVulkanCaps(logicalFormat, target, nativeFeatures);
                     cache.FullCaps[targetIndex][formatIndex] |= nativeCaps;
 
-                    const VkFormatFeatureFlags fallbackFeatures =
-                        IsTextureBufferTarget(target) ? fallbackProperties.bufferFeatures
-                                                      : fallbackProperties.optimalTilingFeatures;
+                    const VkFormatFeatureFlags fallbackFeatures = IsTextureBufferTarget(target)
+                                                                      ? fallbackProperties.bufferFeatures
+                                                                      : fallbackProperties.optimalTilingFeatures;
                     FormatCapabilityFlags fallbackCaps = BuildVulkanCaps(logicalFormat, target, fallbackFeatures);
                     if (fallbackFormat != VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED && fallbackFormat != nativeFormat) {
                         cache.CaveatCaps[targetIndex][formatIndex] |= fallbackCaps;
@@ -285,9 +298,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 cache.FullCaps[renderbufferTargetIndex][formatIndex] |= renderbufferCaps;
 
                 if (fallbackFormat != VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED && fallbackFormat != nativeFormat) {
-                    FormatCapabilityFlags fallbackRenderbufferCaps =
-                        BuildVulkanCaps(logicalFormat, TextureTarget::Texture2D,
-                                        fallbackProperties.optimalTilingFeatures);
+                    FormatCapabilityFlags fallbackRenderbufferCaps = BuildVulkanCaps(
+                        logicalFormat, TextureTarget::Texture2D, fallbackProperties.optimalTilingFeatures);
                     fallbackRenderbufferCaps &= FormatCapability::Creatable;
                     if ((fallbackProperties.optimalTilingFeatures &
                          (VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT)) !=
@@ -296,8 +308,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                         fallbackRenderbufferCaps |= FormatCapability::MultisampleRenderbuffer;
                     }
                     cache.CaveatCaps[renderbufferTargetIndex][formatIndex] |= fallbackRenderbufferCaps;
-                    if (fallbackLogicalFormat &&
-                        HasNewCaveatFormatCaps(renderbufferCaps, fallbackRenderbufferCaps)) {
+                    if (fallbackLogicalFormat && HasNewCaveatFormatCaps(renderbufferCaps, fallbackRenderbufferCaps)) {
                         LogVulkanFormatCaveat(logicalFormat, renderbufferTargetIndex, *fallbackLogicalFormat);
                     }
                 }
@@ -314,14 +325,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
     void PopulateFormatCapabilities(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
                                     PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties getFormatProperties,
-                                    const MG_External::VulkanCapabilities& capabilities,
-                                    FormatCapabilityCache& cache) {
+                                    const MG_External::VulkanCapabilities& capabilities, FormatCapabilityCache& cache) {
         PopulateFormatCapabilitiesImpl(physicalDevice, getFormatProperties, capabilities, cache);
     }
 
     BackendObject_DirectVulkan::~BackendObject_DirectVulkan() = default;
 
-    BackendObject_DirectVulkan::BackendObject_DirectVulkan(): m_rendererInfo{GetRendererIdentity()} {}
+    BackendObject_DirectVulkan::BackendObject_DirectVulkan() : m_rendererInfo{GetRendererIdentity()} {}
 
     Bool BackendObject_DirectVulkan::InitWindowSurface() {
         if (!m_windowHandle.Handle) {
@@ -375,6 +385,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         }
         UpdateDynamicBackendParameters();
         UpdateAdvertisedExtensions();
+        if (MG_State::pGLContext) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->InvalidateCompileEnv();
+        }
         PopulateFormatCapabilities(physicalDevice.handle, vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties, m_vulkanCaps,
                                    MutableFormatCapabilities());
         PrintFormatCapabilities(GetFormatCapabilities());
@@ -395,10 +408,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             MGLOG_E("DirectVulkan backend not initialized");
             return false;
         }
-        if (!handle.Handle || (handle.Backend != WindowBackend::Android &&
-                               handle.Backend != WindowBackend::X11 &&
-                               handle.Backend != WindowBackend::MetalLayer)) {
-            MGLOG_E("DirectVulkan backend only supports Android, X11, and CAMetalLayer native windows");
+        if (!handle.Handle || (handle.Backend != WindowBackend::Android && handle.Backend != WindowBackend::X11 &&
+                               handle.Backend != WindowBackend::MetalLayer && handle.Backend != WindowBackend::Win32)) {
+            MGLOG_E("DirectVulkan backend only supports Android, X11, CAMetalLayer, and Win32 native windows");
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -454,6 +466,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         // treat them as signaled/available with zero results from here on.
         BumpRendererGeneration();
         pVulkanRenderer.reset();
+        // The reflection cache is file-scope, not renderer-owned; without this the
+        // deleted programs' reflection strings survive full context teardown.
+        ClearProgramResourceCaches();
         BackendObject::ReleaseEGLResources();
     }
 
@@ -463,6 +478,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         // treat them as signaled/available with zero results from here on.
         BumpRendererGeneration();
         pVulkanRenderer.reset();
+        // The reflection cache is file-scope, not renderer-owned; without this the
+        // deleted programs' reflection strings survive full context teardown.
+        ClearProgramResourceCaches();
     }
 
     const RendererInfo& BackendObject_DirectVulkan::GetRendererInfo() const {
@@ -482,40 +500,90 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             .RendererName = "Magma",
             .BackendName = "Direct (Vulkan)",
             .ExtraVendor = Nullopt,
-            .RendererGLInfo =
-                {
-                    .TargetGLVersion = {3, 3, 0},
-                    .TargetGLSLVersion = {4, 6, 0},
-                    // Baseline advertisement (no shader subgroup, no timer queries); a
-                    // live backend reconciles its copy in UpdateAdvertisedExtensions.
-                    .Extensions = BuildAdvertisedExtensions(false, false),
-                    .IsCompatibilityProfile = false
-                },
+            .RendererGLInfo = {.TargetGLVersion = {4, 0, 0},
+                               .TargetGLSLVersion = {4, 6, 0},
+                               // Baseline advertisement (no runtime-gated capabilities); a live
+                               // backend reconciles its copy in UpdateAdvertisedExtensions.
+                               .Extensions = BuildAdvertisedExtensions(false, false, false, false),
+                               .IsCompatibilityProfile = false},
             .StaticBackendCapability = {.AllowVSOnlyPrograms = false}};
         return rendererInfo;
     }
 
-    Vector<GLExtension> BuildAdvertisedExtensions(Bool shaderSubgroupSupported, Bool timerQueriesSupported) {
-        Vector<GLExtension> extensions = {V_OpenGL30, V_OpenGL31, V_OpenGL32,
-                                          V_OpenGL33, E_GL_ARB_draw_buffers_blend, E_GL_ARB_compute_shader,
-                                          E_GL_ARB_shader_storage_buffer_object, E_GL_ARB_shader_image_load_store,
-                                          E_GL_ARB_program_interface_query, E_GL_ARB_framebuffer_object,
-                                          E_GL_ARB_multi_draw_indirect, E_GL_ARB_indirect_parameters,
-                                          E_GL_EXT_framebuffer_object, E_GL_ARB_depth_texture, E_GL_ARB_buffer_storage,
-                                          E_GL_ARB_texture_storage, E_GL_ARB_texture_storage_multisample,
-                                          E_GL_ARB_direct_state_access,
-                                          E_GL_ARB_shader_draw_parameters, E_GL_ARB_gpu_shader_int64, E_GL_KHR_debug,
-                                          E_GL_ARB_gpu_shader5, E_GL_ARB_multi_bind, E_GL_ARB_shading_language_420pack,
-                                          E_GL_ARB_vertex_attrib_binding, E_GL_ARB_shader_image_size};
+    Vector<GLExtension> BuildAdvertisedExtensions(Bool shaderSubgroupSupported, Bool timerQueriesSupported,
+                                                  Bool anisotropicFilteringSupported,
+                                                  Bool nonZeroIndirectBaseInstanceSupported) {
+        Vector<GLExtension> extensions = {
+            V_OpenGL30, V_OpenGL31, V_OpenGL32, V_OpenGL33, V_OpenGL40, E_GL_ARB_draw_buffers_blend,
+            E_GL_ARB_compute_shader, E_GL_ARB_shader_storage_buffer_object, E_GL_ARB_shader_image_load_store,
+            E_GL_ARB_clear_buffer_object, E_GL_ARB_program_interface_query, E_GL_ARB_framebuffer_object, E_GL_ARB_draw_indirect,
+            E_GL_ARB_multi_draw_indirect,
+            E_GL_ARB_indirect_parameters, E_GL_EXT_framebuffer_object, E_GL_ARB_depth_texture, E_GL_ARB_buffer_storage,
+            E_GL_ARB_texture_storage, E_GL_ARB_texture_storage_multisample, E_GL_ARB_texture_multisample,
+            E_GL_ARB_clear_texture, E_GL_ARB_direct_state_access, E_GL_ARB_shader_draw_parameters,
+            E_GL_ARB_gpu_shader_int64, E_GL_KHR_debug, E_GL_ARB_gpu_shader5, E_GL_ARB_multi_bind,
+            E_GL_ARB_shading_language_420pack, E_GL_ARB_vertex_attrib_binding, E_GL_ARB_shader_image_size,
+            E_GL_ARB_explicit_attrib_location,
+            // Core since GL 3.1 and implemented for every version advertised here. The string
+            // matters because applications gate the ENTRY POINTS on it rather than on the
+            // version: a caller that finds the extension missing never resolves
+            // glGetUniformBlockIndex / glUniformBlockBinding, and one that then uses uniform
+            // blocks anyway calls through a null pointer.
+            E_GL_ARB_uniform_buffer_object,
+            // Sampling the stencil aspect through DEPTH_STENCIL_TEXTURE_MODE. Core from 4.3,
+            // so on a 4.0 context the string is the only way to reach it.
+            E_GL_ARB_stencil_texturing,
+            // Advertised with GL_NUM_PROGRAM_BINARY_FORMATS = 0, which the
+            // extension explicitly permits. It is also the only thing that
+            // exposes glProgramParameteri before GL 4.1.
+            E_GL_ARB_get_program_binary};
+        // Vulkan's drawIndirectFirstInstance feature is optional. Direct base-instance calls work
+        // without it, but ARB_base_instance also promises non-zero firstInstance in GPU indirect
+        // commands; the renderer supplies true only when that word is legal and gl_InstanceID can
+        // be rebased to OpenGL's zero-based semantics.
+        if (nonZeroIndirectBaseInstanceSupported) {
+            extensions.push_back(E_GL_ARB_base_instance);
+        }
         if (shaderSubgroupSupported && !MG_Config::Features.DisableSubgroup) {
             extensions.push_back(E_GL_KHR_shader_subgroup);
         }
+        // GL_KHR_parallel_shader_compile is MobileGL's own capability, not the Vulkan
+        // device's: the compiler threads belong to MobileGL's shader pool and
+        // glCompileShader/glLinkProgram are serviced entirely inside the frontend, so there
+        // is no device feature to condition this on.
+        //
+        // Gated on the async flag deliberately, and this is the whole reason the gate
+        // exists. Advertising the string is the one part of asynchronous compilation that a
+        // recorded trace can never cover: Iris and Sodium change their SUBMISSION SCHEDULE
+        // the moment they see it - they enqueue whole pipeline batches and poll
+        // GL_COMPLETION_STATUS_KHR instead of compiling one program at a time - so
+        // MOBILEGL_ASYNC_SHADER_COMPILE=0 has to withdraw the application-visible behaviour
+        // change as well as the threading, or the kill switch would only be half a switch.
+        if (MG_Util::Async::AsyncShaderCompileEnabled()) {
+            extensions.push_back(E_GL_KHR_parallel_shader_compile);
+        }
+        // GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 is opt-in (MOBILEGL_ADVERTISE_FP64). Every `double` in a
+        // shader compiles and runs already - it is narrowed to 32 bits before the module
+        // reaches this backend - so an application that simply uses doubles needs nothing
+        // advertised. What the extension additionally promises is 64-bit PRECISION, which no
+        // mobile GPU has and the narrowing cannot fake, so advertising it by default would
+        // make an application that checks the string take a path MobileGL cannot honour.
+        if (MG_Config::Features.AdvertiseFp64) {
+            extensions.push_back(E_GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64);
+        }
         // GL_ARB_timer_query gates MC's F3 GPU% (LWJGL checks the extension string);
         // only advertised when the device actually supports timestamp queries and the
         // MOBILEGL_DISABLE_TIMERQUERY escape hatch is off.
         if (timerQueriesSupported && !MG_Config::Features.DisableTimerQuery) {
             extensions.push_back(E_GL_ARB_timer_query);
         }
+        // Only advertised when the samplerAnisotropy device feature was granted: without it the
+        // sampler state is accepted but never applied, and an app trusting the string (LWJGL builds
+        // GLCapabilities from it) would think it enabled anisotropic filtering.
+        if (anisotropicFilteringSupported) {
+            extensions.push_back(E_GL_EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic);
+            extensions.push_back(E_GL_ARB_texture_filter_anisotropic);
+        }
         return extensions;
     }
 
@@ -562,6 +630,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             funcsTable.GL.ClearBufferiv = ClearBufferiv;
             funcsTable.GL.ClearNamedFramebufferfv = ClearNamedFramebufferfv;
             funcsTable.GL.ClearNamedFramebufferfi = ClearNamedFramebufferfi;
+            funcsTable.GL.ClearNamedFramebufferiv = ClearNamedFramebufferiv;
+            funcsTable.GL.ClearNamedFramebufferuiv = ClearNamedFramebufferuiv;
             funcsTable.GL.BlitFramebuffer = BlitFramebuffer;
             funcsTable.GL.BlitNamedFramebuffer = BlitNamedFramebuffer;
             funcsTable.GL.CopyTexImage2D = CopyTexImage2D;
@@ -579,12 +649,6 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             funcsTable.GL.GetIntegeri_v = GetIntegeri_v;
             funcsTable.GL.GetInteger64i_v = GetInteger64i_v;
             funcsTable.GL.GetProgramiv = GetProgramiv;
-            funcsTable.GL.GetProgramInterfaceiv = GetProgramInterfaceiv;
-            funcsTable.GL.GetProgramResourceIndex = GetProgramResourceIndex;
-            funcsTable.GL.GetProgramResourceName = GetProgramResourceName;
-            funcsTable.GL.GetProgramResourceiv = GetProgramResourceiv;
-            funcsTable.GL.GetProgramResourceLocation = GetProgramResourceLocation;
-            funcsTable.GL.GetProgramResourceLocationIndex = GetProgramResourceLocationIndex;
             funcsTable.GL.ShaderStorageBlockBinding = ShaderStorageBlockBinding;
             funcsTable.GL.FenceSync = FenceSync;
             funcsTable.GL.ClientWaitSync = ClientWaitSync;
@@ -605,6 +669,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 funcsTable.GL.DeleteBackendQuery = DeleteBackendQuery;
                 funcsTable.GL.GetGpuTimestampNs = GetGpuTimestampNs;
             }
+            // Occlusion queries share the handle-based result/delete entries, which must
+            // exist even when timer queries are disabled.
+            funcsTable.GL.BeginOcclusionQuery = BeginOcclusionQuery;
+            funcsTable.GL.EndOcclusionQuery = EndOcclusionQuery;
+            funcsTable.GL.BeginXfbPrimitivesQuery = BeginXfbPrimitivesQuery;
+            funcsTable.GL.EndXfbPrimitivesQuery = EndXfbPrimitivesQuery;
+            funcsTable.GL.IsQueryResultAvailable = IsQueryResultAvailable;
+            funcsTable.GL.GetQueryResult64 = GetQueryResult64;
+            funcsTable.GL.DeleteBackendQuery = DeleteBackendQuery;
             funcsTableInitialized = true;
         }
         return funcsTable;
@@ -619,6 +692,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         m_vulkanCaps = capabilities;
         UpdateDynamicBackendParameters();
         UpdateAdvertisedExtensions();
+        if (MG_State::pGLContext) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->InvalidateCompileEnv();
+        }
         MutableFormatCapabilities().Clear();
     }
 
@@ -629,8 +705,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         // real device timestamp support. ApplyVulkanCapabilitiesForTesting may
         // run without a renderer; no timer query is advertised then. Rebuilding
         // the whole list keeps re-runs idempotent.
+        // The opt-in emulated compute path (SubgroupSupportPolicy.h) carries the
+        // extension by itself on devices with no native subgroup support at all; a
+        // device with native subgroups always advertises - and uses - those.
+        const Bool subgroupSupportAdvertised =
+            m_vulkanCaps.SupportsShaderSubgroup ||
+            ShouldEmulateSubgroups(m_vulkanCaps.SupportsShaderSubgroup);
         m_rendererInfo.RendererGLInfo.Extensions = BuildAdvertisedExtensions(
-            m_vulkanCaps.SupportsShaderSubgroup, pVulkanRenderer && pVulkanRenderer->IsTimerQuerySupported());
+            subgroupSupportAdvertised, pVulkanRenderer && pVulkanRenderer->IsTimerQuerySupported(),
+            pVulkanRenderer && pVulkanRenderer->IsSamplerAnisotropySupported(),
+            pVulkanRenderer && pVulkanRenderer->IsNonZeroIndirectBaseInstanceSupported());
     }
 
     void BackendObject_DirectVulkan::UpdateDynamicBackendParameters() {
@@ -680,6 +764,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         m_dynamicParameters.UniformBufferOffsetAlignment = m_vulkanCaps.UniformBufferOffsetAlignment;
         m_dynamicParameters.AliasedLineWidthRangeMin = m_vulkanCaps.AliasedLineWidthRangeMin;
         m_dynamicParameters.AliasedLineWidthRangeMax = m_vulkanCaps.AliasedLineWidthRangeMax;
+        // Without the samplerAnisotropy feature the limit is unusable, so report 1.0 (no anisotropy)
+        // rather than a maximum the sampler manager will never apply.
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxTextureMaxAnisotropy =
+            (pVulkanRenderer && pVulkanRenderer->IsSamplerAnisotropySupported()) ? m_vulkanCaps.MaxSamplerAnisotropy
+                                                                                 : 1.0f;
         m_dynamicParameters.SmoothLineWidthRangeMin = m_vulkanCaps.SmoothLineWidthRangeMin;
         m_dynamicParameters.SmoothLineWidthRangeMax = m_vulkanCaps.SmoothLineWidthRangeMax;
         m_dynamicParameters.SmoothLineWidthGranularity = m_vulkanCaps.SmoothLineWidthGranularity;
@@ -700,8 +789,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxIntegerSamples = m_vulkanCaps.MaxIntegerSamples;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxSamples = m_vulkanCaps.MaxSamples;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxSampleMaskWords = m_vulkanCaps.MaxSampleMaskWords;
-        const Int maxSupportedTextureUnits =
-            static_cast<Int>(MG_State::GLState::TextureState::MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS);
+        const Int maxSupportedTextureUnits = static_cast<Int>(MG_State::GLState::TextureState::MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS);
         // GL_MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS is a *per-stage* sampler limit. Adreno/Qualcomm report a huge
         // maxPerStageDescriptorSampledImages (descriptor-indexing scale), so clamping it only to our
         // combined array capacity (192) still advertises 192 per stage. Host code treats this value as
@@ -711,8 +799,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         // limits while keeping the combined limit at our texture-unit array capacity.
         constexpr Int maxPerStageTextureUnits =
             static_cast<Int>(MG_State::GLState::TextureState::MAX_PER_STAGE_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS);
-        m_dynamicParameters.MaxTextureImageUnits =
-            std::min(m_vulkanCaps.MaxTextureImageUnits, maxPerStageTextureUnits);
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxTextureImageUnits = std::min(m_vulkanCaps.MaxTextureImageUnits, maxPerStageTextureUnits);
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxVertexTextureImageUnits =
             std::min(m_vulkanCaps.MaxVertexTextureImageUnits, maxPerStageTextureUnits);
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxComputeTextureImageUnits =
@@ -721,22 +808,101 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             std::min(m_vulkanCaps.MaxCombinedTextureImageUnits, maxSupportedTextureUnits);
         // Never advertise more attributes than the state layer can store: the current-value array and
         // the Uint32 attribute masks the draw path passes around are both bounded by MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS.
-        m_dynamicParameters.MaxVertexAttribs =
-            std::min(m_vulkanCaps.MaxVertexAttribs,
-                     static_cast<Int>(MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS));
-        m_dynamicParameters.MaxComputeShaderStorageBlocks = m_vulkanCaps.MaxComputeShaderStorageBlocks;
-        m_dynamicParameters.MaxCombinedShaderStorageBlocks = m_vulkanCaps.MaxCombinedShaderStorageBlocks;
-        m_dynamicParameters.MaxComputeUniformBlocks = m_vulkanCaps.MaxComputeUniformBlocks;
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxVertexAttribs = std::min(
+            m_vulkanCaps.MaxVertexAttribs, static_cast<Int>(MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS));
+        // Vulkan descriptor limits are not GL limits, and a GL application reads an advertised
+        // limit as an amount it may actually USE. Adreno answers the per-stage/per-set descriptor
+        // queries at descriptor-indexing scale - the same driver whose
+        // GL_MAX_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCK_SIZE is clamped from 2147483647 further down - so
+        // KHR-GL44.multi_bind.dispatch_bind_buffers_base read GL_MAX_COMPUTE_UNIFORM_BLOCKS,
+        // created that many buffers and spliced that many UBO declarations into a single compute
+        // shader: ~14 s of allocation, then death on std::bad_alloc. Its sibling
+        // dispatch_bind_buffers_range hard-codes 4 buffers and passes, which is the clean
+        // discriminator. Every ceiling below is far above what any desktop driver advertises for
+        // these (84-96 for the binding families) and far below a descriptor-indexing count, so it
+        // can only lower a limit that was never usable in the first place. The zero floor is not
+        // decoration: a driver reporting UINT32_MAX used to arrive here as -1.
+        const auto clampLimit = [](const char* name, Int reported, Int ceiling) {
+            const Int clamped = std::min(std::max(reported, 0), ceiling);
+            if (clamped != reported) {
+                MGLOG_I("DirectVulkan: clamped %s from %d to %d", name, reported, clamped);
+            }
+            return clamped;
+        };
+        // GL 4.6 required minimums, for the record: MAX_COMPUTE_UNIFORM_BLOCKS 12,
+        // MAX_COMPUTE/COMBINED_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS 8, MAX_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER_BINDINGS 8,
+        // MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS 84, MAX_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE 65536.
+        constexpr Int kMaxAdvertisedBufferBlocks = 256;
+        constexpr Int kMaxAdvertisedTextureBufferSize = 1 << 27; // texels; what desktop GL reports
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxComputeShaderStorageBlocks =
+            clampLimit("GL_MAX_COMPUTE_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS", m_vulkanCaps.MaxComputeShaderStorageBlocks,
+                       kMaxAdvertisedBufferBlocks);
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxCombinedShaderStorageBlocks =
+            clampLimit("GL_MAX_COMBINED_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS", m_vulkanCaps.MaxCombinedShaderStorageBlocks,
+                       kMaxAdvertisedBufferBlocks);
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxComputeUniformBlocks =
+            clampLimit("GL_MAX_COMPUTE_UNIFORM_BLOCKS", m_vulkanCaps.MaxComputeUniformBlocks,
+                       kMaxAdvertisedBufferBlocks);
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxComputeWorkGroupInvocations = m_vulkanCaps.MaxComputeWorkGroupInvocations;
-        m_dynamicParameters.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings = m_vulkanCaps.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings;
-        m_dynamicParameters.MaxTextureBufferSize = m_vulkanCaps.MaxTextureBufferSize;
-        m_dynamicParameters.MaxUniformBufferBindings = m_vulkanCaps.MaxUniformBufferBindings;
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings =
+            clampLimit("GL_MAX_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER_BINDINGS", m_vulkanCaps.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings,
+                       kMaxAdvertisedBufferBlocks);
+        // Per-stage GL_MAX_*_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS. Vulkan has one descriptor limit for every
+        // stage (maxPerStageDescriptorStorageBuffers, which is what MaxComputeShaderStorageBlocks
+        // carries), so the stage limits differ only by whether the stage can have blocks at all.
+        //
+        // Deliberately NOT gated on vertexPipelineStoresAndAtomics, unlike the per-stage image
+        // uniforms below. That gate reads as the obvious one and is wrong here in practice: a
+        // Mali-G925-Immortalis reports vertexPipelineStoresAndAtomics=false (supported AND
+        // enabled) and yet runs all 433 KHR-GL43.constant_expressions.*_tess_* cases correctly
+        // through this backend - those write their result through a storage block declared in a
+        // tessellation stage. Gating would report 0 and turn 433 passing cases into
+        // "unsupported", removing function that demonstrably works.
+        //
+        // The asymmetry with DirectGLES is real and is the point. There, 0 prevents a program
+        // the driver refuses outright at link time; the honest limit converts a silent
+        // wrong-render into a capability an application can route around. Here there is no such
+        // failure to prevent, so the limit stays at what the device can address. If a Vulkan
+        // device is ever found that genuinely rejects such a pipeline, the gate belongs at
+        // pipeline creation where the rejection is observable, not on a feature bit this driver
+        // reports inaccurately.
+        {
+            const Int maxPerStageStorageBlocks =
+                std::min(std::max(m_dynamicParameters.MaxComputeShaderStorageBlocks, 0),
+                         std::min(std::max(m_dynamicParameters.MaxCombinedShaderStorageBlocks, 0),
+                                  std::max(m_dynamicParameters.MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings, 0)));
+            m_dynamicParameters.MaxVertexShaderStorageBlocks = maxPerStageStorageBlocks;
+            m_dynamicParameters.MaxTessControlShaderStorageBlocks = maxPerStageStorageBlocks;
+            m_dynamicParameters.MaxTessEvaluationShaderStorageBlocks = maxPerStageStorageBlocks;
+            // The one hard capability in the set: no geometry stage means no blocks in it.
+            m_dynamicParameters.MaxGeometryShaderStorageBlocks =
+                m_vulkanCaps.SupportsGeometryShader ? maxPerStageStorageBlocks : 0;
+            m_dynamicParameters.MaxFragmentShaderStorageBlocks = maxPerStageStorageBlocks;
+        }
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxTextureBufferSize = clampLimit(
+            "GL_MAX_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE", m_vulkanCaps.MaxTextureBufferSize, kMaxAdvertisedTextureBufferSize);
+        m_dynamicParameters.TextureBufferOffsetAlignment = m_vulkanCaps.TextureBufferOffsetAlignment;
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxUniformBufferBindings = clampLimit(
+            "GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS", m_vulkanCaps.MaxUniformBufferBindings, kMaxAdvertisedBufferBlocks);
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxUniformBlockSize = m_vulkanCaps.MaxUniformBlockSize;
-        m_dynamicParameters.MaxImageUnits = std::min(m_vulkanCaps.MaxImageUnits, maxSupportedTextureUnits);
-        m_dynamicParameters.MaxCombinedImageUniforms = m_vulkanCaps.MaxCombinedImageUniforms;
-        m_dynamicParameters.MaxComputeImageUniforms = m_vulkanCaps.MaxComputeImageUniforms;
-        const Int maxSupportedDrawBuffers =
-            static_cast<Int>(MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject::MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS);
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxImageUnits = std::max(std::min(m_vulkanCaps.MaxImageUnits, maxSupportedTextureUnits), 0);
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxCombinedImageUniforms = std::max(m_vulkanCaps.MaxCombinedImageUniforms, 0);
+        const Int maxPerStageImageUniforms =
+            std::min(m_dynamicParameters.MaxImageUnits, m_dynamicParameters.MaxCombinedImageUniforms);
+        // Vulkan uses one descriptor limit for every stage, but non-compute stores/atomics are
+        // optional device features. VulkanRenderer enables each feature whenever the physical
+        // device reports it, so these are the exact limits the logical device can compile and run.
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxVertexImageUniforms =
+            m_vulkanCaps.SupportsVertexPipelineStoresAndAtomics ? maxPerStageImageUniforms : 0;
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxGeometryImageUniforms =
+            m_vulkanCaps.SupportsVertexPipelineStoresAndAtomics && m_vulkanCaps.SupportsGeometryShader
+                ? maxPerStageImageUniforms
+                : 0;
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxFragmentImageUniforms =
+            m_vulkanCaps.SupportsFragmentStoresAndAtomics ? maxPerStageImageUniforms : 0;
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxComputeImageUniforms =
+            std::min(std::max(m_vulkanCaps.MaxComputeImageUniforms, 0), maxPerStageImageUniforms);
+        const Int maxSupportedDrawBuffers = static_cast<Int>(MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject::MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS);
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxDrawBuffers = std::min(m_vulkanCaps.MaxDrawBuffers, maxSupportedDrawBuffers);
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxColorAttachments = std::min(m_vulkanCaps.MaxColorAttachments, maxSupportedDrawBuffers);
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxClipDistances = m_vulkanCaps.MaxClipDistances;
@@ -746,14 +912,86 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         m_dynamicParameters.ViewportBoundsRangeMin = m_vulkanCaps.ViewportBoundsRangeMin;
         m_dynamicParameters.ViewportBoundsRangeMax = m_vulkanCaps.ViewportBoundsRangeMax;
         m_dynamicParameters.ViewportSubpixelBits = m_vulkanCaps.ViewportSubpixelBits;
+        m_dynamicParameters.MinFragmentInterpolationOffset =
+            std::isfinite(m_vulkanCaps.MinFragmentInterpolationOffset) &&
+                    m_vulkanCaps.MinFragmentInterpolationOffset <= -0.5f
+                ? m_vulkanCaps.MinFragmentInterpolationOffset
+                : -0.5f;
+        m_dynamicParameters.MaxFragmentInterpolationOffset = 0.4375f;
+        m_dynamicParameters.FragmentInterpolationOffsetBits = 4;
+        if (m_vulkanCaps.FragmentInterpolationOffsetBits >= 4 &&
+            std::isfinite(m_vulkanCaps.MaxFragmentInterpolationOffset)) {
+            const Float requiredMaxOffset = 0.5f - std::ldexp(1.0f, -m_vulkanCaps.FragmentInterpolationOffsetBits);
+            if (m_vulkanCaps.MaxFragmentInterpolationOffset >= requiredMaxOffset) {
+                m_dynamicParameters.MaxFragmentInterpolationOffset = m_vulkanCaps.MaxFragmentInterpolationOffset;
+                m_dynamicParameters.FragmentInterpolationOffsetBits = m_vulkanCaps.FragmentInterpolationOffsetBits;
+            }
+        }
         m_dynamicParameters.SupportsWideLines = m_vulkanCaps.SupportsWideLines;
+        // A 2D or 2D multisample array texture is a VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D image whose GL depth IS its
+        // arrayLayers, so a GL layer is a Vulkan array layer with nothing to translate.
+        // ResolveAttachmentBaseArrayLayer already passes the attachment's layer through. The other
+        // layered targets are declared separately as their own machinery lands.
+        {
+            using DynParams = MG_Backend::DynamicBackendParameters;
+            m_dynamicParameters.PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentTargets |=
+                DynParams::PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentBit(TextureTarget::Texture2DArray) |
+                DynParams::PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentBit(TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisampleArray);
+            // A cube map array is one 2D image with arrayLayers = 6 * cubeCount, so a GL layer is a
+            // Vulkan array layer here too - but the image cannot be created without imageCubeArray.
+            // A 3D texture's GL layer is a z slice, which only a 2D view over a 2D-array-compatible
+            // image can name. Optimistic: a format that refuses the flag is caught at image creation
+            // and declines the slice view there, which the clear path handles as a soft miss.
+            if (m_vulkanCaps.Supports2DArrayCompatible3DImages) {
+                m_dynamicParameters.PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentTargets |=
+                    DynParams::PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentBit(TextureTarget::Texture3D);
+            }
+            if (m_vulkanCaps.SupportsImageCubeArray) {
+                m_dynamicParameters.PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentTargets |=
+                    DynParams::PerLayerFramebufferAttachmentBit(TextureTarget::TextureCubeMapArray);
+            }
+        }
+        // Never, on any device, and no longer for the reason it used to be. It used to track
+        // shaderFloat64 because a `dvec3` input needed the Float64 capability to exist in the
+        // module at all; a 64-bit vertex FETCH was already impossible (VK_FORMAT_R64*_SFLOAT is
+        // optional and lavapipe reports zero bufferFeatures for all four), so the attribute
+        // arrived as its 32-bit word pair and PackDoubleVertexInputsPass bitcast it back.
+        //
+        // The shader half of that is gone: every 64-bit float is narrowed before any module
+        // reaches a backend (ShaderTranspiler::DemoteFloat64Pass), so there is no `double` input
+        // left to bitcast INTO, and feeding a UINT-formatted attribute to what is now a `float`
+        // input would be silent garbage. Reconstructing the value would mean decoding the
+        // IEEE-754 double bit pattern in the shader - software fp64, which is precisely what the
+        // demotion exists to avoid - and on Espryt it would additionally need the ES driver to
+        // fetch 2N uint components where the application declared N doubles, which a dvec3 or
+        // dvec4 cannot even express within one attribute location.
+        //
+        // So glVertexAttribLFormat / glVertexAttribLPointer are declined here exactly as they
+        // already were on Espryt and on every real mobile device (Adreno and Mali both report
+        // shaderFloat64 == VK_FALSE), and for the same visible reason. A `dvec3` INPUT still
+        // compiles and draws - it is a `vec3` after demotion - as long as the application feeds
+        // it with glVertexAttribPointer(GL_FLOAT) rather than 64-bit data.
+        m_dynamicParameters.SupportsFloat64VertexAttributes = false;
         m_dynamicParameters.MaxShaderStorageBlockSize =
             std::min(m_vulkanCaps.MaxShaderStorageBlockSize, kMaxAdvertisedShaderStorageBlockSize);
         if (m_vulkanCaps.SupportsShaderSubgroup) {
             m_dynamicParameters.SubgroupSize = m_vulkanCaps.SubgroupSize;
             m_dynamicParameters.SubgroupSupportedStages = mapShaderStages(m_vulkanCaps.SubgroupSupportedStages);
-            m_dynamicParameters.SubgroupSupportedFeatures = mapSubgroupFeatures(m_vulkanCaps.SubgroupSupportedOperations);
+            m_dynamicParameters.SubgroupSupportedFeatures =
+                mapSubgroupFeatures(m_vulkanCaps.SubgroupSupportedOperations);
             m_dynamicParameters.SubgroupQuadOperationsInAllStages = m_vulkanCaps.SubgroupQuadOperationsInAllStages;
+        } else if (ShouldEmulateSubgroups(m_vulkanCaps.SupportsShaderSubgroup)) {
+            // MOBILEGL_MAGMA_EMULATE_SUBGROUP on a device with no native subgroups: the
+            // advertised values describe the 32-lane virtual subgroup the compute
+            // lowering implements (SubgroupSupportPolicy.h / EmulateSubgroupsPass).
+            // GL requires the advertisement and the execution to agree, and on this
+            // path the emulation is what executes; only the compute stage is offered.
+            m_dynamicParameters.SubgroupSize = kEmulatedSubgroupSize;
+            m_dynamicParameters.SubgroupSupportedStages = kEmulatedSubgroupStages;
+            m_dynamicParameters.SubgroupSupportedFeatures = kEmulatedSubgroupFeatures;
+            m_dynamicParameters.SubgroupQuadOperationsInAllStages = false;
+            MGLOG_I("DirectVulkan: emulating 32-lane compute subgroups "
+                    "(MOBILEGL_MAGMA_EMULATE_SUBGROUP, no native subgroup support)");
         } else {
             m_dynamicParameters.SubgroupSize = 0;
             m_dynamicParameters.SubgroupSupportedStages = 0;
@@ -762,8 +1000,34 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         }
         if (m_dynamicParameters.MaxShaderStorageBlockSize != m_vulkanCaps.MaxShaderStorageBlockSize) {
             MGLOG_I("DirectVulkan: clamped GL_MAX_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCK_SIZE from %zu to %zu",
-                    m_vulkanCaps.MaxShaderStorageBlockSize,
-                    m_dynamicParameters.MaxShaderStorageBlockSize);
+                    m_vulkanCaps.MaxShaderStorageBlockSize, m_dynamicParameters.MaxShaderStorageBlockSize);
+        }
+        switch (m_vulkanCaps.VendorId) {
+        case 0x5143u: // VK_VENDOR_ID: Qualcomm
+            m_dynamicParameters.GpuVendor = GpuVendorKind::Qualcomm;
+            break;
+        case 0x13B5u: // ARM
+            m_dynamicParameters.GpuVendor = GpuVendorKind::Arm;
+            break;
+        case 0x10DEu: // NVIDIA
+            m_dynamicParameters.GpuVendor = GpuVendorKind::Nvidia;
+            break;
+        case 0x1002u: // AMD
+            m_dynamicParameters.GpuVendor = GpuVendorKind::Amd;
+            break;
+        case 0x8086u: // Intel
+            m_dynamicParameters.GpuVendor = GpuVendorKind::Intel;
+            break;
+        case 0x1010u: // Imagination
+            m_dynamicParameters.GpuVendor = GpuVendorKind::ImgTec;
+            break;
+        case 0x10005u: // Mesa software (lavapipe)
+        case 0x1AE0u:  // Google (SwiftShader)
+            m_dynamicParameters.GpuVendor = GpuVendorKind::Software;
+            break;
+        default:
+            m_dynamicParameters.GpuVendor = GpuVendorKind::Unknown;
+            break;
         }
     }
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/BackendObject_DirectVulkan.h

@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     // POST screen shows.
 
     // Static identity of the Magma renderer (renderer/backend names, target GL/GLSL
-    // versions, ExtraVendor) with the baseline extension advertisement (no shader
-    // subgroup, no timer queries). A live backend copies this in its constructor and
+    // versions, ExtraVendor) with the baseline extension advertisement (no runtime-gated
+    // capabilities). A live backend copies this in its constructor and
     // reconciles the Extensions in UpdateAdvertisedExtensions once real capabilities
     // exist; callers that need the advertised list for a known capability set must
     // use BuildAdvertisedExtensions instead.
@@ -73,7 +73,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     // a device with the given raw capabilities. The MOBILEGL_DISABLE_SUBGROUP and
     // MOBILEGL_DISABLE_TIMERQUERY escape hatches are applied inside, so callers pass
     // the detected device support (passing an already-gated value is harmless).
-    Vector<GLExtension> BuildAdvertisedExtensions(Bool shaderSubgroupSupported, Bool timerQueriesSupported);
+    Vector<GLExtension> BuildAdvertisedExtensions(Bool shaderSubgroupSupported, Bool timerQueriesSupported,
+                                                  Bool anisotropicFilteringSupported,
+                                                  Bool nonZeroIndirectBaseInstanceSupported);
 
     // Format: <GPU Name>, Vulkan <Vulkan Version>, Driver <Driver Version> — the exact
     // string an initialized backend returns from GetBackendAPIVersionString (and that

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/DirectVulkan.h

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 #include "Renderer/VulkanRenderer.h"
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
-    extern UniquePtr<VulkanRenderer> pVulkanRenderer;
+    extern UniquePtr<VulkanRenderer>& pVulkanRenderer;
 
     // Generation of the live VulkanRenderer instance, mirroring DirectGLES's
     // g_syncContextGeneration. BackendObject_DirectVulkan bumps it wherever
@@ -23,12 +23,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     Uint64 GetRendererGeneration();
     void BumpRendererGeneration();
 
+    // Drops every cached program-resource reflection entry (CPU-side strings/vectors
+    // only, no Vulkan handles). Called at EGL teardown next to the renderer reset;
+    // safe because GL calls are serialized in this codebase, and any still-live
+    // program rebuilds its entry from the retained generated SPIR-V on demand.
+    void ClearProgramResourceCaches();
+
     void ClearBufferfi(GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, GLfloat depth, GLint stencil);
     void ClearBufferfv(GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLfloat* value);
     void ClearBufferuiv(GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLuint* value);
     void ClearBufferiv(GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLint* value);
     void ClearNamedFramebufferfv(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject>& framebuffer, GLenum buffer,
                                  GLint drawbuffer, const GLfloat* value);
+    void ClearNamedFramebufferiv(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject>& framebuffer, GLenum buffer,
+                                 GLint drawbuffer, const GLint* value);
+    void ClearNamedFramebufferuiv(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject>& framebuffer, GLenum buffer,
+                                  GLint drawbuffer, const GLuint* value);
     void ClearNamedFramebufferfi(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject>& framebuffer, GLenum buffer,
                                  GLint drawbuffer, GLfloat depth, GLint stencil);
     void Clear(GLbitfield mask);
@@ -72,9 +82,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                         GLsizei height, GLint border);
     void CopyTexSubImage2D(GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width,
                            GLsizei height);
-    void CopyImageSubData(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& srcTexture,
+    void CopyImageSubData(const CopyImageEndpoint& src,
                           GLenum srcTarget, GLint srcLevel, GLint srcX, GLint srcY, GLint srcZ,
-                          const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& dstTexture,
+                          const CopyImageEndpoint& dst,
                           GLenum dstTarget, GLint dstLevel, GLint dstX, GLint dstY, GLint dstZ,
                           GLsizei srcWidth, GLsizei srcHeight, GLsizei srcDepth);
     void GenerateMipmap(GLenum target);
@@ -87,15 +97,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     void GetIntegeri_v(GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint* data);
     void GetInteger64i_v(GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint64* data);
     void GetProgramiv(GLuint program, GLenum pname, GLint* params);
-    void GetProgramInterfaceiv(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, GLenum pname, GLint* params);
-    GLuint GetProgramResourceIndex(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, const GLchar* name);
-    void GetProgramResourceName(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, GLuint index, GLsizei bufSize,
-                                GLsizei* length, GLchar* name);
-    void GetProgramResourceiv(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, GLuint index, GLsizei propCount,
-                              const GLenum* props, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei* length, GLint* params);
-    GLint GetProgramResourceLocation(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, const GLchar* name);
-    GLint GetProgramResourceLocationIndex(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, const GLchar* name);
-    void ShaderStorageBlockBinding(GLuint program, GLuint storageBlockIndex, GLuint storageBlockBinding);
+    void ShaderStorageBlockBinding(GLuint program, const GLchar* storageBlockName, GLuint storageBlockBinding);
     void ReadPixels(GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, void* pixels);
     void GetTexImage(GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid* pixels);
     void GetTextureImage(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& texture, TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget,
@@ -117,6 +119,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     // only while a live renderer exists whose device can actually time.
     Bool IsTimerQuerySupported();
     BackendQueryHandle BeginTimeElapsedQuery();
+    BackendQueryHandle BeginXfbPrimitivesQuery(Bool generated);
+    void EndXfbPrimitivesQuery(BackendQueryHandle query);
+    BackendQueryHandle BeginOcclusionQuery();
+    void EndOcclusionQuery(BackendQueryHandle query);
     void EndTimeElapsedQuery(BackendQueryHandle query);
     BackendQueryHandle QueryCounterTimestamp();
     Bool IsQueryResultAvailable(BackendQueryHandle query);

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/BufferArena.cpp

@@ -111,6 +111,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         }
 
         if (buffer.IsValid()) {
+            // Outgrown, not dead: every BufferSlice handed out from this frame's arena so far
+            // still names it, and those slices stay in service until the frame slot is rewound
+            // (VkBufferResource::transientSlice, the converted-vertex-stream cache, the draw
+            // memos). The release therefore has to survive every mid-frame reclaim and land on
+            // the next ResetFrame of this slot - see VkBufferManager::CollectAllDeferredReleases.
             m_deferredReleases[frameIndex].push_back(std::move(buffer));
         }
 

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/FrameContext.cpp

@@ -16,18 +16,19 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         m_device = device;
         m_commandPool = commandPool;
 
-        Vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers(frameCount, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
+        Vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers(frameCount * 2, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
         VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
         allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
         allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
         allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
-        allocInfo.commandBufferCount = frameCount;
+        allocInfo.commandBufferCount = frameCount * 2;
         VkResult result = vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data());
         if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
             return result;
         }
         for (Uint32 i = 0; i < frameCount; ++i) {
             m_frames[i].commandBuffer = commandBuffers[i];
+            m_frames[i].preCommandBuffer = commandBuffers[frameCount + i];
         }
 
         VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO};
@@ -47,9 +48,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
     void FrameContext::Destroy(VkDevice device, VkCommandPool commandPool) {
         const Uint32 frameCount = static_cast<Uint32>(m_frames.size());
-        Vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers(frameCount, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
+        Vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers(frameCount * 2, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
         for (Uint32 i = 0; i < frameCount; ++i) {
             commandBuffers[i] = m_frames[i].commandBuffer;
+            commandBuffers[frameCount + i] = m_frames[i].preCommandBuffer;
         }
 
         for (Uint32 i = 0; i < frameCount; ++i) {
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             for (auto& frame : m_frames) {
                 FreeRetiredCommandBuffers(frame);
             }
-            vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, frameCount, commandBuffers.data());
+            vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, frameCount * 2, commandBuffers.data());
         }
         m_frames.clear();
         currentFrameIndex = 0;
@@ -87,6 +89,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         currentFrameIndex = (currentFrameIndex + 1) % static_cast<Uint32>(m_frames.size());
         GetCurrent().isCommandRecording = false;
         GetCurrent().hasCommandBufferRecorded = false;
+        GetCurrent().isPreCommandRecording = false;
+        GetCurrent().hasPreCommandBufferRecorded = false;
     }
 
     VkCommandBuffer& FrameContext::BeginCommandRecording(VkCommandBufferUsageFlags flags,
@@ -118,6 +122,41 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         frame.hasCommandBufferRecorded = true;
     }
 
+    VkCommandBuffer FrameContext::BeginPreCommandRecording() {
+        auto& frame = GetCurrent();
+        if (frame.isPreCommandRecording) {
+            return frame.preCommandBuffer;
+        }
+        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(!frame.hasPreCommandBufferRecorded,
+                        "BeginPreCommandRecording: a recorded pre stream is still awaiting submission");
+        VK_VERIFY(vkResetCommandBuffer(frame.preCommandBuffer, 0), "BeginPreCommandRecording, vkResetCommandBuffer");
+        VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
+        beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
+        VK_VERIFY(vkBeginCommandBuffer(frame.preCommandBuffer, &beginInfo),
+                  "BeginPreCommandRecording, vkBeginCommandBuffer");
+        frame.isPreCommandRecording = true;
+        return frame.preCommandBuffer;
+    }
+
+    void FrameContext::EndPreCommandRecordingIfOpen() {
+        auto& frame = GetCurrent();
+        if (!frame.isPreCommandRecording) {
+            return;
+        }
+        VK_VERIFY(vkEndCommandBuffer(frame.preCommandBuffer), "EndPreCommandRecordingIfOpen, vkEndCommandBuffer");
+        frame.isPreCommandRecording = false;
+        frame.hasPreCommandBufferRecorded = true;
+    }
+
+    void FrameContext::AbandonPreCommandRecording() {
+        auto& frame = GetCurrent();
+        if (frame.isPreCommandRecording) {
+            VK_VERIFY(vkEndCommandBuffer(frame.preCommandBuffer), "AbandonPreCommandRecording, vkEndCommandBuffer");
+        }
+        frame.isPreCommandRecording = false;
+        frame.hasPreCommandBufferRecorded = false;
+    }
+
     VkResult FrameContext::InitializeSwapchainSemaphores(VkDevice device, Uint32 swapchainImageCount) {
         DestroySwapchainSemaphores(device);
         if (swapchainImageCount == 0) {
@@ -150,12 +189,30 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
     Bool FrameContext::TransitionToPresent(VkImage image, VkImageLayout oldLayout, VkImageLayout presentLayout) {
         auto& frame = GetCurrent();
-        if (frame.hasCommandBufferRecorded || frame.isCommandRecording || oldLayout == presentLayout ||
-            oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHARED_PRESENT_KHR) {
+        if (oldLayout == presentLayout || oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHARED_PRESENT_KHR) {
             return false;
         }
 
-        auto& commandBuffer = BeginCommandRecording();
+        // The barrier belongs in the frame's own recording. Bailing out because
+        // something was already recorded (the previous behaviour) dropped the
+        // transition entirely for every frame that never ran a default-framebuffer
+        // render pass - the only other thing that carries the image to
+        // PRESENT_SRC_KHR, via that pass's finalLayout - so the swapchain image was
+        // handed to the WSI still in the layout it was acquired in.
+        // A closed-but-unsubmitted buffer can only come from a submit that already
+        // failed (SubmitPendingCommandBuffer leaves the flag set on error), and
+        // appending to it is illegal while reopening would reset the frame's own
+        // commands away. The device is gone on that path anyway - stay silent-safe
+        // rather than trade a lost device for a barrier into a closed buffer.
+        if (frame.hasCommandBufferRecorded) {
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("TransitionToPresent: command buffer already closed; skipping the present barrier");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Reopening a recording here would vkResetCommandBuffer this frame's own
+        // commands away, so append to the open one and let the caller close it.
+        const Bool openedRecording = !frame.isCommandRecording;
+        VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = openedRecording ? BeginCommandRecording() : frame.commandBuffer;
 
         VkImageMemoryBarrier presentBarrier{};
         presentBarrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
@@ -174,7 +231,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT, 0, 0,
                              nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &presentBarrier);
 
-        EndCommandRecording();
+        if (openedRecording) {
+            EndCommandRecording();
+        }
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -182,17 +241,27 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                                                                Uint32 swapchainImageIndex) const {
         const auto& frame = GetCurrent();
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(!frame.isCommandRecording, "GetSubmitInfo called while command buffer recording is still active");
+        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(!frame.isPreCommandRecording,
+                        "GetSubmitInfo called while the pre-pass stream is still recording");
         AssertValidSwapchainImageIndex(swapchainImageIndex);
         SubmitInfoPacket packet{};
         packet.waitSemaphore = frame.imageAvailableSemaphore;
         packet.signalSemaphore = m_swapchainImageRenderFinishedSemaphores[swapchainImageIndex];
-        packet.commandBuffer = frame.commandBuffer;
+
+        Uint32 commandBufferCount = 0;
+        // The pre-pass stream executes strictly before the frame's commands.
+        if (frame.hasPreCommandBufferRecorded) {
+            packet.commandBuffers[commandBufferCount++] = frame.preCommandBuffer;
+        }
+        if (shouldSubmitCommandBuffer) {
+            packet.commandBuffers[commandBufferCount++] = frame.commandBuffer;
+        }
 
         packet.submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = frame.imageAvailableSemaphoreConsumed ? 0U : 1U;
         packet.submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = frame.imageAvailableSemaphoreConsumed ? nullptr : &packet.waitSemaphore;
         packet.submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = frame.imageAvailableSemaphoreConsumed ? nullptr : &packet.waitDstStageMask;
-        packet.submitInfo.commandBufferCount = shouldSubmitCommandBuffer ? 1U : 0U;
-        packet.submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = shouldSubmitCommandBuffer ? &packet.commandBuffer : nullptr;
+        packet.submitInfo.commandBufferCount = commandBufferCount;
+        packet.submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = commandBufferCount > 0 ? packet.commandBuffers : nullptr;
         packet.submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
         packet.submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = &packet.signalSemaphore;
         return packet;
@@ -227,12 +296,21 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
         result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapchain, timeout, frame.imageAvailableSemaphore, acquireFence,
                                        &outImageIndex);
-        if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        // VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR is a success code: an image *was* acquired and
+        // imageAvailableSemaphore *will* be signaled. Bailing out on it skipped both
+        // the consumed-flag reset (leaving a stale "already consumed", so the next
+        // submit never waited on the pending signal) and the fence reset (leaving
+        // the slot's fence signaled for the next submit to reuse). Only a genuine
+        // failure - VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR and friends, where nothing is acquired
+        // and nothing is signaled - skips the bookkeeping.
+        if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
             return result;
         }
 
         frame.imageAvailableSemaphoreConsumed = false;
-        return vkResetFences(device, 1, &frame.imageInFlightFence);
+        const VkResult resetResult = vkResetFences(device, 1, &frame.imageInFlightFence);
+        // Hand the acquire's own code back so the caller can schedule a rebuild.
+        return resetResult == VK_SUCCESS ? result : resetResult;
     }
 
     Uint32 FrameContext::GetCurrentFrameIndex() const {
@@ -247,12 +325,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         m_recordingObserver = observer;
     }
 
-    VkResult FrameContext::RetireCurrentCommandBuffer() {
+    VkResult FrameContext::RetireCurrentCommandBuffer(Bool retirePreCommandBuffer) {
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(m_device != VK_NULL_HANDLE && m_commandPool != VK_NULL_HANDLE,
                         "RetireCurrentCommandBuffer requires an initialized FrameContext");
         auto& frame = GetCurrent();
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(!frame.isCommandRecording,
                         "RetireCurrentCommandBuffer called while the command buffer is still recording");
+        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(!frame.isPreCommandRecording,
+                        "RetireCurrentCommandBuffer called while the pre-pass stream is still recording");
 
         VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
         allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
@@ -260,11 +340,23 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
         allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
         VkCommandBuffer replacement = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-        const VkResult result = vkAllocateCommandBuffers(m_device, &allocInfo, &replacement);
+        VkResult result = vkAllocateCommandBuffers(m_device, &allocInfo, &replacement);
         if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
             return result;
         }
-        frame.retiredCommandBuffers.push_back(frame.commandBuffer);
+        if (retirePreCommandBuffer) {
+            VkCommandBuffer preReplacement = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            result = vkAllocateCommandBuffers(m_device, &allocInfo, &preReplacement);
+            if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+                vkFreeCommandBuffers(m_device, m_commandPool, 1, &replacement);
+                return result;
+            }
+            frame.retiredCommandBuffers.push_back({frame.preCommandBuffer, frame.lastSubmitIndex});
+            frame.preCommandBuffer = preReplacement;
+        }
+        // lastSubmitIndex was just written by the renderer for the submission
+        // that carried this command buffer.
+        frame.retiredCommandBuffers.push_back({frame.commandBuffer, frame.lastSubmitIndex});
         frame.commandBuffer = replacement;
         return VK_SUCCESS;
     }
@@ -274,12 +366,40 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             return;
         }
         if (m_device != VK_NULL_HANDLE && m_commandPool != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-            vkFreeCommandBuffers(m_device, m_commandPool, static_cast<Uint32>(frame.retiredCommandBuffers.size()),
-                                 frame.retiredCommandBuffers.data());
+            for (const auto& retired : frame.retiredCommandBuffers) {
+                vkFreeCommandBuffers(m_device, m_commandPool, 1, &retired.commandBuffer);
+            }
         }
         frame.retiredCommandBuffers.clear();
     }
 
+    void FrameContext::FreeRetiredCommandBuffersCompletedUpTo(Uint64 completedSubmitIndex) {
+        if (m_device == VK_NULL_HANDLE || m_commandPool == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+            return;
+        }
+        for (auto& frame : m_frames) {
+            // Retired buffers are appended in submit order, so the completed
+            // ones form a prefix.
+            SizeT completedCount = 0;
+            while (completedCount < frame.retiredCommandBuffers.size() &&
+                   frame.retiredCommandBuffers[completedCount].submitIndex <= completedSubmitIndex) {
+                vkFreeCommandBuffers(m_device, m_commandPool, 1,
+                                     &frame.retiredCommandBuffers[completedCount].commandBuffer);
+                ++completedCount;
+            }
+            if (completedCount > 0) {
+                frame.retiredCommandBuffers.erase(frame.retiredCommandBuffers.begin(),
+                                                  frame.retiredCommandBuffers.begin() + completedCount);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void FrameContext::FreeAllRetiredCommandBuffers() {
+        for (auto& frame : m_frames) {
+            FreeRetiredCommandBuffers(frame);
+        }
+    }
+
     void FrameContext::AssertValidFrameIndex(Uint32 frameIndex) const {
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(frameIndex < m_frames.size(), "FrameContext index out of range");
     }

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/FrameContext.h

@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             VkPipelineStageFlags waitDstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
             VkSemaphore waitSemaphore = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
             VkSemaphore signalSemaphore = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-            VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            // [0] = pre-pass command buffer (when recorded), then the frame
+            // command buffer; submitInfo.pCommandBuffers points here.
+            VkCommandBuffer commandBuffers[2] = {VK_NULL_HANDLE, VK_NULL_HANDLE};
             VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO};
         };
 
@@ -40,17 +42,35 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR};
         };
 
+        // A command buffer submitted mid-frame (FlushPendingCommands), tagged
+        // with the submit-tracker index it was submitted under so it can be
+        // freed as soon as that submission is observed complete - without
+        // waiting for the slot's fence to be waited again (present-less flush
+        // loops never wait it).
+        struct RetiredCommandBuffer {
+            VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            Uint64 submitIndex = 0;
+        };
+
         struct FrameData {
             VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            // Pre-pass work stream: out-of-pass commands (deferred clear
+            // materialization, sampled-layout transitions) for resources the
+            // frame's recording has not touched yet. Submitted immediately
+            // BEFORE commandBuffer in the same vkQueueSubmit, so recording
+            // into it never has to split the frame's active render pass.
+            VkCommandBuffer preCommandBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
             VkSemaphore imageAvailableSemaphore = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
             VkFence imageInFlightFence = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
             Bool isCommandRecording = false;
             Bool hasCommandBufferRecorded = false;
+            Bool isPreCommandRecording = false;
+            Bool hasPreCommandBufferRecorded = false;
             Bool imageAvailableSemaphoreConsumed = false;
-            // Command buffers submitted mid-frame (FlushPendingCommands) whose
-            // execution is only known complete once this slot's fence has been
-            // waited again; freed at that point.
-            Vector<VkCommandBuffer> retiredCommandBuffers;
+            // Command buffers submitted mid-frame (FlushPendingCommands),
+            // appended in submit order; freed once their submission is known
+            // complete (fence wait or completion poll).
+            Vector<RetiredCommandBuffer> retiredCommandBuffers;
             // Submit-tracker index of this slot's most recent queue submission
             // (written by the renderer at submit time).
             Uint64 lastSubmitIndex = 0;
@@ -67,6 +87,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         VkCommandBuffer& BeginCommandRecording(VkCommandBufferUsageFlags flags = 0,
                                                const VkCommandBufferInheritanceInfo* pInheritanceInfo = nullptr);
         void EndCommandRecording();
+        // Lazily opens the pre-pass work stream (see FrameData::preCommandBuffer).
+        VkCommandBuffer BeginPreCommandRecording();
+        // Closes the pre stream if open, marking it for submission ahead of the
+        // frame command buffer. Safe to call when it never opened.
+        void EndPreCommandRecordingIfOpen();
+        // Drops an in-progress or recorded-but-unsubmitted pre stream (dropped
+        // frame recordings, swapchain recreation).
+        void AbandonPreCommandRecording();
         VkResult InitializeSwapchainSemaphores(VkDevice device, Uint32 swapchainImageCount);
         void DestroySwapchainSemaphores(VkDevice device);
         Bool TransitionToPresent(VkImage image, VkImageLayout oldLayout,
@@ -79,8 +107,18 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         // Parks the current (already ended and submitted) command buffer on the
         // slot's retired list and installs a freshly allocated one, so recording
         // can restart while the submitted buffer is still executing. Retired
-        // buffers are freed after the slot's fence is next waited.
-        VkResult RetireCurrentCommandBuffer();
+        // buffers are freed after the slot's fence is next waited, or as soon
+        // as their submission is observed complete.
+        VkResult RetireCurrentCommandBuffer(Bool retirePreCommandBuffer = false);
+
+        // Frees every retired command buffer whose tagged submission index is
+        // known complete. Driven by the renderer's submit tracker on completion
+        // events (fence waits and non-blocking polls), so present-less flush
+        // loops reclaim their buffers without any extra wait.
+        void FreeRetiredCommandBuffersCompletedUpTo(Uint64 completedSubmitIndex);
+        // Frees every slot's retired command buffers. Only valid when the
+        // caller has proven every queue submission complete.
+        void FreeAllRetiredCommandBuffers();
 
         Uint32 GetCurrentFrameIndex() const;
         Uint32 GetFrameCount() const;

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/PipelineFactory.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 
 #include "PipelineFactory.h"
 
+#include <algorithm>
+
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     static const char* PrimitiveTopologyToString(VkPrimitiveTopology topology) {
         switch (topology) {
@@ -108,6 +110,81 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                   "vkCreatePipelineCache");
     }
 
+    // Must be called once, before any pipeline is created: the flag is not part of the
+    // pipeline hash, so flipping it mid-life would serve cached pipelines built under the
+    // old value.
+    void PipelineFactory::SetSuppressBlendedDepthWrite(Bool enabled) {
+        s_suppressBlendedDepthWrite = enabled;
+    }
+
+    Bool PipelineFactory::ShouldSuppressBlendedDepthWriteForDevice(MG_Config::QuirkOverride quirkOverride,
+                                                                   Uint32 vendorId) {
+        static constexpr Uint32 kVendorIdQualcomm = 0x5143;
+        switch (quirkOverride) {
+        case MG_Config::QuirkOverride::ForceOn:
+            return true;
+        case MG_Config::QuirkOverride::ForceOff:
+            return false;
+        case MG_Config::QuirkOverride::Auto:
+        default:
+            return vendorId == kVendorIdQualcomm;
+        }
+    }
+
+    namespace {
+        // MIN/MAX extremum blending: the signature of a depth-bounds accumulation pass
+        // (MC 26.3 OIT writes vec4(-linD, linD, deviceZ, 0) under GL_MAX while writing
+        // depth for its equality chain). MIN/MAX ignore blend factors per the Vulkan spec.
+        //
+        // Deliberately the ONLY shape stripped. A quirk should touch as little unrelated
+        // content as possible, and a trace sweep of every fixture showed the wider
+        // alternatives all cost more than they fix:
+        //   - additive ONE+ONE with a depth write matched zero draws of the 26.3 chain
+        //     (its transmittance/accumulate passes disable depth writes themselves) - the
+        //     only real content it caught was harmless additive glow effects (Create);
+        //   - sorted-transparency "over" blends (SRC_ALPHA-style) are order-dependent,
+        //     drawn once per surface, and rely on their depth writes for occlusion;
+        //   - separate-alpha accumulation over an over-blending color channel has no
+        //     known pairing with a depth-equality chain (color channel only, see tests).
+        // If a future workload pairs another blend shape with an equality chain, widen
+        // this with that evidence in hand rather than pre-emptively.
+        Bool IsAccumulationBlend(const VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState& attachment) {
+            return attachment.colorBlendOp == VK_BLEND_OP_MIN ||
+                   attachment.colorBlendOp == VK_BLEND_OP_MAX;
+        }
+    } // namespace
+
+    Bool PipelineFactory::ShouldSuppressDepthWrite(const PipelineCreatePayload& payload) {
+        if (!payload.depthWriteEnable) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // A shader that assigns gl_FragDepth supplies depth itself rather than taking the
+        // pipeline's interpolated Z, so a driver that varies the vertex position math
+        // between pipelines cannot desynchronize it. (A gl_FragDepth = gl_FragCoord.z
+        // passthrough is the exception that stays exposed; no known content pairs one with
+        // an equality chain, and 26.3's composite is a genuine computed-depth writer.)
+        if (payload.fragmentReplacesDepth) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for (Uint32 i = 0; i < payload.colorAttachmentCount; ++i) {
+            const VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState& attachment = payload.colorBlendAttachments[i];
+            if (attachment.blendEnable != VK_TRUE) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // All color writes masked: blending is moot (depth-prepass pattern that left
+            // GL_BLEND enabled); stripping the depth write would delete the whole prepass.
+            if (attachment.colorWriteMask == 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Any attachment qualifies, not just attachment 0: the 26.3 transmittance pass
+            // accumulates into a 2-target MRT and must stay stripped.
+            if (IsAccumulationBlend(attachment)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
     PipelineFactory::~PipelineFactory() {
         DestroyAll();
         if (m_pipelineCache != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
@@ -128,9 +205,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &payload.topology, sizeof(payload.topology)));
         XXHASH_VERIFY(
             XXH64_update(m_hashState, &payload.primitiveRestartEnable, sizeof(payload.primitiveRestartEnable)));
+        XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &payload.patchControlPoints, sizeof(payload.patchControlPoints)));
+        XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &payload.viewportCount, sizeof(payload.viewportCount)));
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &payload.polygonMode, sizeof(payload.polygonMode)));
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &payload.cullMode, sizeof(payload.cullMode)));
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &payload.frontFace, sizeof(payload.frontFace)));
+        XXHASH_VERIFY(
+            XXH64_update(m_hashState, &payload.provokingVertexMode, sizeof(payload.provokingVertexMode)));
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &payload.depthTestEnable, sizeof(payload.depthTestEnable)));
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &payload.depthWriteEnable, sizeof(payload.depthWriteEnable)));
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &payload.depthBiasEnable, sizeof(payload.depthBiasEnable)));
@@ -152,6 +233,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             XXH64_update(m_hashState, &payload.backStencilDepthFailOp, sizeof(payload.backStencilDepthFailOp)));
         XXHASH_VERIFY(
             XXH64_update(m_hashState, &payload.backStencilCompareOp, sizeof(payload.backStencilCompareOp)));
+        XXHASH_VERIFY(
+            XXH64_update(m_hashState, &payload.fragmentReplacesDepth, sizeof(payload.fragmentReplacesDepth)));
         if (payload.colorAttachmentCount > 0) {
             XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(
                 m_hashState,
@@ -165,23 +248,125 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         const HashType hash = ComputeHash(payload);
         auto it = m_cache.find(hash);
         if (it != m_cache.end()) {
-            return it->second;
+            it->second.lastUsedFrame = m_frameCounter;
+            return it->second.pipeline;
         }
 
         VkPipeline pipeline = CreatePipeline(payload);
-        m_cache.emplace(hash, pipeline);
+        // A failed creation must never be memoized. Caching VK_NULL_HANDLE served the null back for
+        // the rest of the process, so one transient driver rejection turned every later draw with
+        // the same state into a vkCmdBindPipeline(VK_NULL_HANDLE) - the SIGSEGV behind 9 of the 15
+        // CTS process deaths. Retrying costs one failed vkCreateGraphicsPipelines per draw, which
+        // is the correct price for a broken pipeline and is bounded by the draw itself being
+        // skipped.
+        if (pipeline == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+            // Unlatched, like the CreatePipeline report it accompanies: a pipeline MobileGL
+            // assembled and the driver refused is a broken invariant, not an expected failure,
+            // so it stays loud for as long as it is reachable. Raised from MGLOG_I once the
+            // Log.h ordering fix made MGLOG_E live in INFO builds.
+            MGLOG_E("PipelineFactory::GetOrCreatePipeline: creation failed for hash=0x%llx "
+                    "programHash=0x%llx; not caching the failure",
+                    static_cast<unsigned long long>(hash),
+                    static_cast<unsigned long long>(payload.programHash));
+            return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        }
+        m_cache.emplace(hash, PipelineCacheEntry{pipeline, payload.programHash, payload.renderPass,
+                                                 m_frameCounter});
         return pipeline;
     }
 
     void PipelineFactory::DestroyAll() {
         for (auto& pair : m_cache) {
-            if (pair.second != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-                vkDestroyPipeline(m_device, pair.second, nullptr);
+            if (pair.second.pipeline != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+                vkDestroyPipeline(m_device, pair.second.pipeline, nullptr);
             }
         }
         m_cache.clear();
     }
 
+    Uint32 PipelineFactory::OnFrameBoundary() {
+        ++m_frameCounter;
+
+        // Sweep cadence and retire age mirror VkRenderPassManager::OnPresent: an entry
+        // idle for more than kRetireAgeFrames frame boundaries cannot be referenced by
+        // any in-flight command buffer (frames-in-flight <= MOBILEGL_MAGMA_FRAMESINFLIGHT),
+        // so immediate vkDestroyPipeline is safe. The caller must drop its "last
+        // pipeline" memo when this returns non-zero: the memo can return a cached
+        // handle without touching this cache, so an evicted pipeline may still be
+        // memoized (present-less flush loops never reset the memo per frame).
+        constexpr Uint64 kSweepInterval = 256;
+        constexpr Uint64 kRetireAgeFrames = 1024;
+        if ((m_frameCounter % kSweepInterval) != 0) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        Uint32 evicted = 0;
+        for (auto it = m_cache.begin(); it != m_cache.end();) {
+            if (m_frameCounter - it->second.lastUsedFrame > kRetireAgeFrames) {
+                if (it->second.pipeline != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+                    vkDestroyPipeline(m_device, it->second.pipeline, nullptr);
+                }
+                it = m_cache.erase(it);
+                ++evicted;
+            } else {
+                ++it;
+            }
+        }
+        if (evicted > 0) {
+            MGLOG_D("PipelineFactory::OnFrameBoundary: evicted %u idle pipelines (%zu remain)", evicted,
+                    m_cache.size());
+        }
+        return evicted;
+    }
+
+    Uint32 PipelineFactory::EvictByRenderPasses(const Vector<VkRenderPass>& renderPasses) {
+        if (renderPasses.empty() || m_cache.empty()) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        // Sorted-batch membership test keeps a mass eviction (shader-pack switch,
+        // dimension exit) at one O(cache * log batch) scan instead of one full scan
+        // per dying pass.
+        Vector<VkRenderPass> sortedPasses = renderPasses;
+        std::sort(sortedPasses.begin(), sortedPasses.end());
+        Uint32 evicted = 0;
+        for (auto it = m_cache.begin(); it != m_cache.end();) {
+            if (std::binary_search(sortedPasses.begin(), sortedPasses.end(), it->second.renderPass)) {
+                if (it->second.pipeline != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+                    vkDestroyPipeline(m_device, it->second.pipeline, nullptr);
+                }
+                it = m_cache.erase(it);
+                ++evicted;
+            } else {
+                ++it;
+            }
+        }
+        if (evicted > 0) {
+            MGLOG_D("PipelineFactory::EvictByRenderPasses: evicted %u pipelines for %zu destroyed render passes",
+                    evicted, sortedPasses.size());
+        }
+        return evicted;
+    }
+
+    Uint32 PipelineFactory::EvictByProgramHash(HashType programHash) {
+        Uint32 evicted = 0;
+        for (auto it = m_cache.begin(); it != m_cache.end();) {
+            if (it->second.programHash == programHash) {
+                if (it->second.pipeline != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+                    vkDestroyPipeline(m_device, it->second.pipeline, nullptr);
+                }
+                it = m_cache.erase(it);
+                ++evicted;
+            } else {
+                ++it;
+            }
+        }
+        if (evicted > 0) {
+            MGLOG_D("PipelineFactory::EvictByProgramHash: evicted %u pipelines for program hash 0x%llx",
+                    evicted, static_cast<unsigned long long>(programHash));
+        }
+        return evicted;
+    }
+
     VkPipeline PipelineFactory::CreatePipeline(const PipelineCreatePayload& payload) const {
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(payload.stages != nullptr && !payload.stages->empty(), "PipelineFactory: stages are empty");
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(payload.vertexInputState != nullptr, "PipelineFactory: vertexInputState is null");
@@ -216,9 +401,18 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         ia.topology = payload.topology;
         ia.primitiveRestartEnable = payload.primitiveRestartEnable ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE;
 
+        // Only a patch topology has a tessellation stage to configure; leaving the pointer null
+        // otherwise is what the spec expects.
+        VkPipelineTessellationStateCreateInfo tessellation{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_TESSELLATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO};
+        tessellation.patchControlPoints = payload.patchControlPoints;
+
         VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo vpci{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO};
-        vpci.viewportCount = 1;
-        vpci.scissorCount = 1;
+        // Both counts move together: GL has one scissor rectangle per viewport, and Vulkan
+        // requires viewportCount == scissorCount whenever both are dynamic
+        // (VUID-VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo-scissorCount-04136). The caller has already
+        // clamped this to the device's multiViewport capability.
+        vpci.viewportCount = std::max<Uint32>(payload.viewportCount, 1u);
+        vpci.scissorCount = vpci.viewportCount;
 
         VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo raster{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO};
         raster.polygonMode = payload.polygonMode;
@@ -227,6 +421,17 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         raster.depthBiasEnable = payload.depthBiasEnable ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE;
         raster.rasterizerDiscardEnable = payload.rasterizerDiscardEnable ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE;
         raster.lineWidth = 1.0f;
+        // Only chain the struct when the mode is not Vulkan's implicit default: a device without
+        // VK_EXT_provoking_vertex enabled must never see this pNext entry, and the renderer's
+        // selector already collapses to FIRST in exactly that case - so a device without the
+        // extension produces a byte-identical VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo to before.
+        VkPipelineRasterizationProvokingVertexStateCreateInfoEXT provokingVertexState{
+            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_PROVOKING_VERTEX_STATE_CREATE_INFO_EXT};
+        if (payload.provokingVertexMode != VK_PROVOKING_VERTEX_MODE_FIRST_VERTEX_EXT) {
+            provokingVertexState.provokingVertexMode = payload.provokingVertexMode;
+            provokingVertexState.pNext = raster.pNext;
+            raster.pNext = &provokingVertexState;
+        }
 
         VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo ms{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO};
         ms.rasterizationSamples = payload.rasterizationSamples;
@@ -258,17 +463,77 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         for (Uint32 i = 0; i < payload.colorAttachmentCount; ++i) {
             colorAttachments[i] = payload.colorBlendAttachments[i];
         }
+        // Suppress depth writes on accumulation-blended pipelines when the active driver
+        // cannot keep vertex positions invariant across the pipelines of a multi-pass
+        // depth-equality chain (see SetSuppressBlendedDepthWrite). The decision is narrowed
+        // in ShouldSuppressDepthWrite: sorted-transparency "over" blends (vanilla MC water),
+        // gl_FragDepth writers, and masked-out attachments keep their depth writes.
+        // This bakes the decision into the pipeline, which only works because depth write is
+        // static state here - adding VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_DEPTH_WRITE_ENABLE to kDynamicStates
+        // would let the record-time value override it and silently disable the quirk.
+        if (s_suppressBlendedDepthWrite && ShouldSuppressDepthWrite(payload)) {
+            depthStencil.depthWriteEnable = VK_FALSE;
+        }
         VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo blend{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO};
         blend.logicOpEnable = payload.logicOpEnable ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE;
         blend.logicOp = payload.logicOp;
         blend.attachmentCount = payload.colorAttachmentCount;
         blend.pAttachments = colorAttachments.empty() ? nullptr : colorAttachments.data();
 
+        // A GL program may have a tessellation EVALUATION stage and no CONTROL stage: GL 4.6 core
+        // 11.2.2 gives it a fixed-function pass-through instead. Vulkan has no such stage, and
+        // VUID-VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo-pStages-00730 requires both tessellation stages or
+        // neither - so the renderer synthesizes the pass-through GL describes and hands it in
+        // here (see ProgramFactory::GetOrCreatePassthroughTessControlStage).
+        //
+        // The refusal below is what keeps the half-tessellated shape away from the driver when
+        // there is no synthesized stage to add - because Mali does not reject it, it dereferences
+        // null INSIDE vkCreateGraphicsPipelines and takes the process down (SIGSEGV, fault addr
+        // 0x34, on Mali-G715/r54p2 and Mali-G925/r49p1 alike; Adreno and lavapipe merely render
+        // wrong). Returning VK_NULL_HANDLE routes this through the same path a driver rejection
+        // takes: the draw is skipped, nothing is memoised, and the process survives.
+        const Vector<VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo>* effectiveStages = payload.stages;
+        Vector<VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo> stagesWithPassthrough;
+        if (payload.passthroughTessControlStage.module != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+            stagesWithPassthrough = *payload.stages;
+            stagesWithPassthrough.push_back(payload.passthroughTessControlStage);
+            effectiveStages = &stagesWithPassthrough;
+        }
+        {
+            VkShaderStageFlags stagesPresent = 0;
+            for (const auto& stageInfo : *effectiveStages) {
+                stagesPresent |= stageInfo.stage;
+            }
+            const Bool hasTessControl = (stagesPresent & VK_SHADER_STAGE_TESSELLATION_CONTROL_BIT) != 0;
+            const Bool hasTessEval = (stagesPresent & VK_SHADER_STAGE_TESSELLATION_EVALUATION_BIT) != 0;
+            if (hasTessControl != hasTessEval) {
+                // Latched, and the latch is the point: a failed creation is deliberately never
+                // memoised (see GetOrCreatePipeline), so a program in this state re-enters here
+                // once per draw, every frame - and a refusal diagnostic that repeats per draw is
+                // noise, not a diagnostic. One line names the program; the draws it explains are
+                // all the same draw.
+                static Bool s_warnedHalfTessellatedPipeline = false;
+                if (!s_warnedHalfTessellatedPipeline) {
+                    s_warnedHalfTessellatedPipeline = true;
+                    MGLOG_E_ONCE("PipelineFactory::CreatePipeline: refusing a pipeline with %s tessellation stage and "
+                            "no %s stage (VUID-VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo-pStages-00730). programHash=0x%llx "
+                            "patchControlPoints=%u. Its draws are skipped; logged once.",
+                            hasTessEval ? "an evaluation" : "a control",
+                            hasTessEval ? "control" : "evaluation",
+                            static_cast<unsigned long long>(payload.programHash),
+                            payload.patchControlPoints);
+                }
+                return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            }
+        }
+
         VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo gpi{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO};
-        gpi.stageCount = static_cast<Uint32>(payload.stages->size());
-        gpi.pStages = payload.stages->data();
+        gpi.stageCount = static_cast<Uint32>(effectiveStages->size());
+        gpi.pStages = effectiveStages->data();
         gpi.pVertexInputState = payload.vertexInputState;
         gpi.pInputAssemblyState = &ia;
+        gpi.pTessellationState =
+            payload.topology == VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_PATCH_LIST ? &tessellation : nullptr;
         gpi.pViewportState = &vpci;
         gpi.pRasterizationState = &raster;
         gpi.pMultisampleState = &ms;
@@ -281,6 +546,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
         VkPipeline pipeline = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         const VkResult result = vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(m_device, m_pipelineCache, 1, &gpi, nullptr, &pipeline);
+        // Loud, at MGLOG_F, and deliberately NOT latched. vkCreateGraphicsPipelines refusing a
+        // pipeline MobileGL assembled is a should-never-happen state, and the driver's own
+        // answer is VK_ERROR_UNKNOWN - no information at all - so this dump is the entire
+        // diagnosis. It is not an expected failure mode, so the one-shot rule that quiets W/E
+        // does not apply: while this is reachable it should keep saying so on every draw.
+        // GetOrCreatePipeline deliberately does not cache the failure, which is what makes that
+        // repetition happen; if the repetition ever needs to stop, fix the pipeline, not the log.
         if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
             MGLOG_F("PipelineFactory::CreatePipeline failed: result=%s (%d) programHash=0x%llx vertexInputHash=0x%llx stageCount=%u topology=%s(%d) colorAttachmentCount=%u samples=%s(%d) subpass=%u",
                     VkResultToString(result),
@@ -311,6 +583,36 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             MGLOG_F("PipelineFactory::CreatePipeline vertex input: bindingCount=%u attributeCount=%u",
                     payload.vertexInputState->vertexBindingDescriptionCount,
                     payload.vertexInputState->vertexAttributeDescriptionCount);
+            // The driver's own answer is VK_ERROR_UNKNOWN, i.e. no information at all, so the only
+            // way to work out WHICH shader it choked on (the open sampler-array-in-struct
+            // investigation) is to name the modules. MGLOG_I, not _D: this is part of a
+            // should-never-happen report and must survive in the INFO-level builds that CTS
+            // actually runs against, alongside the MGLOG_F lines above.
+            if (payload.stageSpirvDigests) {
+                for (SizeT i = 0; i < payload.stageSpirvDigests->size(); ++i) {
+                    const auto& digest = (*payload.stageSpirvDigests)[i];
+                    MGLOG_I("PipelineFactory::CreatePipeline spirv[%zu]: stage=0x%x words=%u bytes=%zu "
+                            "hash=0x%llx",
+                            i, digest.stage, digest.wordCount,
+                            static_cast<SizeT>(digest.wordCount) * sizeof(Uint32),
+                            static_cast<unsigned long long>(digest.hash));
+                }
+            } else {
+                MGLOG_I("PipelineFactory::CreatePipeline: no SPIR-V digests attached to the payload");
+            }
+            if (payload.stages) {
+                for (SizeT i = 0; i < payload.stages->size(); ++i) {
+                    const auto& stage = (*payload.stages)[i];
+                    // VkShaderModule is a non-dispatchable handle: a pointer on 64-bit but a
+                    // plain uint64_t on 32-bit ABIs, where a cast to const void* is ill-formed
+                    // (broke the armeabi-v7a build). Print it as the 64-bit value it is.
+                    MGLOG_I("PipelineFactory::CreatePipeline stage[%zu]: stage=0x%x module=0x%llx entry=%s "
+                            "specialization=%d",
+                            i, static_cast<Uint32>(stage.stage),
+                            static_cast<unsigned long long>(reinterpret_cast<Uint64>(stage.module)),
+                            stage.pName ? stage.pName : "(null)", stage.pSpecializationInfo ? 1 : 0);
+                }
+            }
             for (Uint32 i = 0; i < payload.colorAttachmentCount; ++i) {
                 const auto& attachment = payload.colorBlendAttachments[i];
                 MGLOG_F("PipelineFactory::CreatePipeline colorAttachment[%u]: blend=%d colorWriteMask=0x%x srcColor=%d dstColor=%d colorOp=%d srcAlpha=%d dstAlpha=%d alphaOp=%d",

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/PipelineFactory.h

@@ -14,6 +14,16 @@
 #include <Includes.h>
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
+    // Enough of a fingerprint to identify the exact module the driver rejected without keeping the
+    // SPIR-V alive for every program in the cache: a driver that answers VK_ERROR_UNKNOWN tells us
+    // nothing, so the log has to carry the shader's identity itself. Diagnostic only - never part
+    // of any pipeline or program hash.
+    struct ShaderStageSpirvDigest {
+        Uint32 stage = 0; // VkShaderStageFlagBits
+        Uint32 wordCount = 0;
+        Uint64 hash = 0;
+    };
+
     class PipelineFactory {
     public:
         using HashType = Uint64;
@@ -30,9 +40,24 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             Uint32 subpass = 0;
             VkPrimitiveTopology topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
             Bool primitiveRestartEnable = false;
+            // GL_PATCH_VERTICES; only read for a PATCH_LIST topology.
+            Uint32 patchControlPoints = 3;
+            // How many of ARB_viewport_array's viewports this pipeline rasterizes into. 1 for
+            // every program that never assigns gl_ViewportIndex, which is all of them outside the
+            // conformance suite - the wide shape costs a longer vkCmdSetViewport/Scissor per state
+            // change and can cost hardware fast paths, so it is opt-in per program. Baked into the
+            // pipeline (viewportCount is not dynamic without VK_EXT_extended_dynamic_state) and
+            // therefore hashed; the DYNAMIC viewport/scissor arrays the draw pushes must have
+            // exactly this many elements (VUID-vkCmdDraw-viewportCount-03417/-03418).
+            Uint32 viewportCount = 1;
             VkPolygonMode polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
             VkCullModeFlags cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
             VkFrontFace frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE;
+            // GL's provoking vertex, baked into the pipeline (VK_EXT_provoking_vertex). It selects
+            // which vertex a flat varying takes AND the vertex order transform feedback records for
+            // strips/fans, so it is part of the pipeline's identity, not dynamic state. Defaults to
+            // Vulkan's own convention, which is what a device without the extension gets.
+            VkProvokingVertexModeEXT provokingVertexMode = VK_PROVOKING_VERTEX_MODE_FIRST_VERTEX_EXT;
             Bool depthTestEnable = false;
             Bool depthWriteEnable = false;
             Bool depthBiasEnable = false;
@@ -49,9 +74,25 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             VkStencilOp backStencilPassOp = VK_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
             VkStencilOp backStencilDepthFailOp = VK_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
             VkCompareOp backStencilCompareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;
+            // The fragment module writes gl_FragDepth (SPIR-V DepthReplacing); exempts the
+            // pipeline from the blended depth-write quirk (see ShouldSuppressDepthWrite).
+            Bool fragmentReplacesDepth = false;
             Array<VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState, kMaxColorAttachments> colorBlendAttachments{};
             const Vector<VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo>* stages = nullptr;
+            // The tessellation control stage this renderer synthesized for a program that has
+            // an evaluation stage and none of its own (GL 4.6 core 11.2.2 gives such a program a
+            // fixed-function pass-through; Vulkan has no such thing and
+            // VUID-VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo-pStages-00730 forbids the half-tessellated
+            // pipeline outright). Appended to `stages` at creation. A null module means the
+            // renderer could not build one, and CreatePipeline refuses the pipeline - the same
+            // refusal it applies when `stages` itself is half-tessellated.
+            //
+            // NOT hashed: it is a pure function of the program and of patchControlPoints, both
+            // of which ComputeHash already mixes in.
+            VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo passthroughTessControlStage{};
             const VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo* vertexInputState = nullptr;
+            // Diagnostic only; may be null. Read solely from the pipeline-creation failure path.
+            const Vector<ShaderStageSpirvDigest>* stageSpirvDigests = nullptr;
         };
 
         explicit PipelineFactory(VkDevice device, const VulkanRendererConfig& config);
@@ -62,13 +103,69 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         VkPipeline GetOrCreatePipeline(const PipelineCreatePayload& payload);
         void DestroyAll();
 
+        // Frame boundary hook: ages the pipeline cache and destroys long-unused entries
+        // (their command buffers retired many frames ago), mirroring
+        // VkRenderPassManager::OnPresent's sweep. Returns the number of pipelines
+        // destroyed so the caller can drop any memoized VkPipeline handle.
+        Uint32 OnFrameBoundary();
+        // Destroys every cached pipeline hashed on one of `renderPasses`. Only safe
+        // when the caller guarantees GPU idleness for them - the render-pass manager
+        // calls this (via the renderer) for passes its own >1024-boundary-idle sweep
+        // just evicted, and a pipeline hashed on those handles is only ever bound by
+        // draws that also hit the render-pass entries. Also closes the handle-recycling
+        // hazard: a recycled VkRenderPass value must never serve a stale pipeline.
+        // Batched: one cache scan regardless of how many passes died in the sweep.
+        // Returns the number destroyed (callers invalidate memos when non-zero).
+        Uint32 EvictByRenderPasses(const Vector<VkRenderPass>& renderPasses);
+        // Destroys every cached pipeline built from the program with content hash
+        // `programHash`. Called from the ProgramFactory eviction path, which proves the
+        // same >1024-boundary idleness (the program's pipelines are only bound by draws
+        // that stamp its factory entry). Returns the number destroyed.
+        Uint32 EvictByProgramHash(HashType programHash);
+
+        // Driver quirk: suppress depth writes on accumulation-blended pipelines. Multi-pass
+        // depth-equality rendering (a blended prepass writes depth that later passes re-test
+        // with an equality-inclusive compare on the re-rasterized geometry) requires
+        // cross-pipeline position invariance that some mobile compilers do not provide, even
+        // with the SPIR-V Invariant decoration; whole primitives then drop out of the later
+        // passes. Only MIN/MAX extremum blends are stripped - the signature of such a
+        // chain's depth-bounds pass (MC 26.3 OIT), and per a fixture-wide trace sweep the
+        // only depth-writing shape the chain actually uses - so every other blend
+        // (sorted-transparency "over" like vanilla MC water, additive glows, ...) keeps
+        // its depth writes. Set at renderer initialization based on the active driver.
+        static void SetSuppressBlendedDepthWrite(Bool enabled);
+        static Bool IsSuppressBlendedDepthWriteEnabled() { return s_suppressBlendedDepthWrite; }
+        // Device gate for the quirk: ForceOn/ForceOff bypass detection, Auto enables it on
+        // the known-affected vendor (Qualcomm).
+        static Bool ShouldSuppressBlendedDepthWriteForDevice(MG_Config::QuirkOverride quirkOverride,
+                                                             Uint32 vendorId);
+        // Pure per-pipeline strip decision (exempts gl_FragDepth writers, masked-out and
+        // non-accumulation blends); combined with the device flag in CreatePipeline. Static
+        // and payload-only so tests can pin the contract without a VkDevice.
+        static Bool ShouldSuppressDepthWrite(const PipelineCreatePayload& payload);
+
     private:
+        struct PipelineCacheEntry {
+            VkPipeline pipeline = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            // The hashed inputs the eviction paths key on: programHash ties the entry to
+            // its ProgramFactory entry, renderPass records the exact handle the hash
+            // folded in (the hash is one-way, so targeted eviction needs them verbatim).
+            HashType programHash = 0;
+            VkRenderPass renderPass = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            // Frame-boundary counter value of the last GetOrCreatePipeline hit; drives
+            // cache eviction (see OnFrameBoundary).
+            Uint64 lastUsedFrame = 0;
+        };
+
         VkPipeline CreatePipeline(const PipelineCreatePayload& payload) const;
 
         VkDevice m_device = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         const VulkanRendererConfig& m_config;
         VkPipelineCache m_pipelineCache = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-        UnorderedMap<HashType, VkPipeline> m_cache;
+        UnorderedMap<HashType, PipelineCacheEntry> m_cache;
+        // Monotonic frame-boundary counter (bumped in OnFrameBoundary) for cache aging.
+        Uint64 m_frameCounter = 0;
         static inline XXH64_state_t* m_hashState = XXH64_createState();
+        static inline Bool s_suppressBlendedDepthWrite = false;
     };
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/ProgramFactory.h

@@ -9,13 +9,22 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "../VkIncludes.h"
+#include "PipelineFactory.h"
 #include "MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramObject.h"
 #include "MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ShaderObject.h"
 #include "MG_State/GLState/TextureState/TextureEnum.h"
 
 #include <Includes.h>
+#include <spirv_reflect.h>
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
+    enum class SamplerNumericDomain : Uint8 {
+        Unknown = 0,
+        Float,
+        SignedInteger,
+        UnsignedInteger,
+    };
+
     class ProgramFactory {
     public:
         enum class DescriptorBindingKind : Uint8 {
@@ -24,7 +33,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             CombinedImageSampler,
             UniformTexelBuffer,
             StorageBuffer,
-            StorageImage
+            StorageImage,
+            // GLSL `imageBuffer` - a buffer texture reached through an IMAGE unit rather than a
+            // texture unit. Vulkan spells it VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_TEXEL_BUFFER, which is a
+            // VkBufferView like UniformTexelBuffer and not a VkImageView like StorageImage: it is
+            // the one image uniform whose descriptor is a buffer. Appended, never inserted -
+            // DescriptorKeyHash mixes the enumerator's value.
+            StorageTexelBuffer
         };
 
         enum class CompileOptionBit : Uint {
@@ -34,28 +49,112 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             SurfaceRotate90 = 1 << 2,
             SurfaceRotate180 = 1 << 3,
             SurfaceRotate270 = 1 << 4,
+            // Rewrites the fragment stage's implicit-LOD image samples to explicit LOD 0.
+            // Only ever set for a draw whose every sampler binding is clamped to a single mip
+            // level, which makes the two forms produce identical texels (the implicit lambda is
+            // clamped into [minLod, maxLod] = [0, 0] regardless of derivatives or bias).
+            ExplicitLod0Sampling = 1 << 5,
+            // Decorates the last vertex-processing stage's captured varyings with
+            // XfbBuffer/XfbStride/Offset (VK_EXT_transform_feedback). Set only for draws
+            // recorded while GL transform feedback is active, so plain draws keep the
+            // undecorated variant.
+            XfbCapture = 1 << 6,
+            // Rewrites the fragment stage's gl_FragCoord reads to GL's bottom-left window
+            // origin. Vulkan's gl_FragCoord.y IS the framebuffer row being written, and the
+            // default framebuffer's image is stored in display (top-left) order, so a shader
+            // that reads gl_FragCoord there sees `height - y_GL`. Set together with
+            // PositionYFlip (the two are the same fact about the same draws) except under a
+            // quarter turn, which this renderer does not convert rectangles for either.
+            FragCoordYFlip = 1 << 7,
+            // Replaces the vertex stage's gl_BaseVertex reads with zero. GL defines the builtin
+            // as zero for every drawing command that has no baseVertex parameter - all the
+            // DrawArrays forms - while Vulkan's BaseVertex reports firstVertex there. Set only
+            // for a non-indexed draw whose program actually reads the builtin, so nothing else
+            // acquires a second program/pipeline variant. See ZeroBaseVertexPass.
+            ZeroBaseVertex = 1 << 8,
         };
         using CompileOptionFlags = Flags<CompileOptionBit>;
         using HashType = Uint64;
 
+        struct UpdateAfterBindLimits {
+            Bool enabled = false;
+            Uint32 maxPerStageSamplers = 0;
+            Uint32 maxPerStageUniformBuffers = 0;
+            Uint32 maxPerStageStorageBuffers = 0;
+            Uint32 maxPerStageSampledImages = 0;
+            Uint32 maxPerStageStorageImages = 0;
+            Uint32 maxPerStageResources = 0;
+            Uint32 maxSetSamplers = 0;
+            Uint32 maxSetUniformBuffers = 0;
+            Uint32 maxSetUniformBuffersDynamic = 0;
+            Uint32 maxSetStorageBuffers = 0;
+            Uint32 maxSetStorageBuffersDynamic = 0;
+            Uint32 maxSetSampledImages = 0;
+            Uint32 maxSetStorageImages = 0;
+        };
+
         struct VkProgramObject {
             static constexpr Uint32 kMaxVertexInputLocations = 32;
 
             HashType hash = 0;
             Vector<VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo> stages;
             Vector<VkShaderModule> modules;
+            // Parallel to stages; identifies the exact module bytes handed to the driver when a
+            // pipeline creation fails. Sixteen bytes per stage instead of keeping the SPIR-V.
+            Vector<ShaderStageSpirvDigest> stageSpirvDigests;
 
             // Layout data (previously in separate VkProgramLayout)
             VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            // True only when this layout passed every descriptor-indexing feature and
+            // update-after-bind limit gate at reflection time. It controls both the
+            // layout/binding flags and the pool class used by UniformManager.
+            Bool usesUpdateAfterBind = false;
             VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
             Vector<DescriptorBindingKind> bindingKinds;
+            // The bindings this program actually declares, ascending. bindingKinds is sized to the
+            // 256-binding cap while a real GL program uses 1-8, so the per-draw descriptor walk was
+            // scanning 256 slots to find a handful. MUST stay ascending: Vulkan consumes
+            // pDynamicOffsets in binding order and the writer pushes them in iteration order, so an
+            // unordered list would silently mis-pair dynamic offsets with their uniform blocks.
+            Vector<Uint32> activeBindings;
             Vector<Uint32> dynamicBindings;
             Vector<Int> uniformBlockIndexByBinding;
+            // Descriptor count per binding (1 except for a descriptor ARRAY - a UBO or storage
+            // block instance array, an image uniform array or a sampler uniform array - each of
+            // which occupies one binding with descriptorCount = N).
+            Vector<Uint16> bindingDescriptorCounts;
+            // Per-element GL uniform block indices for arrayed UBO bindings (count > 1);
+            // element 0 of a non-arrayed binding stays in uniformBlockIndexByBinding.
+            UnorderedMap<Uint32, Vector<Int>> arrayedUniformBlockIndicesByBinding;
             Vector<String> samplerNameByBinding;
             Vector<Int> samplerUniformLocationByBinding;
             Vector<TextureTarget> samplerTextureTargetByBinding;
+            Vector<SamplerNumericDomain> samplerNumericDomainByBinding;
+            // Shared by StorageImage and StorageTexelBuffer bindings: a binding is one kind or
+            // the other, never both, and both need exactly the same thing - the format the
+            // shader declared, so the per-draw resolve can tell a typed declaration from a
+            // formatless one. Kept as one pair rather than two so the move operations below
+            // cannot drift out of sync with a field that only one kind populates.
+            Vector<VkFormat> storageImageFormatByBinding;
+            Vector<Bool> storageImageUsesBindingFormatByBinding;
             Vector<String> storageBlockNameByBinding;
             Vector<Int> storageBlockIndexByBinding;
+            // Set once during ReflectLayout so the per-draw path can skip the whole
+            // storage-image preparation for the overwhelming majority of programs.
+            Bool hasStorageImages = false;
+            // Something about this program's descriptors could not be resolved - an opaque
+            // uniform array whose elements have no addressable uniform locations (the
+            // multi-dimensional case), or a binding remap that failed outright. The binding
+            // STAYS DECLARED in the descriptor set layout; declining is done here, by refusing
+            // every draw, and BindProgramUniformBuffers returns false so the draw setup skips
+            // the draw exactly as it does for any other bind failure.
+            //
+            // Keeping the layout intact is the load-bearing half. Shrinking it instead - which
+            // is what the first cut of this did - leaves the shader reading a descriptor the
+            // layout never declared, and lavapipe segfaults on that inside PIPELINE CREATION,
+            // in a JIT worker thread, before any draw runs where a refusal could help. The
+            // reason was logged once at MGLOG_I when the descriptor was declined.
+            Bool declinedDescriptors = false;
             Int globalUboBinding = -1;
             Uint32 activeVertexInputLocationMask = 0;
             Array<GLenum, kMaxVertexInputLocations> vertexInputTypes{};
@@ -64,6 +163,41 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             ShaderStage rasterizationProducerStage = ShaderStage::Unknown;
             Uint32 producerOutputComponentCount = 0;
             Uint32 fragmentInputComponentCount = 0;
+            // The fragment module declares the DepthReplacing execution mode (writes
+            // gl_FragDepth); shader-computed depth is immune to the cross-pipeline
+            // position-invariance quirk (see PipelineFactory::ShouldSuppressDepthWrite).
+            Bool fragmentReplacesDepth = false;
+            // The vertex module declares the BaseVertex builtin. Selects the ZeroBaseVertex
+            // program variant for non-indexed draws, and is deliberately a property of the
+            // PROGRAM rather than of the variant: the zeroed variant leaves the variable
+            // declared, so both variants answer the same and the draw path can ask either.
+            Bool readsBaseVertexBuiltin = false;
+            // Some pre-rasterization stage assigns gl_ViewportIndex. Its pipeline declares
+            // viewportCount = the renderer's rasterizable viewport count instead of 1, and its
+            // draws push the whole viewport/scissor array; every other program keeps the
+            // single-viewport fast path untouched. Part of the program's identity (folded into
+            // the pipeline hash through programHash), so no memo can serve the wrong shape.
+            Bool writesViewportIndexBuiltin = false;
+            // This program has a tessellation EVALUATION stage and no tessellation CONTROL
+            // stage. GL allows that (4.6 core 11.2.2: with no control shader the input patch
+            // is passed through unmodified, the output patch size is PATCH_VERTICES, and the
+            // levels come from the PATCH_DEFAULT_*_LEVEL state); Vulkan does not - either both
+            // tessellation stages are present or neither
+            // (VUID-VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo-pStages-00730). So the draw path has to supply
+            // the pass-through stage GL describes; see GetOrCreatePassthroughTessControlStage.
+            Bool needsPassthroughTessControl = false;
+            // ...and the pass-through this renderer can synthesize carries gl_Position and
+            // nothing else, so it is only correct when the evaluation stage's inputs are
+            // built-ins. A user-defined varying would arrive at the evaluation stage
+            // UNWRITTEN once a control stage sits between it and the vertex stage, which is
+            // silently wrong pixels rather than a crash - so those programs are declined
+            // instead (PipelineFactory::CreatePipeline refuses the pipeline and the draw is
+            // skipped). See ReflectPassthroughTessControlNeed.
+            Bool passthroughTessControlEmulatable = false;
+            // Frame-boundary counter value of the last GetOrCreateProgram hit; drives
+            // cache eviction (see OnFrameBoundary). Mutable: the draw snapshot's memoised
+            // entry pointer re-stamps use through a const reference (StampProgramUse).
+            mutable Uint64 lastUsedFrame = 0;
 
             static inline VkDevice s_device = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
 
@@ -74,16 +208,34 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 hash = other.hash;
                 stages = std::move(other.stages);
                 modules = std::move(other.modules);
+                // Must travel with `modules`: these digests name the SPIR-V those exact
+                // shader modules were built from, and the pipeline-failure diagnostics
+                // print the two together. Leaving it behind used to merely lose the
+                // digests on a rehash; now that the cache is a robin-hood table, insertion
+                // SWAPS two entries, and a field that no move touches stays behind in the
+                // slot - pairing one program's modules with another program's digests, so
+                // a pipeline failure would be reported against the wrong SPIR-V.
+                stageSpirvDigests = std::move(other.stageSpirvDigests);
                 descriptorSetLayout = other.descriptorSetLayout;
+                usesUpdateAfterBind = other.usesUpdateAfterBind;
                 pipelineLayout = other.pipelineLayout;
                 bindingKinds = std::move(other.bindingKinds);
+                activeBindings = std::move(other.activeBindings);
                 dynamicBindings = std::move(other.dynamicBindings);
                 uniformBlockIndexByBinding = std::move(other.uniformBlockIndexByBinding);
+                bindingDescriptorCounts = std::move(other.bindingDescriptorCounts);
+                arrayedUniformBlockIndicesByBinding = std::move(other.arrayedUniformBlockIndicesByBinding);
                 samplerNameByBinding = std::move(other.samplerNameByBinding);
                 samplerUniformLocationByBinding = std::move(other.samplerUniformLocationByBinding);
                 samplerTextureTargetByBinding = std::move(other.samplerTextureTargetByBinding);
+                samplerNumericDomainByBinding = std::move(other.samplerNumericDomainByBinding);
+                storageImageFormatByBinding = std::move(other.storageImageFormatByBinding);
+                storageImageUsesBindingFormatByBinding =
+                    std::move(other.storageImageUsesBindingFormatByBinding);
                 storageBlockNameByBinding = std::move(other.storageBlockNameByBinding);
                 storageBlockIndexByBinding = std::move(other.storageBlockIndexByBinding);
+                hasStorageImages = other.hasStorageImages;
+                declinedDescriptors = other.declinedDescriptors;
                 globalUboBinding = other.globalUboBinding;
                 activeVertexInputLocationMask = other.activeVertexInputLocationMask;
                 vertexInputTypes = other.vertexInputTypes;
@@ -92,15 +244,30 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 rasterizationProducerStage = other.rasterizationProducerStage;
                 producerOutputComponentCount = other.producerOutputComponentCount;
                 fragmentInputComponentCount = other.fragmentInputComponentCount;
+                fragmentReplacesDepth = other.fragmentReplacesDepth;
+                readsBaseVertexBuiltin = other.readsBaseVertexBuiltin;
+                writesViewportIndexBuiltin = other.writesViewportIndexBuiltin;
+                needsPassthroughTessControl = other.needsPassthroughTessControl;
+                passthroughTessControlEmulatable = other.passthroughTessControlEmulatable;
+                lastUsedFrame = other.lastUsedFrame;
                 other.hash = 0;
                 other.descriptorSetLayout = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+                other.usesUpdateAfterBind = false;
                 other.pipelineLayout = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+                other.hasStorageImages = false;
+                other.declinedDescriptors = false;
                 other.globalUboBinding = -1;
                 other.activeVertexInputLocationMask = 0;
                 other.activeFragmentOutputLocationMask = 0;
                 other.rasterizationProducerStage = ShaderStage::Unknown;
                 other.producerOutputComponentCount = 0;
                 other.fragmentInputComponentCount = 0;
+                other.fragmentReplacesDepth = false;
+                other.readsBaseVertexBuiltin = false;
+                other.writesViewportIndexBuiltin = false;
+                other.needsPassthroughTessControl = false;
+                other.passthroughTessControlEmulatable = false;
+                other.lastUsedFrame = 0;
             }
             VkProgramObject& operator=(VkProgramObject&& other) noexcept {
                 if (this == &other) {
@@ -110,16 +277,27 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 hash = other.hash;
                 stages = std::move(other.stages);
                 modules = std::move(other.modules);
+                stageSpirvDigests = std::move(other.stageSpirvDigests); // travels with `modules` - see the move ctor
                 descriptorSetLayout = other.descriptorSetLayout;
+                usesUpdateAfterBind = other.usesUpdateAfterBind;
                 pipelineLayout = other.pipelineLayout;
                 bindingKinds = std::move(other.bindingKinds);
+                activeBindings = std::move(other.activeBindings);
                 dynamicBindings = std::move(other.dynamicBindings);
                 uniformBlockIndexByBinding = std::move(other.uniformBlockIndexByBinding);
+                bindingDescriptorCounts = std::move(other.bindingDescriptorCounts);
+                arrayedUniformBlockIndicesByBinding = std::move(other.arrayedUniformBlockIndicesByBinding);
                 samplerNameByBinding = std::move(other.samplerNameByBinding);
                 samplerUniformLocationByBinding = std::move(other.samplerUniformLocationByBinding);
                 samplerTextureTargetByBinding = std::move(other.samplerTextureTargetByBinding);
+                samplerNumericDomainByBinding = std::move(other.samplerNumericDomainByBinding);
+                storageImageFormatByBinding = std::move(other.storageImageFormatByBinding);
+                storageImageUsesBindingFormatByBinding =
+                    std::move(other.storageImageUsesBindingFormatByBinding);
                 storageBlockNameByBinding = std::move(other.storageBlockNameByBinding);
                 storageBlockIndexByBinding = std::move(other.storageBlockIndexByBinding);
+                hasStorageImages = other.hasStorageImages;
+                declinedDescriptors = other.declinedDescriptors;
                 globalUboBinding = other.globalUboBinding;
                 activeVertexInputLocationMask = other.activeVertexInputLocationMask;
                 vertexInputTypes = other.vertexInputTypes;
@@ -128,15 +306,30 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 rasterizationProducerStage = other.rasterizationProducerStage;
                 producerOutputComponentCount = other.producerOutputComponentCount;
                 fragmentInputComponentCount = other.fragmentInputComponentCount;
+                fragmentReplacesDepth = other.fragmentReplacesDepth;
+                readsBaseVertexBuiltin = other.readsBaseVertexBuiltin;
+                writesViewportIndexBuiltin = other.writesViewportIndexBuiltin;
+                needsPassthroughTessControl = other.needsPassthroughTessControl;
+                passthroughTessControlEmulatable = other.passthroughTessControlEmulatable;
+                lastUsedFrame = other.lastUsedFrame;
                 other.hash = 0;
                 other.descriptorSetLayout = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+                other.usesUpdateAfterBind = false;
                 other.pipelineLayout = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+                other.hasStorageImages = false;
+                other.declinedDescriptors = false;
                 other.globalUboBinding = -1;
                 other.activeVertexInputLocationMask = 0;
                 other.activeFragmentOutputLocationMask = 0;
                 other.rasterizationProducerStage = ShaderStage::Unknown;
                 other.producerOutputComponentCount = 0;
                 other.fragmentInputComponentCount = 0;
+                other.fragmentReplacesDepth = false;
+                other.readsBaseVertexBuiltin = false;
+                other.writesViewportIndexBuiltin = false;
+                other.needsPassthroughTessControl = false;
+                other.passthroughTessControlEmulatable = false;
+                other.lastUsedFrame = 0;
                 return *this;
             }
 
@@ -163,23 +356,139 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 }
                 modules.clear();
                 stages.clear();
+                stageSpirvDigests.clear(); // the modules they describe are gone
             }
         };
 
-        explicit ProgramFactory(VkDevice device, const VulkanRendererConfig& config, Uint32 maxBindings = 16,
-                                Bool shaderDrawParametersEnabled = false)
+        // Notified when the OnFrameBoundary sweep destroys an aged-out cache entry,
+        // carrying the entry's content hash and the VkDescriptorSetLayout it owned.
+        // Dependent caches (compute pipelines, PipelineFactory entries, UniformManager's
+        // per-layout descriptor sets) must purge in the same step: after vkDestroy the
+        // layout handle value may be recycled for an unrelated layout, and the program
+        // hash may be re-inserted by a later rebuild of the same content.
+        class IEvictionObserver {
+        public:
+            virtual ~IEvictionObserver() = default;
+            virtual void OnProgramEvicted(HashType programHash, VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout) = 0;
+        };
+
+        // How this factory's compute modules implement GL_KHR_shader_subgroup. Computed
+        // once at renderer initialization (SubgroupSupportPolicy.h + the device's
+        // subgroup properties) so lowering can never disagree with the advertised
+        // capabilities. Native subgroup operations always execute natively; the two
+        // repair passes patch modules AROUND them, and the emulation only replaces them
+        // on opted-in devices with no subgroup support at all.
+        struct SubgroupLoweringPolicy {
+            Bool emulateSubgroups = false;      // MOBILEGL_MAGMA_EMULATE_SUBGROUP, no-native-support devices
+            Bool fixIterationRPSubgroupScratch = false; // patch iterationRP's under-declared scratch
+            Bool fixIterationRPBarrier = false; // repair Program 203's shared-scratch race
+            Bool deriveNumSubgroups = false;    // repair the NumSubgroups builtin
+            Bool requireFullSubgroups = false;  // computeFullSubgroups enabled on the device
+            Uint32 nativeSubgroupSize = 0;
+            // Full-subgroup launches are bounded by this device limit; a dispatch whose
+            // workgroup needs more subgroups than this cannot request the flag.
+            Uint32 maxComputeWorkgroupSubgroups = 0;
+            // VkPhysicalDeviceLimits::maxComputeSharedMemorySize; bounds the scratch the
+            // emulation pass may add (0 falls back to the Vulkan minimum, 16384).
+            Uint32 maxComputeSharedMemoryBytes = 0;
+        };
+
+        explicit ProgramFactory(VkDevice device, const VulkanRendererConfig& config, Uint32 maxBindings,
+                                Bool shaderDrawParametersEnabled,
+                                Bool unformattedFloatStorageImagesEnabled,
+                                Bool enableSpirvValidation,
+                                UpdateAfterBindLimits updateAfterBindLimits,
+                                SubgroupLoweringPolicy subgroupPolicy)
             : m_device(device), m_maxBindings(maxBindings), m_config(config),
-              m_shaderDrawParametersEnabled(shaderDrawParametersEnabled) {
+              m_shaderDrawParametersEnabled(shaderDrawParametersEnabled),
+              m_unformattedFloatStorageImagesEnabled(unformattedFloatStorageImagesEnabled),
+              m_enableSpirvValidation(enableSpirvValidation),
+              m_updateAfterBindLimits(updateAfterBindLimits),
+              m_subgroupPolicy(subgroupPolicy) {
             VkProgramObject::s_device = device;
         }
-        ~ProgramFactory() = default;
+        // Destroys the pass-through tessellation control modules. Runs while the device is
+        // still alive for the same reason ~VkProgramObject's does: this factory outlives
+        // nothing that owns the device.
+        ~ProgramFactory();
         ProgramFactory(const ProgramFactory&) = delete;
 
         HashType ComputeHash(const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program, CompileOptionFlags flags) const;
         const VkProgramObject& GetOrCreateProgram(
             const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program, CompileOptionFlags flags);
 
+        // The default framebuffer's current image height, baked as a literal into every
+        // FragCoordYFlip variant (there is no push-constant or specialization channel here, and
+        // adding one for a value that changes only on swapchain recreation would cost the draw
+        // path more than a recompile costs a resize). It is therefore part of those variants'
+        // identity: ComputeHash mixes it in when the bit is set, so a height change re-keys them
+        // and leaves every other program's hash untouched. Setting a NEW height also bumps the
+        // cache-structure epoch, because a caller holding a memoised VkProgramObject* would
+        // otherwise keep using a module compiled against the old height.
+        void SetDefaultFramebufferHeight(Uint32 height);
+        Uint32 GetDefaultFramebufferHeight() const { return m_defaultFramebufferHeight; }
+
+        // Bumped whenever m_cache's STRUCTURE changes (any insert or erase): the cache is
+        // an open-addressing map holding entries by value, so both moves existing entries.
+        // A caller that memoised a VkProgramObject* may keep dereferencing it only while
+        // this is unchanged; on a bump it must re-run GetOrCreateProgram.
+        Uint64 GetCacheStructureEpoch() const { return m_cacheStructureEpoch; }
+        // A memoised entry pointer bypasses GetOrCreateProgram, whose per-lookup stamp is
+        // what keeps an in-use entry out of OnFrameBoundary's idle sweep - so such a
+        // caller must re-stamp the entry itself, at least once per frame boundary.
+        void StampProgramUse(const VkProgramObject& entry) const { entry.lastUsedFrame = m_frameCounter; }
+
+        // Observer may be null (no notifications). Not owned.
+        void SetEvictionObserver(IEvictionObserver* observer) { m_evictionObserver = observer; }
+        // Frame boundary hook: ages the program cache and evicts long-unused entries
+        // (their command buffers retired many frames ago), mirroring
+        // VkRenderPassManager::OnPresent's sweep.
+        void OnFrameBoundary();
+
         static VkShaderStageFlagBits ToVkStage(ShaderStage stage);
+        static VkFormat ConvertSpirvImageFormatToVkFormat(SpvImageFormat format);
+        static SamplerNumericDomain UniformTypeToSamplerNumericDomain(GLenum glType);
+        // True when any entry point declares the DepthReplacing execution mode, i.e. the
+        // shader assigns gl_FragDepth. Exposed so the blended depth-write quirk's exemption
+        // can be pinned by tests. A false negative loses the exemption, so such a shader is
+        // stripped conservatively and forfeits its depth write.
+        static Bool ReflectedFragmentReplacesDepth(const SpvReflectShaderModule& reflectModule);
+        // True when an entry point reads the InstanceIndex builtin. Only gates a diagnostic:
+        // without shaderDrawParameters such a shader cannot have gl_InstanceID rebased.
+        static Bool ReflectedReadsInstanceIndexBuiltin(const SpvReflectShaderModule& reflectModule);
+        // True when an entry point declares the BaseVertex builtin, i.e. when a non-indexed
+        // draw with this program has to take the ZeroBaseVertex variant.
+        static Bool ReflectedReadsBaseVertexBuiltin(const SpvReflectShaderModule& reflectModule);
+        // Shared by the two above: does any entry point list an input variable decorated with
+        // this builtin?
+        static Bool ReflectedDeclaresInputBuiltin(const SpvReflectShaderModule& reflectModule, SpvBuiltIn builtin);
+        // True when an entry point writes the ViewportIndex builtin (gl_ViewportIndex), i.e. when
+        // the program can route primitives to a viewport other than 0 and its pipeline therefore
+        // has to declare more than one. Asks about OUTPUT variables because that is the direction
+        // a pre-rasterization stage declares it in.
+        static Bool ReflectedWritesViewportIndexBuiltin(const SpvReflectShaderModule& reflectModule);
+        static Bool ReflectedDeclaresOutputBuiltin(const SpvReflectShaderModule& reflectModule, SpvBuiltIn builtin);
+
+        // The pass-through tessellation control stage GL 4.6 core 11.2.2 describes for a
+        // program that has an evaluation stage and no control stage, for an input patch of
+        // `patchVertices` control points. Returned BY VALUE (a stage description is a POD, and
+        // the cache below is a rehashing map, so a pointer into it would not survive the next
+        // distinct patch size). `.module == VK_NULL_HANDLE` means the stage could not be built:
+        // the caller then has no control stage to inject, and CreatePipeline refuses the
+        // pipeline rather than handing the driver a half-tessellated one.
+        //
+        // Keyed on the patch size because GL takes the output patch size from PATCH_VERTICES,
+        // which is draw state, not link state - the CTS case that motivated this links at the
+        // default 3 and draws at 4. The pipeline cache already re-keys on patchControlPoints,
+        // so the module a pipeline was built with is part of that pipeline's identity.
+        // Compiling is bounded by the number of distinct patch sizes a program draws with
+        // (MAX_PATCH_VERTICES = 32 in the worst case, one or two in practice) and only ever
+        // happens for the rare program that has no control stage at all.
+        VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo GetOrCreatePassthroughTessControlStage(Uint32 patchVertices);
+
+        // Source of the module above. Exposed for tests: the generated GLSL is the whole
+        // contract with the evaluation stage, so it is worth pinning independently of a device.
+        static String BuildPassthroughTessControlSource(Uint32 patchVertices);
 
     private:
         struct ProgramLookupCache {
@@ -193,11 +502,20 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         void ReflectVertexInputs(const Vector<SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ShaderObject>>& shaders,
                      const Vector<Vector<Uint>>& spirv,
                      VkProgramObject& entry) const;
+        void ReflectViewportIndexUsage(const Vector<SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ShaderObject>>& shaders,
+                                       const Vector<Vector<Uint>>& spirv,
+                                       VkProgramObject& entry) const;
         void ReflectFragmentOutputs(const Vector<SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ShaderObject>>& shaders,
                         const Vector<Vector<Uint>>& spirv,
                         VkProgramObject& entry) const;
         void ReflectLayout(const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program, const Vector<Vector<Uint>>& spirv,
                            VkProgramObject& entry) const;
+        // Fills needsPassthroughTessControl / passthroughTessControlEmulatable off the linked
+        // modules. Const and reflection-only: it decides nothing about the pipeline, it only
+        // records what the evaluation stage's input interface is made of.
+        void ReflectPassthroughTessControlNeed(const Vector<SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ShaderObject>>& shaders,
+                                               const Vector<Vector<Uint>>& spirv,
+                                               VkProgramObject& entry) const;
 
         VkDevice m_device = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         Uint32 m_maxBindings = 0;
@@ -206,7 +524,31 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         // True when the device enabled shaderDrawParameters; gates the InstanceIndex rebase pass
         // (which needs the DrawParameters capability / gl_BaseInstance builtin).
         Bool m_shaderDrawParametersEnabled = false;
+        // True only when the logical device enabled both
+        // shaderStorageImageReadWithoutFormat and shaderStorageImageWriteWithoutFormat.
+        Bool m_unformattedFloatStorageImagesEnabled = false;
+        // Startup snapshot used only by internally synthesized shader modules, which do not
+        // originate from a ProgramLinkTask.
+        Bool m_enableSpirvValidation = false;
+        // Device feature and limit gate resolved before vkCreateDevice. Keeping it in
+        // the factory lets each reflected layout choose ordinary descriptors when its
+        // own counts would exceed the update-after-bind budget.
+        UpdateAfterBindLimits m_updateAfterBindLimits{};
+        SubgroupLoweringPolicy m_subgroupPolicy{};
+        // See SetDefaultFramebufferHeight. 0 means "not known yet"; the FragCoordYFlip bit is
+        // never set before the swapchain exists, so no variant can be compiled against it.
+        Uint32 m_defaultFramebufferHeight = 0;
         mutable ProgramLookupCache m_lastLookup;
+        // Monotonic frame-boundary counter (bumped in OnFrameBoundary) for cache aging.
+        Uint64 m_frameCounter = 0;
+        // See GetCacheStructureEpoch(). Starts at 1 so a zero-initialized memo can never match.
+        Uint64 m_cacheStructureEpoch = 1;
+        IEvictionObserver* m_evictionObserver = nullptr;
+        // Pass-through tessellation control stages by input patch size. Never evicted: at most
+        // MAX_PATCH_VERTICES entries exist for the lifetime of the device, and every pipeline
+        // ever built from one keeps referencing its module. A failed build is cached as
+        // VK_NULL_HANDLE so a broken generator costs one compile, not one per draw.
+        UnorderedMap<Uint32, VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo> m_passthroughTessControlStages;
         static inline XXH64_state_t* m_hashState = XXH64_createState();
     };
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/SwapchainObject.cpp

@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
         MGLOG_I("Got %d surface formats:", swapchainCapabilities.surfaceFormats.size());
         for (const auto& sf : swapchainCapabilities.surfaceFormats) {
-            MGLOG_I("    [%s, %s]", string_VkFormat(sf.format), string_VkColorSpaceKHR(sf.colorSpace));
+            MGLOG_D("    [%s, %s]", string_VkFormat(sf.format), string_VkColorSpaceKHR(sf.colorSpace));
         }
 
         const auto pickedSurfaceFormat = ChooseSwapchainSurfaceFormat(swapchainCapabilities.surfaceFormats);
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
         MGLOG_I("Got %d present modes:", swapchainCapabilities.presentModes.size());
         for (const auto& pm : swapchainCapabilities.presentModes) {
-            MGLOG_I("    %s", string_VkPresentModeKHR(pm));
+            MGLOG_D("    %s", string_VkPresentModeKHR(pm));
         }
 
         const auto presentMode = ChooseSwapchainPresentMode(swapchainCapabilities.presentModes);
@@ -247,6 +247,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
         m_surfaceFormat = {createInfo.imageFormat, createInfo.imageColorSpace};
         m_extent = createInfo.imageExtent;
+        // The surface-space extent this swapchain was built from, i.e. before the
+        // quarter-turn swap above. Out-of-date checks must compare in THIS space: comparing a
+        // freshly queried currentExtent against the swapped m_extent flips axes every rotation
+        // and makes the comparison alternate forever.
+        m_surfaceExtent = defaultFramebufferExtent;
         m_preTransform = createInfo.preTransform;
 
         VK_VERIFY(vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &m_swapchain));
@@ -257,6 +262,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         m_images.resize(imageCount, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
         VK_VERIFY(vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, m_swapchain, &imageCount, m_images.data()));
         m_imageLayouts.assign(imageCount, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED);
+        // Fresh swapchain images hold garbage until a render pass stores into them.
+        m_imageContentDefined.assign(imageCount, false);
+        m_depthStencilContentDefined.assign(imageCount, false);
 
         CreateImageViews(device);
         CreateDepthStencilResources(device, physicalDevice);
@@ -428,9 +436,39 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
         m_images.clear();
         m_imageLayouts.clear();
+        m_imageContentDefined.clear();
+        m_depthStencilContentDefined.clear();
         m_preTransform = VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY_BIT_KHR;
     }
 
+    Bool SwapchainObject::IsImageContentDefined(Uint32 index) const {
+        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(index < m_imageContentDefined.size(), "Swapchain image content index out of range");
+        return m_imageContentDefined[index];
+    }
+
+    void SwapchainObject::SetImageContentDefined(Uint32 index, Bool defined) {
+        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(index < m_imageContentDefined.size(), "Swapchain image content index out of range");
+        m_imageContentDefined[index] = defined;
+    }
+
+    Bool SwapchainObject::IsDepthStencilContentDefined(Uint32 index) const {
+        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(index < m_depthStencilContentDefined.size(),
+                        "Swapchain depth/stencil content index out of range");
+        return m_depthStencilContentDefined[index];
+    }
+
+    void SwapchainObject::SetDepthStencilContentDefined(Uint32 index, Bool defined) {
+        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(index < m_depthStencilContentDefined.size(),
+                        "Swapchain depth/stencil content index out of range");
+        m_depthStencilContentDefined[index] = defined;
+    }
+
+    void SwapchainObject::SetAllDepthStencilContentUndefined() {
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < m_depthStencilContentDefined.size(); ++i) {
+            m_depthStencilContentDefined[i] = false;
+        }
+    }
+
     VkImage SwapchainObject::GetImage(Uint32 index) const {
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(index < m_images.size(), "Swapchain image index out of range");
         return m_images[index];

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/SwapchainObject.h

@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         VkSwapchainKHR GetHandle() const { return m_swapchain; }
         const VkSurfaceFormatKHR& GetSurfaceFormat() const { return m_surfaceFormat; }
         VkExtent2D GetExtent() const { return m_extent; }
+        // Surface-space extent (before the pre-rotation quarter-turn swap) this swapchain was
+        // created from - the value to compare a freshly queried currentExtent against.
+        VkExtent2D GetSurfaceExtent() const { return m_surfaceExtent; }
         VkSurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR GetPreTransform() const { return m_preTransform; }
         const Vector<VkImage>& GetImages() const { return m_images; }
         const Vector<VkImageView>& GetImageViews() const { return m_imageViews; }
@@ -49,6 +52,21 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         void SetImageLayout(Uint32 index, VkImageLayout layout);
         SizeT GetImageCount() const { return m_images.size(); }
 
+        // EGL content-validity tracking for the default framebuffer. A color
+        // buffer's content is undefined once its image has been presented
+        // (EGL_BUFFER_DESTROYED swap behaviour, the implementation default),
+        // and every ancillary (depth/stencil) buffer's content is undefined
+        // after ANY swap regardless of swap behaviour (EGL 1.5 §3.10.1). The
+        // render-pass manager turns an undefined attachment's tile load into
+        // LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE. Flags start false (a fresh swapchain image holds
+        // garbage) and a render pass storing into an attachment sets it back
+        // to defined.
+        Bool IsImageContentDefined(Uint32 index) const;
+        void SetImageContentDefined(Uint32 index, Bool defined);
+        Bool IsDepthStencilContentDefined(Uint32 index) const;
+        void SetDepthStencilContentDefined(Uint32 index, Bool defined);
+        void SetAllDepthStencilContentUndefined();
+
     private:
         void CreateImageViews(VkDevice device);
         void CreateDepthStencilResources(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice);
@@ -63,6 +81,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         VkSwapchainKHR m_swapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         VkSurfaceFormatKHR m_surfaceFormat{};
         VkExtent2D m_extent{};
+        VkExtent2D m_surfaceExtent{};
         VkSurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR m_preTransform = VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY_BIT_KHR;
         Vector<VkImage> m_images;
         Vector<VkImageView> m_imageViews;
@@ -73,5 +92,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         Vector<VkDeviceMemory> m_depthStencilImageMemories;
         Vector<VkImageView> m_depthStencilImageViews;
         Vector<VkImageLayout> m_depthStencilImageLayouts;
+        Vector<Bool> m_imageContentDefined;
+        Vector<Bool> m_depthStencilContentDefined;
     };
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/UniformManager.h

@@ -26,9 +26,20 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     public:
         struct SamplerBindingOverride {
             Uint32 binding = 0;
+            Uint32 element = 0;
             MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* texture = nullptr;
             const MG_State::GLState::SamplerObject* sampler = nullptr;
             VkImageView imageView = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            VkImageLayout imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
+            Bool forceNearestFiltering = false;
+        };
+
+        struct SamplerImageFeedbackBinding {
+            Uint32 samplerBinding = 0;
+            Uint32 samplerElement = 0;
+            MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* texture = nullptr;
+            const MG_State::GLState::SamplerObject* sampler = nullptr;
+            SamplerNumericDomain numericDomain = SamplerNumericDomain::Unknown;
         };
 
         Bool Initialize(VkDevice device, VkBufferManager* bufferManager,
@@ -39,25 +50,101 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         void Shutdown();
 
         void BeginFrame(Uint32 frameIndex);
+        // A command buffer (re)began recording: descriptor bindings recorded into
+        // the previous buffer do not carry over, so drop the bind-dedup shadow.
+        void OnCommandBufferBoundary() { m_lastBindValid = false; }
+        // A ProgramFactory eviction just destroyed this layout: purge every frame
+        // slot's cached descriptor sets for it, so a recycled handle value can never
+        // stale-hit sets written for the dead layout's bindings. The sets are
+        // vkFreeDescriptorSets'd back to their pools (created with
+        // FREE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_BIT) and the pool accounting is credited, so program
+        // churn recycles pool capacity instead of abandoning it. GPU-safe: the layout
+        // only dies after >1024 idle frame boundaries, so no in-flight command buffer
+        // references its sets. This is the only eviction path for the per-layout
+        // caches - a live layout's entry must never be purged (its sets would be
+        // unreachable pool slots), so there is deliberately no age-based sweep here.
+        void OnDescriptorSetLayoutDestroyed(VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout);
+        // One record per visited CombinedImageSampler DESCRIPTOR (post fallback substitution,
+        // in binding order, and within a binding in array-element order): the resolved texture
+        // and effective sampler, as never-reused lifetime ids so a freed-and-reallocated object
+        // at the same heap address can only MISS a comparison, never false-hit it (same ABA
+        // rule as SamplerResolveMemo). An arrayed binding contributes one record per element -
+        // element granularity is required, or swapping the textures of two elements of the same
+        // array would leave the record list identical and the fast path would keep a stale set.
+        struct SampledBindingRecord {
+            Uint64 textureLifetimeId = 0;
+            Uint64 samplerLifetimeId = 0;
+        };
         Bool CollectSampledTextures(const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program,
                                     const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& programObj,
-                                    Vector<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject*>& outTextures);
+                                    Vector<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject*>& outTextures,
+                                    Vector<SampledBindingRecord>* outBindingRecords = nullptr);
+        // Shadow-compare for the SetupDraw fast path: re-runs the CollectSampledTextures
+        // walk and reports whether every visited binding still resolves to the recorded
+        // (texture, effective sampler) pair. A texture bind generation bump alone (e.g. a
+        // redundant glBindSampler, which always bumps it) does not prove the sampled set
+        // moved; this walk does, without rebuilding the set or falling off the fast path.
+        Bool SampledBindingsUnchanged(const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program,
+                                      const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& programObj,
+                                      const Vector<SampledBindingRecord>& previousRecords) const;
+        Bool CollectStorageImageTextures(const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program,
+                                         const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& programObj,
+                                         Vector<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject*>& outTextures) const;
+        Bool CollectSamplerImageFeedback(
+            const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program,
+            const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& programObj,
+            Vector<SamplerImageFeedbackBinding>& outBindings) const;
+        static Bool SamplerOverlapsWritableImageSubresource(Int samplerBaseLevel, Int samplerMaxLevel,
+                                                             GLint imageLevel, GLenum imageAccess);
+        // samplerDescriptorsUnchangedHint: the caller (SetupDraw fast path) proved that
+        // every input of every combined-image-sampler resolution is unchanged since the
+        // previous draw's resolve - same (texture, sampler) per binding, texture params
+        // sum, sampling-resolution generation (sampler params + texture shape), image
+        // epochs AND per-resource layout values - so the per-binding cached
+        // VkDescriptorImageInfo may be reused without re-running the resolve chain.
         Bool BindProgramUniformBuffers(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer,
                                        const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program,
                                        const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& programObj,
                                        Uint32 frameIndex,
                                        VkPipelineBindPoint bindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
-                                       const SamplerBindingOverride* samplerBindingOverride = nullptr);
+                                       const SamplerBindingOverride* samplerBindingOverride = nullptr,
+                                       Bool samplerDescriptorsUnchangedHint = false,
+                                       const Vector<SamplerBindingOverride>* samplerBindingOverrides = nullptr);
+
+        // Pure format-policy helper kept public for host regression tests. Formatted storage
+        // images use their shader qualifier; transformed float images use glBindImageTexture's
+        // format and never silently fall back to the backing image format.
+        static VkFormat ResolveStorageImageViewFormat(VkFormat reflectedFormat, GLenum bindingFormat,
+                                                      VkFormat resourceFormat, Bool useBindingFormat);
+
+        // True when the program reads at least one sampler and every one of them is bound to a
+        // texture whose GL level range is a single level. Such a sampler resolves to
+        // minLod = maxLod = 0 (see VkSamplerManager::GetOrCreateSampler), so an implicit-LOD sample
+        // and an explicit LOD 0 sample must read the same texel - which is what makes the
+        // ExplicitLod0Sampling SPIR-V rewrite safe to request. Deliberately conservative: it reads
+        // only GL state, so a texture that ends up single-level for another reason (one uploaded
+        // level under a wide level range) merely misses the rewrite.
+        static Bool ProgramSamplesOnlySingleLevelTextures(const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program,
+                                                          const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& programObj);
 
     private:
         struct DescriptorPoolBucket {
             VkDescriptorPool handle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
             Uint32 maxSets = 0;
             Uint32 allocatedSets = 0;
+            Bool updateAfterBind = false;
+        };
+
+        // A cached descriptor set together with the pool it was allocated from, so a
+        // layout-destroyed purge can vkFreeDescriptorSets it back and credit the
+        // owning bucket's accounting.
+        struct CachedDescriptorSet {
+            VkDescriptorSet set = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            VkDescriptorPool pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         };
 
         struct DescriptorSetCacheEntry {
-            Vector<VkDescriptorSet> sets;
+            Vector<CachedDescriptorSet> sets;
             Uint32 cursor = 0;
         };
 
@@ -73,28 +160,60 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         static Bool ResolveSamplerTexture(const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program,
                                    const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& programObj, Uint32 binding,
                                    SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& outTexture);
+        // Shared per-binding resolution for CollectSampledTextures and
+        // SampledBindingsUnchanged, so membership and comparison can never diverge:
+        // texture after the fallback substitution (may still be null when no fallback
+        // exists), effective sampler = unit override else the texture's own sampler.
+        // False = the binding is skipped (unbound with a non-2D fallback target).
+        // `element` indexes a sampler array inside the binding; see ResolveSamplerDescriptor.
+        Bool ResolveSampledBinding(const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program,
+                                   const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& programObj, Uint32 binding, Uint32 element,
+                                   MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject*& outTexture,
+                                   const MG_State::GLState::SamplerObject*& outSampler) const;
         // Raw-pointer variant for the per-draw sampled-texture walk (CollectSampledTextures):
         // the bound texture stays alive through the draw via GL binding state, so callers that
         // only need the pointer skip the SharedPtr copy's atomic refcount churn.
         static MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* ResolveSamplerTextureRaw(
             const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program,
-            const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& programObj, Uint32 binding);
+            const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& programObj, Uint32 binding, Uint32 element);
         SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject> GetFallbackTexture(TextureTarget target) const;
+        // `element` indexes a sampler ARRAY inside one binding; each element carries its own
+        // independently assigned GL texture unit, so it selects the texture, the sampler
+        // override and the fallback separately from its neighbours.
+        //
+        // trustUnchangedHint: reuse this binding's cached VkDescriptorImageInfo outright
+        // (see BindProgramUniformBuffers' samplerDescriptorsUnchangedHint for the proof
+        // obligations the caller carries). The cache is keyed by binding alone, so it is
+        // used ONLY for single-descriptor bindings - see m_samplerResolveMemo.
         Bool ResolveSamplerDescriptor(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program,
                                       const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& programObj, Uint32 binding,
-                                      VkDescriptorImageInfo& outImageInfo) const;
+                                      Uint32 element, VkDescriptorImageInfo& outImageInfo,
+                                      Bool trustUnchangedHint = false) const;
         Bool ResolveSamplerDescriptorOverride(const SamplerBindingOverride& samplerBindingOverride,
                                               VkDescriptorImageInfo& outImageInfo) const;
         Bool ResolveTexelBufferDescriptor(const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program,
                                           const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& programObj, Uint32 binding,
                                           Uint32 frameIndex, VkBufferView& outBufferView);
+        // GLSL `imageBuffer`: the same VkBufferView descriptor as the sampled texel buffer above,
+        // but resolved from an IMAGE unit (glBindImageTexture) rather than a texture unit, and
+        // made GPU-resident-writable because the shader may store to it. No `element` parameter:
+        // an imageBuffer ARRAY is refused at program creation, so a binding is always one
+        // descriptor (see the array gate in RemapDescriptorBindingsForVulkan).
+        Bool ResolveStorageTexelBufferDescriptor(const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program,
+                                                 const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& programObj, Uint32 binding,
+                                                 Uint32 frameIndex, VkBufferView& outBufferView);
+        // `element` indexes a block INSTANCE array's descriptors; it is 0 for every ordinary
+        // block. Each element resolves through its own GL storage block, and so its own GL
+        // binding point, buffer and glBindBufferRange window.
         Bool ResolveStorageBufferDescriptor(const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program,
                                             const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& programObj, Uint32 binding,
-                                            VkDescriptorBufferInfo& outBufferInfo) const;
+                                            Uint32 element, VkDescriptorBufferInfo& outBufferInfo) const;
+        // `element` indexes an image ARRAY inside one binding; each element carries its own
+        // independently assigned GL image unit.
         Bool ResolveStorageImageDescriptor(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer,
                                            const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program,
                                            const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& programObj, Uint32 binding,
-                                           VkDescriptorImageInfo& outImageInfo) const;
+                                           Uint32 element, VkDescriptorImageInfo& outImageInfo) const;
         // Result of resolving a UBO binding: either a zero-copy direct bind to the app's resident
         // VkBuffer (the GLES backend's approach - no per-draw copy) or the CPU payload to upload.
         struct UboBindResult {
@@ -107,9 +226,24 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         };
         Bool ResolveUniformBufferPayload(const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program,
                                          const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& programObj, Uint32 binding,
-                                         UboBindResult& out) const;
-        Bool CreateDescriptorPool(Uint32 maxSets, VkDescriptorPool& outPool) const;
-        Bool GrowFrameDescriptorPool(FrameResources& frame, Uint32 frameIndex);
+                                         Uint32 arrayElement, UboBindResult& out) const;
+        // Shared resolution of one dynamic-UBO binding element into the
+        // (buffer, range, dynamicOffset) triple the descriptor consumes: direct
+        // bind, global-slice reuse, or transient upload. Used by the full walk
+        // and by the dynamic-offset-only rebind (see FastRebindMemo).
+        Bool ResolveDynamicUboDescriptor(const MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject& program,
+                                         const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& programObj, Uint32 binding,
+                                         Uint32 arrayElement, Uint32 frameIndex, VkBuffer& outBuffer,
+                                         VkDeviceSize& outRange, Uint32& outDynamicOffset);
+        // The vkCmdBindDescriptorSets tail shared by the full walk and the
+        // dynamic-offset-only rebind: skips the driver call when this exact
+        // binding is already live on the command buffer (see the bind-dedup
+        // shadow below), otherwise binds and refreshes the shadow.
+        void BindDescriptorSetDeduped(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkPipelineBindPoint bindPoint,
+                                      VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout, VkDescriptorSet descriptorSet,
+                                      const Vector<Uint32>& dynamicOffsets);
+        Bool CreateDescriptorPool(Uint32 maxSets, Bool updateAfterBind, VkDescriptorPool& outPool) const;
+        Bool GrowFrameDescriptorPool(FrameResources& frame, Uint32 frameIndex, Bool updateAfterBind);
         VkResult AllocateDescriptorSetsFromActivePool(
             Uint32 frameIndex, const ProgramFactory::VkProgramObject& programObj, VkDescriptorSet& outDescriptorSet);
         VkResult AcquireDescriptorSet(Uint32 frameIndex,
@@ -138,14 +272,82 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         Vector<VkBufferView> m_texelBufferViewsScratch;
         Vector<Uint32> m_dynamicOffsetsScratch;
 
-        // Descriptor-set reuse across consecutive draws (see BindProgramUniformBuffers).
-        // When a draw's resolved descriptor content is byte-identical to the previous
-        // draw's, reuse the same VkDescriptorSet and skip AcquireDescriptorSet +
-        // vkUpdateDescriptorSets - only the bind-time dynamic offsets differ. Reset each
-        // frame in BeginFrame because the frame's descriptor sets are recycled there.
-        VkDescriptorSet m_lastBoundDescriptorSet = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-        Uint64 m_lastDescriptorSignature = 0;
-        Bool m_hasLastDescriptor = false;
+        // Descriptor-set reuse across recent draws (see BindProgramUniformBuffers).
+        // When a draw's resolved descriptor content is byte-identical to one memoized
+        // earlier, reuse that VkDescriptorSet and skip AcquireDescriptorSet +
+        // vkUpdateDescriptorSets - only the bind-time dynamic offsets differ. Four
+        // entries with round-robin replacement rather than one: draws alternating
+        // between two programs (MC's chunk<->entity ping-pong) would thrash a single
+        // slot into a full re-allocate+write every draw. Reset each frame in BeginFrame
+        // because the frame's descriptor sets are recycled there.
+        struct DescriptorReuseEntry {
+            Uint64 signature = 0;
+            VkDescriptorSet set = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            Bool valid = false;
+        };
+        static constexpr Uint32 kDescriptorReuseMemoSize = 4;
+        DescriptorReuseEntry m_descriptorReuseMemo[kDescriptorReuseMemoSize];
+        Uint32 m_descriptorReuseMemoNext = 0;
+
+        // Dynamic-offset-only rebind (see BindProgramUniformBuffers): records the
+        // descriptor set selected by the last cacheable full walk of a program
+        // whose active bindings are exactly one dynamic UBO (single descriptor)
+        // plus combined-image samplers. When the next call proves every sampler
+        // descriptor input unchanged (samplerDescriptorsUnchangedHint) and the
+        // UBO re-resolves to the SAME VkBuffer+range - only the dynamic offset
+        // moved, the per-draw glUniform case - the walk collapses to: resolve one
+        // offset, rebind the recorded set with new pDynamicOffsets (Vulkan allows
+        // rebinding the same set with different dynamic offsets).
+        // Invalidation inventory: BeginFrame clears it (the frame's sets are
+        // recycled) and the frameIndex field guards cross-frame confusion on top;
+        // OnDescriptorSetLayoutDestroyed clears it (the set may be freed); a
+        // sampler-override walk clears it (mirrors m_descriptorReuseMemo); a
+        // program relink bumps the backend state version and thus programObj.hash
+        // so the key misses; the program lifetime id is never reused, so a
+        // deleted-and-recreated program misses; a texture/sampler/binding change
+        // drops the hint upstream; an arena wrap or growth resolves a different
+        // VkBuffer and misses. AcquireDescriptorSet's per-frame cursor only
+        // advances, so the recorded set is never re-written within its frame.
+        struct FastRebindMemo {
+            Bool valid = false;
+            Uint32 frameIndex = 0;
+            Uint64 programLifetimeId = 0;
+            ProgramFactory::HashType programHash = 0;
+            Uint32 uboBinding = 0;
+            VkBuffer uboBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            VkDeviceSize uboRange = 0;
+            VkDescriptorSet set = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        };
+        FastRebindMemo m_fastRebindMemo;
+
+        // vkCmdBindDescriptorSets dedup: consecutive draws with a static uniform
+        // block resolve to the same set AND the same dynamic offsets, so the
+        // driver call can be skipped outright. Command-buffer-scope state; reset
+        // via OnCommandBufferBoundary whenever a recording (re)begins. Keyed on
+        // layout+bind point, so a pipeline-layout switch always rebinds.
+        static constexpr Uint32 kMaxShadowedDynamicOffsets = 8;
+        Bool m_lastBindValid = false;
+        VkDescriptorSet m_lastBindSet = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkPipelineLayout m_lastBindLayout = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkPipelineBindPoint m_lastBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
+        Uint32 m_lastBindOffsetCount = 0;
+        Uint32 m_lastBindOffsets[kMaxShadowedDynamicOffsets] = {};
+
+        // Global-UBO transient-slice reuse: MC leaves the default uniform block
+        // untouched across long GUI/terrain runs, so the per-draw re-upload of
+        // the same bytes can reuse the slice uploaded earlier THIS frame (frame
+        // serial guards arena recycling; the content version guards writes).
+        struct GlobalUboSliceMemo {
+            Uint64 programLifetimeId = 0;
+            Uint64 frameSerial = 0;
+            Uint32 uboContentVersion = 0;
+            VkBuffer buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            VkDeviceSize offset = 0;
+            VkDeviceSize range = 0;
+        };
+        static constexpr Uint32 kGlobalUboMemoSize = 4;
+        GlobalUboSliceMemo m_globalUboMemo[kGlobalUboMemoSize];
+        Uint32 m_globalUboMemoNext = 0;
 
         // Per-binding fast path over VkSamplerManager's content-hashed sampler cache, which
         // stays the source of truth: its key hashes all sampler+texture state, so two distinct
@@ -158,16 +360,56 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         // lifetime id, so a freed-and-reallocated sampler or texture at the same heap address
         // always gets a fresh id and misses (a raw pointer would false-hit that ABA) - so a
         // stale guess can only miss and fall through to the hash, never resolve wrong. Still
-        // reset each frame alongside the descriptor-set cache. Indexed by binding.
+        // reset each frame alongside the descriptor-set cache. Indexed by binding, but the
+        // whole-descriptor entry is additionally keyed by program lifetime: Vulkan binding
+        // numbers are layout-local and unrelated programs routinely reuse binding 0/1.
         struct SamplerResolveMemo {
+            Uint64 infoProgramLifetimeId = 0;
             Uint64 samplerLifetimeId = 0;
             Uint64 textureLifetimeId = 0;
             VkSampler sampler = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            Uint32 viewLevelCount = 0;
             Uint16 samplerVersion = 0;
             Uint16 textureParamsVersion = 0;
+            Bool forceNearestFiltering = false;
             Bool valid = false;
+            // ResolveSampledImageViewFormat is pure in (image format, numeric domain), but a
+            // domain mismatch walks a ~184-entry format table. Memo the resolution per binding
+            // so a reinterpreted sampler pays that scan once, not once per draw.
+            VkFormat viewFormatSource = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
+            SamplerNumericDomain viewFormatDomain = SamplerNumericDomain::Unknown;
+            VkFormat viewFormat = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
+            Bool viewFormatValid = false;
+            // Whole resolved descriptor from this binding's last full resolve. Reused
+            // ONLY under ResolveSamplerDescriptor's trustUnchangedHint, whose caller
+            // proves every resolve input unchanged; cleared with the per-frame reset
+            // (the cached VkSampler outlives a frame only via a fresh resolve, which
+            // also re-stamps it against VkSamplerManager's frame-boundary sweep).
+            //
+            // This one field is keyed by binding but describes ONE descriptor, so it is
+            // written and read only for single-descriptor bindings. A sampler ARRAY's
+            // elements share the binding and would overwrite each other here - the last
+            // element resolved would then be handed to element 0 on the next hinted draw.
+            // Every other field above is self-validating (each compares its full key
+            // before reuse, and the view-format entry is a pure function of format and
+            // numeric domain), so an arrayed binding may keep using those.
+            VkDescriptorImageInfo info{};
+            Bool infoValid = false;
         };
         mutable Vector<SamplerResolveMemo> m_samplerResolveMemo;
+        // Exclusive upper bound on the entries of m_samplerResolveMemo that any resolve
+        // has ever written. The vector is sized to the DEVICE binding cap (256 on desktop
+        // NVIDIA), but a program declares 1-8 bindings, so the per-frame reset below was
+        // memsetting ~22 KB of never-touched entries every frame - a measurable slice of
+        // the per-frame fixed cost on draw-light frames. Every site that can turn any of
+        // an entry's *Valid flags on raises this mark first, so entries at or above it are
+        // provably still in their constructed (all-invalid) state and clearing them is a
+        // no-op. Never lowered except by Initialize/Shutdown, which rebuild the vector.
+        mutable Uint32 m_samplerResolveMemoHighWater = 0;
+        void NoteSamplerResolveMemoTouched(Uint32 binding) const {
+            if (binding >= m_samplerResolveMemoHighWater) {
+                m_samplerResolveMemoHighWater = binding + 1;
+            }
+        }
     };
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan
-

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VertexInputStateFactory.cpp

@@ -29,10 +29,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &attr.Stride, sizeof(attr.Stride)));
             XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &attr.Offset, sizeof(attr.Offset)));
             XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &attr.IsInteger, sizeof(attr.IsInteger)));
+            XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &attr.IsLong, sizeof(attr.IsLong)));
             XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &attr.IsBgra, sizeof(attr.IsBgra)));
             XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &attr.Divisor, sizeof(attr.Divisor)));
 
-            const SizeT bufferKey = reinterpret_cast<SizeT>(attr.Buffer.get());
+            // The bound buffer's IDENTITY is a component of the key, and it has to be the
+            // buffer's never-reused lifetime id - NOT its heap address, which this used to
+            // hash. An address is recycled by the allocator, so a deleted-and-recreated
+            // buffer reproduces it; combined with a byte-identical attribute layout that
+            // reproduces the WHOLE content hash, and the hash is what
+            // TryBindResolvedVertexBindings accepts as proof that a memoised binding still
+            // reads the buffer it was resolved from. It did not: a destroyed buffer's GPU
+            // slice was bound for its successor's draw, which is how a transform-feedback
+            // capture came back holding a dead VAO's vertex data (0,0,0,1 - the previous
+            // test's positions) instead of its own.
+            // Zero for client memory (no buffer), which is a distinct identity of its own.
+            const Uint64 bufferKey = attr.Buffer ? attr.Buffer->GetLifetimeId() : 0;
             XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &bufferKey, sizeof(bufferKey)));
         }
 
@@ -51,14 +63,33 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
     const VertexInputStateFactory::BackendVertexInputState& VertexInputStateFactory::GetOrCreateVertexInputState(
         const MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject& vao) {
-        return GetOrCreateVertexInputState(vao, GetOrComputeHash(vao));
+        // Per-draw fast path: the VAO carries a pointer to its resolved entry,
+        // valid while its config version and the cache's eviction epoch both
+        // match - no re-hash, no map lookup.
+        const void* memoState = nullptr;
+        Uint64 memoEpoch = 0;
+        if (vao.GetBackendStateMemo(memoState, memoEpoch) && memoEpoch == m_evictionEpoch) {
+            const auto* entry = static_cast<const BackendVertexInputState*>(memoState);
+            entry->lastUsedFrameBoundary = m_frameBoundaryCounter;
+            return *entry;
+        }
+        const BackendVertexInputState& entry = GetOrCreateVertexInputState(vao, GetOrComputeHash(vao));
+        vao.SetBackendStateMemo(&entry, m_evictionEpoch);
+        // Also mirror the layout identity and the two per-draw masks into the VAO's aux
+        // memo (pure VALUES derived from the VAO configuration, so config-version
+        // guarding alone is sound). The draw fast path reads them from the VAO object it
+        // already touched instead of chasing into this entry - see PackVertexInputAuxMemo.
+        vao.SetBackendAuxMemo(entry.layoutHash,
+                              PackVertexInputAuxMasks(entry.unsupportedAttribMask, entry.attributeLocationMask));
+        return entry;
     }
 
     const VertexInputStateFactory::BackendVertexInputState& VertexInputStateFactory::GetOrCreateVertexInputState(
         const MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject& vao, HashType hash) {
         auto it = m_cache.find(hash);
         if (it != m_cache.end()) {
-            return it->second;
+            it->second->lastUsedFrameBoundary = m_frameBoundaryCounter;
+            return *it->second;
         }
 
         VertexInputStateBuilder builder;
@@ -66,6 +97,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         Vector<SizeT> bindingBaseOffsets;
         Vector<Uint32> bindingAttributeLocations;
         Vector<Bool> bindingUsesClientMemory;
+        Vector<VertexStreamConversion> bindingConversions;
+        Vector<VkVertexInputBindingDivisorDescriptionEXT> bindingDivisors;
         Uint32 unsupportedAttribMask = 0;
 
         for (Uint32 location = 0; location < MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS; ++location) {
@@ -74,26 +107,91 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            const auto vkFormat = ToVkVertexFormat(attr.Type, attr.Size, attr.Normalized, attr.IsInteger, attr.IsBgra);
-            if (vkFormat == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED) {
-                MGLOG_E("Unsupported vertex attribute layout (location=%u, type=%s, size=%d): the array is "
+            const VkFormat sourceVkFormat =
+                ToVkVertexFormat(attr.Type, attr.Size, attr.Normalized, attr.IsInteger, attr.IsBgra, attr.IsLong);
+            if (sourceVkFormat == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED) {
+                MGLOG_E_ONCE("Unsupported vertex attribute layout (location=%u, type=%s, size=%d): the array is "
                         "enabled but cannot be mapped to a VkFormat",
                         location, MG_Util::ConvertDataTypeToString(attr.Type).c_str(), attr.Size);
                 unsupportedAttribMask |= (1u << location);
                 continue;
             }
 
+            VkFormat vkFormat = sourceVkFormat;
+            VertexStreamConversion conversion = VertexStreamConversion::None;
+            if (!SupportsVertexBufferFormat(vkFormat)) {
+                if (IsScaledIntegerVertexFormat(vkFormat)) {
+                    const VkFormat fallbackFormat = ToFloat32VertexFormat(attr.Size);
+                    if (fallbackFormat != VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED && SupportsVertexBufferFormat(fallbackFormat)) {
+                        vkFormat = fallbackFormat;
+                        conversion = VertexStreamConversion::ScaledIntegerToFloat32;
+                        MGLOG_W_ONCE("Vertex attribute location=%u format=%d lacks "
+                                "VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT; using float32 stream format=%d "
+                                "(type=%s size=%d normalized=%s integer=%s)",
+                                location, static_cast<Int>(sourceVkFormat), static_cast<Int>(vkFormat),
+                                MG_Util::ConvertDataTypeToString(attr.Type).c_str(), attr.Size,
+                                attr.Normalized ? "true" : "false", attr.IsInteger ? "true" : "false");
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (conversion == VertexStreamConversion::None) {
+                    MGLOG_E_ONCE("Unsupported Vulkan vertex format (location=%u, format=%d, type=%s, size=%d): "
+                            "VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT is unavailable and no semantic fallback exists",
+                            location, static_cast<Int>(sourceVkFormat),
+                            MG_Util::ConvertDataTypeToString(attr.Type).c_str(), attr.Size);
+                    unsupportedAttribMask |= (1u << location);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
             const SizeT attribByteSize = GetAttributeByteSize(attr.Type, attr.Size, attr.IsBgra);
             if (attribByteSize == 0) {
-                MGLOG_E("Vertex attribute with unknown component size (location=%u, type=%s): the array is "
+                MGLOG_E_ONCE("Vertex attribute with unknown component size (location=%u, type=%s): the array is "
                         "enabled but cannot be sized",
                         location, MG_Util::ConvertDataTypeToString(attr.Type).c_str());
                 unsupportedAttribMask |= (1u << location);
                 continue;
             }
 
-            const Uint32 stride =
-                attr.Stride > 0 ? static_cast<Uint32>(attr.Stride) : static_cast<Uint32>(attribByteSize);
+            // Verbatim, zero included. The frontend already resolved a pointer call's
+            // "tightly packed" stride 0 into the element size (see VertexAttribute::Stride),
+            // so a zero here is the binding model's stride 0 - every vertex reads the same
+            // element - which is exactly what a zero VkVertexInputBindingDescription::stride
+            // means. Substituting the element size fetched a fresh element per vertex and ran
+            // off the end of the buffer (KHR-GL43.vertex_attrib_binding.basic-input-case7/8).
+            // Client-memory arrays cannot reach zero: they only exist on the pointer path.
+            const Uint32 sourceStride = static_cast<Uint32>(attr.Stride);
+            const Bool packedAttribute = attr.Type == DataType::Int2101010Rev ||
+                                         attr.Type == DataType::Uint2101010Rev;
+            const SizeT requiredAlignment = packedAttribute ? attribByteSize : GetComponentSize(attr.Type);
+            // For a client-memory array attr.Offset holds the raw client pointer, and the
+            // draw path re-uploads the data to a 16-aligned transient slice with attribute
+            // offset 0, so only the stride can violate Vulkan's fetch alignment there.
+            const Bool clientMemoryAttribute = attr.Buffer == nullptr;
+            if (conversion == VertexStreamConversion::None && requiredAlignment > 1 &&
+                ((sourceStride % requiredAlignment) != 0 ||
+                 (!clientMemoryAttribute && (attr.Offset % requiredAlignment) != 0))) {
+                // GL accepts arbitrary byte strides and offsets. Core Vulkan vertex fetches do not
+                // unless VK_EXT_legacy_vertex_attributes is available, so deinterleave this one
+                // attribute into a tightly packed transient stream without changing its format.
+                conversion = VertexStreamConversion::Repack;
+                MGLOG_W_ONCE("Vertex attribute location=%u uses Vulkan-incompatible alignment "
+                        "(offset=%zu stride=%u required=%zu); using a tightly packed stream",
+                        location, attr.Offset, sourceStride, requiredAlignment);
+            }
+
+            Uint32 stride = sourceStride;
+            // A converted stream is tightly packed, so its stride is the converted element
+            // size - unless the source stride is zero, which does not describe a packing at
+            // all but "never advance". That survives the conversion unchanged: the draw path
+            // converts exactly one element and every vertex reads it.
+            if (sourceStride != 0) {
+                if (conversion == VertexStreamConversion::Repack) {
+                    stride = static_cast<Uint32>(attribByteSize);
+                } else if (conversion == VertexStreamConversion::ScaledIntegerToFloat32) {
+                    stride = static_cast<Uint32>(attr.Size * static_cast<Int>(sizeof(Float)));
+                }
+            }
             const VkVertexInputRate inputRate =
                 (attr.Divisor == 0) ? VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX : VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_INSTANCE;
 
@@ -103,29 +201,104 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             bindingBaseOffsets.push_back(attr.Buffer ? attr.Offset : 0);
             bindingAttributeLocations.push_back(location);
             bindingUsesClientMemory.push_back(attr.Buffer == nullptr);
+            bindingConversions.push_back(conversion);
             builder.AddBinding(binding, stride, inputRate);
             builder.AddAttribute(location, binding, vkFormat, 0);
+            // Divisor 1 is what VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_INSTANCE already means; only anything
+            // else needs the extension to say it.
+            if (inputRate == VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_INSTANCE && attr.Divisor != 1) {
+                bindingDivisors.push_back({binding, static_cast<Uint32>(attr.Divisor)});
+            }
         }
 
         const auto& state = builder.Build();
 
-        auto& entry = m_cache[hash];
+        auto& slot = m_cache[hash];
+        if (!slot) {
+            slot = MakeUnique<BackendVertexInputState>();
+        }
+        BackendVertexInputState& entry = *slot;
         entry.hash = hash;
+        entry.lastUsedFrameBoundary = m_frameBoundaryCounter;
+        entry.bindingDivisors = Move(bindingDivisors);
         entry.bindings = builder.GetBindings();
         entry.attributes = builder.GetAttributes();
+        // See the layoutHash declaration: hash only the resolved layout, never
+        // buffer identities, so identical layouts across VAOs/buffers agree.
+        XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_reset(m_hashState, 0));
+        for (const auto& binding : entry.bindings) {
+            XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &binding.binding, sizeof(binding.binding)));
+            XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &binding.stride, sizeof(binding.stride)));
+            XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &binding.inputRate, sizeof(binding.inputRate)));
+        }
+        for (const auto& attribute : entry.attributes) {
+            XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &attribute.location, sizeof(attribute.location)));
+            XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &attribute.binding, sizeof(attribute.binding)));
+            XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &attribute.format, sizeof(attribute.format)));
+            XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &attribute.offset, sizeof(attribute.offset)));
+        }
+        for (const auto& divisor : entry.bindingDivisors) {
+            XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &divisor.binding, sizeof(divisor.binding)));
+            XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &divisor.divisor, sizeof(divisor.divisor)));
+        }
+        XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &unsupportedAttribMask, sizeof(unsupportedAttribMask)));
+        entry.layoutHash = XXH64_digest(m_hashState);
+        entry.attributeLocationMask = 0;
+        for (const auto& attribute : entry.attributes) {
+            if (attribute.location < 32u) {
+                entry.attributeLocationMask |= (1u << attribute.location);
+            }
+        }
         entry.bindingBufferKeys = std::move(bindingBufferKeys);
         entry.bindingBaseOffsets = std::move(bindingBaseOffsets);
         entry.bindingAttributeLocations = std::move(bindingAttributeLocations);
         entry.bindingUsesClientMemory = std::move(bindingUsesClientMemory);
+        entry.bindingConversions = std::move(bindingConversions);
         entry.unsupportedAttribMask = unsupportedAttribMask;
         entry.state = state;
         entry.state.pVertexBindingDescriptions = entry.bindings.empty() ? nullptr : entry.bindings.data();
         entry.state.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = entry.attributes.empty() ? nullptr : entry.attributes.data();
+        if (!entry.bindingDivisors.empty()) {
+            entry.divisorState.vertexBindingDivisorCount = static_cast<Uint32>(entry.bindingDivisors.size());
+            entry.divisorState.pVertexBindingDivisors = entry.bindingDivisors.data();
+            entry.state.pNext = &entry.divisorState;
+        } else {
+            entry.state.pNext = nullptr;
+        }
         return entry;
     }
 
+    void VertexInputStateFactory::OnFrameBoundary() {
+        ++m_frameBoundaryCounter;
+
+        // Sweep occasionally; evict entries whose last hit is far in the past.
+        // Erasure happens only here, never mid-frame: the draw path holds a
+        // reference into the current entry across its setup, and unordered_map
+        // erase would invalidate it. Entries are CPU-side only, so no GPU-idle
+        // proof is needed; an evicted entry that is used again is simply rebuilt
+        // from the VAO state (same hash, same content).
+        constexpr Uint64 kSweepInterval = 256;
+        constexpr Uint64 kRetireAgeBoundaries = 1024;
+        if ((m_frameBoundaryCounter % kSweepInterval) != 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (auto it = m_cache.begin(); it != m_cache.end();) {
+            if (m_frameBoundaryCounter - it->second->lastUsedFrameBoundary > kRetireAgeBoundaries) {
+                it = m_cache.erase(it);
+                // Invalidate every VAO's state-pointer memo: the erased node's
+                // address may be reused by a future insert. Advance through the
+                // process-wide source so the value stays unique across factory
+                // instances (see the member comment).
+                m_evictionEpoch = ++s_evictionEpochSource;
+            } else {
+                ++it;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     VkFormat VertexInputStateFactory::ToVkVertexFormat(DataType type, Int size, Bool normalized, Bool isInteger,
-                                                       Bool isBgra) {
+                                                       Bool isBgra, Bool isLong) {
         if (isBgra) {
             // GL_BGRA: four reversed-order components, always normalized (enforced at validation), only
             // legal with GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE or a 2_10_10_10 type. The reversed VkFormats put the
@@ -150,6 +323,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         case DataType::Int2101010Rev:
             if (isInteger || size != 4) return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
             return normalized ? VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_SNORM_PACK32 : VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_SSCALED_PACK32;
+        case DataType::Float64:
+            // A 64-bit attribute is fetched as its 32-bit word pair and bitcast back to double in the
+            // shader (PackDoubleVertexInputsPass does the shader half). That is bit-exact and, unlike
+            // VK_FORMAT_R64*_SFLOAT, needs no format capability: lavapipe reports bufferFeatures = 0
+            // for every R64 float format, so a native 64-bit vertex fetch is simply unavailable there
+            // while shaderFloat64 is not. Both halves key off nothing but the attribute being long,
+            // so they always agree without extra plumbing.
+            if (!isLong || isInteger || normalized) return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
+            switch (size) {
+            case 1: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32_UINT;
+            case 2: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_UINT;
+            // A dvec3/dvec4 input is 6/8 uint32 components: no single VkFormat, and GL spreads it
+            // over two attribute locations, which the location-per-VAO-index model here does not
+            // express. Declined rather than fetched wrong.
+            default: return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
+            }
         case DataType::Float32:
             switch (size) {
             case 1: return VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT;
@@ -282,4 +471,47 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         const SizeT componentSize = GetComponentSize(type);
         return componentSize == 0 ? 0 : componentSize * static_cast<SizeT>(size);
     }
+
+    Bool VertexInputStateFactory::IsScaledIntegerVertexFormat(VkFormat format) {
+        switch (format) {
+        case VK_FORMAT_R8_USCALED:
+        case VK_FORMAT_R8_SSCALED:
+        case VK_FORMAT_R8G8_USCALED:
+        case VK_FORMAT_R8G8_SSCALED:
+        case VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_USCALED:
+        case VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_SSCALED:
+        case VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_USCALED:
+        case VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SSCALED:
+        case VK_FORMAT_R16_USCALED:
+        case VK_FORMAT_R16_SSCALED:
+        case VK_FORMAT_R16G16_USCALED:
+        case VK_FORMAT_R16G16_SSCALED:
+        case VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_USCALED:
+        case VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_SSCALED:
+        case VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_USCALED:
+        case VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SSCALED:
+            return true;
+        default:
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    VkFormat VertexInputStateFactory::ToFloat32VertexFormat(Int componentCount) {
+        switch (componentCount) {
+        case 1: return VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT;
+        case 2: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
+        case 3: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
+        case 4: return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT;
+        default: return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Bool VertexInputStateFactory::SupportsVertexBufferFormat(VkFormat format) const {
+        if (m_physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE || format == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        VkFormatProperties properties{};
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(m_physicalDevice, format, &properties);
+        return (properties.bufferFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT) != 0;
+    }
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VertexInputStateFactory.h

@@ -19,28 +19,66 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     public:
         using HashType = Uint64;
 
+        enum class VertexStreamConversion : Uint8 {
+            None = 0,
+            Repack,
+            ScaledIntegerToFloat32,
+        };
+
         struct BackendVertexInputState {
             HashType hash = 0;
+            // Hash of the resolved Vulkan vertex layout only (bindings, attributes,
+            // unsupported mask) - NO buffer identities. `hash` mixes each bound
+            // buffer's never-reused LIFETIME ID, so per-chunk VBOs mint a fresh
+            // identity per buffer; keying pipelines on that minted one VkPipeline per
+            // chunk section for an identical layout, defeating pipeline reuse and the
+            // per-draw memo. Pipelines depend only on the layout, so they key on this
+            // instead.
+            HashType layoutHash = 0;
+            // Frame boundary of the last cache hit; entries idle past the
+            // OnFrameBoundary retirement age are evicted (CPU heap only).
+            // Mutable: the VAO's state-pointer memo fast path stamps it through
+            // a const entry reference.
+            mutable Uint64 lastUsedFrameBoundary = 0;
             Vector<VkVertexInputBindingDescription> bindings;
             Vector<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription> attributes;
             Vector<SizeT> bindingBufferKeys;
             Vector<SizeT> bindingBaseOffsets;
             Vector<Uint32> bindingAttributeLocations;
             Vector<Bool> bindingUsesClientMemory;
+            Vector<VertexStreamConversion> bindingConversions;
             // Locations whose array is ENABLED but whose GL format has no VkFormat mapping. They are
             // absent from `attributes`, so without this mask the draw path cannot tell them apart from
             // a genuinely disabled array and would silently feed the shader the current attribute value.
             Uint32 unsupportedAttribMask = 0;
+            // Bitmask of `attributes[i].location` - the draw path needs it up to
+            // three times per draw, so it is baked once at build time.
+            Uint32 attributeLocationMask = 0;
+            // Per-binding glVertexAttribDivisor values other than 1. Vulkan's instance input
+            // rate advances once per instance and nothing else, so anything else has to be
+            // stated through VK_EXT_vertex_attribute_divisor. Empty when every instanced
+            // binding uses divisor 1, which is what the plain input rate already means.
+            Vector<VkVertexInputBindingDivisorDescriptionEXT> bindingDivisors;
+            VkPipelineVertexInputDivisorStateCreateInfoEXT divisorState{
+                VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_DIVISOR_STATE_CREATE_INFO_EXT
+            };
             VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo state{
                 VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO
             };
         };
 
-        explicit VertexInputStateFactory(const VulkanRendererConfig& config):
-            m_config(config) {}
+        VertexInputStateFactory(const VulkanRendererConfig& config, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice):
+            m_config(config), m_physicalDevice(physicalDevice) {}
         ~VertexInputStateFactory() = default;
         VertexInputStateFactory(const VertexInputStateFactory&) = delete;
 
+        // The VAO aux-memo payload GetOrCreateVertexInputState(vao) stamps: aux0 is the
+        // entry's layoutHash, aux1 packs (unsupportedAttribMask << 32) | attributeLocationMask.
+        // Readers that find the aux memo valid can use these without resolving the entry.
+        static Uint64 PackVertexInputAuxMasks(Uint32 unsupportedAttribMask, Uint32 attributeLocationMask) {
+            return (static_cast<Uint64>(unsupportedAttribMask) << 32) | attributeLocationMask;
+        }
+
         HashType ComputeHash(const MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject& vao) const;
         // Memoized ComputeHash: reuses the VAO's cached hash while its config version
         // is unchanged. Use this on per-draw paths.
@@ -48,6 +86,16 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         const BackendVertexInputState& GetOrCreateVertexInputState(
             const MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject& vao, HashType hash);
         const BackendVertexInputState& GetOrCreateVertexInputState(const MG_State::GLState::VertexArrayObject& vao);
+        // Frame boundary hook: ages the cache and evicts entries not hit for many
+        // frames. The key mixes each bound buffer's never-reused lifetime id, so
+        // buffer/VAO churn keeps minting fresh keys - and does so by construction,
+        // not by luck: a recreated buffer can no longer land back on its dead
+        // predecessor's key. Without eviction the map grows for the whole session.
+        // Entries hold no Vulkan handles (pipeline creation copies the descriptions)
+        // and the draw path's entry reference never spans a frame boundary, so
+        // eviction here needs no GPU-idle proof. Self-gated: one counter bump and
+        // compare except on sweep boundaries.
+        void OnFrameBoundary();
         static SizeT GetComponentSize(DataType type);
         // Tightly-packed byte size of one vertex element for this attribute: componentSize * size for
         // normal types, and 4 (one packed word) for the 2_10_10_10 types and GL_BGRA. Returns 0 for
@@ -55,10 +103,39 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         static SizeT GetAttributeByteSize(DataType type, Int size, Bool isBgra);
 
     private:
-        static VkFormat ToVkVertexFormat(DataType type, Int size, Bool normalized, Bool isInteger, Bool isBgra = false);
+        static VkFormat ToVkVertexFormat(DataType type, Int size, Bool normalized, Bool isInteger, Bool isBgra = false,
+                                         Bool isLong = false);
+        static Bool IsScaledIntegerVertexFormat(VkFormat format);
+        static VkFormat ToFloat32VertexFormat(Int componentCount);
+        Bool SupportsVertexBufferFormat(VkFormat format) const;
 
         const VulkanRendererConfig& m_config;
-        UnorderedMap<HashType, BackendVertexInputState> m_cache;
+        VkPhysicalDevice m_physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        // Values are heap-allocated: UnorderedMap is open-addressing, so INSERT
+        // invalidates references to stored values - and so does ERASE, which shifts
+        // the rest of the probe cluster into the hole and therefore moves entries
+        // other than the erased one. The draw path (and the VAOs' state-pointer
+        // memos) hold entry pointers across both; only the unique_ptr cell moves,
+        // never the pointee.
+        UnorderedMap<HashType, UniquePtr<BackendVertexInputState>> m_cache;
+        // Monotonic frame-boundary counter (bumped in OnFrameBoundary) for cache aging.
+        Uint64 m_frameBoundaryCounter = 0;
+        // Bumped whenever any cache entry is erased. VAOs memo a raw pointer to
+        // their heap-allocated entry (stable across map insert/rehash by
+        // construction); a memo is honored only while its recorded epoch
+        // matches, so an evicted entry can never be dereferenced through a
+        // stale memo.
+        //
+        // Drawn from a process-wide source, never a per-instance counter: the VAO
+        // memos outlive this factory (they live on pGLContext's VAOs, the renderer
+        // is destroyed and recreated on EGL surface release/re-create), so a fresh
+        // factory restarting at a dead factory's epoch value would honor its
+        // dangling entry pointers. The constructor takes a value strictly greater
+        // than anything a predecessor ever stamped, so a dead factory's memo can
+        // never compare equal here - the same never-reused idiom as the lifetime ids.
+        // Single-threaded like the rest of the factory (renderer-thread only).
+        static inline Uint64 s_evictionEpochSource = 0;
+        Uint64 m_evictionEpoch = ++s_evictionEpochSource;
         static inline XXH64_state_t* m_hashState = XXH64_createState();
     };
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VkBufferManager.cpp

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 // End of Source File Header
 
 #include "VkBufferManager.h"
+#include "../DirectVulkan.h"
+#include "VulkanRenderer.h"
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     namespace {
@@ -21,7 +23,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT |
             VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT |
             VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDIRECT_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_TEXEL_BUFFER_BIT |
-            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
+            // "Every usage" has to mean every usage: a buffer texture reached through an IMAGE
+            // unit takes a VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_TEXEL_BUFFER descriptor, and the write is
+            // invalid unless the buffer was created with this bit. Nothing asked for it until
+            // imageBuffer support existed, so the omission was invisible.
+            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_TEXEL_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
+        // Appended to kPersistentBackedUsage when VK_EXT_transform_feedback is enabled
+        // (see VkBufferManagerInitInfo::transformFeedbackUsageEnabled).
+        constexpr VkBufferUsageFlags kTransformFeedbackUsage =
+            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_BIT_EXT;
         // The app writes into the persistent map with no explicit flush, so its memory must
         // be host-coherent (Adreno host-visible memory is; requiring it keeps us portable).
         constexpr VkMemoryPropertyFlags kPersistentBackedRequiredFlags =
@@ -53,6 +63,18 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             }
         }
 
+        // The CPU is about to read a buffer a shader wrote. Its bytes live in coherent
+        // host-visible GPU storage (EnsureGpuResidentStorage adopts it when the buffer is
+        // bound as a shader storage buffer), so nothing needs copying - but coherence only
+        // says the writes are visible once they have happened, so the work has to retire
+        // first.
+        void Ops_ReadbackFromGpu(BufferObject& bufferObject) {
+            (void)bufferObject;
+            if (pVulkanRenderer) {
+                pVulkanRenderer->FinishPendingGpuWork();
+            }
+        }
+
         void* Ops_AcquirePersistentMap(BufferObject& bufferObject) {
             if (g_activeBufferManager) {
                 return g_activeBufferManager->AcquirePersistentMap(bufferObject);
@@ -76,6 +98,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             .FlushMappedRange = Ops_FlushMappedRange,
             .OnDestroy = Ops_OnDestroy,
             .AcquirePersistentMap = Ops_AcquirePersistentMap,
+            .ReadbackFromGpu = Ops_ReadbackFromGpu,
         };
     } // namespace
 
@@ -141,6 +164,26 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         m_transientUploadArena.BeginFrame(frameIndex);
     }
 
+    void VkBufferManager::CollectAllDeferredReleases() {
+        // Per-resource releases only. Every one of them was deferred behind a BumpSliceEpoch,
+        // so no memo can still name the handle, and the caller has proved the GPU is idle.
+        //
+        // The transient arena's releases are deliberately NOT collected here. A buffer lands
+        // there when the arena outgrows it mid-frame (BufferArena::EnsureCapacity), and at
+        // that moment every slice already handed out from this frame's arena still names it -
+        // VkBufferResource::transientSlice above all, which AcquireStreamedSlice keeps
+        // serving for the whole frame serial on the strength of transientFrameSerial alone.
+        // Nothing bumps the slice epoch for those other resources, so freeing the buffer
+        // here left the streamed memo handing a destroyed VkBuffer to vkCmdBindIndexBuffer
+        // (llvmpipe then faulted inside the draw; the Create/Flywheel indirect retrace died
+        // exactly this way). Mid-frame drains do not advance m_frameSerial, so they must not
+        // free arena storage either: the arena's own ResetFrame/BeginFrame is the point where
+        // the slot's slices stop being reachable, and that is where these releases land.
+        for (Uint32 frameIndex = 0; frameIndex < m_deferredBufferReleases.size(); ++frameIndex) {
+            CollectDeferredReleases(frameIndex);
+        }
+    }
+
     void VkBufferManager::NotifyDeviceIdle() {
         // Everything submitted so far has completed. Work recorded for the
         // current frame has not been submitted yet, so the current serial
@@ -197,21 +240,32 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         return static_cast<VkBufferResource*>(bufferObject.GetBackendResource().get());
     }
 
-    SharedPtr<VkBufferResource> VkBufferManager::GetOrCreateResource(
+    VkBufferResource* VkBufferManager::GetOrCreateResource(
         const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::BufferObject>& bufferObject) {
-        auto existing = std::static_pointer_cast<VkBufferResource>(bufferObject->GetBackendResource());
+        // Return by raw pointer: the resource is owned for its whole lifetime by the BufferObject's
+        // backend-resource SharedPtr (already set, or set below), so callers that only dereference
+        // it avoid a static_pointer_cast + SharedPtr refcount inc/dec on every per-draw buffer bind.
+        const auto& existing = bufferObject->GetBackendResource();
         if (existing) {
-            return existing;
+            return static_cast<VkBufferResource*>(existing.get());
         }
         auto resource = MakeShared<VkBufferResource>();
+        VkBufferResource* raw = resource.get();
         bufferObject->SetBackendResource(resource);
         TrackLiveResource(resource);
-        return resource;
+        return raw;
     }
 
     void VkBufferManager::TrackLiveResource(const SharedPtr<VkBufferResource>& resource) {
-        if (m_liveResources.size() >= kLiveResourcePruneThreshold) {
+        // Sweep on a doubling watermark rather than on every insert past the threshold. The old
+        // form walked the whole vector for each new buffer once the list passed 256, and when the
+        // buffers are all live the walk removes nothing and the list grows by one - so creating N
+        // live buffers cost ~N^2/2 expired() checks. Reclamation semantics are unchanged: the sweep
+        // still removes exactly the expired entries, just less often and with the same bound on how
+        // much dead weight can accumulate (at most as many entries as were live at the last sweep).
+        if (m_liveResources.size() >= std::max<SizeT>(kLiveResourcePruneThreshold, 2 * m_liveResourcesLastPruned)) {
             std::erase_if(m_liveResources, [](const WeakPtr<VkBufferResource>& weak) { return weak.expired(); });
+            m_liveResourcesLastPruned = m_liveResources.size();
         }
         m_liveResources.push_back(resource);
     }
@@ -219,6 +273,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     void VkBufferManager::ReleaseAllLiveResources() {
         for (auto& weak : m_liveResources) {
             if (auto resource = weak.lock()) {
+                BumpSliceEpoch(*resource);
                 resource->buffer.Destroy();
                 resource->storageSize = 0;
                 resource->usageFlags = 0;
@@ -233,6 +288,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
     Bool VkBufferManager::CreateResidentStorage(VkBufferResource& resource, VkDeviceSize size,
                                                 VkBufferUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags requiredFlags) {
+        // The only place a resident VkBuffer handle is minted, so every resident slice
+        // change funnels through here (callers release the old handle first).
+        BumpSliceEpoch(resource);
         // Staged range copies write resident storage with vkCmdCopyBuffer.
         usage |= VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
         const Bool created = resource.buffer.Create({
@@ -244,7 +302,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             .requiredFlags = requiredFlags,
         });
         if (!created || resource.buffer.Map() == nullptr) {
-            MGLOG_E("VkBufferManager::CreateResidentStorage failed (size=%llu)",
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("VkBufferManager::CreateResidentStorage failed (size=%llu)",
                     static_cast<unsigned long long>(size));
             resource.buffer.Destroy();
             resource.storageSize = 0;
@@ -266,7 +324,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             return false;
         }
         if (!resource.buffer.Upload(bufferObject.MappedData(), size, 0)) {
-            MGLOG_E("VkBufferManager::SwapStorageAndUploadAll: upload failed");
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("VkBufferManager::SwapStorageAndUploadAll: upload failed");
             resource.pendingFullUpload = true;
             return false;
         }
@@ -319,8 +377,18 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         if (!resource) {
             return; // lazy: AcquireResidentSlice performs a full upload on creation
         }
+        // A respecify can change the size, the usage hint (so the resident/streamed
+        // route), and the contents at once; retire every memo before deciding what to
+        // do about the storage.
+        BumpSliceEpoch(*resource);
         // Any cached streaming slice refers to the previous contents.
         resource->transientFrameSerial = 0;
+        // Redefining the store hands any adopted mapping back to the CPU shadow
+        // (BufferObject::RedefineStorage), so a buffer that reaches here persistent-mapped
+        // is an ordinary resident one again: it needs the busy-tracking and conditional
+        // orphan below, and the next AcquirePersistentMap has to mint storage for the new
+        // store rather than hand back a mapping of the old one.
+        resource->persistentMapped = false;
         if (!resource->buffer.IsValid()) {
             return; // streaming-only resource: shadow + serial are enough
         }
@@ -341,7 +409,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         }
 
         if (!resource->buffer.Upload(bufferObject.MappedData(), size, 0)) {
-            MGLOG_E("VkBufferManager::OnRespecify: in-place upload failed");
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("VkBufferManager::OnRespecify: in-place upload failed");
             resource->pendingFullUpload = true;
         }
     }
@@ -351,6 +419,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         if (!resource) {
             return;
         }
+        // Drops the streaming memo below and may end in a storage swap or a deferred
+        // full re-upload, so no memoised slice survives this.
+        BumpSliceEpoch(*resource);
         resource->transientFrameSerial = 0;
         if (!resource->buffer.IsValid() || resource->pendingFullUpload) {
             return;
@@ -363,7 +434,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         if (!IsResourceBusy(*resource)) {
             if (!resource->buffer.Upload(bufferObject.MappedData() + offset,
                                          static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(size), static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(offset))) {
-                MGLOG_E("VkBufferManager::OnSubData: host upload failed");
+                MGLOG_E_ONCE("VkBufferManager::OnSubData: host upload failed");
                 resource->pendingFullUpload = true;
             }
             return;
@@ -383,6 +454,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         if (!resource) {
             return;
         }
+        BumpSliceEpoch(*resource);
         resource->transientFrameSerial = 0;
         if (!resource->buffer.IsValid() || resource->pendingFullUpload) {
             return;
@@ -399,7 +471,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         if ((appAccess & BufferMappingAccessBit::Unsynchronized) || !IsResourceBusy(*resource)) {
             if (!resource->buffer.Upload(bufferObject.MappedData() + offset,
                                          static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(size), static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(offset))) {
-                MGLOG_E("VkBufferManager::OnFlushMappedRange: host upload failed");
+                MGLOG_E_ONCE("VkBufferManager::OnFlushMappedRange: host upload failed");
                 resource->pendingFullUpload = true;
             }
             return;
@@ -442,6 +514,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             TrackLiveResource(resource);
         }
 
+        // Bumped for the request, not just for the storage it may create. This is the
+        // one call the frontend makes when a buffer becomes persistently mapped for
+        // writing (BufferObject::AcquireMemoryRange), and a map the backend declines
+        // keeps mutating its shadow with no further API call - so it is what lets
+        // GetSliceEpochCounter stand for "no buffer needs a persistent-map range push".
+        BumpSliceEpoch(*resource);
+
         // Idempotent: an already-backed buffer returns the same mapped base.
         if (resource->persistentMapped && resource->buffer.IsValid() && resource->storageSize == size) {
             return resource->buffer.GetMappedData();
@@ -452,7 +531,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         // it from the current shadow - MappedData() is still the shadow here because the
         // frontend adopts (and drops) the shadow only after this returns.
         DeferRelease(std::move(resource->buffer));
-        if (!CreateResidentStorage(*resource, size, kPersistentBackedUsage, kPersistentBackedRequiredFlags)) {
+        const VkBufferUsageFlags persistentUsage =
+            kPersistentBackedUsage |
+            (m_initInfo.transformFeedbackUsageEnabled ? kTransformFeedbackUsage : 0);
+        if (!CreateResidentStorage(*resource, size, persistentUsage, kPersistentBackedRequiredFlags)) {
             resource->persistentMapped = false;
             resource->storageSize = 0;
             resource->usageFlags = 0;
@@ -481,7 +563,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
         const VkDeviceSize size = static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(bufferObject->GetSize());
         if (size == 0) {
-            MGLOG_E("VkBufferManager::AcquireResidentSlice failed: buffer size is zero");
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("VkBufferManager::AcquireResidentSlice failed: buffer size is zero");
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -503,7 +585,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 return false;
             }
             if (!resource->buffer.Upload(bufferObject->MappedData(), size, 0)) {
-                MGLOG_E("VkBufferManager::AcquireResidentSlice failed: initial upload failed");
+                MGLOG_E_ONCE("VkBufferManager::AcquireResidentSlice failed: initial upload failed");
                 resource->buffer.Destroy();
                 resource->storageSize = 0;
                 resource->usageFlags = 0;
@@ -526,9 +608,19 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         auto resource = GetOrCreateResource(bufferObject);
         bufferObject->SyncPersistentMappedRange();
 
+        // A persistently mapped resource's storage IS the application's copy of the bytes -
+        // the frontend adopted it in place of the shadow and hands out pointers into it, and
+        // a shader can have written bytes the shadow never saw (a transform feedback
+        // capture). Streaming a second copy would feed this draw the stale shadow, and the
+        // downgrade below would release the storage the application still points at,
+        // breaking the "never recreated" promise AcquirePersistentMap makes.
+        if (resource->persistentMapped) {
+            return AcquireResidentSlice(kind, bufferObject, outSlice);
+        }
+
         const VkDeviceSize size = static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(bufferObject->GetSize());
         if (size == 0) {
-            MGLOG_E("VkBufferManager::AcquireStreamedSlice failed: buffer size is zero");
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("VkBufferManager::AcquireStreamedSlice failed: buffer size is zero");
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -539,6 +631,41 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             return true;
         }
 
+        // Idle-content promotion: see the field comments in VkBufferResource. The
+        // streak counts frame BOUNDARIES survived unchanged (the same-frame memo
+        // above swallows repeat draws), so a promotion needs the content stable
+        // for kStreamedPromotionStreak whole frames - one no-op frame does not
+        // trigger the resident round-trip, whose creation upload is itself a
+        // staged copy worth avoiding for content that is about to change again.
+        constexpr Uint32 kStreamedPromotionStreak = 2;
+        if (resource->promotedResident) {
+            if (resource->promotedChangeSerial == changeSerial &&
+                static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(bufferObject->GetSize()) == size) {
+                return AcquireResidentSlice(kind, bufferObject, outSlice);
+            }
+            resource->promotedResident = false;
+            resource->unchangedStreak = 0;
+        } else if (resource->transientChangeSerial == changeSerial && resource->transientSize == size &&
+                   resource->transientFrameSerial != 0) {
+            if (++resource->unchangedStreak >= kStreamedPromotionStreak) {
+                // Promotion moves the buffer off the arena and onto resident storage.
+                resource->promotedResident = true;
+                resource->promotedChangeSerial = changeSerial;
+                BumpSliceEpoch(*resource);
+                if (AcquireResidentSlice(kind, bufferObject, outSlice)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+                resource->promotedResident = false; // resident creation failed: stream as before
+            }
+        } else {
+            resource->unchangedStreak = 0;
+        }
+
+        // A fresh arena allocation: a different slice than the last call handed back,
+        // and (below) the point where a promoted buffer's resident storage is released.
+        // The stable-promotion exit above returns before this, so a buffer the app has
+        // stopped touching keeps one slice for as long as it keeps its resident storage.
+        BumpSliceEpoch(*resource);
         if (!m_transientUploadArena.Upload(m_currentFrameIndex, bufferObject->MappedData(), size, 16,
                                            outSlice)) {
             return false;
@@ -591,7 +718,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         case BufferKind::Uniform:
             return VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT;
         case BufferKind::TextureBuffer:
-            return VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_TEXEL_BUFFER_BIT;
+            // Both texel roles, for the same reason vertex/index carry both bits: one GL buffer
+            // texture can be read as a samplerBuffer and written as an imageBuffer, and which of
+            // the two it is only becomes known when a shader that uses it is bound - long after
+            // the resident buffer was created. A VkBufferView for a storage-texel descriptor is
+            // invalid unless the buffer was created with the storage bit, so a buffer that
+            // acquired only the uniform bit could never be given one.
+            return VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_TEXEL_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_TEXEL_BUFFER_BIT;
         case BufferKind::ShaderStorage:
             return VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDIRECT_BUFFER_BIT;
         case BufferKind::Indirect:

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VkBufferManager.h

@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         VmaMemoryUsage transientMemoryUsage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
         VmaAllocationCreateFlags transientAllocationFlags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT;
         Bool transientPersistentMapping = false;
+        // VK_EXT_transform_feedback is enabled: persistent-map storage additionally
+        // carries the transform feedback usage so capture targets can bind directly.
+        Bool transformFeedbackUsageEnabled = false;
     };
 
     // The DirectVulkan storage behind one frontend buffer (pipe_resource analogue).
@@ -54,11 +57,33 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         // never orphaned or recreated. Draw-time acquire binds it directly, no re-upload.
         Bool persistentMapped = false;
 
+        // Bumped from a manager-wide counter every time anything that decides which
+        // BufferSlice an Acquire*Slice call hands back changes: storage created or
+        // released, a full re-upload becoming due, a promotion/demotion between
+        // resident and streamed storage, or a new per-frame arena slice. Callers that
+        // memoise a resolved slice compare this to prove the memo still describes the
+        // buffer. The counter is manager-wide (never per-resource) so a freshly
+        // created resource - including one that replaces a destroyed resource at the
+        // same address - can never reproduce a value some memo already holds. 0 means
+        // "no slice has ever been handed out", which no memo can match.
+        Uint64 sliceEpoch = 0;
+
         // Cached transient (streaming) slice for the current frame.
         BufferSlice transientSlice{};
         Uint64 transientFrameSerial = 0;
         Uint64 transientChangeSerial = 0;
         VkDeviceSize transientSize = 0;
+
+        // Streaming re-copies the whole store into the per-frame arena on every
+        // frame, which is right for genuinely per-frame data but pure waste for a
+        // Dynamic-hinted buffer the app stopped touching. After the content
+        // survives kStreamedPromotionStreak frame boundaries unchanged it is
+        // promoted to resident storage (one final upload, then zero per-frame
+        // cost); the first content change demotes it back to streaming, and the
+        // streaming path's existing downgrade releases the resident store.
+        Uint32 unchangedStreak = 0;
+        Bool promotedResident = false;
+        Uint64 promotedChangeSerial = 0;
     };
 
     // Supplies a command buffer that is recording and outside any render pass,
@@ -77,6 +102,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         // Recreate all per-frame transient arenas
         Bool RecreateTransientArenas(Uint32 frameCount);
         void BeginFrame(Uint32 frameIndex);
+        // Drains every frame slot's deferred buffer/resource releases. Only valid when
+        // the caller has proven every queue submission complete; used by the present-less
+        // frame-boundary drain. Deliberately does NOT touch the transient arena's parked
+        // superseded blocks: those are still named by this frame's slices (see the
+        // definition), and only a frame rewind retires them.
+        void CollectAllDeferredReleases();
         // All previously submitted GPU work has completed (vkDeviceWaitIdle).
         void NotifyDeviceIdle();
         // A frame slot's submission fence has been waited: every serial up to
@@ -113,6 +144,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         void OnResourceDestroyed(SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::BackendBufferResource>&& resource);
 
         Uint64 GetFrameSerial() const { return m_frameSerial; }
+        // Highest value handed to any VkBufferResource::sliceEpoch. Unchanged since a
+        // memo was taken means no buffer this manager owns changed which slice it hands
+        // back, and none was persistently mapped, in between - so a memo of resolved
+        // slices needs no per-buffer re-check. See AcquirePersistentMap for the mapping half.
+        Uint64 GetSliceEpochCounter() const { return m_sliceEpochCounter; }
         // Highest frame serial whose GPU work is known complete; serials at or
         // below it may be considered signaled. Drives IsResourceBusy and the
         // backend GL fence objects.
@@ -124,7 +160,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     private:
         Bool InitializeTransientArenas();
         static VkBufferUsageFlags GetVkBufferUsage(BufferKind kind);
-        SharedPtr<VkBufferResource> GetOrCreateResource(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::BufferObject>& bufferObject);
+        VkBufferResource* GetOrCreateResource(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::BufferObject>& bufferObject);
         static VkBufferResource* ResourceOf(MG_State::GLState::BufferObject& bufferObject);
         Bool CreateResidentStorage(VkBufferResource& resource, VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage,
                                    VkMemoryPropertyFlags requiredFlags = 0);
@@ -139,6 +175,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         void DestroyAllDeferredReleases();
         void TrackLiveResource(const SharedPtr<VkBufferResource>& resource);
         void ReleaseAllLiveResources();
+        // See VkBufferResource::sliceEpoch.
+        void BumpSliceEpoch(VkBufferResource& resource) { resource.sliceEpoch = ++m_sliceEpochCounter; }
 
         VkBufferManagerInitInfo m_initInfo{};
         BufferArena m_transientUploadArena;
@@ -146,8 +184,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         Vector<Vector<VkBufferObject>> m_deferredBufferReleases;
         Vector<Vector<SharedPtr<VkBufferResource>>> m_deferredResourceReleases;
         Vector<WeakPtr<VkBufferResource>> m_liveResources;
+    // Size m_liveResources had just after the last sweep; the next sweep waits for it to double.
+    SizeT m_liveResourcesLastPruned = 0;
         Uint32 m_currentFrameIndex = 0;
         Uint64 m_frameSerial = 1;
         Uint64 m_completedSerialFloor = 0;
+        // Never reset (not even by Shutdown): a value handed to a resource must stay
+        // unique for the process, or a memo taken before a re-initialize could match
+        // a different resource's state after it.
+        Uint64 m_sliceEpochCounter = 0;
     };
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VkBufferObject.cpp

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         const VkResult result =
             vmaCreateBuffer(m_allocator, &bufferInfo, &allocationInfo, &m_buffer, &m_allocation, nullptr);
         if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
-            MGLOG_E("VkBufferObject::Create failed: vmaCreateBuffer returned %d", result);
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("VkBufferObject::Create failed: vmaCreateBuffer returned %d", result);
             m_allocator = nullptr;
             m_buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
             m_allocation = nullptr;
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
         const VkResult mapResult = vmaMapMemory(m_allocator, m_allocation, &m_mappedData);
         if (mapResult != VK_SUCCESS || m_mappedData == nullptr) {
-            MGLOG_E("VkBufferObject::Map failed: vmaMapMemory returned %d", mapResult);
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("VkBufferObject::Map failed: vmaMapMemory returned %d", mapResult);
             m_mappedData = nullptr;
             return nullptr;
         }
@@ -138,14 +138,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         const Bool wasMapped = IsMapped();
         void* mapped = wasMapped ? m_mappedData : Map();
         if (mapped == nullptr) {
-            MGLOG_E("VkBufferObject::Upload failed: unable to map buffer");
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("VkBufferObject::Upload failed: unable to map buffer");
             return false;
         }
 
         Memcpy(static_cast<Uint8*>(mapped) + offset, data, static_cast<SizeT>(size));
         const VkResult flushResult = vmaFlushAllocation(m_allocator, m_allocation, offset, size);
         if (flushResult != VK_SUCCESS) {
-            MGLOG_E("VkBufferObject::Upload failed: vmaFlushAllocation returned %d", flushResult);
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("VkBufferObject::Upload failed: vmaFlushAllocation returned %d", flushResult);
             if (!wasMapped) {
                 Unmap();
             }
@@ -157,16 +157,23 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         return true;
     }
 
-    BufferSlice VkBufferObject::GetSlice(VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize size) const {
-        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(offset <= m_size, "VkBufferObject::GetSlice offset out of range");
-        const VkDeviceSize resolvedSize = (size == VK_WHOLE_SIZE) ? (m_size - offset) : size;
-        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(offset + resolvedSize <= m_size, "VkBufferObject::GetSlice range out of bounds");
+    Bool VkBufferObject::Invalidate(VkDeviceSize size, VkDeviceSize offset) {
+        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(IsValid(), "VkBufferObject::Invalidate called on invalid buffer");
+        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(IsMapped(), "VkBufferObject::Invalidate requires mapped memory");
+        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(offset <= m_size, "VkBufferObject::Invalidate offset out of range");
 
-        BufferSlice slice{};
-        slice.buffer = m_buffer;
-        slice.offset = offset;
-        slice.size = resolvedSize;
-        slice.mapped = (m_mappedData != nullptr) ? static_cast<Uint8*>(m_mappedData) + offset : nullptr;
-        return slice;
+        const VkDeviceSize resolvedSize = size == VK_WHOLE_SIZE ? m_size - offset : size;
+        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(offset + resolvedSize <= m_size, "VkBufferObject::Invalidate range out of bounds");
+        if (resolvedSize == 0) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        const VkResult result = vmaInvalidateAllocation(m_allocator, m_allocation, offset, resolvedSize);
+        if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("VkBufferObject::Invalidate failed: vmaInvalidateAllocation returned %d", result);
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
     }
+
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VkBufferObject.h

@@ -44,10 +44,24 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         void* Map();
         void Unmap();
         Bool Upload(const void* data, VkDeviceSize size, VkDeviceSize offset = 0);
+        Bool Invalidate(VkDeviceSize size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE, VkDeviceSize offset = 0);
 
         VkBuffer GetHandle() const { return m_buffer; }
         VkDeviceSize GetSize() const { return m_size; }
-        BufferSlice GetSlice(VkDeviceSize offset = 0, VkDeviceSize size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE) const;
+        // Inline: runs on the per-draw acquire path (a resident buffer bind is a
+        // GetSlice per binding), where an out-of-line call was measurable.
+        BufferSlice GetSlice(VkDeviceSize offset = 0, VkDeviceSize size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE) const {
+            MOBILEGL_ASSERT(offset <= m_size, "VkBufferObject::GetSlice offset out of range");
+            const VkDeviceSize resolvedSize = (size == VK_WHOLE_SIZE) ? (m_size - offset) : size;
+            MOBILEGL_ASSERT(offset + resolvedSize <= m_size, "VkBufferObject::GetSlice range out of bounds");
+
+            BufferSlice slice{};
+            slice.buffer = m_buffer;
+            slice.offset = offset;
+            slice.size = resolvedSize;
+            slice.mapped = (m_mappedData != nullptr) ? static_cast<Uint8*>(m_mappedData) + offset : nullptr;
+            return slice;
+        }
         void* GetMappedData() const { return m_mappedData; }
         Bool IsMapped() const { return m_mappedData != nullptr; }
         Bool IsValid() const { return m_allocator != nullptr && m_buffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE && m_allocation != nullptr; }

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VkClearManager.cpp

@@ -8,15 +8,75 @@
 
 #include "VkClearManager.h"
 
+#include "MG_State/GLState/Core.h"
 #include "MG_Util/Converters/MGToStr/FramebufferEnumConverter.h"
 #include "MG_Util/Converters/MGToStr/TextureEnumConverter.h"
 
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cmath>
+
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     static Bool IsCubeMapFaceUploadTarget(TextureUploadTarget target) {
         return target >= TextureUploadTarget::CubeMapPositiveX &&
                target <= TextureUploadTarget::CubeMapNegativeZ;
     }
 
+    VkClearColorValue MakeVkClearColorValue(const ClearAttachmentPayload& payload, Bool formatLacksAlpha) {
+        VkClearColorValue clearValue{};
+        switch (payload.colorEncoding) {
+        case ClearColorEncoding::Int:
+            clearValue.int32[0] = payload.colorInt.x();
+            clearValue.int32[1] = payload.colorInt.y();
+            clearValue.int32[2] = payload.colorInt.z();
+            clearValue.int32[3] = formatLacksAlpha ? 1 : payload.colorInt.w();
+            break;
+        case ClearColorEncoding::Uint:
+            clearValue.uint32[0] = payload.colorUint.x();
+            clearValue.uint32[1] = payload.colorUint.y();
+            clearValue.uint32[2] = payload.colorUint.z();
+            clearValue.uint32[3] = formatLacksAlpha ? 1u : payload.colorUint.w();
+            break;
+        case ClearColorEncoding::Float:
+            clearValue.float32[0] = payload.color.x();
+            clearValue.float32[1] = payload.color.y();
+            clearValue.float32[2] = payload.color.z();
+            clearValue.float32[3] = formatLacksAlpha ? 1.0f : payload.color.w();
+            break;
+        }
+        return clearValue;
+    }
+
+    void PreCompensateSrgbClearColor(ClearAttachmentPayload& payload, VkFormat destinationFormat) {
+        if (payload.colorEncoding != ClearColorEncoding::Float) return;
+        // With GL_FRAMEBUFFER_SRGB enabled GL performs the encoding itself, so the driver doing it
+        // is exactly right and there is nothing to undo.
+        if (MG_State::pGLContext->IsCapabilityEnabled(MobileGL::CapabilityInput::FramebufferSrgb)) return;
+        if (ResolveSrgbAttachmentWriteFormat(destinationFormat, false) == destinationFormat) return;
+
+        // sRGB -> linear (GL 4.6 core 8.24), applied to the colour channels only: alpha is stored
+        // linearly in an sRGB format and must pass through untouched.
+        const auto toLinear = [](Float encoded) {
+            const Float value = std::clamp(encoded, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+            return value <= 0.04045f ? value / 12.92f : std::pow((value + 0.055f) / 1.055f, 2.4f);
+        };
+        payload.color = FloatVec4(toLinear(payload.color.x()), toLinear(payload.color.y()),
+                                  toLinear(payload.color.z()), payload.color.w());
+    }
+
+    void ForceOpaqueClearAlpha(ClearAttachmentPayload& payload) {
+        switch (payload.colorEncoding) {
+        case ClearColorEncoding::Int:
+            payload.colorInt = IntVec4(payload.colorInt.x(), payload.colorInt.y(), payload.colorInt.z(), 1);
+            break;
+        case ClearColorEncoding::Uint:
+            payload.colorUint = UintVec4(payload.colorUint.x(), payload.colorUint.y(), payload.colorUint.z(), 1u);
+            break;
+        case ClearColorEncoding::Float:
+            payload.color = FloatVec4(payload.color.x(), payload.color.y(), payload.color.z(), 1.0f);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
     static Bool PendingClearMatchesTextureIdentity(const PendingClearKey& key, const TextureIdentity& identity) {
         return key.texture == identity.texture && key.textureLifetimeId == identity.lifetimeId;
     }
@@ -93,6 +153,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_mutex);
         m_pendingClears.clear();
         m_aliveObjects.clear();
+        m_pendingCount.store(static_cast<Uint32>(m_pendingClears.size()), std::memory_order_relaxed);
     }
 
     TextureIdentity VkClearManager::MakeTextureIdentity(MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* texture) {
@@ -105,7 +166,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     void VkClearManager::MergeClearPayload(ClearAttachmentPayload& dst, const ClearAttachmentPayload& src) {
         dst.mask |= src.mask;
         if ((src.mask & GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT) != 0) {
+            // The whole colour story travels together (same rule as
+            // VkRenderPassManager::QueueRenderbufferClear): a glClearBufferiv/uiv
+            // payload carries its value in colorInt/colorUint and its branch selector
+            // in colorEncoding - dropping them here would leave the pending clear
+            // reading as an all-zero float one.
             dst.color = src.color;
+            dst.colorEncoding = src.colorEncoding;
+            dst.colorInt = src.colorInt;
+            dst.colorUint = src.colorUint;
         }
         if ((src.mask & GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT) != 0) {
             dst.depth = src.depth;
@@ -127,6 +196,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             m_pendingClears.erase(key);
         }
         m_aliveObjects.erase(identity);
+        m_pendingCount.store(static_cast<Uint32>(m_pendingClears.size()), std::memory_order_relaxed);
     }
 
     Bool VkClearManager::LockTextureIdentityLocked(const TextureIdentity& identity,
@@ -221,6 +291,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         m_aliveObjects[MakeTextureIdentity(texture.get())] = texture;
         auto& pending = m_pendingClears[key];
         MergeClearPayload(pending, clearPayload);
+        m_pendingCount.store(static_cast<Uint32>(m_pendingClears.size()), std::memory_order_relaxed);
     }
 
     void VkClearManager::QueueClear(const ClearAttachmentPayload& clearPayload,
@@ -238,6 +309,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         m_aliveObjects[MakeTextureIdentity(texture.get())] = texture;
         auto& pending = m_pendingClears[key];
         MergeClearPayload(pending, clearPayload);
+        m_pendingCount.store(static_cast<Uint32>(m_pendingClears.size()), std::memory_order_relaxed);
     }
 
     Bool VkClearManager::HasPendingClear(MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* texture) {
@@ -245,6 +317,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             return false;
         }
 
+        if (m_pendingCount.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) == 0) {
+            return false;  // per-draw hot path: nothing pending anywhere
+        }
+
         const Uint64 lifetimeId = texture->GetLifetimeId();
         const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_mutex);
         for (auto it = m_pendingClears.begin(); it != m_pendingClears.end(); ++it) {
@@ -260,6 +336,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         if (key.texture == nullptr) {
             return false;
         }
+        if (m_pendingCount.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) == 0) {
+            return false;  // per-draw hot path: nothing pending anywhere
+        }
 
         const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_mutex);
         if (m_pendingClears.find(key) == m_pendingClears.end()) {
@@ -287,6 +366,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         if (key.texture == nullptr) {
             return false;
         }
+        if (m_pendingCount.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) == 0) {
+            return false;  // per-draw hot path: nothing pending anywhere
+        }
 
         const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_mutex);
         if (!LockTextureLocked(key, outTexture)) {
@@ -325,6 +407,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         if (texture == nullptr) {
             return false;
         }
+        if (m_pendingCount.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) == 0) {
+            return false;  // per-draw hot path: nothing pending anywhere
+        }
 
         const Uint64 lifetimeId = texture->GetLifetimeId();
         const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_mutex);
@@ -345,6 +430,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             return;
         }
 
+        if (m_pendingCount.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) == 0) {
+            return;  // per-draw hot path: nothing pending anywhere
+        }
         const TextureIdentity identity = MakeTextureIdentity(texture);
         MGLOG_D("%s: Pop all pending clears for texture %d", __func__, texture->GetExternalIndex());
         const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_mutex);
@@ -361,6 +449,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             auto it = m_pendingClears.find(key);
             if (it != m_pendingClears.end()) {
                 m_pendingClears.erase(it);
+            m_pendingCount.store(static_cast<Uint32>(m_pendingClears.size()), std::memory_order_relaxed);
             }
         }
 

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VkClearManager.h

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "MG_Util/Math/VectorTypes.h"
 
 #include <Includes.h>
+#include <atomic>
 #include <unordered_map>
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
@@ -23,13 +24,41 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         Uint32 stencil{};
     };
 
+    // A colour clear reaches us from one of glClear/ClearBufferfv, ClearBufferiv or
+    // ClearBufferuiv, and Vulkan reads VkClearColorValue's union according to the destination
+    // image's format rather than converting between the members - a float written where an
+    // integer format is expected is reinterpreted bit for bit, not rounded. Remember which entry
+    // point supplied the value so the member written when the clear is materialized matches.
+    enum class ClearColorEncoding : Uint8 { Float, Int, Uint };
+
     struct ClearAttachmentPayload {
         GLbitfield mask = 0;
         FloatVec4 color = FloatVec4(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+        ClearColorEncoding colorEncoding = ClearColorEncoding::Float;
+        IntVec4 colorInt = IntVec4(0, 0, 0, 0);
+        UintVec4 colorUint = UintVec4(0u, 0u, 0u, 0u);
         Float depth = 1.0f;
         Uint32 stencil = 0;
     };
 
+    // Builds the clear value for `payload` in the union member its encoding calls for.
+    // `formatLacksAlpha` applies GL's rule that a format without an alpha channel reads as one,
+    // expressed in whichever type matches (GL 4.6 core 15.2.3).
+    VkClearColorValue MakeVkClearColorValue(const ClearAttachmentPayload& payload, Bool formatLacksAlpha);
+
+    // Applies that same rule in place, for the paths that have to bake it into the payload before
+    // the destination is known.
+    void ForceOpaqueClearAlpha(ClearAttachmentPayload& payload);
+
+    // vkCmdClearColorImage names the image, so the driver applies the destination format's transfer
+    // function to whatever value it is handed. Every other write path in this backend goes through
+    // the UNORM twin view while GL_FRAMEBUFFER_SRGB is off (ResolveSrgbAttachmentWriteFormat) and
+    // therefore stores the raw value GL asked for. Rewrites `payload` to the linear colour whose
+    // encoding is that raw value, so a direct image clear of an sRGB destination agrees with them.
+    // A no-op for every other format, for integer clear encodings, and when GL is doing the
+    // encoding itself.
+    void PreCompensateSrgbClearColor(ClearAttachmentPayload& payload, VkFormat destinationFormat);
+
     struct PendingClearKey {
         MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* texture = nullptr;
         Uint64 textureLifetimeId = 0;
@@ -120,7 +149,19 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                                SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>& outTexture);
 
         Uint8 m_gcCounter = 0;
+    public:
+        // Lock-free probe for the consecutive-draw fast path: any pending clear
+        // forces the full SetupDraw path (which materializes/consumes it).
+        Bool HasAnyPendingClears() const { return m_pendingCount.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) != 0; }
+
+    private:
         mutable std::mutex m_mutex;
+        // Lock-free mirror of m_pendingClears.size(), maintained under m_mutex
+        // by every mutation. The per-draw probes (HasPendingClear/GetPending*)
+        // read it before taking the lock: during draw batches the pending set
+        // is almost always empty, so this turns several locked map probes per
+        // draw into one relaxed load.
+        std::atomic<Uint32> m_pendingCount{0};
         std::unordered_map<PendingClearKey, ClearAttachmentPayload, PendingClearKeyHash> m_pendingClears;
         std::unordered_map<TextureIdentity, WeakPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>, TextureIdentityHash> m_aliveObjects;
     };

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VkRenderPassManager.cpp

@@ -16,31 +16,21 @@
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     static Bool TryResolveSampleCountFlagBits(Int requestedSamples, VkSampleCountFlagBits& outSampleCount) {
-        switch (requestedSamples <= 0 ? 1 : requestedSamples) {
-        case 1:
+        // GL promises "at least the requested samples", so a non-power-of-two
+        // request (legal in GL, e.g. 3) rounds up to the next Vulkan bit.
+        if (requestedSamples <= 1) {
             outSampleCount = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
             return true;
-        case 2:
-            outSampleCount = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_2_BIT;
-            return true;
-        case 4:
-            outSampleCount = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_4_BIT;
-            return true;
-        case 8:
-            outSampleCount = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_8_BIT;
-            return true;
-        case 16:
-            outSampleCount = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_16_BIT;
-            return true;
-        case 32:
-            outSampleCount = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_32_BIT;
-            return true;
-        case 64:
-            outSampleCount = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_64_BIT;
-            return true;
-        default:
+        }
+        if (requestedSamples > 64) {
             return false;
         }
+        Uint32 bit = 1;
+        while (bit < static_cast<Uint32>(requestedSamples)) {
+            bit <<= 1;
+        }
+        outSampleCount = static_cast<VkSampleCountFlagBits>(bit);
+        return true;
     }
 
     static VkImageAspectFlags ResolveImageAspectMaskForFormat(VkFormat format) {
@@ -60,7 +50,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         }
     }
 
-    static Float ResolveColorClearAlpha(const MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* texture, Float requestedAlpha) {
+    static Bool ColorFormatLacksAlpha(const MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* texture) {
+        return texture != nullptr && MG_Util::GetBaseInternalFormatComponentCount(texture->GetFormat()) == 3;
+    }
+
+    [[maybe_unused]] static Float ResolveColorClearAlpha(const MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* texture, Float requestedAlpha) {
         if (texture != nullptr && MG_Util::GetBaseInternalFormatComponentCount(texture->GetFormat()) == 3) {
             return 1.0f;
         }
@@ -93,9 +87,20 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     static VkImageViewType ResolveAttachmentViewType(
         const MG_State::GLState::FramebufferAttachmentObject& attachment,
         const VkTextureManager::TextureResource& resource) {
-        return !attachment.IsLayered() && IsCubeMapFaceUploadTarget(attachment.GetTextureUploadTarget()) ?
-            VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D :
-            resource.viewType;
+        if (attachment.IsLayered()) {
+            return resource.viewType;
+        }
+        // A non-layered attachment names ONE layer, so the view over it is a plain 2D view whatever
+        // the image's own view type is. The cube-face upload targets always meant this; a cube map
+        // array attached through glFramebufferTextureLayer means it too, and a CUBE_ARRAY view over
+        // a single layer is not a legal attachment. The CUBE arm is inert today - no frontend path
+        // produces a non-layered cube attachment without a face upload target - and is kept for
+        // symmetry with CUBE_ARRAY.
+        if (IsCubeMapFaceUploadTarget(attachment.GetTextureUploadTarget()) ||
+            resource.viewType == VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_CUBE_ARRAY || resource.viewType == VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_CUBE) {
+            return VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
+        }
+        return resource.viewType;
     }
 
     static MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* ResolveCompleteColorAttachmentTexture(
@@ -118,7 +123,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         }
 
         if (!attachment.IsComplete()) {
-            MGLOG_W("GetOrCreateRenderPass: draw buffer slot %u (%s) on FBO %u has an incomplete texture attachment; using VK_ATTACHMENT_UNUSED",
+            MGLOG_W_ONCE("GetOrCreateRenderPass: draw buffer slot %u (%s) on FBO %u has an incomplete texture attachment; using VK_ATTACHMENT_UNUSED",
                     drawBufferIndex,
                     MG_Util::ConvertFramebufferAttachmentTypeToString(attachmentType).c_str(),
                     fbo.GetExternalIndex());
@@ -127,7 +132,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
         auto* texture = attachment.GetTexture().get();
         if (texture == nullptr) {
-            MGLOG_W("GetOrCreateRenderPass: draw buffer slot %u (%s) on FBO %u resolved to a null texture; using VK_ATTACHMENT_UNUSED",
+            MGLOG_W_ONCE("GetOrCreateRenderPass: draw buffer slot %u (%s) on FBO %u resolved to a null texture; using VK_ATTACHMENT_UNUSED",
                     drawBufferIndex,
                     MG_Util::ConvertFramebufferAttachmentTypeToString(attachmentType).c_str(),
                     fbo.GetExternalIndex());
@@ -166,6 +171,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         if (view != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
             vkDestroyImageView(device, view, nullptr);
         }
+        if (unormTwinView != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+            vkDestroyImageView(device, unormTwinView, nullptr);
+        }
         if (image != VK_NULL_HANDLE && allocation != nullptr) {
             vmaDestroyImage(allocator, image, allocation);
         }
@@ -173,6 +181,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         allocation = nullptr;
         view = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        unormTwinView = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
         format = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
         aspect = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_NONE;
@@ -180,6 +189,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         sampleCount = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
         internalFormat = TextureInternalFormat::Unknown;
         samples = 0;
+        deadSinceFrame = kNeverObservedDead;
     }
 
     VkRenderPassManager::VkRenderPassManager(VkDevice device,
@@ -206,6 +216,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             resource.Destroy(m_device, m_allocator);
         }
         m_renderbufferResources.clear();
+        CollectDeferredRenderbufferReleases(/*destroyAll=*/true); // caller guarantees device idle
         m_pendingRenderbufferClears.clear();
         RenderPassEntry::s_textureResourcesScratch.clear();
         s_activeRenderPass = {};
@@ -213,22 +224,80 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         m_rpFastValid = false;
     }
 
-    void VkRenderPassManager::CollectRenderbufferGarbage() {
-        Vector<MG_State::GLState::RenderbufferObject*> deadRenderbuffers;
-        deadRenderbuffers.reserve(m_renderbufferResources.size());
-        for (auto& [renderbuffer, resource] : m_renderbufferResources) {
-            const auto liveRenderbuffer = resource.renderbuffer.lock();
-            if (!liveRenderbuffer || liveRenderbuffer.get() != renderbuffer) {
-                deadRenderbuffers.emplace_back(renderbuffer);
-            }
+    Uint64 VkRenderPassManager::RetireAgeFrames() const {
+        // MaxFramesInFlight + 2 covers the frame ring plus one boundary for the
+        // recording-to-submit gap and one because OnPresent runs ahead of Present's
+        // fence wait; the floor of 8 keeps a margin over the default ring of 3 while
+        // still releasing multi-MB attachment memory promptly (the render-pass cache's
+        // 1024-frame retirement would pin it for no additional safety).
+        return std::max<Uint64>(8, static_cast<Uint64>(m_config.MaxFramesInFlight) + 2);
+    }
+
+    void VkRenderPassManager::DeferRenderbufferBackingRelease(RenderbufferResource& resource) {
+        // The superseded backing may still be referenced by in-flight command buffers
+        // (glRenderbufferStorage can respecify a renderbuffer drawn this very frame),
+        // so it is parked and destroyed only after RetireAgeFrames() boundaries.
+        if (resource.image == VK_NULL_HANDLE && resource.view == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+            return;
         }
-        for (auto* renderbuffer : deadRenderbuffers) {
-            auto resourceIt = m_renderbufferResources.find(renderbuffer);
-            if (resourceIt != m_renderbufferResources.end()) {
-                resourceIt->second.Destroy(m_device, m_allocator);
-                m_renderbufferResources.erase(resourceIt);
+        m_deferredRenderbufferReleases.push_back(
+            {resource.image, resource.allocation, resource.view, resource.unormTwinView, m_frameCounter});
+        resource.image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        resource.allocation = nullptr;
+        resource.view = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        resource.unormTwinView = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    }
+
+    void VkRenderPassManager::CollectDeferredRenderbufferReleases(Bool destroyAll) {
+        if (m_deferredRenderbufferReleases.empty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const Uint64 retireAgeFrames = RetireAgeFrames();
+        std::erase_if(m_deferredRenderbufferReleases, [&](DeferredRenderbufferRelease& release) {
+            if (!destroyAll && m_frameCounter - release.deferredAtFrame < retireAgeFrames) {
+                return false;
             }
-            m_pendingRenderbufferClears.erase(renderbuffer);
+            if (release.view != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+                vkDestroyImageView(m_device, release.view, nullptr);
+            }
+            if (release.unormTwinView != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+                vkDestroyImageView(m_device, release.unormTwinView, nullptr);
+            }
+            if (release.image != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+                vmaDestroyImage(m_allocator, release.image, release.allocation);
+            }
+            return true;
+        });
+    }
+
+    void VkRenderPassManager::CollectRenderbufferGarbage() {
+        // Two-phase reclamation: a dead renderbuffer's VkImage may still be referenced by
+        // command buffers submitted up to frames-in-flight frames ago (it was legally
+        // attached and drawn right up to its deletion), so the first observation of an
+        // expired weak reference only stamps the current frame counter; Destroy runs once
+        // enough frame boundaries have passed that the stamping frame's submission fence
+        // has provably been waited (see RetireAgeFrames).
+        const Uint64 retireAgeFrames = RetireAgeFrames();
+        for (auto it = m_renderbufferResources.begin(); it != m_renderbufferResources.end();) {
+            auto& resource = it->second;
+            const auto liveRenderbuffer = resource.renderbuffer.lock();
+            if (liveRenderbuffer && liveRenderbuffer.get() == it->first) {
+                resource.deadSinceFrame = RenderbufferResource::kNeverObservedDead;
+                ++it;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (resource.deadSinceFrame == RenderbufferResource::kNeverObservedDead) {
+                resource.deadSinceFrame = m_frameCounter;
+                ++it;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (m_frameCounter - resource.deadSinceFrame < retireAgeFrames) {
+                ++it;
+                continue;
+            }
+            m_pendingRenderbufferClears.erase(it->first);
+            resource.Destroy(m_device, m_allocator);
+            it = m_renderbufferResources.erase(it);
         }
     }
 
@@ -242,19 +311,101 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
         VkSampleCountFlagBits sampleCount = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
         if (!TryResolveSampleCountFlagBits(renderbuffer->GetSamples(), sampleCount)) {
-            MGLOG_E("GetOrCreateRenderbufferResource: unsupported renderbuffer sample count %d for renderbuffer %u",
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("GetOrCreateRenderbufferResource: unsupported renderbuffer sample count %d for renderbuffer %u",
                     renderbuffer->GetSamples(),
                     renderbuffer->GetExternalIndex());
             return nullptr;
         }
 
         const auto internalFormat = renderbuffer->GetInternalFormat();
-        const VkFormat format = MG_Util::ConvertTextureInternalFormatToVkEnum(internalFormat);
+        // Three-channel color formats widen to their RGBA twin exactly like textures do
+        // (VkTextureManager::ResolveTextureFormatInfo): blits/resolves between a
+        // renderbuffer and a texture of the same GL format then see one VkFormat.
+        const VkFormat format = [&]() -> VkFormat {
+            switch (internalFormat) {
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB:
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB8:
+            case TextureInternalFormat::R3G3B2:
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB4:
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB5:
+                return VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
+            case TextureInternalFormat::SRGB8:
+                return VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB;
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB8Snorm:
+                return VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SNORM;
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB10:
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB12:
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB16:
+                return VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UNORM;
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB16Snorm:
+                return VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SNORM;
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB16F:
+                return VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT;
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB32F:
+                return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT;
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB8I:
+                return VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SINT;
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB8UI:
+                return VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UINT;
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB16I:
+                return VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SINT;
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB16UI:
+                return VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UINT;
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB32I:
+                return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SINT;
+            case TextureInternalFormat::RGB32UI:
+                return VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_UINT;
+            default:
+                return MG_Util::ConvertTextureInternalFormatToVkEnum(internalFormat);
+            }
+        }();
         const VkImageAspectFlags aspect = ResolveImageAspectMaskForFormat(format);
-        if ((aspect & VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT) != 0) {
-            MGLOG_E("GetOrCreateRenderbufferResource: color renderbuffer %u is not supported by DirectVulkan render passes yet",
-                    renderbuffer->GetExternalIndex());
-            return nullptr;
+        // Renderbuffers are never sampled (GL has no way to bind one to a sampler), so the
+        // usage set is attachment + transfer: transfer covers readback (vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer),
+        // BlitFramebuffer, CopyTexImage sources, and out-of-render-pass clear materialization.
+        const VkImageUsageFlags imageUsage =
+            ((aspect & VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT) != 0 ? VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT
+                                                       : VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT) |
+            VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
+
+        // GL allows the implementation to allocate more samples than requested
+        // (glRenderbufferStorageMultisample only promises "at least"), and devices
+        // like llvmpipe expose 1x/4x but not 2x. Round the request up to the
+        // nearest supported count for this format.
+        if (renderbuffer->GetSamples() > 0) {
+            auto supportedIt = m_attachmentSampleCountsByFormat.find(format);
+            if (supportedIt == m_attachmentSampleCountsByFormat.end()) {
+                VkImageFormatProperties formatProperties{};
+                VkSampleCountFlags supported = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+                if (vkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties(m_physicalDevice, format, VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D,
+                                                             VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, imageUsage, 0,
+                                                             &formatProperties) == VK_SUCCESS) {
+                    supported = formatProperties.sampleCounts;
+                }
+                supportedIt = m_attachmentSampleCountsByFormat.emplace(format, supported).first;
+            }
+            const VkSampleCountFlags supported = supportedIt->second;
+            if ((supported & sampleCount) == 0) {
+                // Smallest supported count above the request, else the largest below it.
+                Uint32 rounded = 0;
+                for (Uint32 bit = static_cast<Uint32>(sampleCount) << 1; bit <= VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_64_BIT; bit <<= 1) {
+                    if ((supported & bit) != 0) {
+                        rounded = bit;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (rounded == 0) {
+                    for (Uint32 bit = static_cast<Uint32>(sampleCount) >> 1; bit != 0; bit >>= 1) {
+                        if ((supported & bit) != 0) {
+                            rounded = bit;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (rounded != 0) {
+                    sampleCount = static_cast<VkSampleCountFlagBits>(rounded);
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         auto& resource = m_renderbufferResources[renderbuffer.get()];
@@ -268,9 +419,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             resource.samples != renderbuffer->GetSamples();
         if (!needsCreate) {
             resource.renderbuffer = renderbuffer;
+            // A new renderbuffer at a recycled address may adopt a compatible entry that
+            // was already stamped dead; it is alive again, so cancel the aging.
+            resource.deadSinceFrame = RenderbufferResource::kNeverObservedDead;
             return &resource;
         }
 
+        // Respecify: park the old backing for aged destruction instead of destroying
+        // inline - it may still be referenced by in-flight command buffers.
+        DeferRenderbufferBackingRelease(resource);
         resource.Destroy(m_device, m_allocator);
         resource.renderbuffer = renderbuffer;
 
@@ -285,16 +442,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         imageInfo.format = format;
         imageInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
         imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
-        imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
+        imageInfo.usage = imageUsage;
         imageInfo.samples = sampleCount;
         imageInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
+        // sRGB renderbuffers attach through their UNORM twin while GL_FRAMEBUFFER_SRGB
+        // is disabled, which needs a format-reinterpreting second view.
+        const Bool hasUnormTwin = ResolveSrgbAttachmentWriteFormat(format, false) != format;
+        if (hasUnormTwin) {
+            imageInfo.flags |= VK_IMAGE_CREATE_MUTABLE_FORMAT_BIT;
+        }
 
         VkImageFormatProperties imageFormatProperties{};
         const VkResult imageFormatResult = vkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties(
             m_physicalDevice, format, imageInfo.imageType, imageInfo.tiling, imageInfo.usage, imageInfo.flags,
             &imageFormatProperties);
         if (imageFormatResult != VK_SUCCESS || (imageFormatProperties.sampleCounts & sampleCount) == 0) {
-            MGLOG_E("GetOrCreateRenderbufferResource: unsupported renderbuffer format=%d samples=%d for renderbuffer %u",
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("GetOrCreateRenderbufferResource: unsupported renderbuffer format=%d samples=%d for renderbuffer %u",
                     static_cast<Int>(format),
                     static_cast<Int>(sampleCount),
                     renderbuffer->GetExternalIndex());
@@ -322,6 +485,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         viewInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
         VK_VERIFY(vkCreateImageView(m_device, &viewInfo, nullptr, &resource.view),
                   "vkCreateImageView(renderbuffer)");
+        if (hasUnormTwin) {
+            viewInfo.format = ResolveSrgbAttachmentWriteFormat(format, false);
+            VK_VERIFY(vkCreateImageView(m_device, &viewInfo, nullptr, &resource.unormTwinView),
+                      "vkCreateImageView(renderbuffer unorm twin)");
+        }
 
         resource.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
         resource.format = format;
@@ -373,7 +541,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         pending.renderbuffer = renderbuffer;
         pending.payload.mask |= clearPayload.mask;
         if ((clearPayload.mask & GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT) != 0) {
+            // The whole colour description, not just the float vector: an integer clear keeps its
+            // value in colorInt/colorUint, and dropping the encoding here would leave the pending
+            // clear reading as an all-zero float one.
             pending.payload.color = clearPayload.color;
+            pending.payload.colorEncoding = clearPayload.colorEncoding;
+            pending.payload.colorInt = clearPayload.colorInt;
+            pending.payload.colorUint = clearPayload.colorUint;
         }
         if ((clearPayload.mask & GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT) != 0) {
             pending.payload.depth = clearPayload.depth;
@@ -386,6 +560,18 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     void VkRenderPassManager::QueueRenderbufferClear(
         GLbitfield mask, const ClearFramebufferPayload& clearPayload,
         const MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject& drawFbo) {
+        if ((mask & GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT) != 0) {
+            // Color renderbuffer draw buffers take the framebuffer-level clear too; texture
+            // attachments are skipped by the per-attachment overload's IsRenderbuffer guard.
+            for (const auto attachmentType : drawFbo.GetDrawBuffers()) {
+                if (attachmentType == FramebufferAttachmentType::None) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                QueueRenderbufferClear(
+                    ClearAttachmentPayload{.mask = GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT, .color = clearPayload.color},
+                    drawFbo.GetAttachment(attachmentType));
+            }
+        }
         if ((mask & GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT) != 0) {
             QueueRenderbufferClear(
                 ClearAttachmentPayload{.mask = GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT, .depth = clearPayload.depth},
@@ -406,12 +592,18 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     }
 
     VkRenderPassManager::HashType VkRenderPassManager::ComputeHash(
-        const MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject& fbo, Uint32 swapchainImageIndex, Bool includePendingClear) {
+        const MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject& fbo, Uint32 swapchainImageIndex, Bool includePendingClear,
+        Bool includeDefaultFboDepthStencil) {
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_reset(m_hashState, m_config.CacheVersion));
         const Bool isDefaultFbo = fbo.IsDefaultFramebuffer();
         if (isDefaultFbo) {
             XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &swapchainImageIndex, sizeof(swapchainImageIndex)));
         }
+        // sRGB attachments switch between their sRGB and UNORM-twin views with this
+        // capability (ResolveSrgbAttachmentWriteFormat), changing the render pass formats.
+        const Bool framebufferSrgbEnabled =
+            MG_State::pGLContext->IsCapabilityEnabled(MobileGL::CapabilityInput::FramebufferSrgb);
+        XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &framebufferSrgbEnabled, sizeof(framebufferSrgbEnabled)));
         auto& drawBuffers = fbo.GetDrawBuffers();
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, drawBuffers.data(), drawBuffers.size() * sizeof(drawBuffers[0])));
         auto readBuffer = fbo.GetReadBuffer();
@@ -485,9 +677,17 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                          attachment <= FramebufferAttachmentType::BackRight);
                     if (isDefaultColorAttachment) {
                         currentLayout = m_swapchainObject.GetImageLayout(swapchainImageIndex);
+                        // Content validity feeds the attachment's loadOp (see the
+                        // creation path), so it must key the cache as well.
+                        if (!m_swapchainObject.IsImageContentDefined(swapchainImageIndex)) {
+                            currentLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
+                        }
                     } else if (attachment == FramebufferAttachmentType::Depth ||
                                attachment == FramebufferAttachmentType::Stencil) {
                         currentLayout = m_swapchainObject.GetDepthStencilImageLayout(swapchainImageIndex);
+                        if (!m_swapchainObject.IsDepthStencilContentDefined(swapchainImageIndex)) {
+                            currentLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
+                        }
                     }
                 } else {
                     auto* textureResource = m_textureManager.SyncTextureAndGetDescriptor(*texture);
@@ -542,14 +742,49 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             combineFramebufferAttachmentObjHash(drawbuf);
         }
 
-        combineFramebufferAttachmentObjHash(FramebufferAttachmentType::Depth);
-        combineFramebufferAttachmentObjHash(FramebufferAttachmentType::Stencil);
+        // The depth-less default-FBO flavor omits the depth/stencil attachment
+        // entirely, so it must hash differently from the depth-full flavor.
+        const Bool depthStencilIncluded = !isDefaultFbo || includeDefaultFboDepthStencil;
+        XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &depthStencilIncluded, sizeof(depthStencilIncluded)));
+        if (depthStencilIncluded) {
+            combineFramebufferAttachmentObjHash(FramebufferAttachmentType::Depth);
+            combineFramebufferAttachmentObjHash(FramebufferAttachmentType::Stencil);
+        }
 
         return XXH64_digest(m_hashState);
     }
 
     RenderPassEntry& VkRenderPassManager::GetOrCreateRenderPass(const MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject& fbo,
-                                                                Uint32 swapchainImageIndex) {
+                                                                Uint32 swapchainImageIndex,
+                                                                Bool drawUsesDepthStencil) {
+        // Resolve the default-FBO depth flavor (see the header comment): keep the
+        // depth attachment when the caller needs it, when a depth/stencil clear is
+        // pending, or when the active pass already carries it (escalate-only, so
+        // alternating depth-less draws never split an established depth pass).
+        Bool includeDefaultFboDepthStencil = true;
+        if (fbo.IsDefaultFramebuffer()) {
+            Bool activeDefaultHasDepthStencil = false;
+            if (const auto* active = GetActiveRenderPass()) {
+                Bool activeIsSwapchainPass = false;
+                Bool activeHasSwapchainDepthStencil = false;
+                for (const auto& tracked : active->trackedAttachmentLayouts) {
+                    activeIsSwapchainPass |= tracked.target == TrackedAttachmentTarget::SwapchainColor;
+                    activeHasSwapchainDepthStencil |=
+                        tracked.target == TrackedAttachmentTarget::SwapchainDepthStencil;
+                }
+                activeDefaultHasDepthStencil = activeIsSwapchainPass && activeHasSwapchainDepthStencil;
+            }
+            const auto& defaultDepthAtt = fbo.GetAttachment(FramebufferAttachmentType::Depth);
+            const auto& defaultStencilAtt = fbo.GetAttachment(FramebufferAttachmentType::Stencil);
+            const Bool pendingDepthStencilClear =
+                (defaultDepthAtt.IsTexture() && m_clearManager.HasPendingClear(defaultDepthAtt)) ||
+                HasPendingRenderbufferClear(defaultDepthAtt) ||
+                (defaultStencilAtt.IsTexture() && m_clearManager.HasPendingClear(defaultStencilAtt)) ||
+                HasPendingRenderbufferClear(defaultStencilAtt);
+            includeDefaultFboDepthStencil =
+                drawUsesDepthStencil || activeDefaultHasDepthStencil || pendingDepthStencilClear;
+        }
+
         auto hasPendingClearOnFramebuffer = [&]() -> Bool {
             const auto& drawBuffers = fbo.GetDrawBuffers();
             for (auto attachment : drawBuffers) {
@@ -596,17 +831,20 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         // recreated since (texture + renderbuffer image epochs), and no pending clear (which alters
         // load ops). Any of these differing forces the full recompute below. Portable to VK 1.1.
         if (activeRenderPass != nullptr && m_rpFastValid && m_rpFastFbo == &fbo &&
+            m_rpFastFboLifetimeId == fbo.GetLifetimeId() &&
             m_rpFastFboVersion == fbo.GetObjectVersion() && m_rpFastSwapchainIndex == swapchainImageIndex &&
             m_rpFastTexEpoch == m_textureManager.GetTextureImageEpoch() &&
             m_rpFastRbEpoch == m_renderbufferImageEpoch &&
+            (!fbo.IsDefaultFramebuffer() || m_rpFastHadDepthStencil == includeDefaultFboDepthStencil) &&
             m_rpFastRenderPassHash == activeRenderPass->hash && !hasPendingClearOnFramebuffer()) {
             auto activeIt = m_renderPasses.find(activeRenderPass->hash);
             if (activeIt != m_renderPasses.end()) {
+                activeIt->second.lastUsedFrame = m_frameCounter;
                 return activeIt->second;
             }
         }
 
-        auto compatibilityHash = ComputeHash(fbo, swapchainImageIndex, false);
+        auto compatibilityHash = ComputeHash(fbo, swapchainImageIndex, false, includeDefaultFboDepthStencil);
         if (activeRenderPass != nullptr &&
             activeRenderPass->CompatibleWith(compatibilityHash) &&
             !hasPendingClearOnFramebuffer()) {
@@ -618,17 +856,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             // epochs AFTER ComputeHash: its attachment SyncTexture can create an image (bump the epoch).
             m_rpFastValid = true;
             m_rpFastFbo = &fbo;
+            m_rpFastFboLifetimeId = fbo.GetLifetimeId();
             m_rpFastFboVersion = fbo.GetObjectVersion();
             m_rpFastSwapchainIndex = swapchainImageIndex;
             m_rpFastTexEpoch = m_textureManager.GetTextureImageEpoch();
             m_rpFastRbEpoch = m_renderbufferImageEpoch;
             m_rpFastRenderPassHash = activeRenderPass->hash;
+            m_rpFastHadDepthStencil = activeIt->second.hasDepthStencilAttachment;
+            activeIt->second.lastUsedFrame = m_frameCounter;
             return activeIt->second;
         }
-        auto hash = ComputeHash(fbo, swapchainImageIndex, true);
+        auto hash = ComputeHash(fbo, swapchainImageIndex, true, includeDefaultFboDepthStencil);
         auto it = m_renderPasses.find(hash);
-        if (it != m_renderPasses.end())
+        if (it != m_renderPasses.end()) {
+            it->second.lastUsedFrame = m_frameCounter;
             return it->second;
+        }
 
         Bool isDefaultFbo = fbo.IsDefaultFramebuffer();
         // Color attachment
@@ -678,6 +921,86 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         // assuming default FBO has the right param
         for (Uint32 i = 0; i < colorAttachmentSlotCount; ++i) {
             auto drawbuf = drawbufs[i];
+
+            // Renderbuffer color attachments mirror the texture path below, with the
+            // resource (image/view/format/layout) coming from the render-pass manager's
+            // renderbuffer store instead of the texture manager.
+            if (drawbuf != FramebufferAttachmentType::None && !isDefaultFbo) {
+                const auto& rbAtt = fbo.GetAttachment(drawbuf);
+                if (rbAtt.IsRenderbuffer() && rbAtt.IsComplete()) {
+                    const auto& renderbuffer = rbAtt.GetRenderbuffer();
+                    auto* rbResource = GetOrCreateRenderbufferResource(renderbuffer);
+                    if (rbResource == nullptr || (rbResource->aspect & VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT) == 0) {
+                        MGLOG_E_ONCE("GetOrCreateRenderPass: draw buffer slot %u on FBO %u has an unsupported color "
+                                "renderbuffer %u; using VK_ATTACHMENT_UNUSED",
+                                i, fbo.GetExternalIndex(), renderbuffer->GetExternalIndex());
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    const Uint32 rbAttachmentIndex = static_cast<Uint32>(attachmentDescriptions.size());
+                    attachmentDescriptions.emplace_back();
+                    VkAttachmentDescription& rbDesc = attachmentDescriptions.back();
+
+                    ClearAttachmentPayload rbClearPayload{};
+                    Bool rbHasClear = GetPendingRenderbufferClear(renderbuffer.get(), rbClearPayload) &&
+                                      (rbClearPayload.mask & GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT) != 0;
+                    if (rbHasClear &&
+                        MG_Util::GetBaseInternalFormatComponentCount(renderbuffer->GetInternalFormat()) == 3) {
+                        // RGB renderbuffers are backed by an RGBA image; the missing alpha reads as 1.
+                        ForceOpaqueClearAlpha(rbClearPayload);
+                    }
+
+                    const VkImageLayout trackedRbLayout = rbResource->layout;
+                    const Bool rbFramebufferSrgb =
+                        MG_State::pGLContext->IsCapabilityEnabled(MobileGL::CapabilityInput::FramebufferSrgb);
+                    const VkFormat rbAttachmentFormat =
+                        ResolveSrgbAttachmentWriteFormat(rbResource->format, rbFramebufferSrgb);
+                    rbDesc.flags = 0;
+                    rbDesc.format = rbAttachmentFormat;
+                    rbDesc.samples = rbResource->sampleCount;
+                    rbDesc.loadOp = rbHasClear ? VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR :
+                                    (trackedRbLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED ? VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE
+                                                                                  : VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_LOAD);
+                    rbDesc.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
+                    rbDesc.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
+                    rbDesc.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
+                    rbDesc.initialLayout = (rbHasClear || trackedRbLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED) ?
+                        VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED : trackedRbLayout;
+                    rbDesc.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
+                    adoptRenderPassSampleCount(rbResource->sampleCount, "color",
+                                               static_cast<Int>(renderbuffer->GetExternalIndex()));
+
+                    if (rbHasClear) {
+                        pendingClearAttachments.emplace_back(PendingClearAttachmentInfo {
+                            .attachmentIndex = rbAttachmentIndex,
+                            .colorAttachmentSlot = i,
+                            .renderbuffer = renderbuffer.get(),
+                            .hasInlinePayload = true,
+                            .inlinePayload = rbClearPayload,
+                        });
+                    }
+
+                    if (width == 0)
+                        width = static_cast<Int>(rbResource->extent.width);
+                    if (height == 0)
+                        height = static_cast<Int>(rbResource->extent.height);
+
+                    trackedAttachmentLayouts.emplace_back(TrackedAttachmentLayoutInfo {
+                        .target = TrackedAttachmentTarget::Renderbuffer,
+                        .renderbuffer = renderbuffer,
+                        .finalLayout = rbDesc.finalLayout,
+                    });
+                    textureResources.emplace_back(nullptr);
+                    attachmentViews.emplace_back(rbAttachmentFormat != rbResource->format ? rbResource->unormTwinView
+                                                                                          : rbResource->view);
+                    MOBILEGL_ASSERT(attachmentViews.back() != VK_NULL_HANDLE,
+                                    "GetOrCreateRenderPass: renderbuffer view missing at color attachment %d", i);
+
+                    colorAttachmentRefs[i].attachment = rbAttachmentIndex;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
             auto* texture = ResolveCompleteColorAttachmentTexture(fbo, drawbuf, i);
             if (texture == nullptr)
                 continue;
@@ -696,6 +1019,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 case TextureTarget::Texture2D:
                 case TextureTarget::Texture2DArray:
                 case TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisample:
+                case TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisampleArray:
+                case TextureTarget::Texture3D:
+                case TextureTarget::TextureCubeMap:
+                case TextureTarget::TextureCubeMapArray:
                 case TextureTarget::TextureRectangle: {
                     desc.flags = 0;
                     desc.format = isDefaultFbo ?
@@ -718,6 +1045,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                     if (hasClear) {
                         pendingClearAttachments.emplace_back(PendingClearAttachmentInfo {
                             .attachmentIndex = attachmentIndex,
+                            .colorAttachmentSlot = i,
                             .key = VkClearManager::MakePendingClearKey(att)
                         });
                     }
@@ -733,6 +1061,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(swapchainImageIndex < swapchainViews.size(),
                                         "GetOrCreateRenderPass: swapchain image index out of range");
                         trackedColorLayout = m_swapchainObject.GetImageLayout(swapchainImageIndex);
+                        // EGL: a presented color buffer's content is undefined when its
+                        // image comes back around (EGL_BUFFER_DESTROYED, the default
+                        // swap behaviour) - skip the tile load instead of reloading
+                        // stale pixels nobody may rely on.
+                        if (!hasClear && !m_swapchainObject.IsImageContentDefined(swapchainImageIndex)) {
+                            trackedColorLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
+                        }
                         trackedAttachmentLayouts.emplace_back(TrackedAttachmentLayoutInfo {
                             .target = TrackedAttachmentTarget::SwapchainColor,
                             .swapchainImageIndex = swapchainImageIndex,
@@ -746,12 +1081,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(textureResource,
                                         "GetOrCreateRenderPass: SyncTextureAndGetDescriptor failed at color attachment %d", i);
                         textureResources.emplace_back(textureResource);
-                        desc.format = textureResource->format;
+                        desc.format = ResolveSrgbAttachmentWriteFormat(
+                            textureResource->format,
+                            MG_State::pGLContext->IsCapabilityEnabled(MobileGL::CapabilityInput::FramebufferSrgb));
                         attachmentSampleCount = textureResource->sampleCount;
                         trackedColorLayout = textureResource->layout;
                         trackedAttachmentLayouts.emplace_back(TrackedAttachmentLayoutInfo {
                             .target = TrackedAttachmentTarget::Texture,
                             .texture = att.GetTexture(),
+                            .textureRaw = att.GetTexture().get(),
                             .textureMipLevel = attachmentMipLevel,
                             .finalLayout = desc.finalLayout,
                         });
@@ -769,7 +1107,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                     adoptRenderPassSampleCount(attachmentSampleCount, "color", texture->GetExternalIndex());
 
                     if (!hasClear && trackedColorLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED) {
-                        MGLOG_W("GetOrCreateRenderPass: color attachment textureId=%d starts with undefined layout and no clear; "
+                        MGLOG_W_ONCE("GetOrCreateRenderPass: color attachment textureId=%d starts with undefined layout and no clear; "
                                 "using LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE",
                                 texture->GetExternalIndex());
                         desc.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
@@ -815,11 +1153,17 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         };
         const auto* selectedDepthStencilAttachment = isUsableDepthStencilAttachment(depthAtt) ? &depthAtt :
                                                      (isUsableDepthStencilAttachment(stencilAtt) ? &stencilAtt : nullptr);
+        // Depth-less default-FBO flavor: nothing in this pass touches depth/stencil
+        // and their content is undefined anyway (EGL swap), so drop the attachment
+        // and its whole tile load + store.
+        if (isDefaultFbo && !includeDefaultFboDepthStencil) {
+            selectedDepthStencilAttachment = nullptr;
+        }
         const Bool hasDistinctDepthAndStencilAttachments =
             isUsableDepthStencilAttachment(depthAtt) && isUsableDepthStencilAttachment(stencilAtt) &&
             !sameDepthStencilAttachmentObject(depthAtt, stencilAtt);
         if (hasDistinctDepthAndStencilAttachments) {
-            MGLOG_E("GetOrCreateRenderPass: separate depth/stencil attachments are not supported yet; using the depth attachment and ignoring the standalone stencil attachment for framebuffer %u",
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("GetOrCreateRenderPass: separate depth/stencil attachments are not supported yet; using the depth attachment and ignoring the standalone stencil attachment for framebuffer %u",
                     fbo.GetExternalIndex());
         }
         if (selectedDepthStencilAttachment != nullptr) {
@@ -833,6 +1177,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             VkImageLayout trackedDepthLayout = isDefaultFbo ?
                 m_swapchainObject.GetDepthStencilImageLayout(swapchainImageIndex) :
                 VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
+            // EGL 1.5 §3.10.1: every ancillary (depth/stencil) buffer's content is
+            // undefined after a swap, so the first default-FBO pass of a frame can
+            // skip the depth/stencil tile load outright.
+            if (isDefaultFbo && !m_swapchainObject.IsDepthStencilContentDefined(swapchainImageIndex)) {
+                trackedDepthLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
+            }
             depthAttachmentDescription.flags = 0;
             VkSampleCountFlagBits depthAttachmentSampleCount = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
             Int depthAttachmentId = 0;
@@ -875,7 +1225,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             depthAttachmentDescription.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
             depthAttachmentDescription.initialLayout = loadInfo.initialLayout;
             if (trackedDepthLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && (!clearDepth || !clearStencil)) {
-                MGLOG_W("GetOrCreateRenderPass: depth/stencil attachment id=%d starts with undefined layout "
+                MGLOG_W_ONCE("GetOrCreateRenderPass: depth/stencil attachment id=%d starts with undefined layout "
                         "and partial/no clear; using DONT_CARE for uncleared aspects",
                         depthAttachmentId);
             }
@@ -916,6 +1266,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 trackedAttachmentLayouts.emplace_back(TrackedAttachmentLayoutInfo {
                     .target = TrackedAttachmentTarget::Texture,
                     .texture = selectedDepthStencilAttachment->GetTexture(),
+                    .textureRaw = selectedDepthStencilAttachment->GetTexture().get(),
                     .textureMipLevel = attachmentMipLevel,
                     .finalLayout = depthAttachmentDescription.finalLayout,
                 });
@@ -961,6 +1312,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         }
         const Bool hasDepthStencilAttachment = depthAttachmentRef.attachment != VK_ATTACHMENT_UNUSED;
 
+        // Declare only the used colour-reference span. The GL draw-buffer array
+        // always spans 8 slots, so passes used to declare colorAttachmentCount=8
+        // with trailing VK_ATTACHMENT_UNUSED holes - and Adreno configures its
+        // per-pixel render-backend/export path from the DECLARED count, so every
+        // fragment of every pass paid the 8-target export cost (measured on
+        // Adreno 650 / MC 26.2: 11.9 -> 7.5 ms of GPU time per frame, with the
+        // single-quad swapchain blit pass alone dropping 1.26 -> 0.40 ms).
+        // Interior GL_NONE holes keep their slots so fragment-output locations
+        // still line up; a fragment output at a location past the trimmed count
+        // is discarded, which is exactly GL's semantic for writing to a draw
+        // buffer set to GL_NONE.
+        while (!colorAttachmentRefs.empty() &&
+               colorAttachmentRefs.back().attachment == VK_ATTACHMENT_UNUSED) {
+            colorAttachmentRefs.pop_back();
+        }
+
         // Subpass
         VkSubpassDescription subpassDesc;
         subpassDesc.flags = 0;
@@ -974,6 +1341,52 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         subpassDesc.preserveAttachmentCount = 0;
         subpassDesc.pPreserveAttachments = nullptr;
 
+        // External subpass dependencies. Without them there is NO execution/memory
+        // dependency between consecutive render passes (or a pass and a transfer)
+        // touching the same attachments when the image layout does not change — the
+        // layout-transition helper no-ops on identical layouts and no other barrier
+        // exists. Tile-based GPUs then race tile loads against the previous pass's
+        // stores (multi-pass FBO chains like MC 26.3's OIT flicker on Adreno).
+        // Conservative both-ways dependencies: prior writes (attachment output,
+        // depth/stencil, transfer, shader) are made visible to this pass's loads,
+        // and this pass's attachment writes to subsequent sampling/transfer/loads.
+        VkSubpassDependency subpassDependencies[2];
+        subpassDependencies[0] = {};
+        subpassDependencies[0].srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
+        subpassDependencies[0].dstSubpass = 0;
+        subpassDependencies[0].srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT |
+                                              VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT |
+                                              VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
+        subpassDependencies[0].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
+                                               VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
+                                               VK_ACCESS_SHADER_WRITE_BIT | VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
+        subpassDependencies[0].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT |
+                                              VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT |
+                                              VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT |
+                                              VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
+        subpassDependencies[0].dstAccessMask =
+            VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
+            VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
+            VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
+        subpassDependencies[0].dependencyFlags = 0;
+        subpassDependencies[1] = {};
+        subpassDependencies[1].srcSubpass = 0;
+        subpassDependencies[1].dstSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
+        subpassDependencies[1].srcStageMask =
+            VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
+        subpassDependencies[1].srcAccessMask =
+            VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+        subpassDependencies[1].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT |
+                                              VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT |
+                                              VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT |
+                                              VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT |
+                                              VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
+        subpassDependencies[1].dstAccessMask =
+            VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
+            VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
+            VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
+        subpassDependencies[1].dependencyFlags = 0;
+
         // Render Pass
         VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassCreateInfo;
         renderPassCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
@@ -983,8 +1396,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         renderPassCreateInfo.pAttachments = attachmentDescriptions.data();
         renderPassCreateInfo.subpassCount = 1;
         renderPassCreateInfo.pSubpasses = &subpassDesc;
-        renderPassCreateInfo.dependencyCount = 0;
-        renderPassCreateInfo.pDependencies = nullptr;
+        renderPassCreateInfo.dependencyCount = 2;
+        renderPassCreateInfo.pDependencies = subpassDependencies;
 
         VkRenderPass renderPass = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         VK_VERIFY(vkCreateRenderPass(m_device, &renderPassCreateInfo, nullptr, &renderPass));
@@ -1015,7 +1428,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             hasDepthStencilAttachment,
             renderPassSampleCount,
             extent,
-            static_cast<Int>(framebufferLayers) };
+            framebufferLayers };
         MGLOG_D("VkRenderPassManager::GetOrCreateRenderPass: hash=0x%llx compatibilityHash=0x%llx attachmentCount=%u colorAttachmentCount=%u samples=%d extent=%dx%d",
                 static_cast<unsigned long long>(hash),
                 static_cast<unsigned long long>(compatibilityHash),
@@ -1025,9 +1438,54 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 extent.x(),
                 extent.y());
         auto [insertedIt, _] = m_renderPasses.emplace(hash, Move(renderPassEntry));
+        insertedIt->second.lastUsedFrame = m_frameCounter;
         return insertedIt->second;
     }
 
+    void VkRenderPassManager::OnPresent() {
+        ++m_frameCounter;
+
+        // Runs every frame boundary, ahead of the render-pass sweep gate below: the walk
+        // is O(#renderbuffer resources) — single digits in practice — and per-frame
+        // invocation keeps dead-resource reclaim latency at the aging bound instead of
+        // coupling it to renderbuffer *use* (the GetOrCreateRenderbufferResource call
+        // site never runs again once an app stops using renderbuffers).
+        CollectRenderbufferGarbage();
+        CollectDeferredRenderbufferReleases(/*destroyAll=*/false);
+
+        // Sweep occasionally; evict entries whose last use is far past every
+        // in-flight frame so their VkRenderPass/VkFramebuffer can be destroyed
+        // safely (RenderPassEntry's destructor releases the handles).
+        constexpr Uint64 kSweepInterval = 256;
+        constexpr Uint64 kRetireAgeFrames = 1024;
+        if ((m_frameCounter % kSweepInterval) != 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Collect the dying handles and notify once after the loop: pipelines hashed
+        // on them share the entries' >kRetireAgeFrames idleness (they are only bound
+        // by draws that hit those entries), so the observer may destroy them
+        // immediately - and a single batched notification costs one pipeline-cache
+        // scan instead of one per evicted pass.
+        Vector<VkRenderPass> destroyedRenderPasses;
+        const Uint64 activeHash = s_hasActiveRenderPass ? s_activeRenderPass.hash : 0;
+        for (auto it = m_renderPasses.begin(); it != m_renderPasses.end();) {
+            const Bool isActive = s_hasActiveRenderPass && it->first == activeHash;
+            if (!isActive && m_frameCounter - it->second.lastUsedFrame > kRetireAgeFrames) {
+                if (m_rpFastValid && m_rpFastRenderPassHash == it->first) {
+                    m_rpFastValid = false;
+                }
+                destroyedRenderPasses.push_back(it->second.renderPass);
+                it = m_renderPasses.erase(it);
+            } else {
+                ++it;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!destroyedRenderPasses.empty() && m_evictionObserver != nullptr) {
+            m_evictionObserver->OnRenderPassesDestroyed(destroyedRenderPasses);
+        }
+    }
+
     Bool VkRenderPassManager::BeginRenderPass(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, RenderPassEntry& renderPassEntry) {
         // TODO: Transition all the attachments into proper layout before starting the render pass
         VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassBeginInfo;
@@ -1051,7 +1509,23 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             ClearAttachmentPayload clearPayload{};
             SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject> liveTexture;
             if (pending.hasInlinePayload) {
-                clearPayload = pending.inlinePayload;
+                // The inline payload was snapshotted when the entry was CREATED, but the
+                // clear VALUE is not part of the entry's hash - a cache hit with a newer
+                // glClear would replay the creation-time value and drop the new one (the
+                // texture path below is immune because it re-reads the live payload).
+                // Same defense as ClearAttachmentsOnActiveRenderPass: prefer the live
+                // pending clear, fall back to the snapshot only when none is queued.
+                if (s_renderPassManager != nullptr &&
+                    s_renderPassManager->GetPendingRenderbufferClear(pending.renderbuffer, clearPayload)) {
+                    if ((clearPayload.mask & GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT) != 0 && pending.renderbuffer != nullptr &&
+                        MG_Util::GetBaseInternalFormatComponentCount(pending.renderbuffer->GetInternalFormat()) ==
+                            3) {
+                        // RGB renderbuffers are backed by an RGBA image; the missing alpha reads as 1.
+                        ForceOpaqueClearAlpha(clearPayload);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    clearPayload = pending.inlinePayload;
+                }
             } else {
                 if (pending.key.texture == nullptr ||
                     !s_clearManager->GetPendingClear(pending.key, clearPayload, liveTexture)) {
@@ -1059,12 +1533,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                 }
             }
             if ((clearPayload.mask & GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT) != 0) {
-                clearValues[pending.attachmentIndex].color = {
-                    clearPayload.color.x(),
-                    clearPayload.color.y(),
-                    clearPayload.color.z(),
-                    ResolveColorClearAlpha(liveTexture.get(), clearPayload.color.w())
-                };
+                clearValues[pending.attachmentIndex].color =
+                    MakeVkClearColorValue(clearPayload, ColorFormatLacksAlpha(liveTexture.get()));
             }
             if ((clearPayload.mask & GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT) != 0) {
                 clearValues[pending.attachmentIndex].depthStencil.depth = clearPayload.depth;
@@ -1078,6 +1548,17 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         renderPassBeginInfo.pClearValues = clearValues.data();
 
         vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffer, &renderPassBeginInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
+        // Pre-pass stream bookkeeping: this pass's attachment images are now
+        // referenced by the open frame recording.
+        if (s_textureManager != nullptr) {
+            for (const auto& tracked : renderPassEntry.trackedAttachmentLayouts) {
+                if (tracked.target == TrackedAttachmentTarget::Texture) {
+                    if (const auto texture = tracked.texture.lock()) {
+                        s_textureManager->StampTextureRecordingUse(texture.get());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
         for (const auto& pending: renderPassEntry.pendingClearAttachments) {
             if (pending.hasInlinePayload) {
                 if (s_renderPassManager != nullptr) {
@@ -1130,11 +1611,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
                     case TrackedAttachmentTarget::SwapchainColor:
                         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(s_swapchainObject != nullptr, "EndRenderPass: swapchain object is null");
                         s_swapchainObject->SetImageLayout(trackedAttachment.swapchainImageIndex, trackedAttachment.finalLayout);
+                        // The pass stored into the attachment: its content is defined
+                        // until the image is next presented.
+                        s_swapchainObject->SetImageContentDefined(trackedAttachment.swapchainImageIndex, true);
                         break;
                     case TrackedAttachmentTarget::SwapchainDepthStencil:
                         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(s_swapchainObject != nullptr, "EndRenderPass: swapchain object is null");
                         s_swapchainObject->SetDepthStencilImageLayout(trackedAttachment.swapchainImageIndex,
                                                                       trackedAttachment.finalLayout);
+                        s_swapchainObject->SetDepthStencilContentDefined(trackedAttachment.swapchainImageIndex, true);
                         break;
                     default:
                         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(false, "EndRenderPass: unsupported tracked attachment target=%d",

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VkRenderPassManager.h

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "MG_State/GLState/FramebufferState/FramebufferObject.h"
 
 #include <Includes.h>
+#include <unordered_map>
 #include <vk_mem_alloc.h>
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
@@ -27,7 +28,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     };
 
     struct PendingClearAttachmentInfo {
+        // Index into the render pass attachment descriptions (VkRenderPassBeginInfo::pClearValues space).
         Uint32 attachmentIndex = 0;
+        // Index into the subpass pColorAttachments (VkClearAttachment::colorAttachment space) — the GL
+        // draw-buffer slot. Differs from attachmentIndex when earlier slots are GL_NONE/incomplete.
+        // Only meaningful for color clears.
+        Uint32 colorAttachmentSlot = 0;
         PendingClearKey key{};
         MG_State::GLState::RenderbufferObject* renderbuffer = nullptr;
         Bool hasInlinePayload = false;
@@ -37,6 +43,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     struct TrackedAttachmentLayoutInfo {
         TrackedAttachmentTarget target = TrackedAttachmentTarget::Texture;
         WeakPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject> texture;
+        // Identity-compare shortcut for the per-draw "does the active pass use
+        // this sampled texture" probe: comparing this against a LIVE texture's
+        // address needs no weak_ptr::lock (two refcount atomics per probe).
+        // May dangle once the texture dies - compare only, never dereference.
+        MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* textureRaw = nullptr;
         WeakPtr<MG_State::GLState::RenderbufferObject> renderbuffer;
         Uint32 textureMipLevel = 0;
         Uint32 swapchainImageIndex = 0;
@@ -68,7 +79,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         Bool hasDepthStencilAttachment = false;
         VkSampleCountFlagBits sampleCount = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
         IntVec2 extent = {0, 0};
-        Uint32 subpass = 0;
+        // VkFramebufferCreateInfo::layers of the entry's framebuffer (>1 for layered GL attachments).
+        Uint32 layers = 1;
+        // Frame counter value of the last GetOrCreateRenderPass hit; drives cache eviction.
+        Uint64 lastUsedFrame = 0;
 
         RenderPassEntry() = default;
         RenderPassEntry(const RenderPassEntry&) = delete;
@@ -84,7 +98,44 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             std::swap(hasDepthStencilAttachment, that.hasDepthStencilAttachment);
             std::swap(sampleCount, that.sampleCount);
             std::swap(extent, that.extent);
-            std::swap(subpass, that.subpass);
+            std::swap(layers, that.layers);
+            std::swap(lastUsedFrame, that.lastUsedFrame);
+        }
+        // Move ASSIGNMENT, not just construction. The move constructor above and the
+        // destructor below each independently suppress the implicit one, which left the
+        // type move-constructible but not move-assignable - and therefore not swappable,
+        // which std::swap(pair&, pair&) requires. That was invisible while UnorderedMap
+        // only ever move-CONSTRUCTED an element into a fresh slot. ska::flat_hash_map
+        // probes robin-hood: inserting swaps the entry being placed against the one
+        // already sitting in the slot whenever it has travelled further from its desired
+        // position, so the mapped type has to be swappable or the table fails to
+        // instantiate at all.
+        //
+        // SWAP SEMANTICS, exactly like the move constructor: this does not release the
+        // destination's handles, it parks them in `that`, which destroys them when it
+        // dies. That is correct for the only caller - std::swap, whose temporary expires
+        // immediately - and it is what keeps the three-move sequence from destroying a
+        // live render pass. It is NOT correct for a hand-written `a = std::move(b)` where
+        // `a` held live handles and `b` outlives the statement: those handles would then
+        // survive until `b` dies. There is no such caller; add a destroy-then-steal
+        // assignment before writing one.
+        RenderPassEntry& operator=(RenderPassEntry&& that) noexcept {
+            if (this != &that) {
+                std::swap(hash, that.hash);
+                std::swap(renderPass, that.renderPass);
+                std::swap(framebuffer, that.framebuffer);
+                std::swap(compatibilityHash, that.compatibilityHash);
+                std::swap(pendingClearAttachments, that.pendingClearAttachments);
+                std::swap(trackedAttachmentLayouts, that.trackedAttachmentLayouts);
+                std::swap(attachmentCount, that.attachmentCount);
+                std::swap(colorAttachmentCount, that.colorAttachmentCount);
+                std::swap(hasDepthStencilAttachment, that.hasDepthStencilAttachment);
+                std::swap(sampleCount, that.sampleCount);
+                std::swap(extent, that.extent);
+                std::swap(layers, that.layers);
+                std::swap(lastUsedFrame, that.lastUsedFrame);
+            }
+            return *this;
         }
         RenderPassEntry(
             Uint64 hash,
@@ -97,7 +148,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             Uint32 colorAttachmentCount,
             Bool hasDepthStencilAttachment,
             VkSampleCountFlagBits sampleCount,
-            IntVec2 extent, int subpass):
+            IntVec2 extent, Uint32 layers):
             hash(hash),
             renderPass(renderpass),
             framebuffer(framebuffer),
@@ -109,7 +160,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             hasDepthStencilAttachment(hasDepthStencilAttachment),
             sampleCount(sampleCount),
             extent(extent),
-            subpass(subpass)
+            layers(layers)
         {}
 
         ~RenderPassEntry() {
@@ -148,24 +199,61 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     class VkRenderPassManager {
     public:
         using HashType = Uint64;
+
+        // Notified once per OnPresent sweep with every aged-out entry's VkRenderPass
+        // value: pipelines are hashed on the raw handle, and once destroyed the value
+        // may be recycled for an incompatible pass, so dependent caches must purge
+        // everything keyed on them before any new pass can be created (the sweep and
+        // the notification run back-to-back with no creation in between; observers
+        // compare the values, never dereference them). Batched so a mass-idle cohort
+        // (shader-pack switch, dimension exit) costs the observer one pipeline-cache
+        // scan, not one per dying pass. The wholesale paths
+        // (Shutdown/RecreateSwapchain) do not notify - their callers already drop
+        // every pipeline outright.
+        class IEvictionObserver {
+        public:
+            virtual ~IEvictionObserver() = default;
+            virtual void OnRenderPassesDestroyed(const Vector<VkRenderPass>& renderPasses) = 0;
+        };
+
         VkRenderPassManager(VkDevice device,
             VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VmaAllocator allocator, const VulkanRendererConfig& config,
             VkClearManager& clearManager, VkTextureManager& textureManager, SwapchainObject& swapchainObject);
         ~VkRenderPassManager();
 
+        // Observer may be null (no notifications). Not owned.
+        void SetEvictionObserver(IEvictionObserver* observer) { m_evictionObserver = observer; }
+
         Bool Initialize();
         void Shutdown();
 
         HashType ComputeHash(
             const MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject& fbo,
             Uint32 swapchainImageIndex,
-            Bool includePendingClear = true);
-        RenderPassEntry& GetOrCreateRenderPass(const MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject& fbo, Uint32 swapchainImageIndex);
+            Bool includePendingClear = true,
+            Bool includeDefaultFboDepthStencil = true);
+        // drawUsesDepthStencil: whether the operation about to run inside the pass
+        // reads or writes the depth/stencil buffer (depth test or stencil test
+        // enabled, or a depth/stencil clear). Only consulted for the DEFAULT
+        // framebuffer: EGL undefines its ancillary buffers at every swap, so a
+        // default-FBO pass whose draws provably never touch depth/stencil is
+        // created WITHOUT the depth attachment - on a tiler that skips the whole
+        // depth tile load AND store. The flavor only escalates: once a pass with
+        // depth is active, later depth-less draws keep using it, and a depth-using
+        // draw against a depth-less active pass resolves to a new (incompatible)
+        // entry, which the caller's compatibility check turns into a pass split;
+        // the new pass's depth loads DONT_CARE (content was undefined all along).
+        RenderPassEntry& GetOrCreateRenderPass(const MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject& fbo,
+                                               Uint32 swapchainImageIndex,
+                                               Bool drawUsesDepthStencil = true);
         void QueueRenderbufferClear(GLbitfield mask, const ClearFramebufferPayload& clearPayload,
                                     const MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject& drawFbo);
         void QueueRenderbufferClear(const ClearAttachmentPayload& clearPayload,
                                     const MG_State::GLState::FramebufferAttachmentObject& attachment);
         void PopPendingRenderbufferClear(MG_State::GLState::RenderbufferObject* renderbuffer);
+        // Frame boundary hook: ages the render-pass cache and evicts long-unused
+        // entries (their command buffers retired many frames ago).
+        void OnPresent();
         static Bool BeginRenderPass(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, RenderPassEntry& renderPassEntry);
         static Bool EndRenderPass(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer);
         static ActiveRenderPassInfo* GetActiveRenderPass();
@@ -178,12 +266,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         VkTextureManager& m_textureManager;
         SwapchainObject& m_swapchainObject;
         UnorderedMap<Uint64, RenderPassEntry> m_renderPasses;
+        // Monotonic frame counter (bumped in OnPresent) for render-pass cache aging.
+        Uint64 m_frameCounter = 0;
+        IEvictionObserver* m_evictionObserver = nullptr;
 
         // Bumped whenever a renderbuffer VkImage is (re)created; together with the texture
         // manager's image epoch this invalidates the render-pass fast path on any attachment
         // image recreation.
         Uint64 m_renderbufferImageEpoch = 1;
 
+    public:
+        // Bumped whenever a renderbuffer backing is (re)created; consecutive-draw
+        // snapshots include it so an attachment respecify forces a re-resolve.
+        Uint64 GetRenderbufferImageEpoch() const { return m_renderbufferImageEpoch; }
+
+    private:
+
         // Per-draw fast-path memo for GetOrCreateRenderPass (dirty-flag state tracking): when the
         // framebuffer state is provably unchanged since the last resolution, the active render pass
         // is reused WITHOUT recomputing the expensive per-draw hash. Invalidated by FBO switch /
@@ -191,17 +289,36 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         // or a pending clear. Portable to Vulkan 1.1 (no dynamic_rendering / imageless FB needed).
         Bool m_rpFastValid = false;
         const MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject* m_rpFastFbo = nullptr;
+        // The FBO's never-reused lifetime id joins the raw pointer + Uint16 version:
+        // a deleted FBO reallocated at the same address whose fresh setup performed
+        // the same number of version bumps would otherwise compare equal (both count
+        // from 0), serving the dead framebuffer's pass to the new object.
+        Uint64 m_rpFastFboLifetimeId = 0;
         Uint16 m_rpFastFboVersion = 0;
         Uint32 m_rpFastSwapchainIndex = 0;
         Uint64 m_rpFastTexEpoch = 0;
         Uint64 m_rpFastRbEpoch = 0;
         Uint64 m_rpFastRenderPassHash = 0;
+        // Whether the memoized entry carries a depth/stencil attachment; a
+        // default-FBO resolution whose effective depth request differs must
+        // miss the memo (the depth-less/depth-full flavors hash differently).
+        Bool m_rpFastHadDepthStencil = false;
 
+    public:
         struct RenderbufferResource {
+            // deadSinceFrame sentinel: the owning weak reference has not been observed
+            // expired. Dead resources age past every in-flight frame before Destroy
+            // (see CollectRenderbufferGarbage); the GPU may still reference the image
+            // for frames-in-flight frames after the GL object dies.
+            static constexpr Uint64 kNeverObservedDead = UINT64_MAX;
+
             WeakPtr<MG_State::GLState::RenderbufferObject> renderbuffer;
             VkImage image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
             VmaAllocation allocation = nullptr;
             VkImageView view = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            // UNORM reinterpretation of an sRGB image, used as the attachment view while
+            // GL_FRAMEBUFFER_SRGB is disabled (raw writes). Null for non-sRGB formats.
+            VkImageView unormTwinView = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
             VkImageLayout layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
             VkFormat format = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
             VkImageAspectFlags aspect = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_NONE;
@@ -209,25 +326,75 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             VkSampleCountFlagBits sampleCount = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
             TextureInternalFormat internalFormat = TextureInternalFormat::Unknown;
             Int samples = 0;
+            // m_frameCounter value at which the weak reference was first seen expired.
+            Uint64 deadSinceFrame = kNeverObservedDead;
 
             void Destroy(VkDevice device, VmaAllocator allocator);
         };
 
+        // Public so the renderer's blit/copy/readback bindings can source renderbuffer
+        // attachments the same way texture attachments go through the texture manager.
+        RenderbufferResource* GetOrCreateRenderbufferResource(
+            const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::RenderbufferObject>& renderbuffer);
+        Bool GetPendingRenderbufferClear(MG_State::GLState::RenderbufferObject* renderbuffer,
+                                         ClearAttachmentPayload& outPayload) const;
+
+    private:
         struct PendingRenderbufferClear {
             WeakPtr<MG_State::GLState::RenderbufferObject> renderbuffer;
             ClearAttachmentPayload payload{};
         };
 
-        UnorderedMap<MG_State::GLState::RenderbufferObject*, RenderbufferResource> m_renderbufferResources;
+        // A superseded renderbuffer backing (glRenderbufferStorage respecify) parked
+        // until enough frame boundaries have passed that no in-flight command buffer
+        // can still reference it; destroyed in OnPresent (see RetireAgeFrames).
+        struct DeferredRenderbufferRelease {
+            VkImage image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            VmaAllocation allocation = nullptr;
+            VkImageView view = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            VkImageView unormTwinView = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+            Uint64 deferredAtFrame = 0;
+        };
+
+        // Node-based std::unordered_map, deliberately NOT the open-addressing UnorderedMap:
+        // callers cache a RenderbufferResource* - or a bare &resource->layout - and then make further
+        // calls that touch this map. BlitFramebuffer is the one that bit: it resolves the source and
+        // destination colour bindings (ResolveColorBlitBinding caches &rbResource->layout), then
+        // materializes the source's pending clear, which looks that same resource up again. Growing
+        // an open-addressed table relocates every element, so the cached pointer went on to name
+        // freed storage still holding the pre-clear VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED; BlitFramebuffer bailed
+        // out at "source image layout is undefined", silently dropping the blit -
+        // renderbuffers_storage_multisample read back zero instead of the clear colour on exactly the
+        // iterations that grew the table.
+        //
+        // Reordering the materialize ahead of the resolves - the fix ReadPixels got - does not cover
+        // this: the destination resolve still runs after the source pointer is taken. The depth blit,
+        // GetOrCreateRenderPass's depthRenderbufferResource and ReadDepthStencilPixels cache the same
+        // kind of pointer, so the invariant belongs in the container rather than in a per-call-site
+        // ordering rule. m_textureResources is node-based for the same reason.
+        //
+        // The case for keeping this node-based got STRONGER with ska::flat_hash_map, so do not read
+        // the paragraph above as merely historical: ska erases by shifting the rest of the probe
+        // cluster backwards into the hole, so erasing one renderbuffer relocates OTHER renderbuffers'
+        // entries - a cached pointer can now be invalidated by a key it has nothing to do with, which
+        // no call-site ordering rule can defend against. (What did change: ska's operator[] returns on
+        // a hit before it runs its grow check, so a plain lookup of a PRESENT key no longer relocates.
+        // That narrows the insert hazard; it does not touch the erase one.)
+        std::unordered_map<MG_State::GLState::RenderbufferObject*, RenderbufferResource> m_renderbufferResources;
         UnorderedMap<MG_State::GLState::RenderbufferObject*, PendingRenderbufferClear> m_pendingRenderbufferClears;
+        Vector<DeferredRenderbufferRelease> m_deferredRenderbufferReleases;
+        // Supported sample counts per attachment format, so per-draw resource lookups
+        // do not repeat vkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties.
+        UnorderedMap<VkFormat, VkSampleCountFlags> m_attachmentSampleCountsByFormat;
 
-        RenderbufferResource* GetOrCreateRenderbufferResource(
-            const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::RenderbufferObject>& renderbuffer);
-        Bool GetPendingRenderbufferClear(MG_State::GLState::RenderbufferObject* renderbuffer,
-                                         ClearAttachmentPayload& outPayload) const;
         Bool HasPendingRenderbufferClear(
             const MG_State::GLState::FramebufferAttachmentObject& attachment) const;
         void CollectRenderbufferGarbage();
+        // Frame-boundary margin after which a resource last referenced by a retired
+        // GL object (or superseded backing) is provably past every in-flight frame.
+        Uint64 RetireAgeFrames() const;
+        void DeferRenderbufferBackingRelease(RenderbufferResource& resource);
+        void CollectDeferredRenderbufferReleases(Bool destroyAll);
 
         static inline XXH64_state_t* m_hashState = XXH64_createState();
         static inline ActiveRenderPassInfo s_activeRenderPass{};

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VkSamplerManager.cpp

@@ -51,6 +51,18 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         Float ResolveEffectiveMinLod(const MG_State::GLState::SamplerObject& sampler, Float effectiveMaxLod) {
             return std::min(sampler.GetMinLod(), effectiveMaxLod);
         }
+
+        // A single-level view can only ever deliver the base level, but the LOD clamp must not be
+        // collapsed to exactly 0: both GL and Vulkan pick magFilter over minFilter from the
+        // *clamped* lambda, so maxLod = 0 would make every fragment magnify and quietly retire the
+        // min filter. 0.25 is the value VkSamplerCreateInfo's own note prescribes for emulating
+        // GL's non-mipmapped minification - large enough for lambda to stay positive, small enough
+        // that a NEAREST mip mode still rounds down to level 0. Clamped rather than assigned, so a
+        // texture whose GL_TEXTURE_MAX_LOD really is 0 keeps magnifying as GL says it must.
+        Float ResolveSingleLevelMaxLod(const MG_State::GLState::SamplerObject& sampler, Bool singleLevelView) {
+            const Float maxLod = ResolveEffectiveMaxLod(sampler);
+            return singleLevelView ? std::min(maxLod, 0.25f) : maxLod;
+        }
     } // namespace
 
     Bool VkSamplerManager::Initialize(const InitInfo& initInfo) {
@@ -58,11 +70,26 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
         m_device = initInfo.device;
         m_config = initInfo.config;
+        m_samplerAnisotropySupported = initInfo.samplerAnisotropySupported;
+        m_maxSamplerAnisotropy = std::max(initInfo.maxSamplerAnisotropy, 1.0f);
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(m_device != VK_NULL_HANDLE && m_config != nullptr,
                         "VkSamplerManager::Initialize failed: invalid initialization info");
         return true;
     }
 
+    Float VkSamplerManager::ResolveEffectiveMaxAnisotropy(const MG_State::GLState::SamplerObject& sampler,
+                                                           Bool forceNearestFiltering) const {
+        if (!m_samplerAnisotropySupported) return 1.0f;
+        if (forceNearestFiltering) return 1.0f;
+        // VUID-VkSamplerCreateInfo-anisotropyEnable-01071/01072: anisotropy requires both filters to
+        // be LINEAR and the value to sit within [1, limits.maxSamplerAnisotropy].
+        if (sampler.GetMinFilter() != SamplerFilterMode::Linear ||
+            sampler.GetMagFilter() != SamplerFilterMode::Linear) {
+            return 1.0f;
+        }
+        return std::clamp(sampler.GetMaxAnisotropy(), 1.0f, m_maxSamplerAnisotropy);
+    }
+
     void VkSamplerManager::Shutdown() {
         for (auto& [_, sampler] : m_samplers) {
             if (m_device != VK_NULL_HANDLE && sampler.handle != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
@@ -74,13 +101,44 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
 
         m_device = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         m_config = nullptr;
+        m_frameBoundaryCounter = 0;
+    }
+
+    void VkSamplerManager::OnFrameBoundary() {
+        ++m_frameBoundaryCounter;
+
+        // Sweep occasionally; destroy samplers whose last use is far past every
+        // in-flight frame. Destroy and erase must stay atomic, or Shutdown would
+        // double-free the handle; an evicted key that recurs simply re-creates
+        // its sampler on the next miss.
+        constexpr Uint64 kSweepInterval = 256;
+        constexpr Uint64 kRetireAgeBoundaries = 1024;
+        if ((m_frameBoundaryCounter % kSweepInterval) != 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (auto it = m_samplers.begin(); it != m_samplers.end();) {
+            auto& entry = it->second;
+            if (m_frameBoundaryCounter - entry.lastUsedFrameBoundary > kRetireAgeBoundaries) {
+                if (m_device != VK_NULL_HANDLE && entry.handle != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+                    vkDestroySampler(m_device, entry.handle, nullptr);
+                }
+                it = m_samplers.erase(it);
+            } else {
+                ++it;
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     Uint64 VkSamplerManager::BuildSamplerKey(const MG_State::GLState::SamplerObject& sampler,
-                                             const MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture) const {
+                                             const MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture,
+                                             Bool forceNearestFiltering, Bool singleLevelView) const {
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(m_config != nullptr, "VkSamplerManager::BuildSamplerKey: m_config is null");
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_reset(m_hashState, m_config->CacheVersion));
 
+        XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &forceNearestFiltering, sizeof(forceNearestFiltering)));
+        XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &singleLevelView, sizeof(singleLevelView)));
+
         const auto minFilter = sampler.GetMinFilter();
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &minFilter, sizeof(minFilter)));
         const auto magFilter = sampler.GetMagFilter();
@@ -93,15 +151,20 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &wrapT, sizeof(wrapT)));
         const auto wrapR = sampler.GetWrapR();
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &wrapR, sizeof(wrapR)));
-        const auto maxLod = ResolveEffectiveMaxLod(sampler);
+        const auto maxLod = ResolveSingleLevelMaxLod(sampler, singleLevelView);
         const auto minLod = ResolveEffectiveMinLod(sampler, maxLod);
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &minLod, sizeof(minLod)));
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &maxLod, sizeof(maxLod)));
         const auto lodBias = sampler.GetLodBias();
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &lodBias, sizeof(lodBias)));
+        // The RESOLVED value, not the GL request: samplers that only differ in an anisotropy Vulkan
+        // will not apply (NEAREST filtering, or requests past the device limit) must still share one
+        // VkSampler, while two samplers that really do differ must not collide onto the first one's.
+        const auto maxAnisotropy = ResolveEffectiveMaxAnisotropy(sampler, forceNearestFiltering);
+        XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &maxAnisotropy, sizeof(maxAnisotropy)));
         const auto compareMode = sampler.GetCompareMode();
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &compareMode, sizeof(compareMode)));
-        const auto compareFunc = ResolveCompareFunc(sampler, texture);
+        const auto compareFunc = sampler.GetSamplerCompareFunc();
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &compareFunc, sizeof(compareFunc)));
         const auto borderColor = ResolveVkBorderColor(sampler, texture);
         XXHASH_VERIFY(XXH64_update(m_hashState, &borderColor, sizeof(borderColor)));
@@ -109,27 +172,44 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     }
 
     VkSampler VkSamplerManager::GetOrCreateSampler(const MG_State::GLState::SamplerObject& sampler,
-                                                   const MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture) {
-        const Uint64 key = BuildSamplerKey(sampler, texture);
+                                                   const MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture,
+                                                   Bool forceNearestFiltering, Uint32 viewLevelCount) {
+        // A view that exposes a single mip level has no second level to blend with, so GL's
+        // *_MIPMAP_* minification filters degenerate to plain filtering on the base level -
+        // sampling is unchanged by pinning the Vulkan sampler to NEAREST mip mode at LOD 0.
+        // It is not cosmetic: MobileGL backs such a view with a fully allocated mip chain whose
+        // tail is never written, and a LINEAR mip mode lets the texture unit issue the level+1
+        // fetch anyway. On Adreno that fetch lands in uninitialized UBWC pages (or past the
+        // allocation for a genuinely single-level image) and faults the GPU - the same failure
+        // the default-framebuffer blit shader had to work around with an explicit-LOD sample.
+        const Bool singleLevelView = viewLevelCount == 1;
+        const Uint64 key = BuildSamplerKey(sampler, texture, forceNearestFiltering, singleLevelView);
         auto it = m_samplers.find(key);
         if (it != m_samplers.end()) {
+            it->second.lastUsedFrameBoundary = m_frameBoundaryCounter;
             return it->second.handle;
         }
 
         VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo{};
         samplerInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
-        samplerInfo.magFilter = ToVkFilter(sampler.GetMagFilter());
-        samplerInfo.minFilter = ToVkFilter(sampler.GetMinFilter());
-        samplerInfo.mipmapMode = ToVkMipmapMode(sampler.GetMipmapMode());
+        samplerInfo.magFilter = forceNearestFiltering ? VK_FILTER_NEAREST : ToVkFilter(sampler.GetMagFilter());
+        samplerInfo.minFilter = forceNearestFiltering ? VK_FILTER_NEAREST : ToVkFilter(sampler.GetMinFilter());
+        samplerInfo.mipmapMode = (forceNearestFiltering || singleLevelView)
+                                     ? VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST
+                                     : ToVkMipmapMode(sampler.GetMipmapMode());
         samplerInfo.addressModeU = ToVkAddressMode(sampler.GetWrapS());
         samplerInfo.addressModeV = ToVkAddressMode(sampler.GetWrapT());
         samplerInfo.addressModeW = ToVkAddressMode(sampler.GetWrapR());
         samplerInfo.mipLodBias = sampler.GetLodBias();
-        samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_FALSE;
-        samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = 1.0f;
+        // Must use the same resolver as BuildSamplerKey - a divergence would either collide two
+        // different samplers or silently create duplicates.
+        const Float maxAnisotropy = ResolveEffectiveMaxAnisotropy(sampler, forceNearestFiltering);
+        samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = maxAnisotropy > 1.0f ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE;
+        samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = maxAnisotropy;
         samplerInfo.compareEnable = sampler.GetCompareMode() == SamplerCompareMode::CompareToTexture ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE;
-        samplerInfo.compareOp = ToVkCompareOp(ResolveCompareFunc(sampler, texture));
-        samplerInfo.maxLod = ResolveEffectiveMaxLod(sampler);
+        samplerInfo.compareOp = ToVkCompareOp(sampler.GetSamplerCompareFunc());
+        // Must match BuildSamplerKey's resolution exactly.
+        samplerInfo.maxLod = ResolveSingleLevelMaxLod(sampler, singleLevelView);
         samplerInfo.minLod = ResolveEffectiveMinLod(sampler, samplerInfo.maxLod);
         samplerInfo.borderColor = ResolveVkBorderColor(sampler, texture);
         samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE;
@@ -141,6 +221,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         entry.handle = vkSampler;
         entry.externalIndex = sampler.GetExternalIndex();
         entry.version = sampler.GetVersion();
+        entry.lastUsedFrameBoundary = m_frameBoundaryCounter;
         m_samplers[key] = entry;
         return vkSampler;
     }
@@ -200,24 +281,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         }
     }
 
-    SamplerCompareFunc VkSamplerManager::ResolveCompareFunc(const MG_State::GLState::SamplerObject& sampler,
-                                                            const MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture) {
-        const auto compareFunc = sampler.GetSamplerCompareFunc();
-        if (sampler.GetCompareMode() == SamplerCompareMode::CompareToTexture &&
-            IsDepthTextureFormat(texture.GetFormat()) && compareFunc == SamplerCompareFunc::Always) {
-            return SamplerCompareFunc::LessEqual;
-        }
-
-        return compareFunc;
-    }
-
     VkBorderColor VkSamplerManager::ResolveVkBorderColor(const MG_State::GLState::SamplerObject& sampler,
                                                          const MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture) {
         if (!UsesBorderColor(sampler)) {
             return VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_TRANSPARENT_BLACK;
         }
 
-        const auto& borderColor = texture.GetBorderColor();
+        // Border colour is sampler state: a bound sampler object supplies its own, and a texture
+        // with none reaches the very same value through the sampler object it owns.
+        const auto& borderColor = sampler.GetBorderColor();
         const Bool isDepthTexture = IsDepthTextureFormat(texture.GetFormat());
 
         if (isDepthTexture) {

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VkSamplerManager.h

@@ -24,35 +24,67 @@ public:
     struct InitInfo {
         VkDevice device = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         const VulkanRendererConfig* config = nullptr;
+        // The samplerAnisotropy device feature was requested and granted at vkCreateDevice.
+        Bool samplerAnisotropySupported = false;
+        // VkPhysicalDeviceLimits::maxSamplerAnisotropy.
+        Float maxSamplerAnisotropy = 1.0f;
     };
 
     Bool Initialize(const InitInfo& initInfo);
     void Shutdown();
 
+    // viewLevelCount is the mip-level count of the image view this sampler will be paired
+    // with; 0 means "unknown, do not narrow". See GetOrCreateSampler for why it matters.
     VkSampler GetOrCreateSampler(const MG_State::GLState::SamplerObject& sampler,
-                                 const MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture);
+                                 const MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture,
+                                 Bool forceNearestFiltering = false,
+                                 Uint32 viewLevelCount = 0);
+    // Frame boundary hook: ages the sampler cache and destroys samplers not used
+    // for many frames. The key hashes continuous float state (lodBias, LOD clamps,
+    // anisotropy), so an app animating those would otherwise mint an unbounded
+    // stream of never-destroyed VkSamplers and eventually exhaust the device's
+    // maxSamplerAllocationCount. A sampler idle for over a thousand frame
+    // boundaries cannot be referenced by any in-flight command buffer (frames in
+    // flight are single digits), and every descriptor set the GPU consumes is
+    // written that same frame with live handles (the per-binding resolve memo and
+    // descriptor-set reuse are both frame-reset), so destruction here needs no
+    // fence wait. Self-gated: one counter bump and compare except on sweep
+    // boundaries.
+    void OnFrameBoundary();
 
 private:
     struct SamplerCacheEntry {
         VkSampler handle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         Uint externalIndex = 0;
         Uint16 version = 0;
+        // Frame boundary of the last cache hit; entries idle past the
+        // OnFrameBoundary retirement age have their VkSampler destroyed.
+        Uint64 lastUsedFrameBoundary = 0;
     };
 
     Uint64 BuildSamplerKey(const MG_State::GLState::SamplerObject& sampler,
-                           const MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture) const;
+                           const MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture,
+                           Bool forceNearestFiltering, Bool singleLevelView) const;
     static VkFilter ToVkFilter(SamplerFilterMode mode);
     static VkSamplerMipmapMode ToVkMipmapMode(SamplerMipmapMode mode);
     static VkSamplerAddressMode ToVkAddressMode(SamplerWrapMode mode);
     static VkCompareOp ToVkCompareOp(SamplerCompareFunc func);
-    static SamplerCompareFunc ResolveCompareFunc(const MG_State::GLState::SamplerObject& sampler,
-                                                 const MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture);
     static VkBorderColor ResolveVkBorderColor(const MG_State::GLState::SamplerObject& sampler,
                                               const MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture);
+    // The anisotropy Vulkan will actually apply: 1.0 (i.e. disabled) unless the feature is on and
+    // the sampler filters linearly both ways, otherwise the GL request clamped to the device limit.
+    // GL happily carries GL_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY on a NEAREST sampler (Blaze3D's blocks do exactly
+    // that) while Vulkan forbids anisotropyEnable there, so the GL value must never be forwarded raw.
+    Float ResolveEffectiveMaxAnisotropy(const MG_State::GLState::SamplerObject& sampler,
+                                        Bool forceNearestFiltering) const;
 
     VkDevice m_device = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     const VulkanRendererConfig* m_config = nullptr;
+    Bool m_samplerAnisotropySupported = false;
+    Float m_maxSamplerAnisotropy = 1.0f;
     UnorderedMap<Uint64, SamplerCacheEntry> m_samplers;
+    // Monotonic frame-boundary counter (bumped in OnFrameBoundary) for cache aging.
+    Uint64 m_frameBoundaryCounter = 0;
     static inline XXH64_state_t* m_hashState = XXH64_createState();
 };
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VkTextureManager.h

@@ -13,18 +13,24 @@
 #include <MG_State/GLState/TextureState/TextureObject.h>
 #include <vk_mem_alloc.h>
 #include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
 class ITextureObject;
 }
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
+enum class SamplerNumericDomain : Uint8;
+
 class VkTextureManager {
 public:
     // Monotonic epoch bumped whenever a texture VkImage is (re)created. The render-pass
     // manager keys its per-draw fast path on this so an attachment's image recreation
     // invalidates the cached render pass (dirty-flag tracking; portable to Vulkan 1.1).
     Uint64 GetTextureImageEpoch() const { return m_textureImageEpoch; }
+    // Bumped whenever any tracked texture resource is erased; cached
+    // TextureResource pointers are valid only while this is unchanged.
+    Uint64 GetResourceEraseEpoch() const { return m_resourceEraseEpoch; }
 
     struct TextureIdentity {
         MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* texture = nullptr;
@@ -50,6 +56,20 @@ public:
         VkCommandPool commandPool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         VkQueue graphicsQueue = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         Uint32 frameCount = 0;
+        // VK_KHR_image_format_list is enabled: MUTABLE_FORMAT images can name the exact set of
+        // formats they will be viewed as, which is what lets a tiler keep them compressed.
+        Bool imageFormatListSupported = false;
+        // Union of shader stages sampled-read barriers may name on this device; the renderer
+        // builds it from the enabled features because geometry/tessellation stage bits are
+        // invalid in a barrier when their feature is off.
+        VkPipelineStageFlags sampledReadStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT |
+                                                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT |
+                                                    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT;
+        // Family of `graphicsQueue`; the manager creates its own command pool
+        // on it for the recycled upload-batch command buffers, so their parked
+        // allocations never sit in (and fragment) the renderer's shared pool
+        // that frame command buffers churn through every frame.
+        Uint32 graphicsQueueFamilyIndex = 0;
     };
 
     struct TextureResource {
@@ -58,12 +78,16 @@ public:
             Uint32 baseArrayLayer = 0;
             Uint32 layerCount = 1;
             VkImageViewType viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
+            // May differ from the image format: sRGB images attach through their UNORM
+            // twin while GL_FRAMEBUFFER_SRGB is disabled.
+            VkFormat viewFormat = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
 
             Bool operator==(const AttachmentViewKey& other) const {
                 return mipLevel == other.mipLevel &&
                        baseArrayLayer == other.baseArrayLayer &&
                        layerCount == other.layerCount &&
-                       viewType == other.viewType;
+                       viewType == other.viewType &&
+                       viewFormat == other.viewFormat;
             }
         };
 
@@ -74,6 +98,63 @@ public:
                 hash ^= std::hash<Uint32>{}(key.layerCount) + 0x9e3779b9u + (hash << 6) + (hash >> 2);
                 hash ^= std::hash<Uint32>{}(static_cast<Uint32>(key.viewType)) +
                         0x9e3779b9u + (hash << 6) + (hash >> 2);
+                hash ^= std::hash<Uint32>{}(static_cast<Uint32>(key.viewFormat)) +
+                        0x9e3779b9u + (hash << 6) + (hash >> 2);
+                return hash;
+            }
+        };
+
+        struct StorageImageViewKey {
+            Uint32 mipLevel = 0;
+            Uint32 baseArrayLayer = 0;
+            Uint32 layerCount = 1;
+            VkImageViewType viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
+            VkFormat format = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
+
+            Bool operator==(const StorageImageViewKey& other) const {
+                return mipLevel == other.mipLevel &&
+                       baseArrayLayer == other.baseArrayLayer &&
+                       layerCount == other.layerCount &&
+                       viewType == other.viewType &&
+                       format == other.format;
+            }
+        };
+
+        struct SampledImageViewKey {
+            Uint32 baseMipLevel = 0;
+            Uint32 levelCount = 1;
+            VkImageViewType viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
+            VkFormat format = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
+
+            Bool operator==(const SampledImageViewKey& other) const {
+                return baseMipLevel == other.baseMipLevel &&
+                       levelCount == other.levelCount &&
+                       viewType == other.viewType &&
+                       format == other.format;
+            }
+        };
+
+        struct SampledImageViewKeyHash {
+            SizeT operator()(const SampledImageViewKey& key) const {
+                SizeT hash = std::hash<Uint32>{}(key.baseMipLevel);
+                hash ^= std::hash<Uint32>{}(key.levelCount) + 0x9e3779b9u + (hash << 6) + (hash >> 2);
+                hash ^= std::hash<Uint32>{}(static_cast<Uint32>(key.viewType)) +
+                        0x9e3779b9u + (hash << 6) + (hash >> 2);
+                hash ^= std::hash<Uint32>{}(static_cast<Uint32>(key.format)) +
+                        0x9e3779b9u + (hash << 6) + (hash >> 2);
+                return hash;
+            }
+        };
+
+        struct StorageImageViewKeyHash {
+            SizeT operator()(const StorageImageViewKey& key) const {
+                SizeT hash = std::hash<Uint32>{}(key.mipLevel);
+                hash ^= std::hash<Uint32>{}(key.baseArrayLayer) + 0x9e3779b9u + (hash << 6) + (hash >> 2);
+                hash ^= std::hash<Uint32>{}(key.layerCount) + 0x9e3779b9u + (hash << 6) + (hash >> 2);
+                hash ^= std::hash<Uint32>{}(static_cast<Uint32>(key.viewType)) +
+                        0x9e3779b9u + (hash << 6) + (hash >> 2);
+                hash ^= std::hash<Uint32>{}(static_cast<Uint32>(key.format)) +
+                        0x9e3779b9u + (hash << 6) + (hash >> 2);
                 return hash;
             }
         };
@@ -85,6 +166,8 @@ public:
         Vector<VkImageView> perMipViews;
         Vector<VkImageView> perMipSampledViews;
         UnorderedMap<AttachmentViewKey, VkImageView, AttachmentViewKeyHash> attachmentViews;
+        UnorderedMap<SampledImageViewKey, VkImageView, SampledImageViewKeyHash> alternateSampledViews;
+        UnorderedMap<StorageImageViewKey, VkImageView, StorageImageViewKeyHash> storageImageViews;
         VkImageLayout layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
         VkExtent2D extent = {0, 0};
         Uint32 depth = 1;
@@ -96,7 +179,26 @@ public:
         VkImageAspectFlags aspect = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_NONE;
         VkImageViewType viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
         VkSampleCountFlagBits sampleCount = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+        VkImageCreateFlags imageCreateFlags = 0;
+        // Usage the live image was created with. STORAGE is only requested for textures that
+        // have actually been bound to a GL image unit, because on Adreno a storage-capable
+        // image loses UBWC bandwidth compression; a later image binding upgrades the usage
+        // and recreates the image, so the resolved usage has to be part of the compatibility
+        // check that decides whether the existing image can be kept.
+        VkImageUsageFlags usageFlags = 0;
+        // True once this image was (re)resolved while the texture was already marked as an
+        // image-unit texture. Distinguishes "not upgraded yet" from "cannot be upgraded"
+        // (a format whose optimalTilingFeatures lack STORAGE_IMAGE never gains the bit), so
+        // NeedsStorageImagePreparation cannot ask for a recreate that will never happen.
+        Bool storageUsageResolved = false;
         Uint16 syncedTextureParamsVersion = 0;
+        // Recording generation (VkTextureManager::GetRecordingGeneration) of the last
+        // command referencing this image that was recorded into the CURRENT frame
+        // command buffer. An image untouched by the open recording may have its
+        // out-of-pass work (deferred clears, sampled-layout transitions) recorded
+        // into the frame's PRE command buffer - which executes strictly before the
+        // frame's commands - instead of splitting the active render pass.
+        Uint64 lastRecordingGeneration = 0;
         // Snapshot of ITextureObject::GetContentVersion() at the last successful sync;
         // lets SyncTexture skip the whole re-check/re-upload when content is unchanged.
         Uint64 syncedContentVersion = 0;
@@ -115,6 +217,8 @@ public:
             std::swap(this->perMipViews, that.perMipViews);
             std::swap(this->perMipSampledViews, that.perMipSampledViews);
             std::swap(this->attachmentViews, that.attachmentViews);
+            std::swap(this->alternateSampledViews, that.alternateSampledViews);
+            std::swap(this->storageImageViews, that.storageImageViews);
             std::swap(this->layout, that.layout);
             std::swap(this->extent, that.extent);
             std::swap(this->depth, that.depth);
@@ -126,7 +230,11 @@ public:
             std::swap(this->aspect, that.aspect);
             std::swap(this->viewType, that.viewType);
             std::swap(this->sampleCount, that.sampleCount);
+            std::swap(this->imageCreateFlags, that.imageCreateFlags);
+            std::swap(this->usageFlags, that.usageFlags);
+            std::swap(this->storageUsageResolved, that.storageUsageResolved);
             std::swap(this->syncedTextureParamsVersion, that.syncedTextureParamsVersion);
+            std::swap(this->lastRecordingGeneration, that.lastRecordingGeneration);
             std::swap(this->syncedContentVersion, that.syncedContentVersion);
             std::swap(this->syncedMipLevelCount, that.syncedMipLevelCount);
         }
@@ -153,6 +261,16 @@ public:
                     vkDestroyImageView(s_device, attachmentView, nullptr);
                 }
             }
+            for (const auto& [_, sampledView] : alternateSampledViews) {
+                if (sampledView != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+                    vkDestroyImageView(s_device, sampledView, nullptr);
+                }
+            }
+            for (const auto& [_, storageImageView] : storageImageViews) {
+                if (storageImageView != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+                    vkDestroyImageView(s_device, storageImageView, nullptr);
+                }
+            }
             if (image != VK_NULL_HANDLE && allocation != nullptr) {
                 vmaDestroyImage(s_allocator, image, allocation);
             }
@@ -161,6 +279,8 @@ public:
             perMipViews.clear();
             perMipSampledViews.clear();
             attachmentViews.clear();
+            alternateSampledViews.clear();
+            storageImageViews.clear();
             image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
             allocation = nullptr;
             layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
@@ -174,6 +294,9 @@ public:
             aspect = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_NONE;
             viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
             sampleCount = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+            imageCreateFlags = 0;
+            usageFlags = 0;
+            storageUsageResolved = false;
             syncedTextureParamsVersion = 0;
             syncedContentVersion = 0;
             syncedMipLevelCount = 0;
@@ -187,9 +310,26 @@ public:
         static inline VmaAllocator s_allocator = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     };
 
+    struct SampledTextureSnapshot {
+        VkImageView imageView = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkImageLayout layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
+    };
+
     Bool Initialize(const InitInfo& initInfo);
     void Shutdown();
     void BeginFrame(Uint32 frameIndex);
+    // Submits the accumulated texture-upload batch (one command buffer, one
+    // vkQueueSubmit, one pooled fence) if any uploads are pending. MUST run
+    // before any other vkQueueSubmit on the shared graphics queue whose
+    // commands may consume an image the batch writes - the frame command
+    // buffer submit (mid-frame flush, readback, Present) and the
+    // preserve-on-recreate copy are the existing callers. No-op when the
+    // batch is empty.
+    void FlushPendingUploads();
+    // Drains every frame slot's deferred image/view releases. Only valid when
+    // the caller has proven every queue submission complete; used by the
+    // present-less frame-boundary drain.
+    void CollectAllDeferredReleases();
 
     TextureResource* SyncTextureAndGetDescriptor(
         MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture);
@@ -198,6 +338,9 @@ public:
                                                     Uint32 baseArrayLayer, Uint32 layerCount,
                                                     VkImageViewType viewType);
     VkImageView GetOrCreateSampledViewAtMipLevel(MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture, Uint32 mipLevel);
+    VkImageView GetOrCreateSampledImageView(MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture, VkFormat format);
+    VkImageView GetOrCreateStorageImageView(MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture, Uint32 mipLevel,
+                                            VkFormat format, Bool layered, Int32 layer);
     void UpdateTrackedImageLayout(MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* texture, VkImageLayout newLayout);
     void UpdateTrackedImageLayoutAfterAttachmentWrite(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer,
                                                       MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* texture,
@@ -205,15 +348,76 @@ public:
                                                       VkImageLayout newLayout);
     Bool TransitionTextureForSampling(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture);
     Bool TransitionTextureForStorageImage(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture);
+    // Copies the complete sampler-visible mip range into a transient sampled image. The source is
+    // restored to its prior layout, so image-store descriptors continue to name the original image.
+    // The transient ownership is tied to the current frame slot and is safe through its submission.
+    Bool SnapshotTextureForSampling(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture,
+                                    SamplerNumericDomain numericDomain,
+                                    VkPipelineStageFlags consumerShaderStageMask,
+                                    SampledTextureSnapshot& outSnapshot);
 
-    static VkImageAspectFlags ResolveSampledImageViewAspectMask(VkImageAspectFlags imageAspect);
+    // Recording-generation bookkeeping for the pre-pass command stream. The
+    // generation advances every time the frame command buffer (re)begins
+    // recording; a resource whose stamp does not match was not referenced by
+    // any command in the open recording, so its out-of-pass work may safely
+    // execute ahead of the whole recording (in the pre command buffer).
+    void AdvanceRecordingGeneration() { ++m_recordingGeneration; }
+    void StampResourceRecordingUse(TextureResource& resource) const {
+        resource.lastRecordingGeneration = m_recordingGeneration;
+    }
+    // Map-lookup variant for callers that only hold the GL texture object.
+    void StampTextureRecordingUse(MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* texture);
+    Bool WasTouchedThisRecording(const TextureResource& resource) const {
+        return resource.lastRecordingGeneration == m_recordingGeneration;
+    }
+    // Records that this texture is bound to a GL image unit, so its image must carry
+    // VK_IMAGE_USAGE_STORAGE_BIT. Must be called before NeedsStorageImagePreparation, and
+    // therefore before the render pass is committed: an image that has to be upgraded is
+    // recreated, which is illegal inside a render pass. Sticky for the texture's lifetime -
+    // GL lets an image binding come and go, and re-creating the image every time it does
+    // would cost far more than the compression it wins back.
+    void MarkStorageImageTexture(MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture);
+    // True when this texture is marked but its live image predates the mark, i.e. the next sync
+    // will recreate it with STORAGE usage and copy the old contents forward. Callers use this to
+    // submit their pending recording first, so that copy cannot read pre-flush content.
+    Bool NeedsStorageUsageUpgrade(MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture) const;
+    // The same ordering question for the other recreate-and-preserve trigger: true when this
+    // texture's live image carries a shorter mip chain than a full one, so defining the missing
+    // levels recreates it and copies the old contents forward.
+    Bool NeedsMipChainGrowth(MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture) const;
+    // Non-mutating probe for the per-draw storage-image fast path: true when preparing this
+    // texture as a storage image may need work that is illegal inside a render pass (resource
+    // creation, dirty-content upload, or a layout transition to GENERAL). Unknown state reports
+    // true - a false positive merely ends the render pass, a false negative would skip a barrier.
+    Bool NeedsStorageImagePreparation(MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject& texture) const;
 
+    // `depthStencilTextureMode` is the texture's GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_TEXTURE_MODE; it only decides
+    // anything for an image that carries both aspects. Defaulted so the call sites that have no
+    // texture in hand keep the depth-aspect answer they have always given.
+    static VkImageAspectFlags ResolveSampledImageViewAspectMask(VkImageAspectFlags imageAspect,
+                                                                GLenum depthStencilTextureMode = GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT);
+    static VkFormat ResolveSampledImageViewFormat(VkFormat imageFormat, SamplerNumericDomain numericDomain);
+    static Bool AreSampledImageViewFormatsCompatible(VkFormat imageFormat, VkFormat viewFormat);
+    static Bool AreStorageImageViewFormatsCompatible(VkFormat imageFormat, VkFormat viewFormat);
+
+    // Moves `image` to `newLayout` and writes the new layout back through `trackedLayout`.
+    //
+    // The barrier covers EVERY array layer of the image, and there is deliberately no layer
+    // parameter to say otherwise: layout here is tracked per IMAGE (one `TextureResource::layout`,
+    // or one caller-owned variable), so a barrier narrower than the image would leave the layers it
+    // skipped in the old layout while the tracker claims they moved. Every transfer against a
+    // framebuffer attachment above layer 0 - glReadPixels, glBlitFramebuffer, glCopyTexSubImage,
+    // glCopyImageSubData - then ran its copy on a layer no barrier had transitioned.
+    //
+    // The mip range IS a parameter, because mip levels really are transitioned piecewise (see
+    // UpdateTrackedImageLayoutAfterAttachmentWrite and the mipmap generation loops): those callers
+    // move the complement of the level they wrote so the whole image converges on one layout again.
+    // Nothing does, or can, do that per layer.
     static Bool TransitionImageLayout(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkImage image, VkImageLayout& trackedLayout,
                                VkImageLayout newLayout, VkPipelineStageFlags srcStageMask,
                                VkPipelineStageFlags dstStageMask, VkAccessFlags srcAccessMask,
                                VkAccessFlags dstAccessMask, VkImageAspectFlags aspectMask,
-                               Uint32 baseMipLevel = 0, Uint32 levelCount = 1,
-                               Uint32 layerCount = 1);
+                               Uint32 baseMipLevel = 0, Uint32 levelCount = 1);
 
     SizeT CollectGarbage();
 
@@ -243,6 +447,9 @@ public:
 private:
     // Bumped in SyncTextureResource right after vmaCreateImage(texture). See GetTextureImageEpoch().
     Uint64 m_textureImageEpoch = 1;
+    // See AdvanceRecordingGeneration. Starts above every resource's default
+    // stamp of 0 so a fresh resource counts as untouched.
+    Uint64 m_recordingGeneration = 1;
 
     Bool SyncTexture(MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject &texture,
                      TextureResource &outResource);
@@ -255,7 +462,8 @@ private:
                                 VkImageViewType viewType, Uint32 baseMipLevel, Uint32 levelCount,
                                 Uint32 baseArrayLayer,
                                 Uint32 layerCount,
-                                const VkComponentMapping* components = nullptr) const;
+                                const VkComponentMapping* components = nullptr,
+                                VkImageUsageFlags viewUsage = 0) const;
     Bool UploadDirtyMipLevels(MG_State::GLState::TextureObjectMipmap &mipmapTexture,
                       TextureUploadTarget uploadTarget,
                       TextureResource &outResource);
@@ -272,18 +480,31 @@ private:
     void DeferViewRelease(VkImageView view);
     void CollectDeferredReleases(Uint32 frameIndex);
     void DestroyDeferredReleases();
+    // Frees the fence/command buffer/staging buffer of every in-flight texture
+    // upload whose fence has signaled (submission order = completion order on
+    // the single queue, so the scan stops at the first still-pending entry).
+    // waitAll blocks on every entry - Shutdown's drain.
+    void ReclaimCompletedUploads(Bool waitAll = false);
     static TextureIdentity MakeTextureIdentity(MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* texture);
     void EraseTrackedTexture(const TextureIdentity& identity);
     void PruneStaleTextureAliases(MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* texture);
+    SizeT PruneDeadTextures();
 
     VkDevice m_device = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     VkPhysicalDevice m_physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     VmaAllocator m_allocator = nullptr;
     VkCommandPool m_commandPool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    // Dedicated pool for the recycled upload-batch command buffers (see
+    // InitInfo::graphicsQueueFamilyIndex).
+    VkCommandPool m_uploadCommandPool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     VkQueue m_graphicsQueue = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    Bool m_imageFormatListSupported = false;
     Uint32 m_currentFrameIndex = 0;
 
     Uint8 m_gcCounter = 0;
+    // Frame-boundary GC gate: counts BeginFrame calls, not draws, so texture churn
+    // through non-draw paths (FBO clears, readbacks) still reaches the prune.
+    Uint32 m_gcFrameCounter = 0;
     // Active only between BeginDrawSyncScope/EndDrawSyncScope; identities of
     // textures already fully synced in the current draw (small N -> flat scan).
     Bool m_drawSyncScopeActive = false;
@@ -296,9 +517,92 @@ private:
         TextureResource* resource = nullptr;
     };
     Vector<DrawSyncedTexture> m_drawSyncedThisDraw;
+    // Cross-draw sampled-texture memo: the same few textures (atlas, lightmap)
+    // are resolved on every draw, so cache their resource pointers and skip the
+    // alive/resource map lookups. Node-based std::unordered_map keeps the
+    // pointees stable across inserts; erases bump m_resourceEraseEpoch, which
+    // every memo entry must match. SyncTexture still runs on memo hits, so
+    // content/param freshness is unaffected. A dead-then-reused texture address
+    // cannot false-hit: the new object carries a new lifetime id.
+    struct SyncedTextureMemoEntry {
+        const MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject* texture = nullptr;
+        Uint64 lifetimeId = 0;
+        Uint64 eraseEpoch = 0;
+        TextureResource* resource = nullptr;
+    };
+    static constexpr Uint32 kSyncedTextureMemoSize = 8;
+    SyncedTextureMemoEntry m_syncedTextureMemo[kSyncedTextureMemoSize];
+    Uint32 m_syncedTextureMemoNext = 0;
+    Uint64 m_resourceEraseEpoch = 1;
+    // Formats whose mutable-image probe failed on this device; their images are created
+    // without MUTABLE_FORMAT_BIT so repeat syncs neither re-probe nor flag-mismatch.
+    std::unordered_set<VkFormat> m_mutableFormatUnsupported;
+    // Formats whose 3D images refused VK_IMAGE_CREATE_2D_ARRAY_COMPATIBLE_BIT. Per format+usage,
+    // exactly like the mutable-format verdict above, so it is answered at image creation and
+    // remembered rather than probed once globally.
+    std::unordered_set<VkFormat> m_2dArrayCompatibleUnsupported;
     std::unordered_map<TextureIdentity, WeakPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject>, TextureIdentityHash> m_aliveObjects;
     std::unordered_map<TextureIdentity, TextureResource, TextureIdentityHash> m_textureResources;
+    // Textures that have been bound to a GL image unit (see MarkStorageImageTexture).
+    std::unordered_set<TextureIdentity, TextureIdentityHash> m_storageImageTextures;
+    // Supported multisample counts per format, so repeat texture syncs do not
+    // re-query vkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties.
+    std::unordered_map<VkFormat, VkSampleCountFlags> m_multisampleCountsByFormat;
     Vector<Vector<TextureResource>> m_deferredReleases;
     Vector<Vector<VkImageView>> m_deferredViewReleases;
+
+    // --- Batched upload machinery ---
+    // Uploads within a frame are recorded into ONE shared command buffer and
+    // submitted with ONE vkQueueSubmit at FlushPendingUploads (the renderer
+    // flushes before every frame-command-buffer submit). Staging memory comes
+    // from a pool of persistently-mapped, reusable blocks instead of a
+    // vmaCreateBuffer per upload.
+    struct UploadStagingBlock {
+        VkBuffer buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VmaAllocation allocation = nullptr;
+        Uint8* mapped = nullptr; // persistently mapped for the block's lifetime
+        VkDeviceSize capacity = 0;
+        VkDeviceSize cursor = 0; // bump cursor while the block backs the open batch
+    };
+    // Opens the batch command buffer lazily (allocates/reuses + begins recording).
+    VkCommandBuffer EnsureUploadBatchOpen();
+    // Bump-allocates `size` staging bytes for the open batch, growing onto a
+    // new/pooled block when the current one cannot fit. Returns the write
+    // pointer; outBuffer/outBaseOffset locate the space for copy commands.
+    Uint8* AcquireUploadStagingSpace(VkDeviceSize size, VkBuffer& outBuffer, VkDeviceSize& outBaseOffset);
+    void RecycleUploadStagingBlock(UploadStagingBlock&& block);
+    // Drops a recorded-but-unsubmitted batch on the floor. Shutdown only: the
+    // device is being torn down, so the lost texel data is unobservable.
+    void DiscardPendingUploadBatch();
+    void DestroyUploadPools();
+
+    Vector<UploadStagingBlock> m_freeUploadStagingBlocks;
+    VkDeviceSize m_freeUploadStagingBytes = 0;
+    Vector<VkCommandBuffer> m_freeUploadCommandBuffers;
+    Vector<VkFence> m_freeUploadFences;
+    Bool m_uploadBatchOpen = false;
+    VkCommandBuffer m_uploadBatchCommandBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    // Blocks whose staging bytes the open batch's copies reference (last =
+    // the block the bump cursor is currently allocating from).
+    Vector<UploadStagingBlock> m_uploadBatchBlocks;
+    // Images the open batch writes; consulted for the rare re-upload-after-
+    // draw flush and by DeferResourceRelease (an unsubmitted command buffer
+    // referencing a deferred-released image would escape every fence-based
+    // destruction proof, so the batch is flushed before the image is parked).
+    Vector<VkImage> m_uploadBatchImages;
+    VkDeviceSize m_uploadBatchStagingBytes = 0;
+
+    // Texture uploads are submitted out-of-band but NOT waited on (waiting
+    // behind the queue serialized the CPU against the previous frame's GPU
+    // work every time an animated atlas re-uploaded). Each flushed batch's
+    // transients are parked here and RECYCLED (fence reset to the fence pool,
+    // command buffer reset to the CB pool, staging blocks back to the block
+    // pool) once the batch fence signals.
+    struct PendingUploadReclaim {
+        VkFence fence = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        Vector<UploadStagingBlock> stagingBlocks;
+    };
+    Vector<PendingUploadReclaim> m_pendingUploadReclaims;
 };
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/Renderer/VkTimerQueryManager.cpp

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(initInfo.device != VK_NULL_HANDLE, "VkTimerQueryManager::Initialize requires valid VkDevice");
         MOBILEGL_ASSERT(initInfo.frameCount > 0, "VkTimerQueryManager::Initialize requires non-zero frame count");
         if (initInfo.timestampValidBits == 0 || initInfo.timestampPeriodNs <= 0.0f || initInfo.slotsPerPool == 0) {
-            MGLOG_W("VkTimerQueryManager: timestamps unsupported (validBits=%u, period=%f, slots=%u)",
+            MGLOG_W_ONCE("VkTimerQueryManager: timestamps unsupported (validBits=%u, period=%f, slots=%u)",
                     initInfo.timestampValidBits, initInfo.timestampPeriodNs, initInfo.slotsPerPool);
             return false;
         }
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         for (auto& poolState : m_pools) {
             const VkResult result = vkCreateQueryPool(m_device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &poolState.pool);
             if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
-                MGLOG_E("VkTimerQueryManager: vkCreateQueryPool failed with %s", VkResultToString(result));
+                MGLOG_E_ONCE("VkTimerQueryManager: vkCreateQueryPool failed with %s", VkResultToString(result));
                 Shutdown();
                 return false;
             }
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
         auto& poolState = m_pools[frameIndex];
         if (poolState.cursor >= m_slotsPerPool) {
             if (!poolState.exhaustionWarned) {
-                MGLOG_W("VkTimerQueryManager: frame %u timestamp pool exhausted (%u slots); further timer queries "
+                MGLOG_W_ONCE("VkTimerQueryManager: frame %u timestamp pool exhausted (%u slots); further timer queries "
                         "this frame fall back to the frontend path",
                         frameIndex, m_slotsPerPool);
                 poolState.exhaustionWarned = true;
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
             m_device, m_pools[record.poolIndex].pool, record.slot, 1, sizeof(resultWithAvailability),
             resultWithAvailability, sizeof(Uint64), VK_QUERY_RESULT_64_BIT | VK_QUERY_RESULT_WITH_AVAILABILITY_BIT);
         if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_NOT_READY) {
-            MGLOG_E("VkTimerQueryManager: vkGetQueryPoolResults failed with %s", VkResultToString(result));
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("VkTimerQueryManager: vkGetQueryPoolResults failed with %s", VkResultToString(result));
             return false;
         }
         if (resultWithAvailability[1] == 0) {

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/SubgroupSupportPolicy.h

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/SubgroupSupportPolicy.h
+// Copyright (c) 2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <Config.h>
+#include <Includes.h>
+
+namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
+    // The single decision point for how DirectVulkan implements GL_KHR_shader_subgroup,
+    // shared by capability advertisement (BackendObject) and module lowering
+    // (VulkanRenderer / ProgramFactory) so the two can never disagree.
+    //
+    // Native subgroups are the implementation whenever the device has them, whatever
+    // their width - subgroup operations execute on the hardware paths they were made
+    // for. Module-level repairs keep the GL contract intact around them:
+    //   - FixIterationRPSubgroupScratchPass patches the one known pack bug: iterationRP's
+    //     prefixSumCache[32], under-declared for sub-16-lane devices (8-lane lavapipe);
+    //   - FixIterationRPBarrierPass repairs Program 203's race between two reductions
+    //     reusing that scratch, when explicitly enabled;
+    //   - DeriveNumSubgroupsPass replaces the one builtin drivers get wrong
+    //     (gl_NumSubgroups) with the value the rest of the topology implies.
+    // The 32-lane shared-memory emulation (EmulateSubgroupsPass) is a LAST RESORT for
+    // devices with no subgroup support at all, and only when the user opts in with
+    // MOBILEGL_MAGMA_EMULATE_SUBGROUP=1; it never replaces available native operations.
+
+    inline constexpr Uint32 kEmulatedSubgroupSize = 32u;
+    inline constexpr Uint32 kEmulatedSubgroupStages = GL_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT;
+    inline constexpr Uint32 kEmulatedSubgroupFeatures =
+        GL_SUBGROUP_FEATURE_BASIC_BIT_KHR | GL_SUBGROUP_FEATURE_VOTE_BIT_KHR |
+        GL_SUBGROUP_FEATURE_ARITHMETIC_BIT_KHR | GL_SUBGROUP_FEATURE_BALLOT_BIT_KHR |
+        GL_SUBGROUP_FEATURE_SHUFFLE_BIT_KHR | GL_SUBGROUP_FEATURE_SHUFFLE_RELATIVE_BIT_KHR |
+        GL_SUBGROUP_FEATURE_CLUSTERED_BIT_KHR | GL_SUBGROUP_FEATURE_QUAD_BIT_KHR;
+
+    inline Bool ShouldEmulateSubgroups(const Bool nativeSubgroupSupported) {
+        return MG_Config::Features.MagmaEmulateSubgroup && !nativeSubgroupSupported &&
+               !MG_Config::Features.DisableSubgroup;
+    }
+
+    inline Bool ShouldFixIterationRPSubgroupScratch() {
+        // Auto is ON: the patch is fingerprint-gated to iterationRP's reduction and
+        // grows one under-declared array; every other module passes through untouched.
+        return MG_Config::Features.FixIterationRPSubgroupScratch !=
+               MG_Config::QuirkOverride::ForceOff;
+    }
+
+    inline Bool ShouldFixIterationRPBarrier() {
+        return MG_Config::Features.IterationRPFixBarrier;
+    }
+
+    inline Bool ShouldDeriveNumSubgroups() {
+        // Auto is ON: gl_NumSubgroups must agree with the gl_SubgroupID range for the GL
+        // contract to hold, and the derived ceil() value is the one the renderer can pin
+        // with REQUIRE_FULL_SUBGROUPS - the driver builtin is the value with no
+        // cross-driver guarantee (Adreno returns 1 for an 8-subgroup dispatch).
+        return MG_Config::Features.DeriveNumSubgroups != MG_Config::QuirkOverride::ForceOff;
+    }
+} // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan

MobileGL/MG_Backend/DirectVulkan/VkIncludes.h

@@ -52,19 +52,60 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
     }
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan
 
+namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan {
+    // GL renders into sRGB color attachments RAW while GL_FRAMEBUFFER_SRGB is disabled
+    // (the core-profile default); Vulkan sRGB attachments always encode on write. The
+    // attachment view (and render pass format) therefore drops to the UNORM twin
+    // whenever the capability is off. Sampled views keep the sRGB format (decode on
+    // sample is unconditional in GL).
+    inline VkFormat ResolveSrgbAttachmentWriteFormat(VkFormat format, bool framebufferSrgbEnabled) {
+        if (framebufferSrgbEnabled) return format;
+        switch (format) {
+        case VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB:
+            return VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
+        case VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB:
+            return VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;
+        default:
+            return format;
+        }
+    }
+} // namespace MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan
+
+// The context line (__VA_ARGS__ = its own format string + args) must be a SEPARATE log
+// call: appending its format to the base format while its arguments precede the base
+// arguments makes every conversion read the wrong slot (a %s pulling an int crashes).
+//
+// MGLOG_F and deliberately NOT latched. VK_VERIFY is the invariant-check macro: a Vulkan call
+// MobileGL believes it has already made legal came back non-success, which is a
+// should-never-happen state, not an expected failure mode a user hits. Those fast-fail loudly
+// and keep saying so - the log-quietness rules that latch W/E cover expected failures (driver
+// capability gaps, app misuse), not broken internal invariants. MOBILEGL_ASSERT below traps in
+// a DEBUG build; MGLOG_F is what makes the same condition visible in an INFO test run, where
+// the assert is compiled out by contract.
+//
+// A soft, recoverable failure must therefore NOT be routed through VK_VERIFY. Check the
+// VkResult directly and report it with MGLOG_E_ONCE - see VkTextureManager::SyncTextureResource,
+// where a driver legitimately refuses an image the format pre-check accepted.
 #define VK_VERIFY(expr, ...)                                                                                           \
     do {                                                                                                               \
         VkResult _vk_verify_result = (expr);                                                                           \
         if (_vk_verify_result != VK_SUCCESS) {                                                                         \
-            MGLOG_F("Vulkan error %s (%d) at %s:%d" __VA_OPT__(" - ") __VA_ARGS__,                                  \
+            __VA_OPT__(MGLOG_F(__VA_ARGS__);)                                                                          \
+            MGLOG_F("Vulkan error %s (%d) at %s:%d",                                                                   \
                     MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan::VkResultToString(_vk_verify_result),                          \
                     _vk_verify_result, __FILE__, __LINE__);                                                            \
         }                                                                                                              \
-        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(_vk_verify_result == VK_SUCCESS, "Vulkan error %s (%d) at %s:%d" __VA_OPT__(" - ") __VA_ARGS__, MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan::VkResultToString(_vk_verify_result), _vk_verify_result, __FILE__, __LINE__);  \
+        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(_vk_verify_result == VK_SUCCESS, "Vulkan error %s (%d) at %s:%d",                              \
+                        MobileGL::MG_Backend::DirectVulkan::VkResultToString(_vk_verify_result),                       \
+                        _vk_verify_result, __FILE__, __LINE__);                                                        \
     } while (0)
 
 #define XXHASH_VERIFY(expr, ...)                                                                                       \
     do {                                                                                                               \
         XXH_errorcode _xxh_verify_result = (expr);                                                                     \
-        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(_xxh_verify_result == XXH_OK, "XXHash error %d at %s:%d" __VA_OPT__(" - ") __VA_ARGS__, _xxh_verify_result, __FILE__, __LINE__);  \
+        if (_xxh_verify_result != XXH_OK) {                                                                            \
+            __VA_OPT__(MGLOG_F(__VA_ARGS__);)                                                                          \
+        }                                                                                                              \
+        MOBILEGL_ASSERT(_xxh_verify_result == XXH_OK, "XXHash error %d at %s:%d", _xxh_verify_result, __FILE__,        \
+                        __LINE__);                                                                                     \
     } while (0)

MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/Buffer/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -16,4 +16,5 @@ target_link_libraries(
         ${LINK_LIBRARIES}
 )
 
-add_test(NAME BufferBench COMMAND BufferBench --benchmark_counters_tabular=true)
+add_test(NAME BufferBench COMMAND BufferBench --benchmark_counters_tabular=true)
+set_tests_properties(BufferBench PROPERTIES LABELS benchmark)

MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -38,6 +38,10 @@ target_link_libraries(
 )
 
 add_test(NAME SanityBench COMMAND SanityBench --benchmark_counters_tabular=true)
+set_tests_properties(SanityBench PROPERTIES LABELS benchmark)
 
 add_subdirectory(Program)
-add_subdirectory(Buffer)
+add_subdirectory(Buffer)
+add_subdirectory(Driver)
+add_subdirectory(Container)
+add_subdirectory(Transpile)

MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/Container/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.24)
+
+add_executable(
+        UnorderedMapBench
+        UnorderedMapBench.cpp
+)
+
+target_include_directories(UnorderedMapBench PRIVATE
+        ${MGL_ROOT}/include
+        ${MGL_ROOT}/MobileGL
+)
+
+target_link_libraries(
+        UnorderedMapBench PRIVATE
+        benchmark::benchmark
+        ${LINK_LIBRARIES}
+)
+
+add_test(NAME UnorderedMapBench COMMAND UnorderedMapBench --benchmark_counters_tabular=true)
+set_tests_properties(UnorderedMapBench PROPERTIES LABELS benchmark)

MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/Container/UnorderedMapBench.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/Container/UnorderedMapBench.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+//
+// The standing performance observatory for MobileGL::UnorderedMap.
+//
+// This benchmarks the ALIAS, never a concrete table, so whatever UnorderedMap
+// names today is what gets measured - swap the container in MG_Util/Types.h and
+// re-run this same binary to get a directly comparable set of numbers. That is
+// the point of it: the container sits on per-draw paths, so a change to it needs
+// evidence, and the evidence should be produced the same way every time.
+//
+// The workloads are the shapes the tree actually exercises, not generic hash-map
+// microbenchmarks. Four key shapes, because they stress a hash function very
+// differently:
+//   * SEQUENTIAL   dense small integers - GL object names from the index generator
+//                  (buffer/texture/framebuffer/sampler registries).
+//   * POINTER      real heap addresses - StateBackendObjectRegistry keys on
+//                  StateObject*. These are aligned, so their low bits are the
+//                  least random part of the key; a table that indexes on raw low
+//                  bits clusters badly here and one that mixes first does not.
+//                  Taken from the real allocator rather than a synthetic stride,
+//                  which would flatter whichever table mixes its bits.
+//   * DIGEST       already well-mixed 64-bit values - the XXH64 pipeline,
+//                  vertex-input-state and program memos.
+//   * NAME         short strings - uniform/attribute name to location maps.
+//
+// Sizes sweep from 8 upward because the per-draw memos are usually SMALL; a table
+// that only wins at 4096 entries has not won anything that matters here.
+//
+// Run:  build-linux/MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/Container/UnorderedMapBench
+//   or: ctest -R UnorderedMapBench     (label: benchmark)
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <memory>
+#include <random>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <benchmark/benchmark.h>
+
+#include "MG_Util/Types.h"
+
+using namespace MobileGL;
+
+namespace {
+
+    constexpr Int64 kMinSize = 8;
+    constexpr Int64 kMaxSize = 4096;
+
+    // Keep the real allocations alive for the whole process: the POINTER shape is
+    // only honest if the keys are addresses the allocator actually handed out, and
+    // they have to stay unique (a freed address can be handed out twice).
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<char[]>>& PointerKeyStorage() {
+        static std::vector<std::unique_ptr<char[]>> storage;
+        return storage;
+    }
+
+    Vector<Uint64> SequentialKeys(SizeT n) {
+        Vector<Uint64> keys;
+        keys.reserve(n);
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < n; ++i) keys.push_back(static_cast<Uint64>(i) + 1);
+        return keys;
+    }
+
+    Vector<Uint64> PointerKeys(SizeT n) {
+        auto& storage = PointerKeyStorage();
+        Vector<Uint64> keys;
+        keys.reserve(n);
+        std::mt19937_64 rng(0xBEEF);
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<char[]>> churn;
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            // State objects are not all one size, and the allocator sees other
+            // traffic between them - a single uniform stride is not what this
+            // registry ever sees.
+            const SizeT sz = 96 + (rng() % 192);
+            auto p = std::make_unique<char[]>(sz);
+            keys.push_back(reinterpret_cast<Uint64>(p.get()));
+            storage.push_back(std::move(p));
+            if ((rng() & 3) == 0) churn.push_back(std::make_unique<char[]>(32 + (rng() % 128)));
+        }
+        return keys;
+    }
+
+    Vector<Uint64> DigestKeys(SizeT n) {
+        Vector<Uint64> keys;
+        keys.reserve(n);
+        std::mt19937_64 rng(0xC0FFEE);
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < n; ++i) keys.push_back(rng());
+        return keys;
+    }
+
+    Vector<String> NameKeys(SizeT n) {
+        static const char* kPrefixes[] = {"u_", "a_", "mc_", "iris_", "gl_", "v_"};
+        Vector<String> keys;
+        keys.reserve(n);
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            keys.push_back(String(kPrefixes[i % 6]) + "Uniform" + std::to_string(i) + "_xyz");
+        }
+        return keys;
+    }
+
+    // Key sets are built once per size and shared: generating them inside the timed
+    // loop would measure the generator (and, for POINTER, the allocator) instead of
+    // the table.
+    template <typename KeyVec, KeyVec (*Make)(SizeT)>
+    const KeyVec& CachedKeys(SizeT n) {
+        static UnorderedMap<SizeT, KeyVec> cache;
+        auto it = cache.find(n);
+        if (it != cache.end()) return it->second;
+        return cache.emplace(n, Make(n)).first->second;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Key>
+    UnorderedMap<Key, Uint64> Populated(const Vector<Key>& keys) {
+        UnorderedMap<Key, Uint64> map;
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < keys.size(); ++i) map[keys[i]] = i;
+        return map;
+    }
+
+    // ---- the workloads ----------------------------------------------------
+
+    // The dominant per-draw operation by a wide margin: a populated cache that is
+    // read far more often than it is written.
+    template <typename KeyVec, KeyVec (*Make)(SizeT)>
+    void LookupHit(benchmark::State& state) {
+        const auto& keys = CachedKeys<KeyVec, Make>(static_cast<SizeT>(state.range(0)));
+        auto map = Populated(keys);
+        for (auto _ : state) {
+            for (const auto& k : keys) {
+                auto it = map.find(k);
+                benchmark::DoNotOptimize(it->second);
+            }
+        }
+        state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations() * static_cast<Int64>(keys.size()));
+    }
+
+    // "Is this resource cached yet?" answered NO - the probe length on a miss is a
+    // different cost from a hit, and resource caches ask this constantly.
+    template <typename KeyVec, KeyVec (*Make)(SizeT)>
+    void LookupMiss(benchmark::State& state) {
+        const SizeT n = static_cast<SizeT>(state.range(0));
+        const auto& keys = CachedKeys<KeyVec, Make>(n);
+        auto map = Populated(keys);
+        const KeyVec absent = Make(n); // same shape, never inserted
+        for (auto _ : state) {
+            for (const auto& k : absent) {
+                benchmark::DoNotOptimize(map.find(k) != map.end());
+            }
+        }
+        state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations() * static_cast<Int64>(absent.size()));
+    }
+
+    // Building a cache from empty, rehashes included.
+    template <typename KeyVec, KeyVec (*Make)(SizeT)>
+    void InsertGrow(benchmark::State& state) {
+        const auto& keys = CachedKeys<KeyVec, Make>(static_cast<SizeT>(state.range(0)));
+        for (auto _ : state) {
+            UnorderedMap<typename KeyVec::value_type, Uint64> map;
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < keys.size(); ++i) map[keys[i]] = i;
+            benchmark::DoNotOptimize(map.size());
+        }
+        state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations() * static_cast<Int64>(keys.size()));
+    }
+
+    // Cache eviction and refill: erase half by key, put them back. This is the
+    // aged-out-entry sweep the pipeline and vertex-input caches do.
+    template <typename KeyVec, KeyVec (*Make)(SizeT)>
+    void EraseChurn(benchmark::State& state) {
+        const auto& keys = CachedKeys<KeyVec, Make>(static_cast<SizeT>(state.range(0)));
+        for (auto _ : state) {
+            state.PauseTiming();
+            auto map = Populated(keys);
+            state.ResumeTiming();
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < keys.size(); i += 2) benchmark::DoNotOptimize(map.erase(keys[i]));
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < keys.size(); i += 2) map[keys[i]] = i;
+            benchmark::DoNotOptimize(map.size());
+        }
+        state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations() * static_cast<Int64>(keys.size()));
+    }
+
+    // Mass eviction: erase-while-iterating across the whole table. This is the loop
+    // shape that a container's erase()-return contract can get wrong, and the one
+    // that fed garbage handles to vkDestroyPipeline when it was wrong before.
+    template <typename KeyVec, KeyVec (*Make)(SizeT)>
+    void EraseSweep(benchmark::State& state) {
+        const auto& keys = CachedKeys<KeyVec, Make>(static_cast<SizeT>(state.range(0)));
+        for (auto _ : state) {
+            state.PauseTiming();
+            auto map = Populated(keys);
+            state.ResumeTiming();
+            for (auto it = map.begin(); it != map.end();) it = map.erase(it);
+            benchmark::DoNotOptimize(map.size());
+        }
+        state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations() * static_cast<Int64>(keys.size()));
+    }
+
+    // Whole-table walks: the per-frame sweeps that age entries out, and the
+    // teardown loops that destroy every Vulkan object a cache owns.
+    template <typename KeyVec, KeyVec (*Make)(SizeT)>
+    void Iterate(benchmark::State& state) {
+        const auto& keys = CachedKeys<KeyVec, Make>(static_cast<SizeT>(state.range(0)));
+        auto map = Populated(keys);
+        for (auto _ : state) {
+            Uint64 acc = 0;
+            for (const auto& entry : map) acc += entry.second;
+            benchmark::DoNotOptimize(acc);
+        }
+        state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations() * static_cast<Int64>(keys.size()));
+    }
+
+} // namespace
+
+#define MGL_MAP_BENCH(WORKLOAD, SHAPE, VEC, MAKER)                                                 \
+    BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(WORKLOAD, VEC, MAKER)                                                       \
+        ->Name(#WORKLOAD "/" #SHAPE)                                                               \
+        ->RangeMultiplier(8)                                                                       \
+        ->Range(kMinSize, kMaxSize)
+
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(LookupHit, sequential, Vector<Uint64>, SequentialKeys);
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(LookupHit, pointer, Vector<Uint64>, PointerKeys);
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(LookupHit, digest, Vector<Uint64>, DigestKeys);
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(LookupHit, name, Vector<String>, NameKeys);
+
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(LookupMiss, sequential, Vector<Uint64>, SequentialKeys);
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(LookupMiss, pointer, Vector<Uint64>, PointerKeys);
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(LookupMiss, digest, Vector<Uint64>, DigestKeys);
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(LookupMiss, name, Vector<String>, NameKeys);
+
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(InsertGrow, sequential, Vector<Uint64>, SequentialKeys);
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(InsertGrow, pointer, Vector<Uint64>, PointerKeys);
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(InsertGrow, digest, Vector<Uint64>, DigestKeys);
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(InsertGrow, name, Vector<String>, NameKeys);
+
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(EraseChurn, sequential, Vector<Uint64>, SequentialKeys);
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(EraseChurn, digest, Vector<Uint64>, DigestKeys);
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(EraseChurn, name, Vector<String>, NameKeys);
+
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(EraseSweep, sequential, Vector<Uint64>, SequentialKeys);
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(EraseSweep, digest, Vector<Uint64>, DigestKeys);
+
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(Iterate, sequential, Vector<Uint64>, SequentialKeys);
+MGL_MAP_BENCH(Iterate, digest, Vector<Uint64>, DigestKeys);
+
+BENCHMARK_MAIN();

MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/Driver/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.24)
+
+# A real, headless EGL client, deliberately NOT linked against MobileGL: it
+# dlopens one EGL provider at runtime ($DRIVERBENCH_EGL_LIB - the system
+# libEGL.so.1 for the native driver, or a libMobileGL.so path for either
+# MobileGL backend), so the same binary measures all three stacks.
+if (NOT UNIX OR APPLE OR ANDROID)
+    return()
+endif()
+
+add_executable(DriverBench DriverBench.c)
+target_link_libraries(DriverBench PRIVATE dl)
+
+add_test(NAME DriverBench COMMAND DriverBench draw_tiny)
+set_tests_properties(DriverBench PROPERTIES LABELS benchmark)

MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/Driver/DriverBench.c

@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+/* MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/Driver/DriverBench.c
+ * Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+ * Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+ *   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+ *   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+ * End of Source File Header
+ *
+ * Headless, EGL-based driver benchmark shaped like Minecraft's GL usage.
+ * Unlike the MobileGL_s microbenches next door this exercises a full GL
+ * stack: it dlopens ONE EGL provider ($DRIVERBENCH_EGL_LIB - the system
+ * libEGL.so.1 for the native driver, or a libMobileGL.so path for either
+ * MobileGL backend selected with MOBILEGL_BACKEND_TYPE), creates a desktop-GL
+ * context on a small pbuffer, renders into its own FBO and paces frames with
+ * glFinish. No window system is required: the default display is tried first
+ * so a desktop run reaches the real driver, and a headless box (CI, a build
+ * server) falls back to EGL_MESA_platform_surfaceless - see
+ * run_driver_bench.sh.
+ *
+ * Every case models one hot pattern from captured Minecraft traces:
+ *   draw_tiny        back-to-back glDrawElements, shared state (chunk batch)
+ *   draw_uniform     per-draw vec3 offset uniform + draw (chunk sections)
+ *   draw_multi_vao   per-draw VAO/VBO switch + draw (per-section buffers)
+ *   tex_pingpong     per-draw texture bind churn on one unit
+ *   program_pingpong alternate two programs + mat4 upload (chunk<->entity)
+ *   chunk_upload     glBufferData(NULL) orphan + glBufferSubData + draw
+ *   atlas_sprite     N 16x16 glTexSubImage2D into a 1024x512 atlas + draw
+ *   lightmap         full 16x16 lightmap respecify per frame + draw
+ *   scene_mix        composite frame built from the knobs below
+ *
+ * Output: one CSV line per case:
+ *   case,frames,ops_per_frame,median_frame_ms,ns_per_op,fps
+ */
+#include <dlfcn.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+/* ---- EGL constants ---- */
+typedef void* EGLDisplay;
+typedef void* EGLConfig;
+typedef void* EGLContext;
+typedef void* EGLSurface;
+typedef int EGLint;
+typedef unsigned int EGLBoolean;
+typedef unsigned int EGLenum;
+#define EGL_DEFAULT_DISPLAY ((void*)0)
+#define EGL_NO_CONTEXT ((EGLContext)0)
+#define EGL_NO_SURFACE ((EGLSurface)0)
+#define EGL_FALSE 0
+#define EGL_SURFACE_TYPE 0x3033
+#define EGL_PBUFFER_BIT 0x0001
+#define EGL_RENDERABLE_TYPE 0x3040
+#define EGL_OPENGL_BIT 0x0008
+#define EGL_RED_SIZE 0x3024
+#define EGL_GREEN_SIZE 0x3023
+#define EGL_BLUE_SIZE 0x3022
+#define EGL_DEPTH_SIZE 0x3025
+#define EGL_WIDTH 0x3057
+#define EGL_HEIGHT 0x3056
+#define EGL_NONE 0x3038
+#define EGL_OPENGL_API 0x30A2
+#define EGL_OPENGL_ES_API 0x30A0
+#define EGL_OPENGL_ES3_BIT 0x0040
+#define EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION 0x3098
+#define EGL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION 0x3098
+#define EGL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION 0x30FB
+#define EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_PROFILE_MASK 0x30FD
+#define EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE_BIT 0x00000001
+#define EGL_PLATFORM_SURFACELESS_MESA 0x31DD
+
+/* ---- GL constants ---- */
+#define GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT 0x00004000
+#define GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT 0x00000100
+#define GL_TRIANGLES 0x0004
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT 0x1405
+#define GL_SHORT 0x1402
+#define GL_FLOAT 0x1406
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE 0x1401
+#define GL_ARRAY_BUFFER 0x8892
+#define GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER 0x8893
+#define GL_STATIC_DRAW 0x88E4
+#define GL_TEXTURE_2D 0x0DE1
+#define GL_TEXTURE0 0x84C0
+#define GL_RGBA 0x1908
+#define GL_RGBA8 0x8058
+#define GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT24 0x81A6
+#define GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER 0x2801
+#define GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER 0x2800
+#define GL_NEAREST 0x2600
+#define GL_NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR 0x2702
+#define GL_DEPTH_TEST 0x0B71
+#define GL_BLEND 0x0BE2
+#define GL_SRC_ALPHA 0x0302
+#define GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA 0x0303
+#define GL_ONE 1
+#define GL_ZERO 0
+#define GL_VERTEX_SHADER 0x8B31
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER 0x8B30
+#define GL_COMPILE_STATUS 0x8B81
+#define GL_LINK_STATUS 0x8B82
+#define GL_VERSION 0x1F02
+#define GL_RENDERER 0x1F01
+#define GL_NO_ERROR 0
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER 0x8D40
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER 0x8D41
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 0x8CE0
+#define GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT 0x8D00
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE 0x8CD5
+#define GL_SYNC_GPU_COMMANDS_COMPLETE 0x9117
+#define GL_SYNC_FLUSH_COMMANDS_BIT 0x00000001
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER 0x8A11
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_OFFSET_ALIGNMENT 0x8A34
+#define GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW 0x88E8
+#define GL_STREAM_DRAW 0x88E0
+#define GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT 0x0CF5
+#define GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH 0x0CF2
+#define GL_UNPACK_SKIP_ROWS 0x0CF3
+#define GL_UNPACK_SKIP_PIXELS 0x0CF4
+#define GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S 0x2802
+#define GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T 0x2803
+#define GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE 0x812F
+#define GL_REPEAT 0x2901
+
+typedef unsigned int GLuint;
+typedef int GLint;
+typedef int GLsizei;
+typedef unsigned int GLenum;
+typedef char GLchar;
+typedef unsigned char GLboolean;
+typedef long GLsizeiptr;
+typedef long GLintptr;
+
+/* ---- resolved entry points ---- */
+static void* (*g_eglGetProcAddress)(const char*);
+static void* g_provider;
+
+#define GLF(ret, name, args) static ret(*name) args;
+GLF(void, glClear, (unsigned))
+GLF(void, glClearColor, (float, float, float, float))
+GLF(void, glEnable, (GLenum))
+GLF(void, glDisable, (GLenum))
+GLF(void, glBlendFuncSeparate, (GLenum, GLenum, GLenum, GLenum))
+GLF(void, glDrawBuffers, (GLsizei, const GLenum*))
+GLF(void, glViewport, (GLint, GLint, GLsizei, GLsizei))
+GLF(const unsigned char*, glGetString, (GLenum))
+GLF(GLenum, glGetError, (void))
+GLF(void, glFinish, (void))
+GLF(void, glFlush, (void))
+GLF(void, glGenBuffers, (GLsizei, GLuint*))
+GLF(void, glBindBuffer, (GLenum, GLuint))
+GLF(void, glBufferData, (GLenum, GLsizeiptr, const void*, GLenum))
+GLF(void, glBufferSubData, (GLenum, GLintptr, GLsizeiptr, const void*))
+GLF(void, glGenVertexArrays, (GLsizei, GLuint*))
+GLF(void, glBindVertexArray, (GLuint))
+GLF(void, glEnableVertexAttribArray, (GLuint))
+GLF(void, glVertexAttribPointer, (GLuint, GLint, GLenum, GLboolean, GLsizei, const void*))
+GLF(void, glGenTextures, (GLsizei, GLuint*))
+GLF(void, glBindTexture, (GLenum, GLuint))
+GLF(void, glActiveTexture, (GLenum))
+GLF(void, glTexImage2D, (GLenum, GLint, GLint, GLsizei, GLsizei, GLint, GLenum, GLenum, const void*))
+GLF(void, glTexSubImage2D, (GLenum, GLint, GLint, GLint, GLsizei, GLsizei, GLenum, GLenum, const void*))
+GLF(void, glTexParameteri, (GLenum, GLenum, GLint))
+GLF(void, glPixelStorei, (GLenum, GLint))
+GLF(void, glGetIntegerv, (GLenum, GLint*))
+GLF(void, glGenerateMipmap, (GLenum))
+GLF(GLuint, glCreateShader, (GLenum))
+GLF(void, glShaderSource, (GLuint, GLsizei, const GLchar* const*, const GLint*))
+GLF(void, glCompileShader, (GLuint))
+GLF(void, glGetShaderiv, (GLuint, GLenum, GLint*))
+GLF(void, glGetShaderInfoLog, (GLuint, GLsizei, GLsizei*, GLchar*))
+GLF(GLuint, glCreateProgram, (void))
+GLF(void, glAttachShader, (GLuint, GLuint))
+GLF(void, glLinkProgram, (GLuint))
+GLF(void, glGetProgramiv, (GLuint, GLenum, GLint*))
+GLF(void, glUseProgram, (GLuint))
+GLF(GLint, glGetUniformLocation, (GLuint, const GLchar*))
+GLF(void, glUniform1i, (GLint, GLint))
+GLF(void, glUniform3f, (GLint, float, float, float))
+GLF(void, glUniformMatrix4fv, (GLint, GLsizei, GLboolean, const float*))
+GLF(void, glDrawElements, (GLenum, GLsizei, GLenum, const void*))
+GLF(void, glBindAttribLocation, (GLuint, GLuint, const GLchar*))
+GLF(void, glUniform3fv, (GLint, GLsizei, const float*))
+GLF(void, glDrawArrays, (GLenum, GLint, GLsizei))
+GLF(void, glDrawElementsBaseVertex, (GLenum, GLsizei, GLenum, const void*, GLint))
+GLF(void, glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertex,
+    (GLenum, const GLsizei*, GLenum, const void* const*, GLsizei, const GLint*))
+GLF(void, glBindBufferRange, (GLenum, GLuint, GLuint, GLintptr, GLsizeiptr))
+GLF(void, glBindBufferBase, (GLenum, GLuint, GLuint))
+GLF(GLuint, glGetUniformBlockIndex, (GLuint, const GLchar*))
+GLF(void, glUniformBlockBinding, (GLuint, GLuint, GLuint))
+GLF(void, glGenSamplers, (GLsizei, GLuint*))
+GLF(void, glBindSampler, (GLuint, GLuint))
+GLF(void, glSamplerParameteri, (GLuint, GLenum, GLint))
+GLF(void, glGenFramebuffers, (GLsizei, GLuint*))
+GLF(void, glBindFramebuffer, (GLenum, GLuint))
+GLF(void, glGenRenderbuffers, (GLsizei, GLuint*))
+GLF(void, glBindRenderbuffer, (GLenum, GLuint))
+GLF(void, glRenderbufferStorage, (GLenum, GLenum, GLsizei, GLsizei))
+GLF(void, glFramebufferRenderbuffer, (GLenum, GLenum, GLenum, GLuint))
+GLF(GLenum, glCheckFramebufferStatus, (GLenum))
+GLF(void*, glFenceSync, (GLenum, unsigned))
+GLF(GLenum, glClientWaitSync, (void*, unsigned, unsigned long long))
+GLF(void, glDeleteSync, (void*))
+
+static uint64_t now_ns(void) {
+    struct timespec ts;
+    clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
+    return (uint64_t)ts.tv_sec * 1000000000ull + (uint64_t)ts.tv_nsec;
+}
+
+static int cmp_u64(const void* a, const void* b) {
+    uint64_t x = *(const uint64_t*)a, y = *(const uint64_t*)b;
+    return x < y ? -1 : x > y;
+}
+
+
+/* Scene, cases and the case table live next door so the Android plugin's
+ * in-process benchmark runs byte-identical bodies. */
+static void bench_gl_failed(const char* what, const char* detail) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "FAIL: %s %s\n", what, detail ? detail : "");
+    exit(1);
+}
+
+/* GLES has glDrawElementsBaseVertex (3.2 core) but no multi-draw form of it, so
+ * against a native mobile driver the multi-draw case issues the same sub-draws
+ * one at a time - which is what the extension folds up, and what an application
+ * without it would have to write. Desktop GL and MobileGL take the real call. */
+static void bench_multi_draw_elements_base_vertex(GLenum mode, const GLsizei* counts, GLenum type,
+                                                  const void* const* offsets, GLsizei drawCount,
+                                                  const GLint* baseVertices) {
+    if (glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertex) {
+        glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertex(mode, counts, type, offsets, drawCount, baseVertices);
+        return;
+    }
+    for (GLsizei i = 0; i < drawCount; ++i) {
+        glDrawElementsBaseVertex(mode, counts[i], type, offsets[i], baseVertices[i]);
+    }
+}
+
+#include "DriverBenchCases.inc"
+
+/* ---- bench driver: fence-paced frames on the offscreen FBO ----------------
+ * Frames are closed with a real fence wait, not glFinish: MobileGL implements
+ * glFinish and glFlush as no-ops (MG_Impl/GLImpl/Exporting/Definitions.cpp),
+ * so a glFinish-paced loop would time only the CPU-side submit on a MobileGL
+ * backend while timing submit-plus-GPU on the native driver - the two numbers
+ * would not describe the same work. A sync object is honoured by every stack
+ * measured here.
+ */
+typedef void (*case_fn)(int frame, long a, long b);
+static int g_warmup = 30, g_frames = 120;
+
+static void end_frame_wait(void) {
+    if (glFenceSync && glClientWaitSync && glDeleteSync) {
+        void* sync = glFenceSync(GL_SYNC_GPU_COMMANDS_COMPLETE, 0);
+        if (sync) {
+            glClientWaitSync(sync, GL_SYNC_FLUSH_COMMANDS_BIT, 1000000000ull);
+            glDeleteSync(sync);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    glFinish();
+}
+
+static void run_case(const char* name, case_fn body, long a, long b, long opsPerFrame) {
+    static uint64_t samples[4096];
+    if (g_frames > 4096) g_frames = 4096;
+    end_frame_wait();
+    for (int i = 0; i < g_warmup; ++i) {
+        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+        body(i, a, b);
+        end_frame_wait();
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < g_frames; ++i) {
+        uint64_t t0 = now_ns();
+        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+        body(i, a, b);
+        end_frame_wait();
+        samples[i] = now_ns() - t0;
+    }
+    qsort(samples, g_frames, sizeof(uint64_t), cmp_u64);
+    uint64_t med = samples[g_frames / 2];
+    double frameMs = med / 1e6;
+    double nsPerOp = opsPerFrame > 0 ? (double)med / (double)opsPerFrame : 0.0;
+    printf("%s,%d,%ld,%.3f,%.1f,%.1f\n", name, g_frames, opsPerFrame, frameMs, nsPerOp,
+           1e9 / (double)med);
+    fflush(stdout);
+    if (glGetError() != GL_NO_ERROR) fprintf(stderr, "WARN: GL error after %s\n", name);
+}
+
+/* A display that needs no window system. eglGetPlatformDisplay is EGL 1.5
+ * core and eglGetPlatformDisplayEXT is the EGL_EXT_platform_base spelling
+ * older loaders ship; both are client entry points, so they resolve before
+ * any display exists. Only the attribute-list types differ between the two
+ * and this passes none, so one cast covers both. */
+static EGLDisplay surfaceless_display(void) {
+    void* fn = dlsym(g_provider, "eglGetPlatformDisplay");
+    if (!fn) fn = g_eglGetProcAddress("eglGetPlatformDisplay");
+    if (!fn) fn = dlsym(g_provider, "eglGetPlatformDisplayEXT");
+    if (!fn) fn = g_eglGetProcAddress("eglGetPlatformDisplayEXT");
+    if (!fn) return NULL;
+    return ((EGLDisplay(*)(EGLenum, void*, const void*))fn)(EGL_PLATFORM_SURFACELESS_MESA,
+                                                            EGL_DEFAULT_DISPLAY, NULL);
+}
+
+/* ---- EGL bootstrap: one provider library, pbuffer, desktop-GL context ---- */
+static int boot_egl(void) {
+    const char* libpath = getenv("DRIVERBENCH_EGL_LIB");
+    if (!libpath) libpath = "libEGL.so.1";
+    g_provider = dlopen(libpath, RTLD_LAZY | RTLD_LOCAL);
+    if (!g_provider) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "FAIL: dlopen %s: %s\n", libpath, dlerror());
+        return 1;
+    }
+#define ESYM(name) \
+    void* p_##name = dlsym(g_provider, #name); \
+    if (!p_##name) { fprintf(stderr, "FAIL: dlsym %s\n", #name); return 1; }
+    ESYM(eglGetDisplay)
+    ESYM(eglInitialize)
+    ESYM(eglChooseConfig)
+    ESYM(eglBindAPI)
+    ESYM(eglCreateContext)
+    ESYM(eglCreatePbufferSurface)
+    ESYM(eglMakeCurrent)
+    ESYM(eglGetProcAddress)
+    ESYM(eglGetError)
+    g_eglGetProcAddress = (void* (*)(const char*))p_eglGetProcAddress;
+
+    EGLint (*getError)(void) = (EGLint(*)(void))p_eglGetError;
+    EGLBoolean (*initialize)(EGLDisplay, EGLint*, EGLint*) =
+        (EGLBoolean(*)(EGLDisplay, EGLint*, EGLint*))p_eglInitialize;
+
+    /* The default display first: it is the one a windowed app would get, and
+     * on a desktop it is the one that reaches the real GPU - which is the
+     * driver this bench exists to measure. It does need a window system,
+     * though; Mesa's default platform is X11, so with no $DISPLAY (CI, a
+     * build server, ssh without forwarding) eglInitialize fails. Fall back to
+     * EGL_MESA_platform_surfaceless rather than give up: every case draws into
+     * the FBO built by build_resources(), so no window is needed for any of
+     * the work being timed. */
+    EGLint maj = 0, min = 0;
+    const char* how = "default display";
+    EGLDisplay dpy = ((EGLDisplay(*)(void*))p_eglGetDisplay)(EGL_DEFAULT_DISPLAY);
+    if (!dpy || !initialize(dpy, &maj, &min)) {
+        dpy = surfaceless_display();
+        how = "surfaceless display";
+        if (!dpy || !initialize(dpy, &maj, &min)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "FAIL: eglInitialize (0x%x)\n", getError());
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+    fprintf(stderr, "EGL %d.%d via %s (%s)\n", maj, min, libpath, how);
+
+    // Desktop GL first (that is what MobileGL exposes and what the cases are
+    // written against), GLES 3 second so the same binary can measure a device's
+    // native driver as the baseline. The .inc picks ESSL shader sources when the
+    // context turns out to be ES.
+    EGLBoolean (*chooseConfig)(EGLDisplay, const EGLint*, EGLConfig*, EGLint, EGLint*) =
+        (EGLBoolean(*)(EGLDisplay, const EGLint*, EGLConfig*, EGLint, EGLint*))p_eglChooseConfig;
+    EGLContext (*createContext)(EGLDisplay, EGLConfig, EGLContext, const EGLint*) =
+        (EGLContext(*)(EGLDisplay, EGLConfig, EGLContext, const EGLint*))p_eglCreateContext;
+    EGLBoolean (*bindApi)(EGLenum) = (EGLBoolean(*)(EGLenum))p_eglBindAPI;
+
+    EGLConfig cfg = NULL;
+    EGLint ncfg = 0;
+    EGLContext ctx = EGL_NO_CONTEXT;
+
+    if (bindApi(EGL_OPENGL_API)) {
+        const EGLint cfgAttribs[] = {EGL_SURFACE_TYPE, EGL_PBUFFER_BIT, EGL_RED_SIZE, 8,
+                                     EGL_DEPTH_SIZE, 24, EGL_RENDERABLE_TYPE, EGL_OPENGL_BIT, EGL_NONE};
+        if (chooseConfig(dpy, cfgAttribs, &cfg, 1, &ncfg) && ncfg >= 1) {
+            const EGLint ctxAttribs[] = {EGL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, 3, EGL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, 2,
+                                         EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_PROFILE_MASK,
+                                         EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE_BIT, EGL_NONE};
+            ctx = createContext(dpy, cfg, EGL_NO_CONTEXT, ctxAttribs);
+            if (ctx == EGL_NO_CONTEXT) ctx = createContext(dpy, cfg, EGL_NO_CONTEXT, NULL);
+        }
+    }
+    if (ctx == EGL_NO_CONTEXT) {
+        if (!bindApi(EGL_OPENGL_ES_API)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "FAIL: neither OpenGL nor OpenGL ES is bindable on this provider\n");
+            return 1;
+        }
+        const EGLint esCfgAttribs[] = {EGL_SURFACE_TYPE, EGL_PBUFFER_BIT, EGL_RED_SIZE, 8,
+                                       EGL_GREEN_SIZE, 8, EGL_BLUE_SIZE, 8, EGL_DEPTH_SIZE, 24,
+                                       EGL_RENDERABLE_TYPE, EGL_OPENGL_ES3_BIT, EGL_NONE};
+        ncfg = 0;
+        if (!chooseConfig(dpy, esCfgAttribs, &cfg, 1, &ncfg) || ncfg < 1) {
+            // EGL_SURFACE_TYPE 0 matches any config: a stack that offers no
+            // pbuffer at all is still usable through the surfaceless context
+            // path below.
+            const EGLint relaxed[] = {EGL_SURFACE_TYPE, 0, EGL_RED_SIZE, 8, EGL_NONE};
+            if (!chooseConfig(dpy, relaxed, &cfg, 1, &ncfg) || ncfg < 1) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "FAIL: eglChooseConfig\n");
+                return 1;
+            }
+        }
+        const EGLint esCtxAttribs[] = {EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION, 3, EGL_NONE};
+        ctx = createContext(dpy, cfg, EGL_NO_CONTEXT, esCtxAttribs);
+    }
+    if (ctx == EGL_NO_CONTEXT) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "FAIL: eglCreateContext (0x%x)\n", getError());
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* The pbuffer only exists to have something to make current - nothing is
+     * ever drawn to it. Where there is no pbuffer config, EGL_NO_SURFACE is
+     * exactly what EGL_KHR_surfaceless_context takes, so the same call covers
+     * both. */
+    const EGLint pbAttribs[] = {EGL_WIDTH, 64, EGL_HEIGHT, 64, EGL_NONE};
+    EGLSurface surf = ((EGLSurface(*)(EGLDisplay, EGLConfig, const EGLint*))p_eglCreatePbufferSurface)(
+        dpy, cfg, pbAttribs);
+    if (surf == EGL_NO_SURFACE)
+        fprintf(stderr, "no pbuffer (0x%x), using a surfaceless context\n", getError());
+    if (!((EGLBoolean(*)(EGLDisplay, EGLSurface, EGLSurface, EGLContext))p_eglMakeCurrent)(dpy, surf,
+                                                                                          surf, ctx)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "FAIL: eglMakeCurrent (0x%x)\n", getError());
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* Core GL entry points: eglGetProcAddress first (EGL 1.5 serves core
+     * functions), provider dlsym as fallback (both glvnd and MobileGL export
+     * the gl* symbols directly). */
+#define RESOLVE(name)                                                              \
+    do {                                                                           \
+        *(void**)&name = g_eglGetProcAddress(#name);                               \
+        if (!name) *(void**)&name = dlsym(g_provider, #name);                      \
+        if (!name) { fprintf(stderr, "FAIL: resolve %s\n", #name); return 1; }     \
+    } while (0)
+    RESOLVE(glClear); RESOLVE(glClearColor); RESOLVE(glEnable); RESOLVE(glViewport);
+    RESOLVE(glDisable); RESOLVE(glBlendFuncSeparate); RESOLVE(glDrawBuffers);
+    RESOLVE(glGetString); RESOLVE(glGetError); RESOLVE(glFinish); RESOLVE(glFlush);
+    RESOLVE(glGenBuffers); RESOLVE(glBindBuffer); RESOLVE(glBufferData); RESOLVE(glBufferSubData);
+    RESOLVE(glGenVertexArrays); RESOLVE(glBindVertexArray); RESOLVE(glEnableVertexAttribArray);
+    RESOLVE(glVertexAttribPointer); RESOLVE(glGenTextures); RESOLVE(glBindTexture);
+    RESOLVE(glActiveTexture); RESOLVE(glTexImage2D); RESOLVE(glTexSubImage2D);
+    RESOLVE(glTexParameteri); RESOLVE(glGenerateMipmap); RESOLVE(glCreateShader);
+    RESOLVE(glPixelStorei); RESOLVE(glGetIntegerv);
+    RESOLVE(glShaderSource); RESOLVE(glCompileShader); RESOLVE(glGetShaderiv);
+    RESOLVE(glGetShaderInfoLog); RESOLVE(glCreateProgram); RESOLVE(glAttachShader);
+    RESOLVE(glLinkProgram); RESOLVE(glGetProgramiv); RESOLVE(glUseProgram);
+    RESOLVE(glGetUniformLocation); RESOLVE(glUniform1i); RESOLVE(glUniform3f);
+    RESOLVE(glUniformMatrix4fv); RESOLVE(glDrawElements); RESOLVE(glBindAttribLocation);
+    RESOLVE(glUniform3fv); RESOLVE(glDrawArrays); RESOLVE(glDrawElementsBaseVertex);
+    RESOLVE(glBindBufferRange); RESOLVE(glBindBufferBase);
+    RESOLVE(glGetUniformBlockIndex); RESOLVE(glUniformBlockBinding);
+    RESOLVE(glGenSamplers); RESOLVE(glBindSampler); RESOLVE(glSamplerParameteri);
+    RESOLVE(glGenFramebuffers); RESOLVE(glBindFramebuffer); RESOLVE(glGenRenderbuffers);
+    RESOLVE(glBindRenderbuffer); RESOLVE(glRenderbufferStorage); RESOLVE(glFramebufferRenderbuffer);
+    RESOLVE(glCheckFramebufferStatus);
+    // Optional: end_frame_wait() falls back to glFinish when a stack has no
+    // sync objects, so resolve without failing the run.
+    *(void**)&glFenceSync = g_eglGetProcAddress("glFenceSync");
+    if (!glFenceSync) *(void**)&glFenceSync = dlsym(g_provider, "glFenceSync");
+    *(void**)&glClientWaitSync = g_eglGetProcAddress("glClientWaitSync");
+    if (!glClientWaitSync) *(void**)&glClientWaitSync = dlsym(g_provider, "glClientWaitSync");
+    *(void**)&glDeleteSync = g_eglGetProcAddress("glDeleteSync");
+    if (!glDeleteSync) *(void**)&glDeleteSync = dlsym(g_provider, "glDeleteSync");
+    // Desktop-only: GLES 3.2 has DrawElementsBaseVertex but no multi-draw form,
+    // so bench_multi_draw_elements_base_vertex() emulates it when this is null.
+    *(void**)&glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertex = g_eglGetProcAddress("glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertex");
+    if (!glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertex)
+        *(void**)&glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertex = dlsym(g_provider, "glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertex");
+
+    fprintf(stderr, "renderer: %s\n", glGetString(GL_RENDERER));
+    fprintf(stderr, "version:  %s\n", glGetString(GL_VERSION));
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    long draws = 2048;
+    if (getenv("DRIVERBENCH_DRAWS")) draws = atol(getenv("DRIVERBENCH_DRAWS"));
+    if (getenv("DRIVERBENCH_FRAMES")) g_frames = atoi(getenv("DRIVERBENCH_FRAMES"));
+    if (getenv("DRIVERBENCH_SPRITES")) g_mixSprites = atol(getenv("DRIVERBENCH_SPRITES"));
+
+    if (boot_egl()) return 1;
+    build_resources();
+
+    printf("case,frames,ops_per_frame,median_frame_ms,ns_per_op,fps\n");
+    for (int i = 0; i < kBenchCaseCount; ++i) {
+        const BenchCaseDesc* c = &kBenchCases[i];
+        if (argc > 1) {
+            int wanted = 0;
+            for (int j = 1; j < argc; ++j)
+                if (strcmp(argv[j], c->name) == 0) wanted = 1;
+            if (!wanted) continue;
+        }
+        // The generic cases scale with DRIVERBENCH_DRAWS; the mc_* rates are
+        // measured and must not move, or the numbers stop being comparable.
+        long a = c->a, ops = c->opsPerFrame;
+        if (strncmp(c->name, "mc_", 3) != 0 && a > 100) {
+            a = draws * a / 2048;
+            ops = c->opsPerFrame * draws / 2048;
+        }
+        run_case(c->name, c->fn, a, c->b, ops);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}

MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/Driver/DriverBenchCases.inc

@@ -0,0 +1,640 @@
+/* MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/Driver/DriverBenchCases.inc
+ * Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+ * Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+ *   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+ *   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+ * End of Source File Header
+ *
+ * The benchmark scene and its cases, with no harness and no GL loader: the
+ * includer supplies both. DriverBench.c drives it through function pointers
+ * resolved from one EGL provider; MG_Util/SelfTest/DriverBenchJni.cpp drives
+ * it through MobileGL's own frontend entry points inside the Android plugin.
+ * Sharing the bodies is the point - a number from the phone and a number from
+ * the desktop have to describe the same work.
+ *
+ * The includer must have declared, before including this file: the GL types
+ * and enums used below, and callable gl* entry points with the standard
+ * signatures. bench_gl_failed() is called (and must be defined) when shader
+ * compilation or linking fails, so a caller can report the failure instead of
+ * dying inside a benchmark.
+ */
+
+/* ---- shared scene resources (Minecraft-shaped) ---- */
+#define MAX_SECTIONS 512
+static GLuint g_progChunk, g_progEntity;
+static GLint g_uOffsetChunk, g_uMvpChunk, g_uMvpEntity;
+static GLuint g_vao[MAX_SECTIONS], g_vbo[MAX_SECTIONS];
+static GLuint g_sharedIbo;
+static GLuint g_texAtlas, g_texLight, g_texEntity;
+static int g_quadsPerSection = 128; /* 128 quads = 512 verts, 768 indices */
+static unsigned char* g_scratch;
+/* Uniform ring + sampler for the 26.2-shaped cases (see the case block below). */
+static GLuint g_uboRing;
+static GLint g_uboAlign = 256;
+static size_t g_uboSlot = 256;
+static GLuint g_sampler;
+/* Two small offscreen targets for the 26.2-style render-pass churn case. */
+static GLuint g_passFbo[2];
+static GLuint g_passColor[2];
+static float g_mvp[16] = {0.002f, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.002f, 0, 0, 0, 0, -0.001f, 0, -1.f, -1.f, 0.f, 1.f};
+
+/* Minecraft chunk vertex: pos 3f, color 4ub, uv 2f, packed light 2s -> 32 B */
+#define VERT_STRIDE 32
+static void fill_section_vertices(unsigned char* dst, int quads, unsigned seed) {
+    for (int q = 0; q < quads * 4; ++q) {
+        float* f = (float*)(dst + q * VERT_STRIDE);
+        unsigned r = seed = seed * 1664525u + 1013904223u;
+        f[0] = (float)(q & 31) * 8.0f + (float)(r & 7);
+        f[1] = (float)((q >> 5) & 31) * 8.0f;
+        f[2] = (float)(q % 7) * 0.1f;
+        dst[q * VERT_STRIDE + 12] = (unsigned char)r;
+        dst[q * VERT_STRIDE + 13] = (unsigned char)(r >> 8);
+        dst[q * VERT_STRIDE + 14] = (unsigned char)(r >> 16);
+        dst[q * VERT_STRIDE + 15] = 255;
+        f[4] = (float)(r & 1023) / 1024.0f;
+        f[5] = (float)((r >> 10) & 511) / 512.0f;
+        ((short*)(dst + q * VERT_STRIDE + 24))[0] = 15 << 4;
+        ((short*)(dst + q * VERT_STRIDE + 24))[1] = 15 << 4;
+    }
+}
+
+static GLuint make_shader(GLenum kind, const char* src) {
+    GLuint sh = glCreateShader(kind);
+    glShaderSource(sh, 1, &src, NULL);
+    glCompileShader(sh);
+    GLint ok = 0;
+    glGetShaderiv(sh, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &ok);
+    if (!ok) {
+        char log[1024];
+        glGetShaderInfoLog(sh, sizeof log, NULL, log);
+        bench_gl_failed("shader compile", log);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return sh;
+}
+
+static GLuint make_program(const char* vs_src, const char* fs_src) {
+    GLuint prog = glCreateProgram();
+    glAttachShader(prog, make_shader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, vs_src));
+    glAttachShader(prog, make_shader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, fs_src));
+    glBindAttribLocation(prog, 0, "aPos");
+    glBindAttribLocation(prog, 1, "aColor");
+    glBindAttribLocation(prog, 2, "aUv");
+    glBindAttribLocation(prog, 3, "aLight");
+    glLinkProgram(prog);
+    GLint ok = 0;
+    glGetProgramiv(prog, GL_LINK_STATUS, &ok);
+    if (!ok) {
+        bench_gl_failed("program link", "");
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return prog;
+}
+
+static const char* kChunkVs =
+    "#version 150 core\n"
+    "in vec3 aPos; in vec4 aColor; in vec2 aUv; in vec2 aLight;\n"
+    "uniform mat4 uMvp; uniform vec3 uOffset;\n"
+    "out vec4 vColor; out vec2 vUv; out vec2 vLight;\n"
+    "void main(){ gl_Position = uMvp * vec4(aPos + uOffset, 1.0);\n"
+    "  vColor = aColor; vUv = aUv; vLight = aLight * (1.0/256.0); }\n";
+static const char* kChunkFs =
+    "#version 150 core\n"
+    "in vec4 vColor; in vec2 vUv; in vec2 vLight; out vec4 o;\n"
+    "uniform sampler2D uAtlas; uniform sampler2D uLight;\n"
+    "void main(){ o = texture(uAtlas, vUv) * vColor * texture(uLight, vLight); }\n";
+static const char* kEntityVs =
+    "#version 150 core\n"
+    "in vec3 aPos; in vec4 aColor; in vec2 aUv; in vec2 aLight;\n"
+    "uniform mat4 uMvp; uniform mat4 uModel;\n"
+    "out vec4 vColor; out vec2 vUv;\n"
+    "void main(){ gl_Position = uMvp * uModel * vec4(aPos, 1.0); vColor = aColor; vUv = aUv; }\n";
+static const char* kEntityFs =
+    "#version 150 core\n"
+    "in vec4 vColor; in vec2 vUv; out vec4 o; uniform sampler2D uTex;\n"
+    "void main(){ o = texture(uTex, vUv) * vColor; }\n";
+
+// ESSL 3.20 twins of the four shaders above. The bodies are identical; only the
+// version line and the precision qualifiers differ, so the two paths compile the
+// same work. Needed because this bench also runs against a device's native GLES
+// driver as the baseline MobileGL is measured against, and that driver rejects
+// desktop GLSL - while MobileGL is fed desktop GLSL on purpose, since translating
+// it is the thing under test.
+static const char* kChunkVsEs =
+    "#version 320 es\n"
+    "precision highp float;\n"
+    "in vec3 aPos; in vec4 aColor; in vec2 aUv; in vec2 aLight;\n"
+    "uniform mat4 uMvp; uniform vec3 uOffset;\n"
+    "out vec4 vColor; out vec2 vUv; out vec2 vLight;\n"
+    "void main(){ gl_Position = uMvp * vec4(aPos + uOffset, 1.0);\n"
+    "  vColor = aColor; vUv = aUv; vLight = aLight * (1.0/256.0); }\n";
+static const char* kChunkFsEs =
+    "#version 320 es\n"
+    "precision mediump float;\n"
+    "in vec4 vColor; in vec2 vUv; in vec2 vLight; out vec4 o;\n"
+    "uniform sampler2D uAtlas; uniform sampler2D uLight;\n"
+    "void main(){ o = texture(uAtlas, vUv) * vColor * texture(uLight, vLight); }\n";
+static const char* kEntityVsEs =
+    "#version 320 es\n"
+    "precision highp float;\n"
+    "in vec3 aPos; in vec4 aColor; in vec2 aUv; in vec2 aLight;\n"
+    "uniform mat4 uMvp; uniform mat4 uModel;\n"
+    "out vec4 vColor; out vec2 vUv;\n"
+    "void main(){ gl_Position = uMvp * uModel * vec4(aPos, 1.0); vColor = aColor; vUv = aUv; }\n";
+static const char* kEntityFsEs =
+    "#version 320 es\n"
+    "precision mediump float;\n"
+    "in vec4 vColor; in vec2 vUv; out vec4 o; uniform sampler2D uTex;\n"
+    "void main(){ o = texture(uTex, vUv) * vColor; }\n";
+
+// True once build_resources() has seen a GL_VERSION beginning with "OpenGL ES".
+static int g_isGlesContext = 0;
+
+static void setup_vao(GLuint vao, GLuint vbo, GLuint ibo) {
+    glBindVertexArray(vao);
+    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
+    glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
+    glEnableVertexAttribArray(3);
+    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, 0, VERT_STRIDE, (void*)0);
+    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 4, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, 1, VERT_STRIDE, (void*)12);
+    glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, 0, VERT_STRIDE, (void*)16);
+    glVertexAttribPointer(3, 2, GL_SHORT, 0, VERT_STRIDE, (void*)24);
+    glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ibo);
+}
+
+static GLuint g_mainFbo;
+
+static void build_resources(void) {
+    /* offscreen render target: 1280x720 RBO FBO, like CTS fbo surface mode */
+    GLuint fbo, rboColor, rboDepth;
+    glGenFramebuffers(1, &fbo);
+    g_mainFbo = fbo;
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fbo);
+    glGenRenderbuffers(1, &rboColor);
+    glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, rboColor);
+    glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, GL_RGBA8, 1280, 720);
+    glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_RENDERBUFFER, rboColor);
+    glGenRenderbuffers(1, &rboDepth);
+    glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, rboDepth);
+    glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT24, 1280, 720);
+    glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, GL_RENDERBUFFER, rboDepth);
+    if (glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE) {
+        bench_gl_failed("FBO incomplete", "");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const char* versionString = (const char*)glGetString(GL_VERSION);
+    g_isGlesContext = versionString != NULL && strncmp(versionString, "OpenGL ES", 9) == 0;
+    g_progChunk = g_isGlesContext ? make_program(kChunkVsEs, kChunkFsEs) : make_program(kChunkVs, kChunkFs);
+    g_progEntity = g_isGlesContext ? make_program(kEntityVsEs, kEntityFsEs) : make_program(kEntityVs, kEntityFs);
+    glUseProgram(g_progChunk);
+    g_uMvpChunk = glGetUniformLocation(g_progChunk, "uMvp");
+    g_uOffsetChunk = glGetUniformLocation(g_progChunk, "uOffset");
+    glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(g_progChunk, "uAtlas"), 0);
+    glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(g_progChunk, "uLight"), 2);
+    glUniformMatrix4fv(g_uMvpChunk, 1, 0, g_mvp);
+    glUseProgram(g_progEntity);
+    g_uMvpEntity = glGetUniformLocation(g_progEntity, "uMvp");
+    glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(g_progEntity, "uTex"), 0);
+    glUniformMatrix4fv(g_uMvpEntity, 1, 0, g_mvp);
+    glUseProgram(g_progChunk);
+
+    /* shared quad index buffer, like Blaze3D's RenderSystem shared sequences */
+    int maxQuads = 4096;
+    unsigned* idx = (unsigned*)malloc((size_t)maxQuads * 6 * 4);
+    for (int q = 0; q < maxQuads; ++q) {
+        unsigned base = q * 4;
+        unsigned* p = idx + q * 6;
+        p[0] = base; p[1] = base + 1; p[2] = base + 2;
+        p[3] = base + 2; p[4] = base + 3; p[5] = base;
+    }
+    glGenBuffers(1, &g_sharedIbo);
+    glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_sharedIbo);
+    glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, maxQuads * 6 * 4, idx, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+    free(idx);
+
+    g_scratch = (unsigned char*)malloc(4 * 1024 * 1024);
+    memset(g_scratch, 0x5a, 4 * 1024 * 1024);
+
+    glGenVertexArrays(MAX_SECTIONS, g_vao);
+    glGenBuffers(MAX_SECTIONS, g_vbo);
+    int bytes = g_quadsPerSection * 4 * VERT_STRIDE;
+    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_SECTIONS; ++i) {
+        fill_section_vertices(g_scratch, g_quadsPerSection, i * 7919u + 1);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_vbo[i]);
+        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, bytes, g_scratch, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        setup_vao(g_vao[i], g_vbo[i], g_sharedIbo);
+    }
+
+    glGenTextures(1, &g_texAtlas);
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, g_texAtlas);
+    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA8, 1024, 512, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, g_scratch);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+    glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+
+    glGenTextures(1, &g_texLight);
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + 2);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, g_texLight);
+    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA8, 16, 16, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, g_scratch);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+
+    glGenTextures(1, &g_texEntity);
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, g_texEntity);
+    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA8, 64, 64, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, g_scratch);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, g_texAtlas);
+
+    // Uniform ring the 26.2-style case sub-ranges into, sized like a real
+    // frame's worth of per-draw uniform slots.
+    GLint align = 256;
+    glGetIntegerv(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_OFFSET_ALIGNMENT, &align);
+    g_uboAlign = align > 0 ? align : 256;
+    g_uboSlot = (size_t)g_uboAlign;
+    glGenBuffers(1, &g_uboRing);
+    glBindBuffer(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, g_uboRing);
+    glBufferData(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 4 * 1024 * 1024, g_scratch, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+    glBindBuffer(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+        glGenFramebuffers(1, &g_passFbo[i]);
+        glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, g_passFbo[i]);
+        glGenRenderbuffers(1, &g_passColor[i]);
+        glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, g_passColor[i]);
+        glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, GL_RGBA8, 256, 256);
+        glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_RENDERBUFFER, g_passColor[i]);
+        if (glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE) {
+            bench_gl_failed("pass FBO incomplete", "");
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    /* back to the main offscreen target the harness set up */
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, g_mainFbo);
+
+    glGenSamplers(1, &g_sampler);
+    glSamplerParameteri(g_sampler, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+    glSamplerParameteri(g_sampler, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+
+    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+    glClearColor(0.3f, 0.5f, 0.9f, 1.0f);
+    glViewport(0, 0, 1280, 720);
+    const GLenum setupError = glGetError();
+    if (setupError != GL_NO_ERROR) {
+        char message[64];
+        snprintf(message, sizeof message, "0x%04x", setupError);
+        bench_gl_failed("GL error during resource setup", message);
+    }
+}
+
+static void case_draw_tiny(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    (void)frame; (void)b;
+    glBindVertexArray(g_vao[0]);
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; ++i) glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+}
+
+static void case_draw_uniform(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    (void)frame; (void)b;
+    glBindVertexArray(g_vao[0]);
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; ++i) {
+        glUniform3f(g_uOffsetChunk, (float)(i & 15), (float)((i >> 4) & 15), 0.0f);
+        glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+    }
+}
+
+static void case_draw_multi_vao(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    (void)frame; (void)b;
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; ++i) {
+        glBindVertexArray(g_vao[i % MAX_SECTIONS]);
+        glUniform3f(g_uOffsetChunk, (float)(i & 15), (float)((i >> 4) & 15), 0.0f);
+        glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+    }
+}
+
+static void case_tex_pingpong(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    (void)frame; (void)b;
+    glBindVertexArray(g_vao[0]);
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; ++i) {
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, (i & 1) ? g_texEntity : g_texAtlas);
+        glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+    }
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, g_texAtlas);
+}
+
+static void case_program_pingpong(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    (void)frame; (void)b;
+    glBindVertexArray(g_vao[0]);
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; ++i) {
+        if (i & 1) {
+            glUseProgram(g_progEntity);
+            glUniformMatrix4fv(g_uMvpEntity, 1, 0, g_mvp);
+        } else {
+            glUseProgram(g_progChunk);
+            glUniform3f(g_uOffsetChunk, (float)(i & 15), 0.0f, 0.0f);
+        }
+        glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+    }
+    glUseProgram(g_progChunk);
+}
+
+/* a = uploads per frame, b = bytes per upload (0 => section size) */
+static void case_chunk_upload(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    if (b <= 0) b = g_quadsPerSection * 4 * VERT_STRIDE;
+    if (b > 4 * 1024 * 1024) b = 4 * 1024 * 1024;
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; ++i) {
+        int slot = (int)(((long)frame * a + i) % MAX_SECTIONS);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_vbo[slot]);
+        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, b, NULL, GL_STATIC_DRAW); /* orphan */
+        glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, b, g_scratch);
+        glBindVertexArray(g_vao[slot]);
+        glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+    }
+}
+
+/* a = sprite updates per frame */
+static void case_atlas_sprite(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    (void)b;
+    glBindVertexArray(g_vao[0]);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, g_texAtlas);
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; ++i) {
+        int x = (int)((frame * 13 + i * 17) % (1024 - 16));
+        int y = (int)((frame * 7 + i * 29) % (512 - 16));
+        glTexSubImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, x, y, 16, 16, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, g_scratch);
+    }
+    glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+}
+
+/* a = lightmap updates (+draw) per frame */
+static void case_lightmap(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    (void)frame; (void)b;
+    glBindVertexArray(g_vao[0]);
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; ++i) {
+        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + 2);
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, g_texLight);
+        glTexSubImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 0, 0, 16, 16, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, g_scratch);
+        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+        glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Composite: a = total draws, b = uploads per frame. Mix modeled on trace
+ * analysis: chunk draws with per-draw offset uniform across sections, 10%
+ * entity-style program flips, per-frame lightmap + sprite updates, b chunk
+ * re-uploads. */
+static long g_mixSprites = 8;
+static void case_scene_mix(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + 2);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, g_texLight);
+    glTexSubImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 0, 0, 16, 16, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, g_scratch);
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, g_texAtlas);
+    for (long i = 0; i < g_mixSprites; ++i) {
+        int x = (int)((frame * 13 + i * 17) % (1024 - 16));
+        int y = (int)((frame * 7 + i * 29) % (512 - 16));
+        glTexSubImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, x, y, 16, 16, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, g_scratch);
+    }
+    for (long i = 0; i < b; ++i) {
+        int slot = (int)(((long)frame * b + i) % MAX_SECTIONS);
+        long bytes = g_quadsPerSection * 4 * VERT_STRIDE;
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_vbo[slot]);
+        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, bytes, NULL, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, bytes, g_scratch);
+    }
+    long entityEvery = 10;
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; ++i) {
+        if (i % entityEvery == entityEvery - 1) {
+            glUseProgram(g_progEntity);
+            glUniformMatrix4fv(g_uMvpEntity, 1, 0, g_mvp);
+            glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, g_texEntity);
+            glBindVertexArray(g_vao[i % MAX_SECTIONS]);
+            glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+            glUseProgram(g_progChunk);
+            glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, g_texAtlas);
+        } else {
+            glBindVertexArray(g_vao[i % MAX_SECTIONS]);
+            glUniform3f(g_uOffsetChunk, (float)(i & 15), (float)((i >> 4) & 15), 0.0f);
+            glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/* ---- Trace-derived cases -------------------------------------------------
+ * Per-frame call mixes measured from the three captured Minecraft traces
+ * (render distance 32, 1280x720, hovering in-world). Each case reproduces one
+ * renderer's dominant per-draw sequence at its measured rate, so the number a
+ * backend posts here is directly comparable to what that game version asks of
+ * the driver every frame.
+ *
+ *   vanilla 1.21.1 : 5495 glDrawElements, 5490 glBindVertexArray,
+ *                    5487 glUniform3fv, 95 glTexSubImage2D (+382 glPixelStorei,
+ *                    247 glTexParameteri), 23 glBufferData per frame
+ *   fabric+sodium  : 132 glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertex, 279 glBindVertexArray,
+ *                    132 glUniform3f, 32 glBufferData per frame
+ *   26.2 snapshot  : 3401 glDrawElementsBaseVertex, each preceded by
+ *                    glBindBufferRange + glBindBuffer (3639/3412 per frame)
+ */
+/* vanilla: bind VAO, push the chunk offset, draw. a = draws per frame. */
+static void case_mc_vanilla_draw(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    (void)frame; (void)b;
+    float offset[3];
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; ++i) {
+        glBindVertexArray(g_vao[i % MAX_SECTIONS]);
+        offset[0] = (float)(i & 15);
+        offset[1] = (float)((i >> 4) & 15);
+        offset[2] = 0.0f;
+        glUniform3fv(g_uOffsetChunk, 1, offset);
+        glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+    }
+}
+
+/* sodium: one multi-draw covers many chunk sections out of a shared buffer.
+ * a = multi-draws per frame, b = sub-draws inside each. */
+static void case_mc_sodium_multidraw(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    (void)frame;
+    enum { kMaxSub = 64 };
+    if (b <= 0 || b > kMaxSub) b = 32;
+    GLsizei counts[kMaxSub];
+    const void* offsets[kMaxSub];
+    GLint baseVertices[kMaxSub];
+    for (long s = 0; s < b; ++s) {
+        counts[s] = (GLsizei)(g_quadsPerSection * 6 / b);
+        offsets[s] = (const void*)(uintptr_t)(s * (g_quadsPerSection * 6 / b) * 4);
+        baseVertices[s] = 0;
+    }
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; ++i) {
+        glBindVertexArray(g_vao[i % MAX_SECTIONS]);
+        glBindVertexArray(g_vao[i % MAX_SECTIONS]); /* sodium rebinds ~2x per draw */
+        glUniform3f(g_uOffsetChunk, (float)(i & 15), (float)((i >> 4) & 15), 0.0f);
+        // Routed through the includer: GLES has no multi-draw-with-base-vertex, so
+        // a native-driver harness emulates it with the loop the extension folds up.
+        bench_multi_draw_elements_base_vertex(GL_TRIANGLES, counts, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, offsets,
+                                              (GLsizei)b, baseVertices);
+    }
+}
+
+/* 26.2: every draw rebinds a fresh uniform-buffer range out of a ring.
+ * a = draws per frame. */
+static void case_mc_ubo_range(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    (void)b;
+    const size_t slots = (4u * 1024u * 1024u) / g_uboSlot;
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; ++i) {
+        const size_t slot = (size_t)(((long)frame * a + i) % (long)slots);
+        glBindBufferRange(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0, g_uboRing, (GLintptr)(slot * g_uboSlot),
+                          (GLsizeiptr)g_uboSlot);
+        glBindBuffer(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, g_uboRing);
+        glDrawElementsBaseVertex(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0, 0);
+    }
+}
+
+/* vanilla's animated-sprite path: every upload is wrapped in the pixel-store
+ * and filter state Blaze3D re-sets around it. a = uploads per frame. */
+static void case_mc_tex_stream(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    (void)b;
+    glBindVertexArray(g_vao[0]);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, g_texAtlas);
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; ++i) {
+        glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 4);
+        glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH, 0);
+        glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_SKIP_ROWS, 0);
+        glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_SKIP_PIXELS, 0);
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+        int x = (int)((frame * 13 + i * 17) % (1024 - 16));
+        int y = (int)((frame * 7 + i * 29) % (512 - 16));
+        glTexSubImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, x, y, 16, 16, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, g_scratch);
+    }
+    glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+}
+
+/* Blaze3D re-resolves uniform locations by name every frame. a = lookups. */
+static void case_mc_uniform_lookup(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    (void)frame; (void)b;
+    static const char* names[4] = {"uMvp", "uOffset", "uAtlas", "uLight"};
+    volatile GLint sink = 0;
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; ++i) sink += glGetUniformLocation(g_progChunk, names[i & 3]);
+    (void)sink;
+    glBindVertexArray(g_vao[0]);
+    glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+}
+
+/* 26.2 rebinds a sampler object per texture unit switch. a = switches. */
+static void case_mc_sampler_churn(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    (void)frame; (void)b;
+    glBindVertexArray(g_vao[0]);
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; ++i) {
+        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + (GLenum)(i & 3));
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, (i & 1) ? g_texEntity : g_texAtlas);
+        glBindSampler((GLuint)(i & 3), g_sampler);
+        glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+    }
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+}
+
+
+/* 26.2 switches render targets constantly: 132 glBindFramebuffer and 198
+ * glDrawBuffers per frame. Pass switching is where a Vulkan backend pays for
+ * render-pass breaks, so this case is the one to watch on Magma. a = passes. */
+static void case_mc_pass_switch(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    (void)frame; (void)b;
+    static const GLenum kColor0[1] = {GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0};
+    glBindVertexArray(g_vao[0]);
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; ++i) {
+        glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, g_passFbo[i & 1]);
+        glDrawBuffers(1, kColor0);
+        glViewport(0, 0, 256, 256);
+        glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+        glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+    }
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, g_mainFbo);
+    glViewport(0, 0, 1280, 720);
+}
+
+/* Blaze3D toggles blend around batches: 46 glEnable/glDisable pairs and 28
+ * glBlendFuncSeparate per vanilla frame. a = toggle pairs. */
+static void case_mc_state_toggle(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    (void)frame; (void)b;
+    glBindVertexArray(g_vao[0]);
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; ++i) {
+        glEnable(GL_BLEND);
+        glBlendFuncSeparate(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE, GL_ZERO);
+        glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+        glDisable(GL_BLEND);
+        glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+    }
+}
+
+/* 26.2 re-sets texture parameters relentlessly - 612 glTexParameteri per frame,
+ * almost always to the value already in place. Measures redundant-param
+ * filtering. a = parameter writes. */
+static void case_mc_tex_param(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    (void)frame; (void)b;
+    glBindVertexArray(g_vao[0]);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, g_texAtlas);
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; i += 4) {
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+    }
+    glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+}
+
+/* Sodium switches programs mid-frame far more than vanilla: 62 glUseProgram and
+ * 60 mat4 uploads per frame. a = program switches. */
+static void case_mc_use_program(int frame, long a, long b) {
+    (void)frame; (void)b;
+    glBindVertexArray(g_vao[0]);
+    for (long i = 0; i < a; ++i) {
+        if (i & 1) {
+            glUseProgram(g_progEntity);
+            glUniformMatrix4fv(g_uMvpEntity, 1, 0, g_mvp);
+        } else {
+            glUseProgram(g_progChunk);
+            glUniformMatrix4fv(g_uMvpChunk, 1, 0, g_mvp);
+        }
+        glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_quadsPerSection * 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+    }
+    glUseProgram(g_progChunk);
+}
+
+/* ---- the case table both harnesses iterate --------------------------------
+ * a/b are the case's own knobs; opsPerFrame is what one bench frame is
+ * normalised by, so ns_per_op compares across renderers. The mc_* rates are
+ * the per-frame call counts measured from the captured traces.
+ */
+typedef void (*bench_case_fn)(int frame, long a, long b);
+
+typedef struct {
+    const char* name;
+    bench_case_fn fn;
+    long a, b, opsPerFrame;
+} BenchCaseDesc;
+
+static const BenchCaseDesc kBenchCases[] = {
+    {"mc_vanilla_draw", case_mc_vanilla_draw, 5495, 0, 5495},
+    {"mc_sodium_multidraw", case_mc_sodium_multidraw, 132, 32, 132},
+    {"mc_ubo_range", case_mc_ubo_range, 3401, 0, 3401},
+    {"mc_tex_stream", case_mc_tex_stream, 95, 0, 95},
+    {"mc_uniform_lookup", case_mc_uniform_lookup, 41, 0, 41},
+    {"mc_sampler_churn", case_mc_sampler_churn, 306, 0, 306},
+    {"mc_pass_switch", case_mc_pass_switch, 132, 0, 132},
+    {"mc_state_toggle", case_mc_state_toggle, 46, 0, 46},
+    {"mc_tex_param", case_mc_tex_param, 612, 0, 612},
+    {"mc_use_program", case_mc_use_program, 62, 0, 62},
+    {"draw_tiny", case_draw_tiny, 2048, 0, 2048},
+    {"draw_uniform", case_draw_uniform, 2048, 0, 2048},
+    {"draw_multi_vao", case_draw_multi_vao, 2048, 0, 2048},
+    {"tex_pingpong", case_tex_pingpong, 1024, 0, 1024},
+    {"program_pingpong", case_program_pingpong, 512, 0, 512},
+    {"chunk_upload", case_chunk_upload, 24, 0, 24},
+    {"atlas_sprite", case_atlas_sprite, 32, 0, 32},
+    {"lightmap", case_lightmap, 4, 0, 4},
+    {"scene_mix", case_scene_mix, 2048, 12, 2048},
+};
+static const int kBenchCaseCount = (int)(sizeof kBenchCases / sizeof kBenchCases[0]);

MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/Driver/run_driver_bench.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Run the headless EGL DriverBench on one renderer:
+#   ./run_driver_bench.sh native            [bench args...]
+#   ./run_driver_bench.sh espryt <libMobileGL.so> [bench args...]
+#   ./run_driver_bench.sh magma  <libMobileGL.so> [bench args...]
+# The bench dlopens exactly one EGL provider (DRIVERBENCH_EGL_LIB): the system
+# libEGL.so.1 for native, or the given libMobileGL.so for a MobileGL backend -
+# no LD_LIBRARY_PATH shadowing, so MobileGL's own loader still finds the real
+# driver underneath.
+#
+# Pin the vendor libraries explicitly. A bare libEGL.so.1 on a glvnd system
+# picks whatever vendor eglGetDisplay(EGL_DEFAULT_DISPLAY) resolves first,
+# which is Mesa/llvmpipe here - a software rasteriser silently replacing the
+# GPU under a benchmark. Override MGL_EGL_VENDOR / MGL_VK_ICD to test another
+# driver.
+set -eu
+HERE=$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)
+BENCH=${DRIVERBENCH_BIN:-$HERE/DriverBench}
+EGL_VENDOR=${MGL_EGL_VENDOR:-/usr/share/glvnd/egl_vendor.d/10_nvidia.json}
+VK_ICD=${MGL_VK_ICD:-/usr/share/vulkan/icd.d/nvidia_icd.x86_64.json}
+MODE=$1; shift
+
+export __EGL_VENDOR_LIBRARY_FILENAMES=$EGL_VENDOR
+export EGL_PLATFORM=${EGL_PLATFORM:-x11}
+
+case "$MODE" in
+  native)
+    export DRIVERBENCH_EGL_LIB=${DRIVERBENCH_EGL_LIB:-libEGL.so.1}
+    ;;
+  espryt)
+    export DRIVERBENCH_EGL_LIB=$(readlink -f "$1"); shift
+    export MOBILEGL_BACKEND_TYPE=DirectGLES
+    ;;
+  magma)
+    export DRIVERBENCH_EGL_LIB=$(readlink -f "$1"); shift
+    export MOBILEGL_BACKEND_TYPE=DirectVulkan
+    export VK_ICD_FILENAMES=$VK_ICD
+    ;;
+  *) echo "unknown mode: $MODE (native|espryt|magma)"; exit 1 ;;
+esac
+exec "$BENCH" "$@"

MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/Program/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -16,4 +16,5 @@ target_link_libraries(
         ${LINK_LIBRARIES}
 )
 
-add_test(NAME ProgramBench COMMAND ProgramBench --benchmark_counters_tabular=true)
+add_test(NAME ProgramBench COMMAND ProgramBench --benchmark_counters_tabular=true)
+set_tests_properties(ProgramBench PROPERTIES LABELS benchmark)

MobileGL/MG_Benchmark/Transpile/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.24)
+
+# Deliberately NOT a google-benchmark target: the interesting quantity is a per-stage
+# breakdown of one program build, which needs its own clock around sub-steps that share
+# set-up, and a plain main() keeps the output a table this can be read straight out of.
+add_executable(
+        TranspileProfile
+        TranspileProfile.cpp
+)
+
+target_include_directories(TranspileProfile PRIVATE
+        ${MGL_ROOT}/include
+        ${MGL_ROOT}/MobileGL
+        ${MGL_ROOT}/3rdparty/SPIRV-Reflect
+)
+
+target_link_libraries(
+        TranspileProfile PRIVATE
+        ${LINK_LIBRARIES}
+)

MobileGL/MG_Impl/CGLImpl/CGLImpl.cpp

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::CGLImpl {
             GLint Samples = 0;
             GLint Profile = kCGLOGLPVersion_3_2_Core;
             GLint RendererId = 0x4d474c;
+            GLint DisplayMask = 0;
         };
 
         struct ContextObject {
@@ -134,6 +135,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::CGLImpl {
             case kCGLPFARendererID:
                 pixelFormat.RendererId = value;
                 break;
+            case kCGLPFADisplayMask:
+                pixelFormat.DisplayMask = value;
+                break;
             default:
                 break;
             }
@@ -343,6 +347,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::CGLImpl {
         case kCGLPFARendererID:
             *value = pixelFormat->RendererId;
             return kCGLNoError;
+        case kCGLPFADisplayMask:
+            *value = pixelFormat->DisplayMask;
+            return kCGLNoError;
         case kCGLPFAOpenGLProfile:
             *value = pixelFormat->Profile;
             return kCGLNoError;
@@ -481,6 +488,32 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::CGLImpl {
         return it == currentContexts.end() ? nullptr : it->second;
     }
 
+    CGLError SetVirtualScreen(CGLContextObj ctx, GLint screen) {
+        const std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(RegistryMutex());
+        auto* object = TryGetContext(ctx);
+        if (!object) {
+            return kCGLBadContext;
+        }
+        if (screen != 0) {
+            return kCGLBadValue;
+        }
+        object->VirtualScreen = screen;
+        return kCGLNoError;
+    }
+
+    CGLError GetVirtualScreen(CGLContextObj ctx, GLint* screen) {
+        const std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(RegistryMutex());
+        auto* object = TryGetContext(ctx);
+        if (!object) {
+            return kCGLBadContext;
+        }
+        if (!screen) {
+            return kCGLBadAddress;
+        }
+        *screen = object->VirtualScreen;
+        return kCGLNoError;
+    }
+
     CGLError SetParameter(CGLContextObj ctx, CGLContextParameter pname, const GLint* params) {
         const std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(RegistryMutex());
         auto* object = TryGetContext(ctx);

MobileGL/MG_Impl/CGLImpl/CGLImpl.h

@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::CGLImpl {
 
     CGLError SetCurrentContext(CGLContextObj ctx);
     CGLContextObj GetCurrentContext();
+    CGLError SetVirtualScreen(CGLContextObj ctx, GLint screen);
+    CGLError GetVirtualScreen(CGLContextObj ctx, GLint* screen);
     CGLError SetParameter(CGLContextObj ctx, CGLContextParameter pname, const GLint* params);
     CGLError GetParameter(CGLContextObj ctx, CGLContextParameter pname, GLint* params);
     CGLError UpdateContext(CGLContextObj ctx);

MobileGL/MG_Impl/CGLImpl/Exporting/Definitions.cpp

@@ -71,6 +71,14 @@ MOBILEGL_CGL_API CGLContextObj CGLGetCurrentContext(void) {
     return MobileGL::MG_Impl::CGLImpl::GetCurrentContext();
 }
 
+MOBILEGL_CGL_API CGLError CGLSetVirtualScreen(CGLContextObj ctx, GLint screen) {
+    return MobileGL::MG_Impl::CGLImpl::SetVirtualScreen(ctx, screen);
+}
+
+MOBILEGL_CGL_API CGLError CGLGetVirtualScreen(CGLContextObj ctx, GLint* screen) {
+    return MobileGL::MG_Impl::CGLImpl::GetVirtualScreen(ctx, screen);
+}
+
 MOBILEGL_CGL_API CGLError CGLSetParameter(CGLContextObj ctx, CGLContextParameter pname, const GLint* params) {
     return MobileGL::MG_Impl::CGLImpl::SetParameter(ctx, pname, params);
 }

MobileGL/MG_Impl/DyldInterpose/DyldInterpose.cpp

@@ -10,8 +10,12 @@
 
 #if defined(__APPLE__)
 
+#include "MG_Impl/CGLImpl/CGLImpl.h"
 #include "MG_Impl/GetProcAddress.h"
 
+#include <CoreGraphics/CoreGraphics.h>
+#include <CoreVideo/CVDisplayLink.h>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <dlfcn.h>
 
 namespace {
@@ -47,10 +51,52 @@ namespace {
         return dlsym(handle, symbol);
     }
 
+    CGDirectDisplayID DisplayForMask(GLint displayMask) {
+        constexpr std::uint32_t MaxDisplays = sizeof(CGOpenGLDisplayMask) * 8;
+        CGDirectDisplayID displays[MaxDisplays] = {};
+        std::uint32_t displayCount = 0;
+        if (displayMask != 0 &&
+            CGGetActiveDisplayList(MaxDisplays, displays, &displayCount) == kCGErrorSuccess) {
+            const auto mask = static_cast<CGOpenGLDisplayMask>(displayMask);
+            for (std::uint32_t i = 0; i < displayCount; ++i) {
+                if ((CGDisplayIDToOpenGLDisplayMask(displays[i]) & mask) != 0) {
+                    return displays[i];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return CGMainDisplayID();
+    }
+
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
+    CVReturn MobileGLCVDisplayLinkSetCurrentCGDisplayFromOpenGLContext(
+        CVDisplayLinkRef displayLink,
+        CGLContextObj context,
+        CGLPixelFormatObj pixelFormat) {
+        GLint virtualScreen = 0;
+        if (MobileGL::MG_Impl::CGLImpl::GetVirtualScreen(context, &virtualScreen) == kCGLNoError) {
+            GLint displayMask = 0;
+            if (!displayLink ||
+                MobileGL::MG_Impl::CGLImpl::DescribePixelFormat(
+                    pixelFormat, virtualScreen, kCGLPFADisplayMask, &displayMask) != kCGLNoError) {
+                return kCVReturnInvalidArgument;
+            }
+            return CVDisplayLinkSetCurrentCGDisplay(displayLink, DisplayForMask(displayMask));
+        }
+
+        using OriginalFunction = CVReturn (*)(CVDisplayLinkRef, CGLContextObj, CGLPixelFormatObj);
+        static const auto original = reinterpret_cast<OriginalFunction>(
+            dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "CVDisplayLinkSetCurrentCGDisplayFromOpenGLContext"));
+        return original ? original(displayLink, context, pixelFormat) : kCVReturnError;
+    }
+
     __attribute__((used)) static const DyldInterposeEntry kMobileGLDyldInterpose[]
         __attribute__((section("__DATA,__interpose"))) = {
             {reinterpret_cast<const void*>(MobileGLDlsym), reinterpret_cast<const void*>(dlsym)},
+            {reinterpret_cast<const void*>(MobileGLCVDisplayLinkSetCurrentCGDisplayFromOpenGLContext),
+             reinterpret_cast<const void*>(CVDisplayLinkSetCurrentCGDisplayFromOpenGLContext)},
         };
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
 } // namespace
 
 #endif

MobileGL/MG_Impl/DyldInterpose/ExportedSymbols.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Public CGL entry points.
+_CGL*
+
+# Public EGL entry points.
+_egl*
+
+# Public OpenGL and GLX entry points. OpenGL function names always use an
+# uppercase letter or digit after the "gl" prefix; excluding lowercase here
+# deliberately prevents glslang_* from matching this pattern.
+_gl[A-Z0-9]*

MobileGL/MG_Impl/EGLImpl/EGLImpl.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 #include "EGLImpl.h"
 #include "../GetProcAddress.h"
+#include <Init.h>
 #include <MG_Backend/BackendObjects.h>
 #include <MG_State/EGLState/Core.h>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -20,11 +21,22 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
 
         EGLStateContext* GetState() {
             if (!MG_State::pEGLContext) {
-                MGLOG_E("pEGLContext is null. MG_State may not be initialized.");
+                MGLOG_E_ONCE("pEGLContext is null. MG_State may not be initialized.");
             }
             return MG_State::pEGLContext.get();
         }
 
+        // Entry points that can legitimately be an application's FIRST EGL
+        // call (display/proc-address/string queries) lazily bring MobileGL
+        // up here, so the library needs no static constructor and can
+        // re-initialize after the last eglTerminate tore everything down.
+        // Teardown-ish entry points keep using GetState() and fail benignly
+        // when MobileGL is not initialized.
+        EGLStateContext* GetStateEnsureInitialized() {
+            MobileGL::EnsureInitialized();
+            return GetState();
+        }
+
         MG_Backend::BackendObject* GetBackendObject(EGLStateContext* state) {
             auto* backendObject = MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject.get();
             if (!backendObject && state) {
@@ -49,6 +61,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
             return MG_Backend::WindowBackend::Android;
 #elif defined(__APPLE__)
             return MG_Backend::WindowBackend::MetalLayer;
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+            return MG_Backend::WindowBackend::Win32;
 #elif defined(__linux__)
             return MG_Backend::WindowBackend::X11;
 #else
@@ -132,7 +146,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
 
         auto* backendObject = GetBackendObject(state);
         if (!backendObject) {
-            MGLOG_E("activeBackendObject not initialized!");
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("activeBackendObject not initialized!");
             state->DestroySurface(dpy, surface);
             return EGL_NO_SURFACE;
         }
@@ -158,11 +172,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
 
         auto* backendObject = GetBackendObject(state);
         if (!backendObject) {
-            MGLOG_E("activeBackendObject not initialized!");
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("activeBackendObject not initialized!");
             return EGL_FALSE;
         }
         if (!backendObject->SwapEGLBuffers(dpy, draw)) {
-            MGLOG_E("eglSwapBuffers failed on thread=%s dpy=%p draw=%p", CurrentThreadIdString().c_str(), dpy, draw);
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("eglSwapBuffers failed on thread=%s dpy=%p draw=%p", CurrentThreadIdString().c_str(), dpy, draw);
             state->SetError(EGL_BAD_SURFACE);
             return EGL_FALSE;
         }
@@ -187,7 +201,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
     }
 
     EGLBoolean Initialize(EGLDisplay dpy, EGLint* major, EGLint* minor) {
-        auto* state = GetState();
+        auto* state = GetStateEnsureInitialized();
         if (!state) {
             return EGL_FALSE;
         }
@@ -197,7 +211,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
 
         auto* backendObject = GetBackendObject(state);
         if (!backendObject) {
-            MGLOG_E("activeBackendObject not initialized!");
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("activeBackendObject not initialized!");
             return EGL_FALSE;
         }
         if (!backendObject->InitializeEGLDisplay(dpy, major, minor)) {
@@ -208,7 +222,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
     }
 
     EGLDisplay GetDisplay(NativeDisplayType display) {
-        auto* state = GetState();
+        auto* state = GetStateEnsureInitialized();
         if (!state) {
             return EGL_NO_DISPLAY;
         }
@@ -251,7 +265,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
         if (releaseCurrentRequest) {
             if (auto* backendObject = MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject.get()) {
                 if (!backendObject->MakeEGLCurrent(dpy, draw, read, ctx)) {
-                    MGLOG_E("eglMakeCurrent release failed in backend thread=%s", threadId.c_str());
+                    MGLOG_E_ONCE("eglMakeCurrent release failed in backend thread=%s", threadId.c_str());
                     state->MakeCurrent(oldDisplay, oldDraw, oldRead, oldContext);
                     state->SetError(EGL_BAD_ACCESS);
                     return EGL_FALSE;
@@ -263,12 +277,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
 
         auto* backendObject = GetBackendObject(state);
         if (!backendObject) {
-            MGLOG_E("activeBackendObject not initialized!");
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("activeBackendObject not initialized!");
             state->MakeCurrent(oldDisplay, oldDraw, oldRead, oldContext);
             return EGL_FALSE;
         }
         if (!backendObject->MakeEGLCurrent(dpy, draw, read, ctx)) {
-            MGLOG_E("eglMakeCurrent backend attach failed thread=%s dpy=%p draw=%p read=%p ctx=%p", threadId.c_str(),
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("eglMakeCurrent backend attach failed thread=%s dpy=%p draw=%p read=%p ctx=%p", threadId.c_str(),
                     dpy, draw, read, ctx);
             state->SetError(EGL_BAD_ACCESS);
             state->MakeCurrent(oldDisplay, oldDraw, oldRead, oldContext);
@@ -313,6 +327,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
         if (auto* backendObject = MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject.get()) {
             backendObject->ReleaseEGLResources();
         }
+        // The last initialized display is gone and nothing is current on any
+        // thread: tear the whole library down deterministically inside the
+        // EGL lifecycle (backend, GL/EGL state, glslang). A later EGL call
+        // re-initializes lazily via GetStateEnsureInitialized(); process exit
+        // then has nothing left to destroy.
+        if (!state->HasAnyInitializedDisplay() && !state->HasAnyCurrentContext()) {
+            MobileGL::Destroy();
+        }
         return EGL_TRUE;
     }
 
@@ -345,7 +367,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
     }
 
     EGLBoolean BindAPI(EGLenum api) {
-        auto* state = GetState();
+        auto* state = GetStateEnsureInitialized();
         if (!state) {
             return EGL_FALSE;
         }
@@ -378,7 +400,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
     }
 
     char const* QueryString(EGLDisplay display, EGLint name) {
-        auto* state = GetState();
+        auto* state = GetStateEnsureInitialized();
         if (!state) {
             return nullptr;
         }
@@ -641,7 +663,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
     EGLDisplay GetPlatformDisplay(EGLenum platform, void* native_display, const EGLAttrib* attrib_list) {
         (void)attrib_list;
 
-        auto* state = GetState();
+        auto* state = GetStateEnsureInitialized();
         if (!state) {
             return EGL_NO_DISPLAY;
         }
@@ -681,7 +703,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
 
         auto* backendObject = GetBackendObject(state);
         if (!backendObject) {
-            MGLOG_E("activeBackendObject not initialized!");
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("activeBackendObject not initialized!");
             state->DestroySurface(dpy, surface);
             return EGL_NO_SURFACE;
         }
@@ -704,7 +726,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
         }
         auto* backendObject = GetBackendObject(state);
         if (!backendObject) {
-            MGLOG_E("activeBackendObject not initialized!");
+            MGLOG_E_ONCE("activeBackendObject not initialized!");
             return EGL_FALSE;
         }
         width = std::max<EGLint>(width, 1);
@@ -737,11 +759,12 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::EGLImpl {
         if (!name) {
             return nullptr;
         }
+        MobileGL::EnsureInitialized();
 
         MGLOG_D("eglGetProcAddress(%s)", name);
         void* proc = MG_Impl::GetProcAddress(name);
         if (!proc) {
-            MGLOG_W("Failed to get function: %s", name);
+            MGLOG_D("Failed to get function: %s", name);
             return nullptr;
         }
         return (__eglMustCastToProperFunctionPointerType)proc;

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Buffer/GL_Buffer.cpp

@@ -8,12 +8,17 @@
 
 #include "GL_Buffer.h"
 #include "Validators.h"
+#include "../Texture/GL_Texture.h"
+#include "../Getter/GL_Getter.h"
+#include <MG_Util/Converters/GLToMG/TextureEnumConverter.h>
+#include <MG_Util/Metrics/TextureMetrics.h>
 #include <Config.h>
 #include <MG_State/GLState/Core.h>
 #include <MG_State/GLState/ErrorState/Error.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Converters/GLToStr/GLEnumConverter.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Converters/GLToMG/BufferEnumConverter.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Converters/MGToGL/BufferEnumConverter.h>
+#include <MG_Util/Texture/PixelStoreProcessor.h>
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     namespace {
@@ -27,6 +32,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             NamedBufferData,
             NamedBufferSubData,
             CopyNamedBufferSubData,
+            ClearBufferData,
+            ClearBufferSubData,
             ClearNamedBufferData,
             ClearNamedBufferSubData,
             MapBufferRange,
@@ -38,6 +45,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             GetNamedBufferParameteriv,
             GetNamedBufferParameteri64v,
             GetNamedBufferPointerv,
+            GetNamedBufferSubData,
         };
 
         const char* GetBufferOpName(BufferOp op) {
@@ -60,6 +68,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                 return "NamedBufferSubData";
             case BufferOp::CopyNamedBufferSubData:
                 return "CopyNamedBufferSubData";
+            case BufferOp::ClearBufferData:
+                return "ClearBufferData";
+            case BufferOp::ClearBufferSubData:
+                return "ClearBufferSubData";
             case BufferOp::ClearNamedBufferData:
                 return "ClearNamedBufferData";
             case BufferOp::ClearNamedBufferSubData:
@@ -76,6 +88,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                 return "UnmapNamedBuffer";
             case BufferOp::FlushMappedNamedBufferRange:
                 return "FlushMappedNamedBufferRange";
+            case BufferOp::GetNamedBufferSubData:
+                return "GetNamedBufferSubData";
             case BufferOp::GetNamedBufferParameteriv:
                 return "GetNamedBufferParameteriv";
             case BufferOp::GetNamedBufferParameteri64v:
@@ -89,25 +103,54 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 
         SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::BufferObject> GetNamedBufferObject(GLuint buffer, BufferOp op);
 
+        // The size of one cleared element, which is what offset and size must be multiples of
+        // (GL 4.6 core 6.3). `internalformat` is restricted to the buffer-texture format table, and
+        // `format`/`type` describe the client-side pattern, so both are validated here and the
+        // caller only has to know how wide an element is.
         SizeT GetClearPatternSize(GLenum internalformat, GLenum format, GLenum type, BufferOp op) {
-            if (format != GL_RED_INTEGER) {
+            if (!IsBufferTextureInternalFormat(internalformat)) {
                 MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                     ErrorCode::InvalidEnum,
-                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", GetBufferOpName(op),
-                                                 "Only GL_RED_INTEGER buffer clears are currently supported."));
+                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
+                        "MG_Impl/GLImpl", GetBufferOpName(op),
+                        std::format("internalformat 0x{:X} is not one of the sized formats a buffer clear accepts.",
+                                    internalformat)));
                 return 0;
             }
 
-            if (internalformat == GL_R8UI && type == GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE) return sizeof(GLubyte);
-            if (internalformat == GL_R32UI && type == GL_UNSIGNED_INT) return sizeof(GLuint);
+            // Unlike internalformat, a bad format or type here is INVALID_VALUE rather than
+            // INVALID_ENUM (GL 4.6 core 6.3) - the odd one out among the enum arguments.
+            const TextureInputFormat inputFormat = MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToTextureInputFormat(format);
+            if (inputFormat == TextureInputFormat::Unknown) {
+                MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", GetBufferOpName(op),
+                                                 std::format("format 0x{:X} is not a pixel format.", format)));
+                return 0;
+            }
 
-            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
-                ErrorCode::InvalidEnum,
-                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", GetBufferOpName(op),
-                                             std::format("Unsupported clear format tuple: internalformat=0x{:X}, "
-                                                         "format=0x{:X}, type=0x{:X}",
-                                                         internalformat, format, type)));
-            return 0;
+            const TexturePixelDataType pixelType = MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToTexturePixelDataType(type);
+            if (pixelType == TexturePixelDataType::Unknown) {
+                MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", GetBufferOpName(op),
+                                                 std::format("type 0x{:X} is not a pixel type.", type)));
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            const TextureInternalFormat internal =
+                MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToTextureInternalFormat(internalformat);
+            const SizeT elementSize = MG_Util::GetSizedInternalFormatSizeInBytes(internal);
+            if (elementSize == 0) {
+                MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidEnum,
+                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", GetBufferOpName(op),
+                                                 std::format("internalformat 0x{:X} has no known element size.",
+                                                             internalformat)));
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            return elementSize;
         }
 
         Bool ValidateBufferClearRange(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::BufferObject>& bufferObject, GLintptr offset,
@@ -148,27 +191,59 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             return true;
         }
 
-        void ClearNamedBufferRange_State(GLuint buffer, GLenum internalformat, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size,
-                                         GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data, BufferOp op) {
+        Bool BuildClearPattern(GLenum internalformat, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data,
+                               SizeT patternSize, BufferOp op, Vector<Uint8>& pattern) {
+            const TextureInternalFormat internal = MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToTextureInternalFormat(internalformat);
+            const TextureInputFormat inputFormat = MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToTextureInputFormat(format);
+            const TexturePixelDataType inputType = MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToTexturePixelDataType(type);
+
+            Vector<Uint8> zeroInput;
+            const void* inputPixel = data;
+            if (inputPixel == nullptr) {
+                const SizeT inputSize = MG_Util::GetInputBytesPerPixel(inputFormat, inputType);
+                if (inputSize == 0) {
+                    MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                        ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+                        MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", GetBufferOpName(op),
+                                                     "format and type do not describe a source pixel."));
+                    return false;
+                }
+                zeroInput.resize(inputSize);
+                inputPixel = zeroInput.data();
+            }
+
+            if (!MG_Util::PixelStoreProcessor::ConvertOnePixelToInternal(
+                    internal, inputFormat, inputType, inputPixel, pattern)) {
+                MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
+                        "MG_Impl/GLImpl", GetBufferOpName(op),
+                        std::format("Cannot convert one ({}, {}) pixel into internalformat 0x{:X}.",
+                                    MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToString(format), MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToString(type),
+                                    internalformat)));
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (data == nullptr) {
+                // GL defines a null clear value as all zero bits in the destination store, while
+                // retaining the format/type validation above.
+                pattern.assign(patternSize, 0);
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        void ClearBufferRange_State(const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::BufferObject>& bufferObject,
+                                    GLenum internalformat, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size,
+                                    GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data, BufferOp op) {
             const SizeT patternSize = GetClearPatternSize(internalformat, format, type, op);
             if (patternSize == 0) return;
-
-            auto bufferObject = GetNamedBufferObject(buffer, op);
-            if (!bufferObject) return;
             if (!ValidateBufferClearRange(bufferObject, offset, size, patternSize, op)) return;
             if (size == 0) return;
 
-            Vector<Uint8> clearData(static_cast<SizeT>(size));
-            if (data) {
-                const auto* pattern = static_cast<const Uint8*>(data);
-                for (SizeT at = 0; at < clearData.size(); at += patternSize) {
-                    Memcpy(clearData.data() + at, pattern, patternSize);
-                }
-            } else {
-                Memset(clearData.data(), 0, clearData.size());
-            }
-
-            bufferObject->UploadSubData({clearData.data(), clearData.size()}, static_cast<SizeT>(offset));
+            Vector<Uint8> pattern;
+            if (!BuildClearPattern(internalformat, format, type, data, patternSize, op, pattern)) return;
+            bufferObject->FillSubData({pattern.data(), pattern.size()}, static_cast<SizeT>(offset),
+                                      static_cast<SizeT>(size));
         }
 
         auto& GetBufferBindingSlot(BufferTarget target) {
@@ -330,12 +405,21 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                     } else if (access & BufferMappingAccessBit::Write) {
                         *params = GL_WRITE_ONLY;
                     } else {
-                        *params = 0;
+                        *params = GL_READ_WRITE;
                     }
                 } else {
-                    *params = 0;
+                    // Initial value, and what glUnmapBuffer restores (GL 4.6 core table 6.2).
+                    *params = GL_READ_WRITE;
                 }
                 break;
+            case GL_BUFFER_ACCESS_FLAGS:
+                // The MapBufferRange flags verbatim; glMapBuffer's access enum has already been
+                // normalised into the same bits. Zero while the buffer is not mapped.
+                *params = bufferObject->IsMapped()
+                    ? static_cast<GLint>(
+                          MG_Util::ConvertBufferMappingAccessToGLEnum(bufferObject->GetMappingAccess()))
+                    : 0;
+                break;
             case GL_BUFFER_MAPPED:
                 *params = bufferObject->IsMapped() ? GL_TRUE : GL_FALSE;
                 break;
@@ -441,7 +525,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         for (SizeT i = 0; i < static_cast<SizeT>(n); ++i) {
             Uint bufferName = buffers[i];
             if (bufferName == 0) continue;
-            if (!BufferImpl::ValidateBufferName(bufferName, true)) continue;
+            // GL 3.3 core 2.9: names that do not correspond to an existing buffer are silently
+            // ignored here, so probe with the non-recording query - the shared validator would
+            // record INVALID_OPERATION, which is only correct on the bind path.
+            if (!MG_State::pGLContext->ValidateBufferName(bufferName)) continue;
             MG_State::pGLContext->MarkBufferObjectForDeletion(bufferName);
         }
     }
@@ -804,6 +891,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
 
         Range1D mappedRange = bufferObject->GetMappedRange();
         auto mappingAccess = bufferObject->GetMappingAccess();
+        // GL 4.6 6.5: the error is on OVERLAP with the mapped range, i.e. a half-open
+        // intersection test. There used to be a second test below this one asking only
+        // `offset + size >= mappedRange.start`, which rejects every write that starts
+        // before a mapped tail as well - it made a legal disjoint glBufferSubData fail.
         if (bufferObject->IsMapped() && !(mappingAccess & BufferMappingAccessBit::Persistent) &&
             (offset < mappedRange.end) && (offset + size > mappedRange.start)) {
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
@@ -814,18 +905,6 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             return;
         }
 
-        if (bufferObject->IsMapped() && !(mappingAccess & BufferMappingAccessBit::Persistent)) {
-            Range1D mappedRange = bufferObject->GetMappedRange();
-            if (offset + size >= mappedRange.start) {
-                MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
-                    ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
-                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", "BufferSubData_State",
-                                                 "Cannot modify a mapped buffer object unless it was "
-                                                 "mapped with GL_MAP_PERSISTENT_BIT."));
-                return;
-            }
-        }
-
         bufferObject->UploadSubData({(void*)data, (SizeT)size}, offset);
     }
 
@@ -875,6 +954,45 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             return;
         }
 
+        bufferObject->SyncGpuWrites();
+        bufferObject->DownloadSubData(data, static_cast<SizeT>(offset), static_cast<SizeT>(size));
+    }
+
+    void GetNamedBufferSubData_State(GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, void* data) {
+        if (!data) {
+            // Match GetBufferSubData_State: a null pointer is a caller bug, not a GL-specified error.
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (size < 0 || offset < 0) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", "GetNamedBufferSubData_State",
+                                             "Offset and size must be non-negative."));
+            return;
+        }
+
+        auto bufferObject = GetNamedBufferObject(buffer, BufferOp::GetNamedBufferSubData);
+        if (!bufferObject) return;
+
+        if (static_cast<SizeT>(offset) + static_cast<SizeT>(size) > bufferObject->GetSize()) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", "GetNamedBufferSubData_State",
+                                             "Offset and size exceed buffer size."));
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (bufferObject->IsMapped() &&
+            !(bufferObject->GetMappingAccess() & BufferMappingAccessBit::Persistent)) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", "GetNamedBufferSubData_State",
+                                             "Cannot read from a buffer object mapped without GL_MAP_PERSISTENT_BIT."));
+            return;
+        }
+
+        bufferObject->SyncGpuWrites();
         bufferObject->DownloadSubData(data, static_cast<SizeT>(offset), static_cast<SizeT>(size));
     }
 
@@ -917,6 +1035,11 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     }
 
     void BufferStorage_State(GLenum target, GLsizeiptr size, const void* data, GLbitfield flags) {
+        // Error precedence: "no buffer is bound to target" outranks a bad size or bad
+        // flags, so the binding has to be resolved before either is validated.
+        auto bufferObject = GetBoundBufferObject(target, BufferOp::BufferStorage);
+        if (!bufferObject) return;
+
         if (size <= 0) {
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                 ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
@@ -925,8 +1048,6 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         }
         if (!ValidateStorageFlags(flags, BufferOp::BufferStorage)) return;
 
-        auto bufferObject = GetBoundBufferObject(target, BufferOp::BufferStorage);
-        if (!bufferObject) return;
         if (bufferObject->IsImmutableStorage()) {
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                 ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
@@ -961,6 +1082,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     }
 
     void NamedBufferStorage_State(GLuint buffer, GLsizeiptr size, const void* data, GLbitfield flags) {
+        // Same precedence as BufferStorage_State: the buffer-name error comes first.
+        auto bufferObject = GetNamedBufferObject(buffer, BufferOp::NamedBufferStorage);
+        if (!bufferObject) return;
+
         if (size <= 0) {
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                 ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
@@ -969,8 +1094,6 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         }
         if (!ValidateStorageFlags(flags, BufferOp::NamedBufferStorage)) return;
 
-        auto bufferObject = GetNamedBufferObject(buffer, BufferOp::NamedBufferStorage);
-        if (!bufferObject) return;
         if (bufferObject->IsImmutableStorage()) {
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                 ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
@@ -1103,17 +1226,34 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                                         static_cast<SizeT>(writeOffset), static_cast<SizeT>(size));
     }
 
+    void ClearBufferData_State(GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data) {
+        auto bufferObject = GetBoundBufferObject(target, BufferOp::ClearBufferData);
+        if (!bufferObject) return;
+        ClearBufferRange_State(bufferObject, internalformat, 0, static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(bufferObject->GetSize()), format,
+                               type, data, BufferOp::ClearBufferData);
+    }
+
+    void ClearBufferSubData_State(GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size,
+                                  GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data) {
+        auto bufferObject = GetBoundBufferObject(target, BufferOp::ClearBufferSubData);
+        if (!bufferObject) return;
+        ClearBufferRange_State(bufferObject, internalformat, offset, size, format, type, data,
+                               BufferOp::ClearBufferSubData);
+    }
+
     void ClearNamedBufferData_State(GLuint buffer, GLenum internalformat, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data) {
         auto bufferObject = GetNamedBufferObject(buffer, BufferOp::ClearNamedBufferData);
         if (!bufferObject) return;
-        ClearNamedBufferRange_State(buffer, internalformat, 0, static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(bufferObject->GetSize()), format,
-                                    type, data, BufferOp::ClearNamedBufferData);
+        ClearBufferRange_State(bufferObject, internalformat, 0, static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(bufferObject->GetSize()), format,
+                               type, data, BufferOp::ClearNamedBufferData);
     }
 
     void ClearNamedBufferSubData_State(GLuint buffer, GLenum internalformat, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size,
                                        GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data) {
-        ClearNamedBufferRange_State(buffer, internalformat, offset, size, format, type, data,
-                                    BufferOp::ClearNamedBufferSubData);
+        auto bufferObject = GetNamedBufferObject(buffer, BufferOp::ClearNamedBufferSubData);
+        if (!bufferObject) return;
+        ClearBufferRange_State(bufferObject, internalformat, offset, size, format, type, data,
+                               BufferOp::ClearNamedBufferSubData);
     }
 
     void* MapNamedBuffer_State(GLuint buffer, GLenum access) {
@@ -1348,6 +1488,14 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         BufferTarget bufferTarget = MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToBufferTarget(target);
         if (!BufferImpl::ValidateBufferBindingPointTarget(bufferTarget)) return;
         if (!BufferImpl::ValidateBufferBindingPointIndex(bufferTarget, pointIndex)) return;
+        if (bufferTarget == BufferTarget::TransformFeedback && MG_State::pGLContext->IsTransformFeedbackActive()) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", __func__,
+                                             "Transform feedback buffer bindings cannot change while transform "
+                                             "feedback is active."));
+            return;
+        }
         MG_State::pGLContext->TouchBufferBindingPoint(bufferTarget, pointIndex);
 
         auto& point = MG_State::pGLContext->GetBufferBindingPoint(bufferTarget, pointIndex);
@@ -1355,6 +1503,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         if (buffer == 0) {
             point.Bind(nullptr);
             point.SetRange(Range1D(0, 0));
+            GetBufferBindingSlot(bufferTarget).Bind(nullptr);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -1373,6 +1522,81 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         } else {
             point.ClearRange();
         }
+        // The indexed bind also binds to the generic binding point of the same target
+        // (GL 4.6 core 6.1.1). Callers rely on it: the texture_gather tests set up their
+        // SSBO with BindBufferBase and then size it through glBufferData on the generic
+        // target alone, which would otherwise raise GL_INVALID_OPERATION and leave the
+        // buffer with no storage.
+        GetBufferBindingSlot(bufferTarget).Bind(bufferObject);
+    }
+
+    // GL 4.6 core 6.1.1: the constraints glBindBufferRange puts on the (offset, size) pair.
+    // Every one of them is INVALID_VALUE, and all of them are checked before a single piece
+    // of state is written - a rejected bind must leave the binding point exactly as it was.
+    // They apply only to a non-zero buffer: buffer 0 detaches the binding point and ignores
+    // offset and size, which is also how glBindBuffersRange spells "reset this element"
+    // (a NULL buffers array, or a zero entry inside one).
+    static Bool ValidateBufferRangeOffsetAndSize(GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size,
+                                                 const char* funcName, Bool hasBuffer = true) {
+        if (hasBuffer && size <= 0) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", funcName,
+                                             std::format("size ({}) must be greater than zero.", size)));
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (offset < 0) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", funcName,
+                                             std::format("offset ({}) must not be negative.", offset)));
+            return false;
+        }
+        // GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER and GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER each constrain the offset to their own
+        // implementation-defined alignment, which glGetIntegerv already answers.
+        GLenum alignmentQuery = GL_NONE;
+        if (target == GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER) {
+            alignmentQuery = GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER_OFFSET_ALIGNMENT;
+        } else if (target == GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER) {
+            alignmentQuery = GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_OFFSET_ALIGNMENT;
+        }
+        if (alignmentQuery != GL_NONE) {
+            GLint alignment = 0;
+            GetIntegerv(alignmentQuery, &alignment);
+            if (alignment > 0 && (offset % static_cast<GLintptr>(alignment)) != 0) {
+                MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
+                        "MG_Impl/GLImpl", funcName,
+                        std::format("offset ({}) must be a multiple of {} ({}).", offset,
+                                    MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToString(alignmentQuery), alignment)));
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        // GL 4.6 core 6.1.1 constrains the OFFSET to a multiple of four for both
+        // TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER and ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER (the atomic-counter one has no
+        // queryable alignment pname, which is why it was missing here), and the SIZE only for
+        // transform feedback, whose capture is written in whole 32-bit components. Extending the
+        // size rule to atomic counters as well breaks a legal bind: the conformance suite splits
+        // MAX_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_SIZE evenly across the binding points and that quotient is
+        // not required to land on four.
+        if ((target == GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER || target == GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER) && (offset % 4) != 0) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", funcName,
+                                             std::format("offset ({}) must be a multiple of 4 for {}.", offset,
+                                                         MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToString(target))));
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (target == GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER && hasBuffer && (size % 4) != 0) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
+                    "MG_Impl/GLImpl", funcName,
+                    std::format("size ({}) must be a multiple of 4 for GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER.", size)));
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
     }
 
     void BindBufferRange_State(GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size) {
@@ -1381,6 +1605,20 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         BufferTarget bufferTarget = MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToBufferTarget(target);
         if (!BufferImpl::ValidateBufferBindingPointTarget(bufferTarget)) return;
         if (!BufferImpl::ValidateBufferBindingPointIndex(bufferTarget, index)) return;
+        // The target's alignment rules are a property of the BINDING POINT, not of the buffer,
+        // so they apply even when buffer is zero - which is exactly how
+        // KHR-GL43.shader_storage_buffer_object.negative-api-bind probes the SSBO alignment
+        // (glBindBufferRange(SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0, 0, alignment - 1, 0)). Only the size
+        // rules need a buffer, since buffer 0 detaches the binding point and ignores size.
+        if (!ValidateBufferRangeOffsetAndSize(target, offset, size, __func__, /*hasBuffer: */ buffer != 0)) return;
+        if (bufferTarget == BufferTarget::TransformFeedback && MG_State::pGLContext->IsTransformFeedbackActive()) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", __func__,
+                                             "Transform feedback buffer bindings cannot change while transform "
+                                             "feedback is active."));
+            return;
+        }
         MG_State::pGLContext->TouchBufferBindingPoint(bufferTarget, index);
 
         auto& point = MG_State::pGLContext->GetBufferBindingPoint(bufferTarget, index);
@@ -1388,6 +1626,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         if (buffer == 0) {
             point.Bind(nullptr);
             point.SetRange(Range1D(0, 0));
+            GetBufferBindingSlot(bufferTarget).Bind(nullptr);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -1405,6 +1644,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         } else {
             point.ClearRange();
         }
+        // Also the generic binding point, exactly as BindBufferBase (GL 4.6 core 6.1.1).
+        GetBufferBindingSlot(bufferTarget).Bind(bufferObject);
     }
 
     /* @INSERTION_POINT:FUNCTION_IMPLEMENTATION@ */
@@ -1467,6 +1708,15 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         CopyNamedBufferSubData_State(readBuffer, writeBuffer, readOffset, writeOffset, size);
     }
 
+    void ClearBufferData(GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data) {
+        ClearBufferData_State(target, internalformat, format, type, data);
+    }
+
+    void ClearBufferSubData(GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, GLenum format,
+                            GLenum type, const void* data) {
+        ClearBufferSubData_State(target, internalformat, offset, size, format, type, data);
+    }
+
     void ClearNamedBufferData(GLuint buffer, GLenum internalformat, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data) {
         ClearNamedBufferData_State(buffer, internalformat, format, type, data);
     }
@@ -1514,6 +1764,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
         BufferSubData_State(target, offset, size, data);
     }
 
+    void GetNamedBufferSubData(GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, void* data) {
+        GetNamedBufferSubData_State(buffer, offset, size, data);
+    }
+
     void GetBufferSubData(GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, void* data) {
         GetBufferSubData_State(target, offset, size, data);
     }
@@ -1539,16 +1793,54 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     }
 
     // ARB_multi_bind: defined by the spec as equivalent to a loop over the single-bind entry
-    // points (with buffer 0 resetting the binding point).
+    // points (with buffer 0 resetting the binding point) - but only AFTER an up-front check
+    // of the whole [first, first + count) range. Looping straight into the single-bind entry
+    // points reports the single-bind INVALID_VALUE for an out-of-range index instead of the
+    // multi-bind INVALID_OPERATION, and binds the in-range prefix before failing.
+    static Bool ValidateMultiBindBufferRange(GLenum target, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const char* funcName) {
+        BufferTarget bufferTarget = MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToBufferTarget(target);
+        if (!BufferImpl::ValidateBufferBindingPointTarget(bufferTarget)) return false;
+        return BufferImpl::ValidateBufferBindingPointRange(bufferTarget, first, count, funcName);
+    }
+
+    // ARB_multi_bind states the equivalence to a loop of single binds "except that ... buffers
+    // will not be created if they do not exist": glBindBuffer instantiates a name glGenBuffers
+    // merely reserved, glBindBuffers* must refuse it and raise INVALID_OPERATION instead
+    // (KHR-GL44.multi_bind.errors_bind_buffers).
+    //
+    // Deliberately PER ELEMENT, not all-or-nothing: the equivalence the extension defines is a
+    // loop, so a bad entry costs its own binding point and nothing else. Rejecting the whole
+    // call instead cost multi_bind.functional_bind_buffers_base its bindings.
+    static Bool IsExistingBufferForMultiBind(GLuint buffer, GLsizei index, const char* funcName) {
+        if (buffer == 0 || MG_State::pGLContext->ValidateBufferObject(buffer)) return true;
+        MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+            ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+            MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
+                "MG_Impl/GLImpl", funcName,
+                std::format("buffers[{}] ({}) is not the name of an existing buffer object.", index, buffer)));
+        return false;
+    }
+
     void BindBuffersBase(GLenum target, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* buffers) {
+        if (!ValidateMultiBindBufferRange(target, first, count, __func__)) return;
         for (GLsizei i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-            BindBufferBase_State(target, first + i, buffers ? buffers[i] : 0);
+            const GLuint buffer = buffers ? buffers[i] : 0;
+            if (!IsExistingBufferForMultiBind(buffer, i, __func__)) continue;
+            BindBufferBase_State(target, first + i, buffer);
         }
     }
 
+    // The (offset, size) constraints are the one part of glBindBuffersRange that stays
+    // per-element: ARB_multi_bind checks them separately for each binding point, leaves that
+    // point unchanged on failure, and still applies the remaining elements - which is exactly
+    // what looping into BindBufferRange_State does. Only the [first, first + count) range is
+    // an up-front, all-or-nothing check. Elements that name buffer 0 (or a NULL buffers array)
+    // reset the binding point through BindBufferBase_State and carry no offset/size to check.
     void BindBuffersRange(GLenum target, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* buffers, const GLintptr* offsets,
                           const GLsizeiptr* sizes) {
+        if (!ValidateMultiBindBufferRange(target, first, count, __func__)) return;
         for (GLsizei i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+            if (buffers && !IsExistingBufferForMultiBind(buffers[i], i, __func__)) continue;
             if (!buffers || buffers[i] == 0) {
                 BindBufferBase_State(target, first + i, 0);
             } else {

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Buffer/GL_Buffer.h

@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     void NamedBufferSubData(GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, const void* data);
     void CopyNamedBufferSubData(GLuint readBuffer, GLuint writeBuffer, GLintptr readOffset, GLintptr writeOffset,
                                 GLsizeiptr size);
+    void ClearBufferData(GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data);
+    void ClearBufferSubData(GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, GLenum format,
+                            GLenum type, const void* data);
     void ClearNamedBufferData(GLuint buffer, GLenum internalformat, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data);
     void ClearNamedBufferSubData(GLuint buffer, GLenum internalformat, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, GLenum format,
                                  GLenum type, const void* data);
@@ -41,6 +44,7 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
                            GLsizeiptr size);
     void BufferSubData(GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, const void* data);
     void GetBufferSubData(GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, void* data);
+    void GetNamedBufferSubData(GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, void* data);
     void BufferData(GLenum target, GLsizeiptr size, const void* data, GLenum usage);
     void BindBuffer(GLenum target, GLuint buffer);
     void GenBuffers(GLsizei n, GLuint* buffers);

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Buffer/Validators.cpp

@@ -53,13 +53,46 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::BufferImpl {
         return true;
     }
 
-    Bool ValidateBufferBindingPointIndex(BufferTarget target, Uint index) {
-        SizeT pointCount = MG_State::pGLContext->GetBufferBindingPointCount(target);
-        if (target == BufferTarget::ShaderStorage && MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject) {
-            const Int backendCount =
-                MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject->GetDynamicParameters().MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings;
-            pointCount = std::min(pointCount, static_cast<SizeT>(std::max(backendCount, 0)));
+    namespace {
+        // The GL-visible number of indexed binding points for `target`.
+        SizeT GetBufferBindingPointLimit(BufferTarget target) {
+            SizeT pointCount = MG_State::pGLContext->GetBufferBindingPointCount(target);
+            if (target == BufferTarget::ShaderStorage && MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject) {
+                const Int backendCount =
+                    MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject->GetDynamicParameters().MaxShaderStorageBufferBindings;
+                pointCount = std::min(pointCount, static_cast<SizeT>(std::max(backendCount, 0)));
+            }
+            if (target == BufferTarget::TransformFeedback) {
+                // GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_SEPARATE_ATTRIBS bounds the indexed capture
+                // binding points in GL 3.3 (no ARB_transform_feedback3).
+                pointCount = std::min<SizeT>(pointCount, 4);
+            }
+            return pointCount;
         }
+    } // namespace
+
+    Bool ValidateBufferBindingPointRange(BufferTarget target, Uint first, GLsizei count, const char* funcName) {
+        if (count < 0) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidValue, MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl/BufferImpl", funcName,
+                                                                      "count must be non-negative."));
+            return false;
+        }
+        const SizeT pointCount = GetBufferBindingPointLimit(target);
+        if (static_cast<Uint64>(first) + static_cast<Uint64>(count) > static_cast<Uint64>(pointCount)) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
+                    "MG_Impl/GLImpl/BufferImpl", funcName,
+                    std::format("first + count ({} + {}) exceeds the {} indexed binding points of target {}.", first,
+                                count, pointCount, MG_Util::ConvertBufferTargetToString(target))));
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    Bool ValidateBufferBindingPointIndex(BufferTarget target, Uint index) {
+        const SizeT pointCount = GetBufferBindingPointLimit(target);
 
         if (index < pointCount) {
             return true;
@@ -107,14 +140,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::BufferImpl {
     }
 
     Bool ValidateBufferMappingAccess(Flags<BufferMappingAccessBit> accessBits) {
-        if (accessBits == BufferMappingAccessBit::Null) {
-            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(ErrorCode::InvalidEnum,
-                                              MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl/BufferImpl",
-                                                                           "ValidateBufferMappingAccess",
-                                                                           "Access bits cannot be null."));
-            return false;
-        }
-
+        // An empty mask is a legal value for a bitfield - it just fails the rule that a mapping
+        // must ask for read or write access, which is INVALID_OPERATION and belongs to the callers
+        // (both of them check it immediately after this). Rejecting it here as INVALID_ENUM
+        // reported the wrong error and hid theirs.
         const auto validBits = BufferMappingAccessBit::Read | BufferMappingAccessBit::Write |
                                BufferMappingAccessBit::InvalidateRange | BufferMappingAccessBit::InvalidateBuffer |
                                BufferMappingAccessBit::FlushExplicit | BufferMappingAccessBit::Unsynchronized |

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Buffer/Validators.h

@@ -17,4 +17,8 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::BufferImpl {
     Bool ValidateBufferMappingAccess(Flags<BufferMappingAccessBit> accessBits);
     Bool ValidateBufferBindingPointTarget(BufferTarget target);
     Bool ValidateBufferBindingPointIndex(BufferTarget target, Uint index);
+    // ARB_multi_bind: glBindBuffersBase/Range validate the whole [first, first + count) range
+    // up front and report INVALID_OPERATION, where a single out-of-range index would be
+    // INVALID_VALUE. Naively looping the single-bind entry points reports the wrong class.
+    Bool ValidateBufferBindingPointRange(BufferTarget target, Uint first, GLsizei count, const char* funcName);
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::BufferImpl

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Drawing/GL_Drawing.h

@@ -11,8 +11,27 @@
 
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     /* @INSERTION_POINT:FUNCTION_DECLARATION@ */
+    void BeginTransformFeedback(GLenum primitiveMode);
+    void EndTransformFeedback(void);
+    void PauseTransformFeedback(void);
+    void ResumeTransformFeedback(void);
+    void GenTransformFeedbacks(GLsizei n, GLuint* ids);
+    void CreateTransformFeedbacks(GLsizei n, GLuint* ids);
+    void DeleteTransformFeedbacks(GLsizei n, const GLuint* ids);
+    void TransformFeedbackBufferBase(GLuint xfb, GLuint index, GLuint buffer);
+    void TransformFeedbackBufferRange(GLuint xfb, GLuint index, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size);
+    void GetTransformFeedbackiv(GLuint xfb, GLenum pname, GLint* param);
+    void GetTransformFeedbacki_v(GLuint xfb, GLenum pname, GLuint index, GLint* param);
+    void GetTransformFeedbacki64_v(GLuint xfb, GLenum pname, GLuint index, GLint64* param);
+    void BindTransformFeedback(GLenum target, GLuint id);
+    GLboolean IsTransformFeedback(GLuint id);
+    void DrawTransformFeedback(GLenum mode, GLuint id);
+    void DrawTransformFeedbackInstanced(GLenum mode, GLuint id, GLsizei instancecount);
+    void DrawTransformFeedbackStream(GLenum mode, GLuint id, GLuint stream);
+    void DrawTransformFeedbackStreamInstanced(GLenum mode, GLuint id, GLuint stream, GLsizei instancecount);
     void DispatchCompute(GLuint numGroupsX, GLuint numGroupsY, GLuint numGroupsZ);
     void DispatchComputeIndirect(GLintptr indirect);
+    void PatchParameteri(GLenum pname, GLint value);
     void MemoryBarrier(GLbitfield barriers);
     void MemoryBarrierByRegion(GLbitfield barriers);
     void MultiDrawElementsIndirect(GLenum mode, GLenum type, const void* indirect, GLsizei drawcount, GLsizei stride);

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Exporting/Definitions.cpp

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "../Texture/GL_Texture.h"
 #include "../Drawing/GL_Drawing.h"
 #include "../Program/GL_Program.h"
+#include "../Program/GL_ProgramPipeline.h"
 #include "../RenderState/GL_RenderState.h"
 #include "../Framebuffer/GL_Framebuffer.h"
 #include "../VertexArray/GL_VertexArray.h"
@@ -24,12 +25,12 @@
 #define DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(type, name, ...) MOBILEGL_GL_API type gl##name(__VA_ARGS__) {
 
 #define DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END(type, name, ...)                                                                  \
-    MGLOG_W("Stub function: %s(...)", __FUNCTION__);                                                                   \
+    MGLOG_W_ONCE("Stub function: %s(...)", __FUNCTION__);                                                                   \
     return (type)1;                                                                                                    \
     }
 
 #define DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(type, name, ...)                                                        \
-    MGLOG_W("Stub function: %s(...)", __FUNCTION__);                                                                   \
+    MGLOG_W_ONCE("Stub function: %s(...)", __FUNCTION__);                                                                   \
     }
 
 #define DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(type, name, ...) MOBILEGL_GL_API type gl##name(__VA_ARGS__) {
@@ -236,12 +237,12 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DeleteVertexArrays, GLsizei n, const GLuint* arra
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GenVertexArrays, GLsizei n, GLuint* arrays) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GenVertexArrays, n, arrays)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(GLboolean, IsVertexArray, GLuint array) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END(GLboolean, IsVertexArray, array)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetIntegeri_v, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetIntegeri_v, target, index, data)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, BeginTransformFeedback, GLenum primitiveMode) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, BeginTransformFeedback, primitiveMode)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, EndTransformFeedback) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, EndTransformFeedback)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BeginTransformFeedback, GLenum primitiveMode) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BeginTransformFeedback, primitiveMode)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, EndTransformFeedback) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, EndTransformFeedback)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BindBufferRange, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindBufferRange, target, index, buffer, offset, size)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BindBufferBase, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindBufferBase, target, index, buffer)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, TransformFeedbackVaryings, GLuint program, GLsizei count, const GLchar* const* varyings, GLenum bufferMode) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, TransformFeedbackVaryings, program, count, varyings, bufferMode)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetTransformFeedbackVarying, GLuint program, GLuint index, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei* length, GLsizei* size, GLenum* type, GLchar* name) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetTransformFeedbackVarying, program, index, bufSize, length, size, type, name)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TransformFeedbackVaryings, GLuint program, GLsizei count, const GLchar* const* varyings, GLenum bufferMode) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TransformFeedbackVaryings, program, count, varyings, bufferMode)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetTransformFeedbackVarying, GLuint program, GLuint index, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei* length, GLsizei* size, GLenum* type, GLchar* name) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetTransformFeedbackVarying, program, index, bufSize, length, size, type, name)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, VertexAttribIPointer, GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const void* pointer) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, VertexAttribIPointer, index, size, type, stride, pointer)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetVertexAttribIiv, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetVertexAttribIiv, index, pname, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetVertexAttribIuiv, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLuint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetVertexAttribIuiv, index, pname, params)
@@ -292,17 +293,17 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, SamplerParameterfv, GLuint sampler, GLenum pname,
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetSamplerParameteriv, GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetSamplerParameteriv, sampler, pname, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetSamplerParameterfv, GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, GLfloat* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetSamplerParameterfv, sampler, pname, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, VertexAttribDivisor, GLuint index, GLuint divisor) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, VertexAttribDivisor, index, divisor)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, BindTransformFeedback, GLenum target, GLuint id) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindTransformFeedback, target, id)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, DeleteTransformFeedbacks, GLsizei n, const GLuint* ids) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, DeleteTransformFeedbacks, n, ids)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GenTransformFeedbacks, GLsizei n, GLuint* ids) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GenTransformFeedbacks, n, ids)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(GLboolean, IsTransformFeedback, GLuint id) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END(GLboolean, IsTransformFeedback, id)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, PauseTransformFeedback) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, PauseTransformFeedback)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ResumeTransformFeedback) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ResumeTransformFeedback)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetProgramBinary, GLuint program, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei* length, GLenum* binaryFormat, void* binary) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetProgramBinary, program, bufSize, length, binaryFormat, binary)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramBinary, GLuint program, GLenum binaryFormat, const void* binary, GLsizei length) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramBinary, program, binaryFormat, binary, length)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramParameteri, GLuint program, GLenum pname, GLint value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramParameteri, program, pname, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, InvalidateFramebuffer, GLenum target, GLsizei numAttachments, const GLenum* attachments) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, InvalidateFramebuffer, target, numAttachments, attachments)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, InvalidateSubFramebuffer, GLenum target, GLsizei numAttachments, const GLenum* attachments, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, InvalidateSubFramebuffer, target, numAttachments, attachments, x, y, width, height)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BindTransformFeedback, GLenum target, GLuint id) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindTransformFeedback, target, id)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DeleteTransformFeedbacks, GLsizei n, const GLuint* ids) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DeleteTransformFeedbacks, n, ids)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GenTransformFeedbacks, GLsizei n, GLuint* ids) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GenTransformFeedbacks, n, ids)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(GLboolean, IsTransformFeedback, GLuint id) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END(GLboolean, IsTransformFeedback, id)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, PauseTransformFeedback) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, PauseTransformFeedback)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ResumeTransformFeedback) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ResumeTransformFeedback)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetProgramBinary, GLuint program, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei* length, GLenum* binaryFormat, void* binary) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetProgramBinary, program, bufSize, length, binaryFormat, binary)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramBinary, GLuint program, GLenum binaryFormat, const void* binary, GLsizei length) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramBinary, program, binaryFormat, binary, length)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramParameteri, GLuint program, GLenum pname, GLint value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramParameteri, program, pname, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, InvalidateFramebuffer, GLenum target, GLsizei numAttachments, const GLenum* attachments) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, InvalidateFramebuffer, target, numAttachments, attachments)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, InvalidateSubFramebuffer, GLenum target, GLsizei numAttachments, const GLenum* attachments, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, InvalidateSubFramebuffer, target, numAttachments, attachments, x, y, width, height)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TexStorage2D, GLenum target, GLsizei levels, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TexStorage2D, target, levels, internalformat, width, height)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TexStorage3D, GLenum target, GLsizei levels, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TexStorage3D, target, levels, internalformat, width, height, depth)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetInternalformativ, GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLenum pname, GLsizei bufSize, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetInternalformativ, target, internalformat, pname, bufSize, params)
@@ -310,21 +311,21 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DispatchCompute, GLuint num_groups_x, GLuint num_
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DispatchComputeIndirect, GLintptr indirect) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DispatchComputeIndirect, indirect)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DrawArraysIndirect, GLenum mode, const void* indirect) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawArraysIndirect, mode, indirect)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DrawElementsIndirect, GLenum mode, GLenum type, const void* indirect) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawElementsIndirect, mode, type, indirect)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, FramebufferParameteri, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, FramebufferParameteri, target, pname, param)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetFramebufferParameteriv, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetFramebufferParameteriv, target, pname, params)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, FramebufferParameteri, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, FramebufferParameteri, target, pname, param)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetFramebufferParameteriv, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetFramebufferParameteriv, target, pname, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetProgramInterfaceiv, GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetProgramInterfaceiv, program, programInterface, pname, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(GLuint, GetProgramResourceIndex, GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, const GLchar* name) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END(GLuint, GetProgramResourceIndex, program, programInterface, name)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetProgramResourceName, GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, GLuint index, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei* length, GLchar* name) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetProgramResourceName, program, programInterface, index, bufSize, length, name)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetProgramResourceiv, GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, GLuint index, GLsizei propCount, const GLenum* props, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei* length, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetProgramResourceiv, program, programInterface, index, propCount, props, bufSize, length, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(GLint, GetProgramResourceLocation, GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, const GLchar* name) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END(GLint, GetProgramResourceLocation, program, programInterface, name)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, UseProgramStages, GLuint pipeline, GLbitfield stages, GLuint program) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, UseProgramStages, pipeline, stages, program)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ActiveShaderProgram, GLuint pipeline, GLuint program) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ActiveShaderProgram, pipeline, program)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(GLuint, CreateShaderProgramv, GLenum type, GLsizei count, const GLchar* const* strings) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END(GLuint, CreateShaderProgramv, type, count, strings)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, BindProgramPipeline, GLuint pipeline) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindProgramPipeline, pipeline)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, DeleteProgramPipelines, GLsizei n, const GLuint* pipelines) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, DeleteProgramPipelines, n, pipelines)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GenProgramPipelines, GLsizei n, GLuint* pipelines) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GenProgramPipelines, n, pipelines)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(GLboolean, IsProgramPipeline, GLuint pipeline) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END(GLboolean, IsProgramPipeline, pipeline)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetProgramPipelineiv, GLuint pipeline, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetProgramPipelineiv, pipeline, pname, params)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, UseProgramStages, GLuint pipeline, GLbitfield stages, GLuint program) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, UseProgramStages, pipeline, stages, program)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ActiveShaderProgram, GLuint pipeline, GLuint program) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ActiveShaderProgram, pipeline, program)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(GLuint, CreateShaderProgramv, GLenum type, GLsizei count, const GLchar* const* strings) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END(GLuint, CreateShaderProgramv, type, count, strings)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BindProgramPipeline, GLuint pipeline) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindProgramPipeline, pipeline)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DeleteProgramPipelines, GLsizei n, const GLuint* pipelines) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DeleteProgramPipelines, n, pipelines)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GenProgramPipelines, GLsizei n, GLuint* pipelines) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GenProgramPipelines, n, pipelines)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(GLboolean, IsProgramPipeline, GLuint pipeline) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END(GLboolean, IsProgramPipeline, pipeline)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetProgramPipelineiv, GLuint pipeline, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetProgramPipelineiv, pipeline, pname, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform1i, GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform1i, program, location, v0)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform2i, GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform2i, program, location, v0, v1)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform3i, GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1, GLint v2) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform3i, program, location, v0, v1, v2)
@@ -358,8 +359,8 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix2x4fv, GLuint program, GLint
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix4x2fv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix4x2fv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix3x4fv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix3x4fv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix4x3fv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix4x3fv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ValidateProgramPipeline, GLuint pipeline) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ValidateProgramPipeline, pipeline)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetProgramPipelineInfoLog, GLuint pipeline, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei* length, GLchar* infoLog) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetProgramPipelineInfoLog, pipeline, bufSize, length, infoLog)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ValidateProgramPipeline, GLuint pipeline) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ValidateProgramPipeline, pipeline)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetProgramPipelineInfoLog, GLuint pipeline, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei* length, GLchar* infoLog) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetProgramPipelineInfoLog, pipeline, bufSize, length, infoLog)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BindImageTexture, GLuint unit, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLboolean layered, GLint layer, GLenum access, GLenum format) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindImageTexture, unit, texture, level, layered, layer, access, format)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetBooleani_v, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLboolean* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetBooleani_v, target, index, data)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, MemoryBarrier, GLbitfield barriers) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, MemoryBarrier, barriers)
@@ -418,13 +419,13 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DrawRangeElementsBaseVertex, GLenum mode, GLuint
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DrawElementsInstancedBaseVertex, GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const void* indices, GLsizei instancecount, GLint basevertex) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawElementsInstancedBaseVertex, mode, count, type, indices, instancecount, basevertex)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, FramebufferTexture, GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, FramebufferTexture, target, attachment, texture, level)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, PrimitiveBoundingBox, GLfloat minX, GLfloat minY, GLfloat minZ, GLfloat minW, GLfloat maxX, GLfloat maxY, GLfloat maxZ, GLfloat maxW) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, PrimitiveBoundingBox, minX, minY, minZ, minW, maxX, maxY, maxZ, maxW)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(GLenum, GetGraphicsResetStatus) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END(GLenum, GetGraphicsResetStatus)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ReadnPixels, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize, void* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ReadnPixels, x, y, width, height, format, type, bufSize, data)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(GLenum, GetGraphicsResetStatus) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END(GLenum, GetGraphicsResetStatus)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ReadnPixels, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize, void* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ReadnPixels, x, y, width, height, format, type, bufSize, data)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetnUniformfv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei bufSize, GLfloat* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetnUniformfv, program, location, bufSize, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetnUniformiv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei bufSize, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetnUniformiv, program, location, bufSize, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetnUniformuiv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei bufSize, GLuint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetnUniformuiv, program, location, bufSize, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, MinSampleShading, GLfloat value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, MinSampleShading, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, PatchParameteri, GLenum pname, GLint value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, PatchParameteri, pname, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, PatchParameteri, GLenum pname, GLint value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, PatchParameteri, pname, value)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TexParameterIiv, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TexParameterIiv, target, pname, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TexParameterIuiv, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLuint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TexParameterIuiv, target, pname, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetTexParameterIiv, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetTexParameterIiv, target, pname, params)
@@ -434,7 +435,7 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, SamplerParameterIuiv, GLuint sampler, GLenum pnam
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetSamplerParameterIiv, GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetSamplerParameterIiv, sampler, pname, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetSamplerParameterIuiv, GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, GLuint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetSamplerParameterIuiv, sampler, pname, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TexBuffer, GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLuint buffer) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TexBuffer, target, internalformat, buffer)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, TexBufferRange, GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, TexBufferRange, target, internalformat, buffer, offset, size)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TexBufferRange, GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TexBufferRange, target, internalformat, buffer, offset, size)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TexStorage3DMultisample, GLenum target, GLsizei samples, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLboolean fixedsamplelocations) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TexStorage3DMultisample, target, samples, internalformat, width, height, depth, fixedsamplelocations)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void*, MapBufferRange, GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr length, GLbitfield access) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END(void*, MapBufferRange, target, offset, length, access)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ClearIndex, GLfloat c) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClearIndex, c)
@@ -909,24 +910,24 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ColorP4ui, GLenum type, GLuint color) DECLAR
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ColorP4uiv, GLenum type, const GLuint* color) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ColorP4uiv, type, color)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, SecondaryColorP3ui, GLenum type, GLuint color) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, SecondaryColorP3ui, type, color)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, SecondaryColorP3uiv, GLenum type, const GLuint* color) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, SecondaryColorP3uiv, type, color)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, Uniform1d, GLint location, GLdouble x) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, Uniform1d, location, x)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, Uniform2d, GLint location, GLdouble x, GLdouble y) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, Uniform2d, location, x, y)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, Uniform3d, GLint location, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, Uniform3d, location, x, y, z)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, Uniform4d, GLint location, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, Uniform4d, location, x, y, z, w)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, Uniform1dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, Uniform1dv, location, count, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, Uniform2dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, Uniform2dv, location, count, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, Uniform3dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, Uniform3dv, location, count, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, Uniform4dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, Uniform4dv, location, count, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, UniformMatrix2dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, UniformMatrix2dv, location, count, transpose, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, UniformMatrix3dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, UniformMatrix3dv, location, count, transpose, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, UniformMatrix4dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, UniformMatrix4dv, location, count, transpose, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, UniformMatrix2x3dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, UniformMatrix2x3dv, location, count, transpose, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, UniformMatrix2x4dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, UniformMatrix2x4dv, location, count, transpose, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, UniformMatrix3x2dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, UniformMatrix3x2dv, location, count, transpose, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, UniformMatrix3x4dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, UniformMatrix3x4dv, location, count, transpose, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, UniformMatrix4x2dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, UniformMatrix4x2dv, location, count, transpose, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, UniformMatrix4x3dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, UniformMatrix4x3dv, location, count, transpose, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetUniformdv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetUniformdv, program, location, params)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, Uniform1d, GLint location, GLdouble x) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, Uniform1d, location, x)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, Uniform2d, GLint location, GLdouble x, GLdouble y) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, Uniform2d, location, x, y)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, Uniform3d, GLint location, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, Uniform3d, location, x, y, z)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, Uniform4d, GLint location, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, Uniform4d, location, x, y, z, w)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, Uniform1dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, Uniform1dv, location, count, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, Uniform2dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, Uniform2dv, location, count, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, Uniform3dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, Uniform3dv, location, count, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, Uniform4dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, Uniform4dv, location, count, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, UniformMatrix2dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, UniformMatrix2dv, location, count, transpose, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, UniformMatrix3dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, UniformMatrix3dv, location, count, transpose, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, UniformMatrix4dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, UniformMatrix4dv, location, count, transpose, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, UniformMatrix2x3dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, UniformMatrix2x3dv, location, count, transpose, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, UniformMatrix2x4dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, UniformMatrix2x4dv, location, count, transpose, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, UniformMatrix3x2dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, UniformMatrix3x2dv, location, count, transpose, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, UniformMatrix3x4dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, UniformMatrix3x4dv, location, count, transpose, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, UniformMatrix4x2dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, UniformMatrix4x2dv, location, count, transpose, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, UniformMatrix4x3dv, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, UniformMatrix4x3dv, location, count, transpose, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetUniformdv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetUniformdv, program, location, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(GLint, GetSubroutineUniformLocation, GLuint program, GLenum shadertype, const GLchar* name) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END(GLint, GetSubroutineUniformLocation, program, shadertype, name)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(GLuint, GetSubroutineIndex, GLuint program, GLenum shadertype, const GLchar* name) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END(GLuint, GetSubroutineIndex, program, shadertype, name)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetActiveSubroutineUniformiv, GLuint program, GLenum shadertype, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint* values) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetActiveSubroutineUniformiv, program, shadertype, index, pname, values)
@@ -936,28 +937,28 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, UniformSubroutinesuiv, GLenum shadertype, GL
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetUniformSubroutineuiv, GLenum shadertype, GLint location, GLuint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetUniformSubroutineuiv, shadertype, location, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetProgramStageiv, GLuint program, GLenum shadertype, GLenum pname, GLint* values) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetProgramStageiv, program, shadertype, pname, values)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, PatchParameterfv, GLenum pname, const GLfloat* values) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, PatchParameterfv, pname, values)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, DrawTransformFeedback, GLenum mode, GLuint id) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawTransformFeedback, mode, id)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, DrawTransformFeedbackStream, GLenum mode, GLuint id, GLuint stream) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawTransformFeedbackStream, mode, id, stream)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, BeginQueryIndexed, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint id) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, BeginQueryIndexed, target, index, id)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, EndQueryIndexed, GLenum target, GLuint index) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, EndQueryIndexed, target, index)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetQueryIndexediv, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetQueryIndexediv, target, index, pname, params)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform1d, GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform1d, program, location, v0)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform1dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform1dv, program, location, count, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform2d, GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform2d, program, location, v0, v1)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform2dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform2dv, program, location, count, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform3d, GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform3d, program, location, v0, v1, v2)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform3dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform3dv, program, location, count, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform4d, GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2, GLdouble v3) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform4d, program, location, v0, v1, v2, v3)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform4dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform4dv, program, location, count, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix2dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix2dv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix3dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix3dv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix4dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix4dv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix2x3dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix2x3dv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix3x2dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix3x2dv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix2x4dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix2x4dv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix4x2dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix4x2dv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix3x4dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix3x4dv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix4x3dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix4x3dv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DrawTransformFeedback, GLenum mode, GLuint id) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawTransformFeedback, mode, id)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DrawTransformFeedbackStream, GLenum mode, GLuint id, GLuint stream) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawTransformFeedbackStream, mode, id, stream)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BeginQueryIndexed, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint id) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BeginQueryIndexed, target, index, id)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, EndQueryIndexed, GLenum target, GLuint index) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, EndQueryIndexed, target, index)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetQueryIndexediv, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetQueryIndexediv, target, index, pname, params)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform1d, GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform1d, program, location, v0)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform1dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform1dv, program, location, count, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform2d, GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform2d, program, location, v0, v1)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform2dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform2dv, program, location, count, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform3d, GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform3d, program, location, v0, v1, v2)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform3dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform3dv, program, location, count, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform4d, GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2, GLdouble v3) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform4d, program, location, v0, v1, v2, v3)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniform4dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniform4dv, program, location, count, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix2dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix2dv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix3dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix3dv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix4dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix4dv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix2x3dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix2x3dv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix3x2dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix3x2dv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix2x4dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix2x4dv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix4x2dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix4x2dv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix3x4dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix3x4dv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ProgramUniformMatrix4x3dv, GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ProgramUniformMatrix4x3dv, program, location, count, transpose, value)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, VertexAttribL1d, GLuint index, GLdouble x) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, VertexAttribL1d, index, x)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, VertexAttribL2d, GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, VertexAttribL2d, index, x, y)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, VertexAttribL3d, GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, VertexAttribL3d, index, x, y, z)
@@ -968,24 +969,24 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, VertexAttribL3dv, GLuint index, const GLdoub
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, VertexAttribL4dv, GLuint index, const GLdouble* v) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, VertexAttribL4dv, index, v)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, VertexAttribLPointer, GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const void* pointer) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, VertexAttribLPointer, index, size, type, stride, pointer)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetVertexAttribLdv, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLdouble* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetVertexAttribLdv, index, pname, params)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ViewportArrayv, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLfloat* v) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ViewportArrayv, first, count, v)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ViewportIndexedf, GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat w, GLfloat h) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ViewportIndexedf, index, x, y, w, h)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ViewportIndexedfv, GLuint index, const GLfloat* v) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ViewportIndexedfv, index, v)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ScissorArrayv, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLint* v) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ScissorArrayv, first, count, v)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ScissorIndexed, GLuint index, GLint left, GLint bottom, GLsizei width, GLsizei height) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ScissorIndexed, index, left, bottom, width, height)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ScissorIndexedv, GLuint index, const GLint* v) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ScissorIndexedv, index, v)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, DepthRangeArrayv, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* v) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, DepthRangeArrayv, first, count, v)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, DepthRangeIndexed, GLuint index, GLdouble n, GLdouble f) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, DepthRangeIndexed, index, n, f)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetFloati_v, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetFloati_v, target, index, data)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetDoublei_v, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetDoublei_v, target, index, data)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ViewportArrayv, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLfloat* v) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ViewportArrayv, first, count, v)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ViewportIndexedf, GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat w, GLfloat h) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ViewportIndexedf, index, x, y, w, h)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ViewportIndexedfv, GLuint index, const GLfloat* v) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ViewportIndexedfv, index, v)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ScissorArrayv, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLint* v) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ScissorArrayv, first, count, v)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ScissorIndexed, GLuint index, GLint left, GLint bottom, GLsizei width, GLsizei height) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ScissorIndexed, index, left, bottom, width, height)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ScissorIndexedv, GLuint index, const GLint* v) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ScissorIndexedv, index, v)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DepthRangeArrayv, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* v) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DepthRangeArrayv, first, count, v)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DepthRangeIndexed, GLuint index, GLdouble n, GLdouble f) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DepthRangeIndexed, index, n, f)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetFloati_v, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetFloati_v, target, index, data)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetDoublei_v, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetDoublei_v, target, index, data)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DrawArraysInstancedBaseInstance, GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count, GLsizei instancecount, GLuint baseinstance) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawArraysInstancedBaseInstance, mode, first, count, instancecount, baseinstance)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DrawElementsInstancedBaseInstance, GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const void* indices, GLsizei instancecount, GLuint baseinstance) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawElementsInstancedBaseInstance, mode, count, type, indices, instancecount, baseinstance)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DrawElementsInstancedBaseVertexBaseInstance, GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const void* indices, GLsizei instancecount, GLint basevertex, GLuint baseinstance) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawElementsInstancedBaseVertexBaseInstance, mode, count, type, indices, instancecount, basevertex, baseinstance)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetActiveAtomicCounterBufferiv, GLuint program, GLuint bufferIndex, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetActiveAtomicCounterBufferiv, program, bufferIndex, pname, params)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, DrawTransformFeedbackInstanced, GLenum mode, GLuint id, GLsizei instancecount) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawTransformFeedbackInstanced, mode, id, instancecount)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, DrawTransformFeedbackStreamInstanced, GLenum mode, GLuint id, GLuint stream, GLsizei instancecount) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawTransformFeedbackStreamInstanced, mode, id, stream, instancecount)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ClearBufferData, GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClearBufferData, target, internalformat, format, type, data)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ClearBufferSubData, GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClearBufferSubData, target, internalformat, offset, size, format, type, data)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DrawTransformFeedbackInstanced, GLenum mode, GLuint id, GLsizei instancecount) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawTransformFeedbackInstanced, mode, id, instancecount)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, DrawTransformFeedbackStreamInstanced, GLenum mode, GLuint id, GLuint stream, GLsizei instancecount) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawTransformFeedbackStreamInstanced, mode, id, stream, instancecount)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ClearBufferData, GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClearBufferData, target, internalformat, format, type, data)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ClearBufferSubData, GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClearBufferSubData, target, internalformat, offset, size, format, type, data)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetInternalformati64v, GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLenum pname, GLsizei count, GLint64* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetInternalformati64v, target, internalformat, pname, count, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, InvalidateTexSubImage, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, InvalidateTexSubImage, texture, level, xoffset, yoffset, zoffset, width, height, depth)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, InvalidateTexImage, GLuint texture, GLint level) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, InvalidateTexImage, texture, level)
@@ -996,23 +997,23 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, MultiDrawElementsIndirect, GLenum mode, GLenum ty
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(GLint, GetProgramResourceLocationIndex, GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, const GLchar* name) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END(GLint, GetProgramResourceLocationIndex, program, programInterface, name)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ShaderStorageBlockBinding, GLuint program, GLuint storageBlockIndex, GLuint storageBlockBinding) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ShaderStorageBlockBinding, program, storageBlockIndex, storageBlockBinding)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, TextureView, GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLuint origtexture, GLenum internalformat, GLuint minlevel, GLuint numlevels, GLuint minlayer, GLuint numlayers) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, TextureView, texture, target, origtexture, internalformat, minlevel, numlevels, minlayer, numlayers)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, VertexAttribLFormat, GLuint attribindex, GLint size, GLenum type, GLuint relativeoffset) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, VertexAttribLFormat, attribindex, size, type, relativeoffset)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, VertexAttribLFormat, GLuint attribindex, GLint size, GLenum type, GLuint relativeoffset) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, VertexAttribLFormat, attribindex, size, type, relativeoffset)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BufferStorage, GLenum target, GLsizeiptr size, const void* data, GLbitfield flags) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BufferStorage, target, size, data, flags)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ClearTexImage, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClearTexImage, texture, level, format, type, data)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ClearTexSubImage, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClearTexSubImage, texture, level, xoffset, yoffset, zoffset, width, height, depth, format, type, data)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ClearTexImage, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClearTexImage, texture, level, format, type, data)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ClearTexSubImage, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClearTexSubImage, texture, level, xoffset, yoffset, zoffset, width, height, depth, format, type, data)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BindBuffersBase, GLenum target, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* buffers) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindBuffersBase, target, first, count, buffers)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BindBuffersRange, GLenum target, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* buffers, const GLintptr* offsets, const GLsizeiptr* sizes) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindBuffersRange, target, first, count, buffers, offsets, sizes)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, BindTextures, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* textures) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindTextures, first, count, textures)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BindTextures, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* textures) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindTextures, first, count, textures)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BindSamplers, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* samplers) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindSamplers, first, count, samplers)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, BindImageTextures, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* textures) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindImageTextures, first, count, textures)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BindImageTextures, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* textures) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindImageTextures, first, count, textures)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BindVertexBuffers, GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLuint* buffers, const GLintptr* offsets, const GLsizei* strides) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindVertexBuffers, first, count, buffers, offsets, strides)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ClipControl, GLenum origin, GLenum depth) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClipControl, origin, depth)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, CreateTransformFeedbacks, GLsizei n, GLuint* ids) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, CreateTransformFeedbacks, n, ids)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, TransformFeedbackBufferBase, GLuint xfb, GLuint index, GLuint buffer) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, TransformFeedbackBufferBase, xfb, index, buffer)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, TransformFeedbackBufferRange, GLuint xfb, GLuint index, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, TransformFeedbackBufferRange, xfb, index, buffer, offset, size)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetTransformFeedbackiv, GLuint xfb, GLenum pname, GLint* param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetTransformFeedbackiv, xfb, pname, param)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetTransformFeedbacki_v, GLuint xfb, GLenum pname, GLuint index, GLint* param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetTransformFeedbacki_v, xfb, pname, index, param)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetTransformFeedbacki64_v, GLuint xfb, GLenum pname, GLuint index, GLint64* param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetTransformFeedbacki64_v, xfb, pname, index, param)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, CreateTransformFeedbacks, GLsizei n, GLuint* ids) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, CreateTransformFeedbacks, n, ids)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TransformFeedbackBufferBase, GLuint xfb, GLuint index, GLuint buffer) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TransformFeedbackBufferBase, xfb, index, buffer)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TransformFeedbackBufferRange, GLuint xfb, GLuint index, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TransformFeedbackBufferRange, xfb, index, buffer, offset, size)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetTransformFeedbackiv, GLuint xfb, GLenum pname, GLint* param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetTransformFeedbackiv, xfb, pname, param)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetTransformFeedbacki_v, GLuint xfb, GLenum pname, GLuint index, GLint* param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetTransformFeedbacki_v, xfb, pname, index, param)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetTransformFeedbacki64_v, GLuint xfb, GLenum pname, GLuint index, GLint64* param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetTransformFeedbacki64_v, xfb, pname, index, param)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, CreateBuffers, GLsizei n, GLuint* buffers) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, CreateBuffers, n, buffers)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, NamedBufferStorage, GLuint buffer, GLsizeiptr size, const void* data, GLbitfield flags) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, NamedBufferStorage, buffer, size, data, flags)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, NamedBufferData, GLuint buffer, GLsizeiptr size, const void* data, GLenum usage) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, NamedBufferData, buffer, size, data, usage)
@@ -1025,32 +1026,32 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, FlushMappedNamedBufferRange, GLuint buffer, GLint
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetNamedBufferParameteriv, GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetNamedBufferParameteriv, buffer, pname, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetNamedBufferParameteri64v, GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLint64* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetNamedBufferParameteri64v, buffer, pname, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetNamedBufferPointerv, GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, void** params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetNamedBufferPointerv, buffer, pname, params)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetNamedBufferSubData, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, void* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetNamedBufferSubData, buffer, offset, size, data)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetNamedBufferSubData, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, void* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetNamedBufferSubData, buffer, offset, size, data)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, CreateFramebuffers, GLsizei n, GLuint* framebuffers) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, CreateFramebuffers, n, framebuffers)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, NamedFramebufferRenderbuffer, GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLenum renderbuffertarget, GLuint renderbuffer) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, NamedFramebufferRenderbuffer, framebuffer, attachment, renderbuffertarget, renderbuffer)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, NamedFramebufferParameteri, GLuint framebuffer, GLenum pname, GLint param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, NamedFramebufferParameteri, framebuffer, pname, param)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, NamedFramebufferParameteri, GLuint framebuffer, GLenum pname, GLint param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, NamedFramebufferParameteri, framebuffer, pname, param)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, NamedFramebufferTexture, GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, NamedFramebufferTexture, framebuffer, attachment, texture, level)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, NamedFramebufferTextureLayer, GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint layer) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, NamedFramebufferTextureLayer, framebuffer, attachment, texture, level, layer)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, NamedFramebufferDrawBuffer, GLuint framebuffer, GLenum buf) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, NamedFramebufferDrawBuffer, framebuffer, buf)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, NamedFramebufferDrawBuffers, GLuint framebuffer, GLsizei n, const GLenum* bufs) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, NamedFramebufferDrawBuffers, framebuffer, n, bufs)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, NamedFramebufferReadBuffer, GLuint framebuffer, GLenum src) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, NamedFramebufferReadBuffer, framebuffer, src)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, InvalidateNamedFramebufferData, GLuint framebuffer, GLsizei numAttachments, const GLenum* attachments) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, InvalidateNamedFramebufferData, framebuffer, numAttachments, attachments)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, InvalidateNamedFramebufferSubData, GLuint framebuffer, GLsizei numAttachments, const GLenum* attachments, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, InvalidateNamedFramebufferSubData, framebuffer, numAttachments, attachments, x, y, width, height)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ClearNamedFramebufferiv, GLuint framebuffer, GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLint* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClearNamedFramebufferiv, framebuffer, buffer, drawbuffer, value)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ClearNamedFramebufferuiv, GLuint framebuffer, GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLuint* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClearNamedFramebufferuiv, framebuffer, buffer, drawbuffer, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, InvalidateNamedFramebufferData, GLuint framebuffer, GLsizei numAttachments, const GLenum* attachments) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, InvalidateNamedFramebufferData, framebuffer, numAttachments, attachments)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, InvalidateNamedFramebufferSubData, GLuint framebuffer, GLsizei numAttachments, const GLenum* attachments, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, InvalidateNamedFramebufferSubData, framebuffer, numAttachments, attachments, x, y, width, height)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ClearNamedFramebufferiv, GLuint framebuffer, GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLint* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClearNamedFramebufferiv, framebuffer, buffer, drawbuffer, value)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ClearNamedFramebufferuiv, GLuint framebuffer, GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLuint* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClearNamedFramebufferuiv, framebuffer, buffer, drawbuffer, value)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ClearNamedFramebufferfv, GLuint framebuffer, GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLfloat* value) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClearNamedFramebufferfv, framebuffer, buffer, drawbuffer, value)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, ClearNamedFramebufferfi, GLuint framebuffer, GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, GLfloat depth, GLint stencil) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, ClearNamedFramebufferfi, framebuffer, buffer, drawbuffer, depth, stencil)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BlitNamedFramebuffer, GLuint readFramebuffer, GLuint drawFramebuffer, GLint srcX0, GLint srcY0, GLint srcX1, GLint srcY1, GLint dstX0, GLint dstY0, GLint dstX1, GLint dstY1, GLbitfield mask, GLenum filter) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BlitNamedFramebuffer, readFramebuffer, drawFramebuffer, srcX0, srcY0, srcX1, srcY1, dstX0, dstY0, dstX1, dstY1, mask, filter)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(GLenum, CheckNamedFramebufferStatus, GLuint framebuffer, GLenum target) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END(GLenum, CheckNamedFramebufferStatus, framebuffer, target)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetNamedFramebufferParameteriv, GLuint framebuffer, GLenum pname, GLint* param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetNamedFramebufferParameteriv, framebuffer, pname, param)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetNamedFramebufferParameteriv, GLuint framebuffer, GLenum pname, GLint* param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetNamedFramebufferParameteriv, framebuffer, pname, param)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetNamedFramebufferAttachmentParameteriv, GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetNamedFramebufferAttachmentParameteriv, framebuffer, attachment, pname, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, CreateRenderbuffers, GLsizei n, GLuint* renderbuffers) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, CreateRenderbuffers, n, renderbuffers)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, NamedRenderbufferStorage, GLuint renderbuffer, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, NamedRenderbufferStorage, renderbuffer, internalformat, width, height)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, NamedRenderbufferStorageMultisample, GLuint renderbuffer, GLsizei samples, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, NamedRenderbufferStorageMultisample, renderbuffer, samples, internalformat, width, height)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetNamedRenderbufferParameteriv, GLuint renderbuffer, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetNamedRenderbufferParameteriv, renderbuffer, pname, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, CreateTextures, GLenum target, GLsizei n, GLuint* textures) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, CreateTextures, target, n, textures)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, TextureBuffer, GLuint texture, GLenum internalformat, GLuint buffer) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, TextureBuffer, texture, internalformat, buffer)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, TextureBufferRange, GLuint texture, GLenum internalformat, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, TextureBufferRange, texture, internalformat, buffer, offset, size)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TextureBuffer, GLuint texture, GLenum internalformat, GLuint buffer) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TextureBuffer, texture, internalformat, buffer)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TextureBufferRange, GLuint texture, GLenum internalformat, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TextureBufferRange, texture, internalformat, buffer, offset, size)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TextureStorage1D, GLuint texture, GLsizei levels, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TextureStorage1D, texture, levels, internalformat, width)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TextureStorage2D, GLuint texture, GLsizei levels, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TextureStorage2D, texture, levels, internalformat, width, height)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TextureStorage3D, GLuint texture, GLsizei levels, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TextureStorage3D, texture, levels, internalformat, width, height, depth)
@@ -1060,11 +1061,11 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TextureSubImage1D, GLuint texture, GLint level, G
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TextureSubImage2D, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* pixels) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TextureSubImage2D, texture, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type, pixels)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TextureSubImage3D, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLenum type, const void* pixels) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TextureSubImage3D, texture, level, xoffset, yoffset, zoffset, width, height, depth, format, type, pixels)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, CompressedTextureSubImage1D, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const void* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, CompressedTextureSubImage1D, texture, level, xoffset, width, format, imageSize, data)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, CompressedTextureSubImage2D, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const void* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, CompressedTextureSubImage2D, texture, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, imageSize, data)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, CompressedTextureSubImage2D, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const void* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, CompressedTextureSubImage2D, texture, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, imageSize, data)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, CompressedTextureSubImage3D, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const void* data) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, CompressedTextureSubImage3D, texture, level, xoffset, yoffset, zoffset, width, height, depth, format, imageSize, data)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, CopyTextureSubImage1D, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, CopyTextureSubImage1D, texture, level, xoffset, x, y, width)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, CopyTextureSubImage2D, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, CopyTextureSubImage2D, texture, level, xoffset, yoffset, x, y, width, height)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, CopyTextureSubImage3D, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, CopyTextureSubImage3D, texture, level, xoffset, yoffset, zoffset, x, y, width, height)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, CopyTextureSubImage1D, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, CopyTextureSubImage1D, texture, level, xoffset, x, y, width)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, CopyTextureSubImage2D, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, CopyTextureSubImage2D, texture, level, xoffset, yoffset, x, y, width, height)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, CopyTextureSubImage3D, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, CopyTextureSubImage3D, texture, level, xoffset, yoffset, zoffset, x, y, width, height)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TextureParameterf, GLuint texture, GLenum pname, GLfloat param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TextureParameterf, texture, pname, param)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TextureParameterfv, GLuint texture, GLenum pname, const GLfloat* param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TextureParameterfv, texture, pname, param)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TextureParameteri, GLuint texture, GLenum pname, GLint param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, TextureParameteri, texture, pname, param)
@@ -1074,7 +1075,7 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, TextureParameteriv, GLuint texture, GLenum pname,
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GenerateTextureMipmap, GLuint texture) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GenerateTextureMipmap, texture)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, BindTextureUnit, GLuint unit, GLuint texture) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindTextureUnit, unit, texture)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetTextureImage, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize, void* pixels) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetTextureImage, texture, level, format, type, bufSize, pixels)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetCompressedTextureImage, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLsizei bufSize, void* pixels) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetCompressedTextureImage, texture, level, bufSize, pixels)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetCompressedTextureImage, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLsizei bufSize, void* pixels) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetCompressedTextureImage, texture, level, bufSize, pixels)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetTextureLevelParameterfv, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLenum pname, GLfloat* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetTextureLevelParameterfv, texture, level, pname, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetTextureLevelParameteriv, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetTextureLevelParameteriv, texture, level, pname, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetTextureParameterfv, GLuint texture, GLenum pname, GLfloat* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetTextureParameterfv, texture, pname, params)
@@ -1090,18 +1091,18 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, VertexArrayVertexBuffers, GLuint vaobj, GLuint fi
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, VertexArrayAttribBinding, GLuint vaobj, GLuint attribindex, GLuint bindingindex) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, VertexArrayAttribBinding, vaobj, attribindex, bindingindex)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, VertexArrayAttribFormat, GLuint vaobj, GLuint attribindex, GLint size, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, GLuint relativeoffset) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, VertexArrayAttribFormat, vaobj, attribindex, size, type, normalized, relativeoffset)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, VertexArrayAttribIFormat, GLuint vaobj, GLuint attribindex, GLint size, GLenum type, GLuint relativeoffset) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, VertexArrayAttribIFormat, vaobj, attribindex, size, type, relativeoffset)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, VertexArrayAttribLFormat, GLuint vaobj, GLuint attribindex, GLint size, GLenum type, GLuint relativeoffset) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, VertexArrayAttribLFormat, vaobj, attribindex, size, type, relativeoffset)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, VertexArrayAttribLFormat, GLuint vaobj, GLuint attribindex, GLint size, GLenum type, GLuint relativeoffset) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, VertexArrayAttribLFormat, vaobj, attribindex, size, type, relativeoffset)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, VertexArrayBindingDivisor, GLuint vaobj, GLuint bindingindex, GLuint divisor) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, VertexArrayBindingDivisor, vaobj, bindingindex, divisor)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetVertexArrayiv, GLuint vaobj, GLenum pname, GLint* param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetVertexArrayiv, vaobj, pname, param)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetVertexArrayIndexediv, GLuint vaobj, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint* param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetVertexArrayIndexediv, vaobj, index, pname, param)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetVertexArrayIndexed64iv, GLuint vaobj, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint64* param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetVertexArrayIndexed64iv, vaobj, index, pname, param)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetVertexArrayiv, GLuint vaobj, GLenum pname, GLint* param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetVertexArrayiv, vaobj, pname, param)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetVertexArrayIndexediv, GLuint vaobj, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint* param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetVertexArrayIndexediv, vaobj, index, pname, param)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetVertexArrayIndexed64iv, GLuint vaobj, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint64* param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetVertexArrayIndexed64iv, vaobj, index, pname, param)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, CreateSamplers, GLsizei n, GLuint* samplers) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, CreateSamplers, n, samplers)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, CreateProgramPipelines, GLsizei n, GLuint* pipelines) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, CreateProgramPipelines, n, pipelines)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, CreateQueries, GLenum target, GLsizei n, GLuint* ids) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, CreateQueries, target, n, ids)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetQueryBufferObjecti64v, GLuint id, GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLintptr offset) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetQueryBufferObjecti64v, id, buffer, pname, offset)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetQueryBufferObjectiv, GLuint id, GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLintptr offset) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetQueryBufferObjectiv, id, buffer, pname, offset)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetQueryBufferObjectui64v, GLuint id, GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLintptr offset) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetQueryBufferObjectui64v, id, buffer, pname, offset)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetQueryBufferObjectuiv, GLuint id, GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLintptr offset) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetQueryBufferObjectuiv, id, buffer, pname, offset)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, CreateProgramPipelines, GLsizei n, GLuint* pipelines) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, CreateProgramPipelines, n, pipelines)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, CreateQueries, GLenum target, GLsizei n, GLuint* ids) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, CreateQueries, target, n, ids)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetQueryBufferObjecti64v, GLuint id, GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLintptr offset) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetQueryBufferObjecti64v, id, buffer, pname, offset)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetQueryBufferObjectiv, GLuint id, GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLintptr offset) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetQueryBufferObjectiv, id, buffer, pname, offset)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetQueryBufferObjectui64v, GLuint id, GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLintptr offset) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetQueryBufferObjectui64v, id, buffer, pname, offset)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetQueryBufferObjectuiv, GLuint id, GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLintptr offset) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetQueryBufferObjectuiv, id, buffer, pname, offset)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, GetTextureSubImage, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize, void* pixels) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetTextureSubImage, texture, level, xoffset, yoffset, zoffset, width, height, depth, format, type, bufSize, pixels)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetCompressedTextureSubImage, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLsizei bufSize, void* pixels) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetCompressedTextureSubImage, texture, level, xoffset, yoffset, zoffset, width, height, depth, bufSize, pixels)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetnCompressedTexImage, GLenum target, GLint lod, GLsizei bufSize, void* pixels) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetnCompressedTexImage, target, lod, bufSize, pixels)
@@ -1272,7 +1273,7 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, MultiTexCoord4ivARB, GLenum target, const GL
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, MultiTexCoord4sARB, GLenum target, GLshort s, GLshort t, GLshort r, GLshort q) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, MultiTexCoord4sARB, target, s, t, r, q)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, MultiTexCoord4svARB, GLenum target, const GLshort* v) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, MultiTexCoord4svARB, target, v)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetQueryObjectivARB, GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLint* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetQueryObjectivARB, id, pname, params)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, MaxShaderCompilerThreadsARB, GLuint count) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, MaxShaderCompilerThreadsARB, count)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, MaxShaderCompilerThreadsARB, GLuint count) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, MaxShaderCompilerThreadsARB, count)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, PointParameterfARB, GLenum pname, GLfloat param) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, PointParameterfARB, pname, param)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, PointParameterfvARB, GLenum pname, const GLfloat* params) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, PointParameterfvARB, pname, params)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetnTexImageARB, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize, void* img) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetnTexImageARB, target, level, format, type, bufSize, img)
@@ -1380,7 +1381,7 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, WindowPos3ivARB, const GLint* v) DECLARE_GL_
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, WindowPos3sARB, GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, WindowPos3sARB, x, y, z)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, WindowPos3svARB, const GLshort* v) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, WindowPos3svARB, v)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, BlendBarrierKHR, void) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, BlendBarrierKHR, )
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, MaxShaderCompilerThreadsKHR, GLuint count) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, MaxShaderCompilerThreadsKHR, count)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, MaxShaderCompilerThreadsKHR, GLuint count) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, MaxShaderCompilerThreadsKHR, count)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, MultiTexCoord1bOES, GLenum texture, GLbyte s) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, MultiTexCoord1bOES, texture, s)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, MultiTexCoord1bvOES, GLenum texture, const GLbyte* coords) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, MultiTexCoord1bvOES, texture, coords)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, MultiTexCoord2bOES, GLenum texture, GLbyte s, GLbyte t) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, MultiTexCoord2bOES, texture, s, t)
@@ -1848,7 +1849,7 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, CompressedTextureImage3DEXT, GLuint texture,
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, CompressedTextureImage2DEXT, GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const void* bits) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, CompressedTextureImage2DEXT, texture, target, level, internalformat, width, height, border, imageSize, bits)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, CompressedTextureImage1DEXT, GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const void* bits) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, CompressedTextureImage1DEXT, texture, target, level, internalformat, width, border, imageSize, bits)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, CompressedTextureSubImage3DEXT, GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const void* bits) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, CompressedTextureSubImage3DEXT, texture, target, level, xoffset, yoffset, zoffset, width, height, depth, format, imageSize, bits)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, CompressedTextureSubImage2DEXT, GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const void* bits) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, CompressedTextureSubImage2DEXT, texture, target, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, imageSize, bits)
+DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_HEAD(void, CompressedTextureSubImage2DEXT, GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const void* bits) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_END_NO_RETURN(void, CompressedTextureSubImage2D, texture, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, imageSize, bits)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, CompressedTextureSubImage1DEXT, GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const void* bits) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, CompressedTextureSubImage1DEXT, texture, target, level, xoffset, width, format, imageSize, bits)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GetCompressedTextureImageEXT, GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint lod, void* img) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GetCompressedTextureImageEXT, texture, target, lod, img)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, CompressedMultiTexImage3DEXT, GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const void* bits) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, CompressedMultiTexImage3DEXT, texunit, target, level, internalformat, width, height, depth, border, imageSize, bits)
@@ -2583,7 +2584,10 @@ DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, TransformFeedbackStreamAttribsNV, GLsizei co
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, BindTransformFeedbackNV, GLenum target, GLuint id) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, BindTransformFeedbackNV, target, id)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, DeleteTransformFeedbacksNV, GLsizei n, const GLuint* ids) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, DeleteTransformFeedbacksNV, n, ids)
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, GenTransformFeedbacksNV, GLsizei n, GLuint* ids) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, GenTransformFeedbacksNV, n, ids)
-DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(GLboolean, IsTransformFeedbackNV, GLuint id) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END(GLboolean, IsTransformFeedbackNV, id)
+MOBILEGL_GL_API GLboolean glIsTransformFeedbackNV(GLuint id) {
+    MGLOG_W_ONCE("Stub function: %s(...)", __FUNCTION__);
+    return GL_FALSE;
+}
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, PauseTransformFeedbackNV, void) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, PauseTransformFeedbackNV, )
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, ResumeTransformFeedbackNV, void) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, ResumeTransformFeedbackNV, )
 DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_HEAD(void, DrawTransformFeedbackNV, GLenum mode, GLuint id) DECLARE_GL_FUNCTION_STUB_END_NO_RETURN(void, DrawTransformFeedbackNV, mode, id)
@@ -3177,5 +3181,5 @@ MOBILEGL_GL_API void glVertexAttribDivisorARB(GLuint index, GLuint divisor) {
 }
 
 MOBILEGL_GL_API void glWindowRectanglesEXT(GLenum mode, GLsizei count, const GLint* box) {
-    MGLOG_W("Stub function: %s(...)", __FUNCTION__);
+    MGLOG_W_ONCE("Stub function: %s(...)", __FUNCTION__);
 }

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Framebuffer/GL_Framebuffer.h

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     /* @INSERTION_POINT:FUNCTION_DECLARATION@ */
     void ReadPixels(GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, void* pixels);
+    void ReadnPixels(GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize,
+                     void* data);
     void ClearBufferfi(GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, GLfloat depth, GLint stencil);
     void ClearBufferfv(GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLfloat* value);
     void ClearBufferuiv(GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLuint* value);
@@ -56,7 +58,19 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     void NamedFramebufferReadBuffer(GLuint framebuffer, GLenum src);
     void ClearNamedFramebufferfv(GLuint framebuffer, GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLfloat* value);
     void ClearNamedFramebufferfi(GLuint framebuffer, GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, GLfloat depth, GLint stencil);
+    void InvalidateNamedFramebufferData(GLuint framebuffer, GLsizei numAttachments, const GLenum* attachments);
+    void InvalidateNamedFramebufferSubData(GLuint framebuffer, GLsizei numAttachments, const GLenum* attachments,
+                                           GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+    void InvalidateFramebuffer(GLenum target, GLsizei numAttachments, const GLenum* attachments);
+    void InvalidateSubFramebuffer(GLenum target, GLsizei numAttachments, const GLenum* attachments, GLint x, GLint y,
+                                  GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+    void ClearNamedFramebufferiv(GLuint framebuffer, GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLint* value);
+    void ClearNamedFramebufferuiv(GLuint framebuffer, GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLuint* value);
     GLenum CheckNamedFramebufferStatus(GLuint framebuffer, GLenum target);
+    void GetFramebufferParameteriv(GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint* params);
+    void FramebufferParameteri(GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+    void GetNamedFramebufferParameteriv(GLuint framebuffer, GLenum pname, GLint* params);
+    void NamedFramebufferParameteri(GLuint framebuffer, GLenum pname, GLint param);
     void GetNamedFramebufferAttachmentParameteriv(GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLenum pname, GLint* params);
     void BlitNamedFramebuffer(GLuint readFramebuffer, GLuint drawFramebuffer, GLint srcX0, GLint srcY0, GLint srcX1,
                               GLint srcY1, GLint dstX0, GLint dstY0, GLint dstX1, GLint dstY1, GLbitfield mask,
@@ -78,6 +92,6 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
             SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ITextureObject> stencilAttachment;
         };
 
-        extern UniquePtr<DefaultFramebufferInfo> pDefaultFramebufferInfo;
+        extern UniquePtr<DefaultFramebufferInfo>& pDefaultFramebufferInfo;
     } // namespace FramebufferImpl
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Framebuffer/Validators.cpp

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 // End of Source File Header
 
 #include "Validators.h"
+#include <MG_Backend/BackendObjects.h>
 #include <MG_State/GLState/Core.h>
 #include <MG_State/GLState/ErrorState/Error.h>
 #include <MG_Util/Converters/GLToStr/GLEnumConverter.h>
@@ -60,6 +61,26 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::FramebufferImpl {
         return true;
     }
 
+    Bool ValidateColorAttachmentInRange(FramebufferAttachmentType attachment, const char* caller) {
+        const auto first = static_cast<SizeT>(FramebufferAttachmentType::Color0);
+        const auto index = static_cast<SizeT>(attachment);
+        if (index < first) return true;
+        const auto colorIndex = index - first;
+        const auto limit = static_cast<SizeT>(
+            MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject ? MG_Backend::pActiveBackendObject->GetDynamicParameters()
+                                                   .MaxColorAttachments
+                                             : static_cast<Int>(MG_State::GLState::FramebufferObject::MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS));
+        if (colorIndex >= limit) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
+                    "MG_Impl/GLImpl/FramebufferImpl", caller,
+                    std::format("Colour attachment {} is beyond GL_MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS ({}).", colorIndex, limit)));
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
     Bool ValidateRenderbufferTarget(RenderbufferTarget target) {
         if (target == RenderbufferTarget::Unknown) {
             using namespace MG_Util;
@@ -76,7 +97,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::FramebufferImpl {
     }
 
     Bool ValidateRenderbufferName(Uint index, Bool allowZero) {
-        if (index == 0 && !allowZero) {
+        if (index == 0) {
+            // Zero is never a GenRenderbuffers name, so it must not reach the name-table lookup
+            // below: where it is allowed (glBindRenderbuffer / FramebufferRenderbuffer detach) it
+            // means "unbind", and looking it up would record a bogus INVALID_OPERATION - GL CTS's
+            // per-case state reset calls glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, 0) after every case.
+            if (allowZero) return true;
+
             MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
                 ErrorCode::InvalidValue,
                 MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl/FramebufferImpl", "ValidateRenderbufferName",
@@ -91,4 +118,100 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::FramebufferImpl {
                                          std::format("Renderbuffer name {} is not valid.", index)));
         return false;
     }
+
+    Bool ValidateFramebufferParameterPname(GLenum pname, Bool isDefaultFramebuffer, Bool forSetter,
+                                           const char* caller) {
+        Bool isDefaultParameter = false;
+        switch (pname) {
+        case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_DEFAULT_WIDTH:
+        case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_DEFAULT_HEIGHT:
+        case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_DEFAULT_LAYERS:
+        case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_DEFAULT_SAMPLES:
+        case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_DEFAULT_FIXED_SAMPLE_LOCATIONS:
+            isDefaultParameter = true;
+            break;
+        case GL_DOUBLEBUFFER:
+        case GL_IMPLEMENTATION_COLOR_READ_FORMAT:
+        case GL_IMPLEMENTATION_COLOR_READ_TYPE:
+        case GL_SAMPLES:
+        case GL_SAMPLE_BUFFERS:
+        case GL_STEREO:
+            // Queryable only; glFramebufferParameteri sets none of these.
+            if (forSetter) {
+                MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                    ErrorCode::InvalidEnum,
+                    MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
+                        "MG_Impl/GLImpl/FramebufferImpl", caller,
+                        std::format("pname {} is not settable on a framebuffer.",
+                                    MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToString(pname))));
+                return false;
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidEnum,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
+                    "MG_Impl/GLImpl/FramebufferImpl", caller,
+                    std::format("pname {} is not a framebuffer parameter.",
+                                MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToString(pname))));
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // The default framebuffer has no DEFAULT_* state of its own - its shape comes from the
+        // surface - so those names are accepted enums it simply cannot answer or accept.
+        if (isDefaultFramebuffer && isDefaultParameter) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>(
+                    "MG_Impl/GLImpl/FramebufferImpl", caller,
+                    std::format("pname {} does not apply to the default framebuffer.",
+                                MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToString(pname))));
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    Bool ValidateReadFramebufferForCopy(const char* caller) {
+        auto& framebufferObject =
+            MG_State::pGLContext->GetFramebufferBindingSlot(FramebufferTarget::Read).GetBoundObject();
+        if (!framebufferObject || !framebufferObject->CheckCompleteness()) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidFramebufferOperation,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl/FramebufferImpl", caller,
+                                             "Read framebuffer is not framebuffer complete."));
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        const FramebufferAttachmentType readBuffer = framebufferObject->GetReadBuffer();
+        if (readBuffer == FramebufferAttachmentType::None ||
+            !framebufferObject->GetAttachment(readBuffer).IsValid()) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl/FramebufferImpl", caller,
+                                             "Read buffer names no attachment of the read framebuffer."));
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // SAMPLE_BUFFERS is one whenever the read buffer resolves to multisample storage. A
+        // multisample texture says so by its target - its sample count can legally be one - while a
+        // renderbuffer says so by having been given a non-zero sample count.
+        const auto& readAttachment = framebufferObject->GetAttachment(readBuffer);
+        Bool isMultisampled = false;
+        if (readAttachment.IsRenderbuffer() && readAttachment.GetRenderbuffer()) {
+            isMultisampled = readAttachment.GetRenderbuffer()->GetSamples() > 0;
+        } else if (readAttachment.IsTexture() && readAttachment.GetTexture()) {
+            const auto target = readAttachment.GetTexture()->GetTarget();
+            isMultisampled = target == TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisample ||
+                             target == TextureTarget::Texture2DMultisampleArray;
+        }
+        if (isMultisampled) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                ErrorCode::InvalidOperation,
+                MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl/FramebufferImpl", caller,
+                                             "Cannot copy from a multisampled read framebuffer."));
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::FramebufferImpl

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Framebuffer/Validators.h

@@ -14,6 +14,21 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::FramebufferImpl {
     Bool ValidateFramebufferTarget(FramebufferTarget target);
     Bool ValidateFramebufferName(Uint index, Bool allowZero = true);
     Bool ValidateFramebufferAttachmentType(FramebufferAttachmentType attachment);
+    // GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENTn is a token per n up to 31, but only the first GL_MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS of
+    // them name an attachment point of a framebuffer object; the rest are INVALID_OPERATION for the
+    // attaching entry points (GL 4.6 core 9.2.7). Non-colour attachments pass through unchanged.
+    Bool ValidateColorAttachmentInRange(FramebufferAttachmentType attachment, const char* caller);
     Bool ValidateRenderbufferTarget(RenderbufferTarget target);
     Bool ValidateRenderbufferName(Uint index, Bool allowZero = true);
+    // The read-framebuffer preconditions the CopyTexSubImage family shares (GL 4.6 core 8.6): the
+    // read framebuffer must be complete, its read buffer must name a real attachment, and it must
+    // not be multisampled. Incompleteness is INVALID_FRAMEBUFFER_OPERATION, the other two are
+    // INVALID_OPERATION.
+    Bool ValidateReadFramebufferForCopy(const char* caller);
+    // The pname sets of glGet/FramebufferParameteri (GL 4.6 core 9.2.3). Order matters and is part
+    // of the contract: a name outside the table is INVALID_ENUM, and only then is a name that the
+    // DEFAULT framebuffer does not answer INVALID_OPERATION. Testing the framebuffer kind first
+    // would turn GL_FRAMEBUFFER_DEFAULT_WIDTH on framebuffer zero into the wrong error.
+    Bool ValidateFramebufferParameterPname(GLenum pname, Bool isDefaultFramebuffer, Bool forSetter,
+                                           const char* caller);
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::FramebufferImpl

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Getter/GL_Getter.h

@@ -19,6 +19,13 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     void GetIntegerv(GLenum pname, GLint* params);
     void GetInteger64v(GLenum pname, GLint64* params);
     void GetIntegeri_v(GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint* data);
+    void GetFloati_v(GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat* data);
+    void GetDoublei_v(GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble* data);
     void GetInteger64i_v(GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint64* data);
     GLenum GetError();
+    GLenum GetGraphicsResetStatus();
+    // The GL_MAX_SAMPLES value MobileGL advertises, i.e. the driver's value floored to the GL
+    // core minimum. Frontend multisample validators have to honour this ceiling for every
+    // format, otherwise MobileGL rejects a sample count it advertised itself.
+    GLint GetAdvertisedMaxSamples();
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/GL_Program.h

@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     GLboolean IsProgram(GLuint program);
     GLboolean IsShader(GLuint shader);
     void LinkProgram(GLuint program);
+    // GL_KHR_parallel_shader_compile / GL_ARB_parallel_shader_compile. Both names are the
+    // same entry point; see MaxShaderCompilerThreadsKHR_State for the semantics of count.
+    void MaxShaderCompilerThreadsKHR(GLuint count);
+    void MaxShaderCompilerThreadsARB(GLuint count);
     void ShaderSource(GLuint shader, GLsizei count, const GLchar* const* string, const GLint* length);
     void UseProgram(GLuint program);
     void Uniform1f(GLint location, GLfloat v0);
@@ -137,5 +141,47 @@ namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
     GLint GetProgramResourceLocation(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, const GLchar* name);
     GLint GetProgramResourceLocationIndex(GLuint program, GLenum programInterface, const GLchar* name);
     void ShaderStorageBlockBinding(GLuint program, GLuint storageBlockIndex, GLuint storageBlockBinding);
+    void Uniform1d(GLint location, GLdouble v0);
+    void Uniform1dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value);
+    void ProgramUniform1d(GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0);
+    void ProgramUniform1dv(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value);
+    void Uniform2d(GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1);
+    void Uniform2dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value);
+    void ProgramUniform2d(GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1);
+    void ProgramUniform2dv(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value);
+    void Uniform3d(GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2);
+    void Uniform3dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value);
+    void ProgramUniform3d(GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2);
+    void ProgramUniform3dv(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value);
+    void Uniform4d(GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2, GLdouble v3);
+    void Uniform4dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value);
+    void ProgramUniform4d(GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2, GLdouble v3);
+    void ProgramUniform4dv(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble* value);
+    void UniformMatrix2dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value);
+    void ProgramUniformMatrix2dv(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value);
+    void UniformMatrix3dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value);
+    void ProgramUniformMatrix3dv(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value);
+    void UniformMatrix4dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value);
+    void ProgramUniformMatrix4dv(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value);
+    void UniformMatrix2x3dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value);
+    void ProgramUniformMatrix2x3dv(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value);
+    void UniformMatrix2x4dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value);
+    void ProgramUniformMatrix2x4dv(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value);
+    void UniformMatrix3x2dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value);
+    void ProgramUniformMatrix3x2dv(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value);
+    void UniformMatrix3x4dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value);
+    void ProgramUniformMatrix3x4dv(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value);
+    void UniformMatrix4x2dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value);
+    void ProgramUniformMatrix4x2dv(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value);
+    void UniformMatrix4x3dv(GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value);
+    void ProgramUniformMatrix4x3dv(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble* value);
+    void GetUniformdv(GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble* params);
     void ValidateProgram(GLuint program);
+    void ProgramParameteri(GLuint program, GLenum pname, GLint value);
+    GLuint CreateShaderProgramv(GLenum type, GLsizei count, const GLchar* const* strings);
+    void GetProgramBinary(GLuint program, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei* length, GLenum* binaryFormat, void* binary);
+    void ProgramBinary(GLuint program, GLenum binaryFormat, const void* binary, GLsizei length);
+    void TransformFeedbackVaryings(GLuint program, GLsizei count, const GLchar* const* varyings, GLenum bufferMode);
+    void GetTransformFeedbackVarying(GLuint program, GLuint index, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei* length, GLsizei* size,
+                                     GLenum* type, GLchar* name);
 } // namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/GL_ProgramPipeline.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/GL_ProgramPipeline.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#include "GL_ProgramPipeline.h"
+
+#include <MG_State/GLState/Core.h>
+#include <MG_State/GLState/ErrorState/ErrorInfo.h>
+#include <MG_Util/Converters/GLToStr/GLEnumConverter.h>
+
+namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
+    namespace {
+        void RecordPipelineError(ErrorCode code, const char* function, String message) {
+            MG_State::pGLContext->RecordError(
+                code, MakeUnique<GenericErrorInfo>("MG_Impl/GLImpl", function, Move(message)));
+        }
+
+        // GL 4.6 core 7.4 asks only that the name came from GenProgramPipelines and has not been
+        // deleted - so a name that was reserved and never bound is legal here, and the command
+        // MATERIALIZES it rather than rejecting it.
+        //
+        // Requiring a bound object instead is what broke every separable-program conformance case
+        // across three families: the CTS reserves a name, calls glUseProgramStages three times and
+        // only then binds, which is the order the spec's own example uses. Each of those calls
+        // failed with INVALID_OPERATION, so the stage programs were never recorded - the pipeline
+        // stayed empty, GetProgramForDraw flattened nothing and the draw painted nothing, and the
+        // rejected calls' error was left in the queue for the harness to find. One cause, both
+        // symptoms.
+        const SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ProgramPipelineObject>* TryGetPipeline(GLuint pipeline,
+                                                                                 const char* function) {
+            const auto& object = MG_State::pGLContext->MaterializeProgramPipelineObject(pipeline);
+            if (!object) {
+                RecordPipelineError(ErrorCode::InvalidOperation, function,
+                                    std::format("Program pipeline {} does not exist.", pipeline));
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            return &object;
+        }
+
+        Bool ValidatePipelineCount(GLsizei n, const char* function) {
+            if (n < 0) {
+                RecordPipelineError(ErrorCode::InvalidValue, function, "n must be non-negative.");
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // GL 4.6 core table 7.1 maps each stage bit onto a shader stage.
+        Bool TryResolveStageBit(GLbitfield bit, ShaderStage& outStage) {
+            switch (bit) {
+            case GL_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT: outStage = ShaderStage::Vertex; return true;
+            case GL_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER_BIT: outStage = ShaderStage::TessControl; return true;
+            case GL_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER_BIT: outStage = ShaderStage::TessEval; return true;
+            case GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER_BIT: outStage = ShaderStage::Geometry; return true;
+            case GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT: outStage = ShaderStage::Fragment; return true;
+            case GL_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT: outStage = ShaderStage::Compute; return true;
+            default: return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        constexpr GLbitfield kAllStageBits = GL_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT | GL_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER_BIT |
+                                            GL_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER_BIT | GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER_BIT |
+                                            GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT | GL_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT;
+    } // namespace
+
+    void GenProgramPipelines(GLsizei n, GLuint* pipelines) {
+        if (!ValidatePipelineCount(n, __func__)) return;
+        if (n == 0 || !pipelines) return;
+
+        static thread_local Vector<GLuint> names;
+        MG_State::pGLContext->GenProgramPipelineNames(static_cast<Uint>(n), names);
+        Memcpy(pipelines, names.data(), static_cast<SizeT>(n) * sizeof(GLuint));
+    }
+
+    void CreateProgramPipelines(GLsizei n, GLuint* pipelines) {
+        if (!ValidatePipelineCount(n, __func__)) return;
+        if (n == 0 || !pipelines) return;
+
+        static thread_local Vector<GLuint> names;
+        MG_State::pGLContext->GenProgramPipelineNames(static_cast<Uint>(n), names);
+        for (GLsizei i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            pipelines[i] = names[static_cast<SizeT>(i)];
+            MG_State::pGLContext->CreateProgramPipelineObject(names[static_cast<SizeT>(i)]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void DeleteProgramPipelines(GLsizei n, const GLuint* pipelines) {
+        if (!ValidatePipelineCount(n, __func__)) return;
+        if (!pipelines) return;
+
+        for (GLsizei i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            // Deleting zero, an unknown name, or a name that was only reserved is silently ignored.
+            MG_State::pGLContext->MarkProgramPipelineForDeletion(pipelines[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void BindProgramPipeline(GLuint pipeline) {
+        if (pipeline != 0 && !MG_State::pGLContext->ValidateProgramPipelineName(pipeline)) {
+            RecordPipelineError(ErrorCode::InvalidOperation, __func__,
+                                std::format("Program pipeline name {} is not valid.", pipeline));
+            return;
+        }
+        MG_State::pGLContext->BindProgramPipelineObject(pipeline);
+    }
+
+    GLboolean IsProgramPipeline(GLuint pipeline) {
+        return MG_State::pGLContext->IsProgramPipelineObject(pipeline) ? GL_TRUE : GL_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    void GetProgramPipelineiv(GLuint pipeline, GLenum pname, GLint* params) {
+        const auto* pipelineObject = TryGetPipeline(pipeline, __func__);
+        if (!pipelineObject || !params) return;
+
+        const auto stageProgramName = [&](ShaderStage stage) -> GLint {
+            const auto& program = (*pipelineObject)->GetStageProgram(stage);
+            return program ? static_cast<GLint>(program->GetExternalIndex()) : 0;
+        };
+
+        switch (pname) {
+        case GL_ACTIVE_PROGRAM: {
+            const auto& active = (*pipelineObject)->GetActiveProgram();
+            *params = active ? static_cast<GLint>(active->GetExternalIndex()) : 0;
+            break;
+        }
+        case GL_VERTEX_SHADER: *params = stageProgramName(ShaderStage::Vertex); break;
+        case GL_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER: *params = stageProgramName(ShaderStage::TessControl); break;
+        case GL_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER: *params = stageProgramName(ShaderStage::TessEval); break;
+        case GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER: *params = stageProgramName(ShaderStage::Geometry); break;
+        case GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER: *params = stageProgramName(ShaderStage::Fragment); break;
+        case GL_COMPUTE_SHADER: *params = stageProgramName(ShaderStage::Compute); break;
+        case GL_VALIDATE_STATUS: *params = (*pipelineObject)->GetValidateStatus() ? GL_TRUE : GL_FALSE; break;
+        case GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH: {
+            // GL counts the null terminator, and reports 0 rather than 1 for an empty log.
+            const auto& log = (*pipelineObject)->GetInfoLog();
+            *params = log.empty() ? 0 : static_cast<GLint>(log.length()) + 1;
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            RecordPipelineError(ErrorCode::InvalidEnum, __func__,
+                                std::format("pname {} is not a program pipeline parameter.",
+                                            MG_Util::ConvertGLEnumToString(pname)));
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void GetProgramPipelineInfoLog(GLuint pipeline, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei* length, GLchar* infoLog) {
+        const auto* pipelineObject = TryGetPipeline(pipeline, __func__);
+        if (!pipelineObject) return;
+        if (bufSize < 0) {
+            RecordPipelineError(ErrorCode::InvalidValue, __func__, "bufSize must be non-negative.");
+            return;
+        }
+        if (bufSize == 0 || !infoLog) {
+            if (length) *length = 0;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const auto& log = (*pipelineObject)->GetInfoLog();
+        const auto copied = std::min<GLsizei>(bufSize - 1, static_cast<GLsizei>(log.length()));
+        if (copied > 0) Memcpy(infoLog, log.data(), static_cast<SizeT>(copied));
+        infoLog[copied] = '\0';
+        if (length) *length = copied;
+    }
+
+    void UseProgramStages(GLuint pipeline, GLbitfield stages, GLuint program) {
+        if (stages != GL_ALL_SHADER_BITS && (stages & ~kAllStageBits) != 0) {
+            RecordPipelineError(ErrorCode::InvalidValue, __func__, "stages names a bit that is not a shader stage.");
+            return;
+        }
+        const auto* pipelineObject = TryGetPipeline(pipeline, __func__);
+        if (!pipelineObject) return;
+
+        SharedPtr<MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject> programObject;
+        if (program != 0) {
+            if (!MG_State::pGLContext->ValidateProgramName(program)) {
+                RecordPipelineError(ErrorCode::InvalidValue, __func__,
+                                    std::format("{} is not the name of a program object.", program));
+                return;
+            }
+            programObject = MG_State::pGLContext->GetProgramObject(program);
+            if (!programObject) {
+                RecordPipelineError(ErrorCode::InvalidValue, __func__,
+                                    std::format("{} is not the name of a program object.", program));
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!programObject->GetLinkStatus()) {
+                RecordPipelineError(ErrorCode::InvalidOperation, __func__,
+                                    std::format("Program {} has not been linked successfully.", program));
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        const GLbitfield selected = stages == GL_ALL_SHADER_BITS ? kAllStageBits : stages;
+        for (GLbitfield bit = 1; bit != 0 && bit <= kAllStageBits; bit <<= 1) {
+            if ((selected & bit) == 0) continue;
+            ShaderStage stage = ShaderStage::Unknown;
+            if (!TryResolveStageBit(bit, stage)) continue;
+            // program == 0 clears the stage, which is what a null program reference means here.
+            (*pipelineObject)->SetStageProgram(stage, programObject);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void ActiveShaderProgram(GLuint pipeline, GLuint program) {
+        const auto* pipelineObject = TryGetPipeline(pipeline, __func__);
+        if (!pipelineObject) return;
+
+        if (program == 0) {
+            (*pipelineObject)->SetActiveProgram(nullptr);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!MG_State::pGLContext->ValidateProgramName(program)) {
+            RecordPipelineError(ErrorCode::InvalidValue, __func__,
+                                std::format("{} is not the name of a program object.", program));
+            return;
+        }
+        auto programObject = MG_State::pGLContext->GetProgramObject(program);
+        if (!programObject) {
+            RecordPipelineError(ErrorCode::InvalidValue, __func__,
+                                std::format("{} is not the name of a program object.", program));
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!programObject->GetLinkStatus()) {
+            RecordPipelineError(ErrorCode::InvalidOperation, __func__,
+                                std::format("Program {} has not been linked successfully.", program));
+            return;
+        }
+        (*pipelineObject)->SetActiveProgram(programObject);
+    }
+
+    void ValidateProgramPipeline(GLuint pipeline) {
+        const auto* pipelineObject = TryGetPipeline(pipeline, __func__);
+        if (!pipelineObject) return;
+        // Nothing here can fail today: MobileGL links each stage program on its own, so there is no
+        // cross-stage interface to re-check at validation time. The log stays empty, which GL allows.
+        (*pipelineObject)->SetValidateStatus(true);
+    }
+} // namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/GL_ProgramPipeline.h

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/GL_ProgramPipeline.h
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#pragma once
+#include <Includes.h>
+
+namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl {
+    void GenProgramPipelines(GLsizei n, GLuint* pipelines);
+    void CreateProgramPipelines(GLsizei n, GLuint* pipelines);
+    void DeleteProgramPipelines(GLsizei n, const GLuint* pipelines);
+    void BindProgramPipeline(GLuint pipeline);
+    GLboolean IsProgramPipeline(GLuint pipeline);
+    void GetProgramPipelineiv(GLuint pipeline, GLenum pname, GLint* params);
+    void GetProgramPipelineInfoLog(GLuint pipeline, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei* length, GLchar* infoLog);
+    void UseProgramStages(GLuint pipeline, GLbitfield stages, GLuint program);
+    void ActiveShaderProgram(GLuint pipeline, GLuint program);
+    void ValidateProgramPipeline(GLuint pipeline);
+} // namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/ProgramInterface.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,918 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/ProgramInterface.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#include "ProgramInterface.h"
+
+#include <MG_State/GLState/ProgramState/ProgramObject.h>
+#include <MG_Util/ShaderTranspiler/Types.h>
+
+#include <cstring>
+
+namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
+    namespace {
+        // glslang folds atomic counters into synthesized blocks named
+        // "<getAtomicCounterBlockName()>_<binding>" (ParseContextBase.cpp), one per GL
+        // atomic-counter binding point. That block IS the GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER resource
+        // and its trailing number IS GL_BUFFER_BINDING; its members stay GL_UNIFORMs.
+        constexpr const char* kAtomicCounterBlockPrefix = "gl_AtomicCounterBlock";
+
+        enum class BlockKind {
+            Uniform,       // a real GL uniform block
+            GlobalUbo,     // the synthesized MGL_GLOBAL_UBO: GL sees its members as default-block
+            AtomicCounter, // gl_AtomicCounterBlock_<binding>
+            Storage,       // a shader storage block
+        };
+
+        // One row of any interface. Fields a given interface does not have keep the
+        // spec-mandated "not applicable" value, so a prop read never has to special-case
+        // the interface a second time.
+        struct Resource {
+            String name;
+            GLenum type = GL_NONE;
+            GLint arraySize = 1;
+            GLint location = -1;
+            GLint locationIndex = -1;
+            GLint blockIndex = -1;
+            GLint offset = -1;
+            GLint arrayStride = -1;
+            GLint matrixStride = -1;
+            GLint isRowMajor = 0;
+            GLint atomicCounterBufferIndex = -1;
+            GLint topLevelArraySize = 0;
+            GLint topLevelArrayStride = 0;
+            GLint bufferBinding = 0;
+            GLint bufferDataSize = 0;
+            GLint isPerPatch = 0;
+            GLint xfbBufferIndex = 0;
+            Uint32 stages = 0; // EShLanguageMask
+            Vector<GLuint> activeVariables;
+        };
+
+        using ResourceList = Vector<Resource>;
+
+        struct Model {
+            ResourceList uniforms;
+            ResourceList uniformBlocks;
+            ResourceList atomicCounterBuffers;
+            ResourceList bufferVariables;
+            ResourceList storageBlocks;
+            ResourceList programInputs;
+            ResourceList programOutputs;
+            ResourceList xfbVaryings;
+            Bool valid = false;
+        };
+
+        const ResourceList& EmptyList() {
+            static const ResourceList empty;
+            return empty;
+        }
+
+        // ---- name spelling (cluster 6) -------------------------------------------------
+
+        Bool EndsWithZeroSubscript(const String& name) {
+            return name.length() >= 3 && name.compare(name.length() - 3, 3, "[0]") == 0;
+        }
+
+        // The enumerated spelling of an array resource is "name[0]". glslang already applies
+        // that to uniforms and buffer variables (EShReflectionBasicArraySuffix), but never to
+        // stage inputs/outputs, so those get it here.
+        String WithArraySuffix(const String& name, const glslang::TType* type) {
+            if (type == nullptr || !type->isArray() || EndsWithZeroSubscript(name)) return name;
+            return name + "[0]";
+        }
+
+        // GL_ARRAY_SIZE: element count for a sized array, 0 for a runtime-sized one
+        // (a shader storage block's unsized trailing member), 1 for a non-array.
+        GLint ArraySizeOf(const glslang::TType* type, GLint reflectedSize) {
+            if (type != nullptr && type->isArray()) {
+                if (!type->isSizedArray()) return 0;
+                return type->getOuterArraySize();
+            }
+            return reflectedSize < 1 ? 1 : reflectedSize;
+        }
+
+        // Two spellings name the same resource when they are equal, or differ only by the
+        // "[0]" the enumeration appends to an array.
+        Bool NamesMatch(const String& resourceName, const String& query) {
+            if (resourceName == query) return true;
+            if (EndsWithZeroSubscript(resourceName) &&
+                resourceName.compare(0, resourceName.length() - 3, query) == 0) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            return EndsWithZeroSubscript(query) && query.compare(0, query.length() - 3, resourceName) == 0;
+        }
+
+        // Splits "base[k]" into ("base", k). GL 4.6 §7.3.1.1 requires the subscript to be a
+        // decimal integer with no white space and no leading zeros, which is exactly what
+        // separates array-names' "a[1]" (resolves) from "a[01]", "a[0 + 0]" and "a[ 0]" (do
+        // not). Returns false when there is no trailing subscript at all; sets `malformed`
+        // when there is one but it is not a strict decimal.
+        Bool SplitTrailingSubscript(const String& name, String& outBase, Uint& outElement, Bool& outMalformed) {
+            outMalformed = false;
+            if (name.empty() || name.back() != ']') return false;
+            const SizeT bracket = name.rfind('[');
+            if (bracket == String::npos) return false;
+            const SizeT first = bracket + 1;
+            const SizeT last = name.length() - 1; // one past the digits
+            if (first >= last) {
+                outMalformed = true;
+                return false;
+            }
+            // No leading zeros: "0" is the only spelling that may start with '0'.
+            if (name[first] == '0' && last - first > 1) {
+                outMalformed = true;
+                return false;
+            }
+            Uint element = 0;
+            for (SizeT i = first; i < last; ++i) {
+                if (name[i] < '0' || name[i] > '9') {
+                    outMalformed = true;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                element = element * 10 + static_cast<Uint>(name[i] - '0');
+                if (element > 0x0FFFFFFFu) {
+                    outMalformed = true;
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            outBase = name.substr(0, bracket);
+            outElement = element;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // ---- block classification ------------------------------------------------------
+
+        Bool IsAtomicCounterBlockName(const String& name) {
+            return name.compare(0, std::strlen(kAtomicCounterBlockPrefix), kAtomicCounterBlockPrefix) == 0;
+        }
+
+        // "gl_AtomicCounterBlock_5" -> 5. The suffix is the GL binding the counters were
+        // declared with, which glslang does NOT keep in the block's own layout qualifier
+        // (that one is remapped to a plain buffer binding).
+        GLint AtomicCounterBlockBinding(const String& name) {
+            const SizeT underscore = name.rfind('_');
+            if (underscore == String::npos || underscore + 1 >= name.length()) return 0;
+            GLint binding = 0;
+            for (SizeT i = underscore + 1; i < name.length(); ++i) {
+                if (name[i] < '0' || name[i] > '9') return 0;
+                binding = binding * 10 + (name[i] - '0');
+            }
+            return binding;
+        }
+
+        // Element index of an arrayed block instance ("TrickyBuffer[1]" -> 1).
+        GLint BlockArrayElement(const String& name) {
+            String base;
+            Uint element = 0;
+            Bool malformed = false;
+            if (!SplitTrailingSubscript(name, base, element, malformed)) return 0;
+            return static_cast<GLint>(element);
+        }
+
+        BlockKind ClassifyBlock(const glslang::TObjectReflection& block) {
+            if (std::strstr(block.name.c_str(), MG_Util::ShaderTranspiler::GLOBAL_UBO_NAME) != nullptr) {
+                return BlockKind::GlobalUbo;
+            }
+            if (IsAtomicCounterBlockName(block.name)) return BlockKind::AtomicCounter;
+            const glslang::TType* type = block.getType();
+            if (type != nullptr && type->getQualifier().storage == glslang::EvqBuffer) return BlockKind::Storage;
+            return BlockKind::Uniform;
+        }
+
+        // std140/std430 column stride, the same vec4-rounded rule ProgramObject applies to
+        // uniform matrices. 0 for a non-matrix.
+        GLint MatrixStrideOf(const glslang::TType* type) {
+            if (type == nullptr || !type->isMatrix()) return 0;
+            const bool rowMajor = type->getQualifier().layoutMatrix == glslang::ElmRowMajor;
+            const int strideVectorComponents = rowMajor ? type->getMatrixCols() : type->getMatrixRows();
+            constexpr int scalarSize = 4;
+            const int vectorAlignment = (strideVectorComponents <= 1)    ? scalarSize
+                                        : (strideVectorComponents == 2) ? 2 * scalarSize
+                                                                        : 4 * scalarSize;
+            return (vectorAlignment + 15) & ~15;
+        }
+
+        GLint IsRowMajorOf(const glslang::TType* type) {
+            if (type == nullptr || !type->isMatrix()) return 0;
+            return type->getQualifier().layoutMatrix == glslang::ElmRowMajor ? 1 : 0;
+        }
+
+        GLint MappedLocation(Int rawLocation) {
+            // glslang parks "no location" at layoutLocationEnd; GL spells it -1.
+            if (rawLocation < 0 || rawLocation >= static_cast<Int>(glslang::TQualifier::layoutLocationEnd)) return -1;
+            return rawLocation;
+        }
+
+        // ---- model construction --------------------------------------------------------
+
+        // GL_REFERENCED_BY_*_SHADER for an ARRAYED block instance, refined per element.
+        //
+        // glslang records a block reference by walking up to the base symbol and calling
+        // addBlockName with the whole ARRAY type, which ORs the referencing stage into every
+        // element at once - it has not resolved the subscript yet at that point. So reading
+        // "e[0].b" marks both TrickyBlock[0] and TrickyBlock[1] as referenced by the fragment
+        // stage (KHR-GL43.program_interface_query.uniform-block-types).
+        //
+        // The MEMBER masks are exact: EShReflectionAllBlockVariables enumerates every member of
+        // every element with the stage mask suppressed, and only the dereference chain actually
+        // walked turns a bit on - and that chain carries the subscript. So the union of a block
+        // instance's members is the reference set of that instance.
+        //
+        // Applied ONLY to arrayed instances, because for a scalar block glslang is already exact.
+        // Note the union is used even when it is empty: an array element nobody dereferenced has
+        // no member bits and is genuinely referenced by nobody, which is the whole point - falling
+        // back to the block's own mask there would restore the over-approximation.
+        Vector<Uint32> BuildBlockStagesFromMembers(const glslang::TProgram& reflection, Int blockCount) {
+            auto& mutableReflection = const_cast<glslang::TProgram&>(reflection);
+            Vector<Uint32> stagesByBlock(static_cast<SizeT>(blockCount < 0 ? 0 : blockCount), 0u);
+            const Int uniformCount = mutableReflection.getNumUniformVariables();
+            for (Int index = 0; index < uniformCount; ++index) {
+                const auto& uniform = mutableReflection.getUniform(index);
+                const Int owner = uniform.index;
+                if (owner < 0 || owner >= blockCount) continue;
+                stagesByBlock[static_cast<SizeT>(owner)] |= static_cast<Uint32>(uniform.stages);
+            }
+            return stagesByBlock;
+        }
+
+        // UNIFORM blocks only, and that scope is load-bearing rather than cautious. The member
+        // names glslang produces for a uniform block array carry the subscript
+        // ("TrickyBlock[0].b", via EShReflectionStrictArraySuffix), so each element's members are
+        // distinct entries and the bits land on the right one. A SHADER STORAGE block array does
+        // NOT get that treatment - its buffer variables reflect under one subscript-free spelling
+        // shared by every element - so a union over them credits element 0 and starves the rest.
+        // KHR-GL43.program_interface_query.ssb-types is the case that says so: it reads ss[0] and
+        // ss[1] and requires both to report the fragment stage, which only glslang's own
+        // (deliberately over-approximating) block mask gets right. Storage and atomic-counter
+        // blocks therefore keep that mask untouched.
+        Uint32 UniformBlockStages(const glslang::TObjectReflection& block, const Vector<Uint32>& stagesFromMembers,
+                                  Int tIndex) {
+            String arrayBase;
+            Uint element = 0;
+            Bool malformed = false;
+            if (!SplitTrailingSubscript(block.name, arrayBase, element, malformed) || malformed) {
+                return static_cast<Uint32>(block.stages);
+            }
+            if (tIndex < 0 || tIndex >= static_cast<Int>(stagesFromMembers.size())) {
+                return static_cast<Uint32>(block.stages);
+            }
+            return stagesFromMembers[static_cast<SizeT>(tIndex)];
+        }
+
+        void BuildBlocks(ProgramObject& program, const glslang::TProgram& reflection, Model& model,
+                         Vector<BlockKind>& blockKind, Vector<Int>& blockInterfaceIndex) {
+            const Int blockCount = const_cast<glslang::TProgram&>(reflection).getNumUniformBlocks();
+            blockKind.assign(blockCount, BlockKind::Uniform);
+            blockInterfaceIndex.assign(blockCount, -1);
+            const Vector<Uint32> stagesFromMembers = BuildBlockStagesFromMembers(reflection, blockCount);
+
+            for (Int tIndex = 0; tIndex < blockCount; ++tIndex) {
+                const auto& block = const_cast<glslang::TProgram&>(reflection).getUniformBlock(tIndex);
+                const BlockKind kind = ClassifyBlock(block);
+                blockKind[tIndex] = kind;
+                if (kind == BlockKind::AtomicCounter) {
+                    Resource resource;
+                    // GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER resources have no name (and GetProgramResource
+                    // Index/Name reject the interface outright, which is why this stays empty).
+                    resource.bufferBinding = AtomicCounterBlockBinding(block.name);
+                    resource.bufferDataSize = block.size;
+                    resource.stages = static_cast<Uint32>(block.stages);
+                    blockInterfaceIndex[tIndex] = static_cast<Int>(model.atomicCounterBuffers.size());
+                    model.atomicCounterBuffers.push_back(Move(resource));
+                } else if (kind == BlockKind::Storage) {
+                    Resource resource;
+                    resource.name = block.name;
+                    // glslang reports the DECLARED binding for every instance of an arrayed
+                    // block; GL gives element k the binding base + k. That is only the initial
+                    // value: GL_BUFFER_BINDING must report the CURRENT binding, so a later
+                    // glShaderStorageBlockBinding wins over the declaration (GL 4.6 §7.6.2 -
+                    // exactly the same rule GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK follows through
+                    // GetUniformBlockBinding below).
+                    const GLint declared = block.getBinding();
+                    resource.bufferBinding = declared < 0 ? 0 : declared + BlockArrayElement(block.name);
+                    const Int rebound = program.GetShaderStorageBlockBindingOverride(block.name);
+                    if (rebound >= 0) resource.bufferBinding = static_cast<GLint>(rebound);
+                    resource.bufferDataSize = block.size;
+                    resource.stages = static_cast<Uint32>(block.stages);
+                    blockInterfaceIndex[tIndex] = static_cast<Int>(model.storageBlocks.size());
+                    model.storageBlocks.push_back(Move(resource));
+                }
+            }
+
+            // GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK keeps the index space glUniformBlockBinding and
+            // glGetActiveUniformBlockiv already use, so an index handed out here is usable
+            // with them (which is exactly what the CTS does).
+            const Int glBlockCount = program.GetActiveUniformBlocksCount();
+            for (Int glIndex = 0; glIndex < glBlockCount; ++glIndex) {
+                Resource resource;
+                resource.name = program.GetUniformBlockName(glIndex);
+                resource.bufferBinding = static_cast<GLint>(program.GetUniformBlockBinding(glIndex));
+                resource.bufferDataSize = static_cast<GLint>(program.GetUBOSizeAt(glIndex));
+                const Int tIndex = program.TProgramBlockIndex(static_cast<Uint>(glIndex));
+                if (tIndex >= 0 && tIndex < blockCount) {
+                    resource.stages = UniformBlockStages(const_cast<glslang::TProgram&>(reflection).getUniformBlock(tIndex),
+                                                      stagesFromMembers, tIndex);
+                }
+                model.uniformBlocks.push_back(Move(resource));
+            }
+        }
+
+        void BuildUniformsAndBufferVariables(ProgramObject& program, const glslang::TProgram& reflection, Model& model,
+                                             const Vector<BlockKind>& blockKind,
+                                             const Vector<Int>& blockInterfaceIndex) {
+            const Uint uniformCount = program.GetUniformCount();
+            for (Uint glIndex = 0; glIndex < uniformCount; ++glIndex) {
+                const Int tIndex = program.TProgramUniformIndex(glIndex);
+                const auto& refl = const_cast<glslang::TProgram&>(reflection).getUniform(tIndex);
+                const glslang::TType* type = refl.getType();
+                const Int owner = refl.index;
+                const BlockKind kind = (owner >= 0 && owner < static_cast<Int>(blockKind.size()))
+                                           ? blockKind[owner]
+                                           : BlockKind::GlobalUbo;
+
+                Resource resource;
+                resource.name = refl.name;
+                resource.type = static_cast<GLenum>(refl.glDefineType);
+                resource.arraySize = ArraySizeOf(type, refl.size);
+                resource.stages = static_cast<Uint32>(refl.stages);
+
+                if (kind == BlockKind::Storage) {
+                    resource.blockIndex = blockInterfaceIndex[owner];
+                    resource.offset = refl.offset;
+                    resource.arrayStride = refl.arrayStride;
+                    resource.matrixStride = MatrixStrideOf(type);
+                    resource.isRowMajor = IsRowMajorOf(type);
+                    // GL requires 1 for a member that is not inside a top-level array (and for
+                    // the top-level array itself); glslang leaves 0/-1 there.
+                    resource.topLevelArraySize = refl.topLevelArraySize > 0 ? refl.topLevelArraySize : 1;
+                    resource.topLevelArrayStride = refl.topLevelArrayStride;
+                    model.bufferVariables.push_back(Move(resource));
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (kind == BlockKind::AtomicCounter) {
+                    // An atomic counter is a default-block uniform with no location and no
+                    // owning uniform block; what it does have is a buffer to point at.
+                    resource.type = GL_UNSIGNED_INT_ATOMIC_COUNTER;
+                    resource.blockIndex = -1;
+                    resource.offset = refl.offset;
+                    resource.arrayStride = refl.arrayStride;
+                    resource.matrixStride = 0;
+                    resource.atomicCounterBufferIndex = blockInterfaceIndex[owner];
+                    resource.location = -1;
+                } else {
+                    resource.blockIndex = program.GetActiveUniformBlockIndex(glIndex);
+                    resource.offset = program.GetActiveUniformOffset(glIndex);
+                    resource.arrayStride = program.GetActiveUniformArrayStride(glIndex);
+                    resource.matrixStride = program.GetActiveUniformMatrixStride(glIndex);
+                    resource.isRowMajor = program.GetActiveUniformIsRowMajor(glIndex);
+                    // A member of a named uniform block has no location, whatever the
+                    // frontend's own location table says (it hands one out to every uniform
+                    // so glUniform* can address block members through the global UBO).
+                    resource.location =
+                        resource.blockIndex >= 0 ? -1 : program.GetUniformLocation(refl.name);
+                }
+                model.uniforms.push_back(Move(resource));
+            }
+
+            // GL_ACTIVE_VARIABLES, both directions.
+            for (SizeT i = 0; i < model.uniforms.size(); ++i) {
+                const Resource& uniform = model.uniforms[i];
+                if (uniform.atomicCounterBufferIndex >= 0 &&
+                    uniform.atomicCounterBufferIndex < static_cast<GLint>(model.atomicCounterBuffers.size())) {
+                    model.atomicCounterBuffers[uniform.atomicCounterBufferIndex].activeVariables.push_back(
+                        static_cast<GLuint>(i));
+                }
+            }
+            for (SizeT blockIndex = 0; blockIndex < model.uniformBlocks.size(); ++blockIndex) {
+                // Members of an arrayed block are reflected once, against instance [0].
+                const Int owner = static_cast<Int>(program.GetUniformBlockMemberOwnerIndex(static_cast<Uint>(blockIndex)));
+                for (SizeT i = 0; i < model.uniforms.size(); ++i) {
+                    if (model.uniforms[i].blockIndex == owner) {
+                        model.uniformBlocks[blockIndex].activeVariables.push_back(static_cast<GLuint>(i));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (SizeT blockIndex = 0; blockIndex < model.storageBlocks.size(); ++blockIndex) {
+                for (SizeT i = 0; i < model.bufferVariables.size(); ++i) {
+                    if (model.bufferVariables[i].blockIndex == static_cast<GLint>(blockIndex)) {
+                        model.storageBlocks[blockIndex].activeVariables.push_back(static_cast<GLuint>(i));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // A built-in interface block that a shader redeclares with fewer members keeps the
+        // omitted ones in its type when the redeclaration is ANONYMOUS - glslang hides them
+        // (basic type void) instead of erasing them, because the original shared declaration
+        // has to stay usable. Only the instance-named form erases. So a separable vertex
+        // program that redeclares `out gl_PerVertex { vec4 gl_Position; }` still carries
+        // gl_PointSize and gl_ClipDistance through the block-unwrapping reflection, and they
+        // are not part of its output interface.
+        Bool IsHiddenBlockMember(const glslang::TType* type) {
+            return type != nullptr && type->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtVoid;
+        }
+
+        void BuildStageIO(ProgramObject& program, const glslang::TProgram& reflection, Model& model) {
+            auto& mutableReflection = const_cast<glslang::TProgram&>(reflection);
+
+            const Int inputCount = mutableReflection.getNumPipeInputs();
+            for (Int index = 0; index < inputCount; ++index) {
+                const auto& refl = mutableReflection.getPipeInput(index);
+                const glslang::TType* type = refl.getType();
+                if (IsHiddenBlockMember(type)) continue;
+                Resource resource;
+                // The Vulkan-semantics parse reflects the vertex builtins under their SPIR-V
+                // names; GL enumerates the GL spellings.
+                const String& glName = ProgramObject::NormalizeBuiltinPipeInputName(refl.name);
+                resource.name = WithArraySuffix(glName, type);
+                resource.type = static_cast<GLenum>(refl.glDefineType);
+                resource.arraySize = ArraySizeOf(type, refl.size);
+                resource.location = program.GetAttributeLocation(refl.name);
+                if (resource.location < 0) resource.location = MappedLocation(static_cast<Int>(refl.layoutLocation()));
+                resource.isPerPatch = (type != nullptr && type->getQualifier().patch) ? 1 : 0;
+                resource.stages = static_cast<Uint32>(refl.stages);
+                model.programInputs.push_back(Move(resource));
+            }
+
+            // A color number, and therefore a color INDEX, exists only for a fragment stage's
+            // outputs. The output interface belongs to the program's last stage, so for a
+            // separable tessellation/geometry/vertex program these are varyings: asking the
+            // frag-data maps about them can still answer a location (a tess-control output
+            // carries its own layout(location=N)), and a location then manufactures a color
+            // index of 0 where GL requires -1
+            // (KHR-GL43.program_interface_query.separate-programs-tess-control).
+            const Bool lastStageIsFragment = mutableReflection.getIntermediate(EShLangFragment) != nullptr;
+            const Int outputCount = mutableReflection.getNumPipeOutputs();
+            for (Int index = 0; index < outputCount; ++index) {
+                const auto& refl = mutableReflection.getPipeOutput(index);
+                const glslang::TType* type = refl.getType();
+                if (IsHiddenBlockMember(type)) continue;
+                Resource resource;
+                resource.name = WithArraySuffix(refl.name, type);
+                resource.type = static_cast<GLenum>(refl.glDefineType);
+                resource.arraySize = ArraySizeOf(type, refl.size);
+                resource.location = MappedLocation(program.GetFragmentDataLocation(refl.name.c_str()));
+                if (resource.location < 0 || !lastStageIsFragment) {
+                    // A built-in output (gl_FragDepth, gl_SampleMask) has no location, and a
+                    // non-fragment stage's outputs have no color number at all - either way there
+                    // is no color index.
+                    resource.locationIndex = -1;
+                } else {
+                    resource.locationIndex = program.GetFragmentDataIndex(refl.name.c_str());
+                    // glBindFragDataLocationIndexed wins; otherwise the shader's
+                    // layout(index = N), which the frag-data maps never saw.
+                    if (resource.locationIndex == 0 && type != nullptr && type->getQualifier().hasIndex()) {
+                        resource.locationIndex = static_cast<GLint>(type->getQualifier().layoutIndex);
+                    }
+                }
+                resource.isPerPatch = (type != nullptr && type->getQualifier().patch) ? 1 : 0;
+                resource.stages = static_cast<Uint32>(refl.stages);
+                model.programOutputs.push_back(Move(resource));
+            }
+        }
+
+        void BuildXfb(ProgramObject& program, Model& model) {
+            const auto& requested = program.GetTransformFeedbackInterfaceNames();
+            const auto& captured = program.GetTransformFeedbackVaryings();
+            for (const String& name : requested) {
+                Resource resource;
+                resource.name = name;
+                // ARB_transform_feedback3's layout controls are enumerated as resources of
+                // type NONE: gl_NextBuffer with array size 0, gl_SkipComponentsN with N.
+                if (name == "gl_NextBuffer") {
+                    resource.type = GL_NONE;
+                    resource.arraySize = 0;
+                } else if (name.size() == 18 && name.compare(0, 17, "gl_SkipComponents") == 0 && name[17] >= '1' &&
+                           name[17] <= '4') {
+                    resource.type = GL_NONE;
+                    resource.arraySize = name[17] - '0';
+                } else {
+                    resource.type = GL_NONE;
+                    resource.arraySize = 1;
+                    for (const auto& varying : captured) {
+                        if (varying.name != name) continue;
+                        resource.type = varying.type;
+                        resource.arraySize = varying.size < 1 ? 1 : varying.size;
+                        resource.offset = static_cast<GLint>(varying.offsetBytes);
+                        resource.xfbBufferIndex = static_cast<GLint>(varying.bufferIndex);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                model.xfbVaryings.push_back(Move(resource));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Model BuildModel(ProgramObject& program) {
+            Model model;
+            if (!program.GetLinkStatus()) return model;
+            const glslang::TProgram* reflection = program.GetReflection();
+            if (reflection == nullptr) return model;
+            model.valid = true;
+
+            Vector<BlockKind> blockKind;
+            Vector<Int> blockInterfaceIndex;
+            BuildBlocks(program, *reflection, model, blockKind, blockInterfaceIndex);
+            BuildUniformsAndBufferVariables(program, *reflection, model, blockKind, blockInterfaceIndex);
+            BuildStageIO(program, *reflection, model);
+            BuildXfb(program, model);
+            return model;
+        }
+
+        const ResourceList& Select(const Model& model, GLenum programInterface) {
+            switch (programInterface) {
+            case GL_UNIFORM:
+                return model.uniforms;
+            case GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK:
+                return model.uniformBlocks;
+            case GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER:
+                return model.atomicCounterBuffers;
+            case GL_BUFFER_VARIABLE:
+                return model.bufferVariables;
+            case GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCK:
+                return model.storageBlocks;
+            case GL_PROGRAM_INPUT:
+                return model.programInputs;
+            case GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT:
+                return model.programOutputs;
+            case GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_VARYING:
+                return model.xfbVaryings;
+            default:
+                // The subroutine interfaces are accepted by the API but nothing can populate
+                // them: glslang refuses `subroutine` when generating SPIR-V, so a program
+                // using one never links. Zero active resources is the honest answer.
+                return EmptyList();
+            }
+        }
+    } // namespace
+
+    Bool IsInterfaceEnum(GLenum programInterface) {
+        switch (programInterface) {
+        case GL_UNIFORM:
+        case GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK:
+        case GL_PROGRAM_INPUT:
+        case GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT:
+        case GL_BUFFER_VARIABLE:
+        case GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCK:
+        case GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER:
+        case GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_VARYING:
+        case GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER:
+        case GL_VERTEX_SUBROUTINE:
+        case GL_TESS_CONTROL_SUBROUTINE:
+        case GL_TESS_EVALUATION_SUBROUTINE:
+        case GL_GEOMETRY_SUBROUTINE:
+        case GL_FRAGMENT_SUBROUTINE:
+        case GL_COMPUTE_SUBROUTINE:
+        case GL_VERTEX_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM:
+        case GL_TESS_CONTROL_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM:
+        case GL_TESS_EVALUATION_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM:
+        case GL_GEOMETRY_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM:
+        case GL_FRAGMENT_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM:
+        case GL_COMPUTE_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM:
+            return true;
+        default:
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Bool IsNamedInterface(GLenum programInterface) {
+        // GL 4.6 §7.3.1.2: the two buffer interfaces have no resource names, and asking for
+        // one is INVALID_ENUM (deliberately asymmetric with GetProgramInterfaceiv, which
+        // does count them).
+        return IsInterfaceEnum(programInterface) && programInterface != GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER &&
+               programInterface != GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER;
+    }
+
+    Bool InterfaceHasLocations(GLenum programInterface) {
+        switch (programInterface) {
+        case GL_UNIFORM:
+        case GL_PROGRAM_INPUT:
+        case GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT:
+        case GL_VERTEX_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM:
+        case GL_TESS_CONTROL_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM:
+        case GL_TESS_EVALUATION_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM:
+        case GL_GEOMETRY_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM:
+        case GL_FRAGMENT_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM:
+        case GL_COMPUTE_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM:
+            return true;
+        default:
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Bool IsResourceProp(GLenum prop) {
+        switch (prop) {
+        case GL_NAME_LENGTH:
+        case GL_TYPE:
+        case GL_ARRAY_SIZE:
+        case GL_OFFSET:
+        case GL_BLOCK_INDEX:
+        case GL_ARRAY_STRIDE:
+        case GL_MATRIX_STRIDE:
+        case GL_IS_ROW_MAJOR:
+        case GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_INDEX:
+        case GL_BUFFER_BINDING:
+        case GL_BUFFER_DATA_SIZE:
+        case GL_NUM_ACTIVE_VARIABLES:
+        case GL_ACTIVE_VARIABLES:
+        case GL_REFERENCED_BY_VERTEX_SHADER:
+        case GL_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER:
+        case GL_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER:
+        case GL_REFERENCED_BY_GEOMETRY_SHADER:
+        case GL_REFERENCED_BY_FRAGMENT_SHADER:
+        case GL_REFERENCED_BY_COMPUTE_SHADER:
+        case GL_TOP_LEVEL_ARRAY_SIZE:
+        case GL_TOP_LEVEL_ARRAY_STRIDE:
+        case GL_LOCATION:
+        case GL_LOCATION_INDEX:
+        case GL_IS_PER_PATCH:
+        case GL_LOCATION_COMPONENT:
+        case GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_INDEX:
+        case GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_STRIDE:
+        case GL_NUM_COMPATIBLE_SUBROUTINES:
+        case GL_COMPATIBLE_SUBROUTINES:
+            return true;
+        default:
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // GL 4.6 Table 7.2, transcribed row by row: which interfaces each property applies to.
+    // Too tight a table turns a currently-answered prop into a fresh INVALID_OPERATION, so
+    // the rows below are deliberately no narrower than the spec's.
+    Bool InterfaceSupportsProp(GLenum programInterface, GLenum prop) {
+        const Bool isSubroutine =
+            programInterface == GL_VERTEX_SUBROUTINE || programInterface == GL_TESS_CONTROL_SUBROUTINE ||
+            programInterface == GL_TESS_EVALUATION_SUBROUTINE || programInterface == GL_GEOMETRY_SUBROUTINE ||
+            programInterface == GL_FRAGMENT_SUBROUTINE || programInterface == GL_COMPUTE_SUBROUTINE;
+        const Bool isSubroutineUniform =
+            programInterface == GL_VERTEX_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM ||
+            programInterface == GL_TESS_CONTROL_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM ||
+            programInterface == GL_TESS_EVALUATION_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM ||
+            programInterface == GL_GEOMETRY_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM ||
+            programInterface == GL_FRAGMENT_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM || programInterface == GL_COMPUTE_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM;
+
+        switch (prop) {
+        case GL_NAME_LENGTH:
+            return programInterface != GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER && programInterface != GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER;
+        case GL_TYPE:
+        case GL_ARRAY_SIZE:
+            return programInterface == GL_UNIFORM || programInterface == GL_PROGRAM_INPUT ||
+                   programInterface == GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT || programInterface == GL_BUFFER_VARIABLE ||
+                   programInterface == GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_VARYING ||
+                   (prop == GL_ARRAY_SIZE && isSubroutineUniform);
+        case GL_OFFSET:
+            return programInterface == GL_UNIFORM || programInterface == GL_BUFFER_VARIABLE ||
+                   programInterface == GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_VARYING;
+        case GL_BLOCK_INDEX:
+        case GL_ARRAY_STRIDE:
+        case GL_MATRIX_STRIDE:
+        case GL_IS_ROW_MAJOR:
+            return programInterface == GL_UNIFORM || programInterface == GL_BUFFER_VARIABLE;
+        case GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_INDEX:
+            return programInterface == GL_UNIFORM;
+        case GL_BUFFER_BINDING:
+        case GL_NUM_ACTIVE_VARIABLES:
+        case GL_ACTIVE_VARIABLES:
+            // Table 7.2 lists GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER on these three rows too. This
+            // implementation enumerates no resources on that interface, so the query still
+            // ends in an error - but INVALID_VALUE for the out-of-range index, not the
+            // INVALID_OPERATION a narrower table would invent.
+            return programInterface == GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK || programInterface == GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER ||
+                   programInterface == GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCK ||
+                   programInterface == GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER;
+        case GL_BUFFER_DATA_SIZE:
+            return programInterface == GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK || programInterface == GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER ||
+                   programInterface == GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCK;
+        case GL_REFERENCED_BY_VERTEX_SHADER:
+        case GL_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER:
+        case GL_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER:
+        case GL_REFERENCED_BY_GEOMETRY_SHADER:
+        case GL_REFERENCED_BY_FRAGMENT_SHADER:
+        case GL_REFERENCED_BY_COMPUTE_SHADER:
+            return programInterface == GL_UNIFORM || programInterface == GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK ||
+                   programInterface == GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER || programInterface == GL_BUFFER_VARIABLE ||
+                   programInterface == GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCK || programInterface == GL_PROGRAM_INPUT ||
+                   programInterface == GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT || isSubroutineUniform;
+        case GL_TOP_LEVEL_ARRAY_SIZE:
+        case GL_TOP_LEVEL_ARRAY_STRIDE:
+            return programInterface == GL_BUFFER_VARIABLE;
+        case GL_LOCATION:
+            return InterfaceHasLocations(programInterface);
+        case GL_LOCATION_INDEX:
+            return programInterface == GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT;
+        case GL_IS_PER_PATCH:
+        case GL_LOCATION_COMPONENT:
+            return programInterface == GL_PROGRAM_INPUT || programInterface == GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT;
+        case GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_INDEX:
+            return programInterface == GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_VARYING;
+        case GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_STRIDE:
+            return programInterface == GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER;
+        case GL_NUM_COMPATIBLE_SUBROUTINES:
+        case GL_COMPATIBLE_SUBROUTINES:
+            return isSubroutineUniform;
+        default:
+            (void)isSubroutine;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Int GetActiveResourceCount(ProgramObject& program, GLenum programInterface) {
+        const Model model = BuildModel(program);
+        return static_cast<Int>(Select(model, programInterface).size());
+    }
+
+    Int GetMaxNameLength(ProgramObject& program, GLenum programInterface) {
+        if (!IsNamedInterface(programInterface)) return 0;
+        const Model model = BuildModel(program);
+        SizeT longest = 0;
+        for (const Resource& resource : Select(model, programInterface)) {
+            longest = std::max(longest, resource.name.length() + 1);
+        }
+        return static_cast<Int>(longest);
+    }
+
+    Int GetMaxNumActiveVariables(ProgramObject& program, GLenum programInterface) {
+        const Model model = BuildModel(program);
+        SizeT longest = 0;
+        for (const Resource& resource : Select(model, programInterface)) {
+            longest = std::max(longest, resource.activeVariables.size());
+        }
+        return static_cast<Int>(longest);
+    }
+
+    GLuint GetResourceIndex(ProgramObject& program, GLenum programInterface, const char* name) {
+        if (name == nullptr || name[0] == '\0') return GL_INVALID_INDEX;
+        const Model model = BuildModel(program);
+        const ResourceList& resources = Select(model, programInterface);
+        const String query = name;
+        // The layout controls of an interleaved capture are enumerable but not addressable
+        // by name (GL 4.6 §7.3.1.1).
+        if (programInterface == GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_VARYING &&
+            (query == "gl_NextBuffer" ||
+             (query.size() == 18 && query.compare(0, 17, "gl_SkipComponents") == 0))) {
+            return GL_INVALID_INDEX;
+        }
+        for (SizeT i = 0; i < resources.size(); ++i) {
+            if (NamesMatch(resources[i].name, query)) return static_cast<GLuint>(i);
+        }
+        return GL_INVALID_INDEX;
+    }
+
+    Bool GetResourceName(ProgramObject& program, GLenum programInterface, GLuint index, String& outName) {
+        const Model model = BuildModel(program);
+        const ResourceList& resources = Select(model, programInterface);
+        if (index >= resources.size()) return false;
+        outName = resources[index].name;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    Bool GetResourceProp(ProgramObject& program, GLenum programInterface, GLuint index, GLenum prop,
+                         Vector<GLint>& outValues) {
+        const Model model = BuildModel(program);
+        const ResourceList& resources = Select(model, programInterface);
+        if (index >= resources.size()) return false;
+        const Resource& resource = resources[index];
+
+        const auto referencedBy = [&resource](EShLanguage stage) {
+            return (resource.stages & static_cast<Uint32>(1u << stage)) != 0 ? GL_TRUE : GL_FALSE;
+        };
+
+        switch (prop) {
+        case GL_NAME_LENGTH:
+            outValues.push_back(static_cast<GLint>(resource.name.length() + 1));
+            break;
+        case GL_TYPE:
+            outValues.push_back(static_cast<GLint>(resource.type));
+            break;
+        case GL_ARRAY_SIZE:
+            outValues.push_back(resource.arraySize);
+            break;
+        case GL_OFFSET:
+            outValues.push_back(resource.offset);
+            break;
+        case GL_BLOCK_INDEX:
+            outValues.push_back(resource.blockIndex);
+            break;
+        case GL_ARRAY_STRIDE:
+            outValues.push_back(resource.arrayStride);
+            break;
+        case GL_MATRIX_STRIDE:
+            outValues.push_back(resource.matrixStride);
+            break;
+        case GL_IS_ROW_MAJOR:
+            outValues.push_back(resource.isRowMajor);
+            break;
+        case GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER_INDEX:
+            outValues.push_back(resource.atomicCounterBufferIndex);
+            break;
+        case GL_BUFFER_BINDING:
+            outValues.push_back(resource.bufferBinding);
+            break;
+        case GL_BUFFER_DATA_SIZE:
+            outValues.push_back(resource.bufferDataSize);
+            break;
+        case GL_NUM_ACTIVE_VARIABLES:
+            outValues.push_back(static_cast<GLint>(resource.activeVariables.size()));
+            break;
+        case GL_ACTIVE_VARIABLES:
+            for (const GLuint variable : resource.activeVariables) outValues.push_back(static_cast<GLint>(variable));
+            break;
+        case GL_REFERENCED_BY_VERTEX_SHADER:
+            outValues.push_back(referencedBy(EShLangVertex));
+            break;
+        case GL_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER:
+            outValues.push_back(referencedBy(EShLangTessControl));
+            break;
+        case GL_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER:
+            outValues.push_back(referencedBy(EShLangTessEvaluation));
+            break;
+        case GL_REFERENCED_BY_GEOMETRY_SHADER:
+            outValues.push_back(referencedBy(EShLangGeometry));
+            break;
+        case GL_REFERENCED_BY_FRAGMENT_SHADER:
+            outValues.push_back(referencedBy(EShLangFragment));
+            break;
+        case GL_REFERENCED_BY_COMPUTE_SHADER:
+            outValues.push_back(referencedBy(EShLangCompute));
+            break;
+        case GL_TOP_LEVEL_ARRAY_SIZE:
+            outValues.push_back(resource.topLevelArraySize);
+            break;
+        case GL_TOP_LEVEL_ARRAY_STRIDE:
+            outValues.push_back(resource.topLevelArrayStride);
+            break;
+        case GL_LOCATION:
+            outValues.push_back(resource.location);
+            break;
+        case GL_LOCATION_INDEX:
+            outValues.push_back(resource.locationIndex);
+            break;
+        case GL_IS_PER_PATCH:
+            outValues.push_back(resource.isPerPatch);
+            break;
+        case GL_LOCATION_COMPONENT:
+            outValues.push_back(0);
+            break;
+        case GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_INDEX:
+            outValues.push_back(resource.xfbBufferIndex);
+            break;
+        default:
+            outValues.push_back(0);
+            break;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    GLint GetResourceLocation(ProgramObject& program, GLenum programInterface, const char* name) {
+        if (name == nullptr || name[0] == '\0') return -1;
+        const String query = name;
+
+        String base;
+        Uint element = 0;
+        Bool malformed = false;
+        const Bool subscripted = SplitTrailingSubscript(query, base, element, malformed);
+        if (malformed) return -1;
+
+        const Model model = BuildModel(program);
+        const ResourceList& resources = Select(model, programInterface);
+        for (const Resource& resource : resources) {
+            if (NamesMatch(resource.name, query)) return resource.location;
+        }
+        if (!subscripted || element == 0) return -1;
+        // "d[1]" addresses the second element of an array resource enumerated as "d[0]".
+        for (const Resource& resource : resources) {
+            if (!NamesMatch(resource.name, base)) continue;
+            if (resource.location < 0 || static_cast<GLint>(element) >= resource.arraySize) return -1;
+            return resource.location + static_cast<GLint>(element);
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    GLint GetResourceLocationIndex(ProgramObject& program, GLenum programInterface, const char* name) {
+        if (programInterface != GL_PROGRAM_OUTPUT || name == nullptr || name[0] == '\0') return -1;
+        const String query = name;
+        String base;
+        Uint element = 0;
+        Bool malformed = false;
+        const Bool subscripted = SplitTrailingSubscript(query, base, element, malformed);
+        if (malformed) return -1;
+
+        const Model model = BuildModel(program);
+        for (const Resource& resource : model.programOutputs) {
+            if (NamesMatch(resource.name, query)) return resource.locationIndex;
+        }
+        if (!subscripted) return -1;
+        for (const Resource& resource : model.programOutputs) {
+            if (!NamesMatch(resource.name, base)) continue;
+            if (resource.location < 0 || static_cast<GLint>(element) >= resource.arraySize) return -1;
+            return resource.locationIndex;
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+} // namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface

MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/ProgramInterface.h

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// MobileGL - MobileGL/MG_Impl/GLImpl/Program/ProgramInterface.h
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 MobileGL-Dev
+// Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0:
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt
+//   https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only
+// End of Source File Header
+
+#pragma once
+#include <Includes.h>
+
+namespace MobileGL::MG_State::GLState {
+    class ProgramObject;
+}
+
+// The GL program interface (ARB_program_interface_query / GL 4.3 §7.3.1) as a frontend
+// resource model.
+//
+// WHY IT IS HERE AND NOT IN A BACKEND. glGetProgramResource* describes the program the
+// APPLICATION wrote, in the application's namespace. Neither backend program is in that
+// namespace: DirectGLES compiles SPIRV-Cross-generated ESSL where default-block uniforms
+// live inside the synthesized MGL_GLOBAL_UBO (so a GL_UNIFORM location query against it is
+// structurally -1) and stage in/out names are rewritten; DirectVulkan has no GL-level
+// reflection at all and can only re-derive a partial, diverging copy. The one authoritative
+// source is the frontend glslang reflection a link already produced, which is the same
+// place glGetActiveUniform answers from. This layer generalizes that rule to every
+// interface, so the six entry points never consult gBackendFunctionsTable.
+//
+// NAMING RULES LIVE HERE, NOT IN ProgramObject. The interface query spells resources
+// differently from glGetActiveUniform / glGetActiveAttrib (an array is "name[0]", a lookup
+// accepts both "name" and "name[0]", a subscript must be a strict decimal). Those two
+// getters are what GL30-33 exercises and they must not move, so every normalization is
+// applied on the way in and out of THIS file.
+namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface {
+    using ProgramObject = MG_State::GLState::ProgramObject;
+
+    // <programInterface> is one of the GL 4.6 Table 7.1 interfaces.
+    Bool IsInterfaceEnum(GLenum programInterface);
+    // Interfaces whose resources have names (everything except GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BUFFER).
+    Bool IsNamedInterface(GLenum programInterface);
+    // <prop> is a property token GetProgramResourceiv knows at all (else GL_INVALID_ENUM).
+    Bool IsResourceProp(GLenum prop);
+    // <prop> applies to <programInterface> (else GL_INVALID_OPERATION).
+    Bool InterfaceSupportsProp(GLenum programInterface, GLenum prop);
+    // Interfaces GetProgramResourceLocation accepts (else GL_INVALID_ENUM).
+    Bool InterfaceHasLocations(GLenum programInterface);
+
+    // GL_ACTIVE_RESOURCES / GL_MAX_NAME_LENGTH / GL_MAX_NUM_ACTIVE_VARIABLES. All three
+    // report zero for an interface this implementation cannot enumerate and for a program
+    // that has not linked successfully - which is what the spec requires of a program with
+    // no active resources.
+    Int GetActiveResourceCount(ProgramObject& program, GLenum programInterface);
+    Int GetMaxNameLength(ProgramObject& program, GLenum programInterface);
+    Int GetMaxNumActiveVariables(ProgramObject& program, GLenum programInterface);
+
+    // GL_INVALID_INDEX when <name> names no active resource of the interface.
+    GLuint GetResourceIndex(ProgramObject& program, GLenum programInterface, const char* name);
+    // False when <index> is out of range for the interface (the caller raises INVALID_VALUE).
+    Bool GetResourceName(ProgramObject& program, GLenum programInterface, GLuint index, String& outName);
+    // Appends the value(s) of <prop> for the resource; GL_ACTIVE_VARIABLES appends several.
+    // False when <index> is out of range.
+    Bool GetResourceProp(ProgramObject& program, GLenum programInterface, GLuint index, GLenum prop,
+                         Vector<GLint>& outValues);
+    GLint GetResourceLocation(ProgramObject& program, GLenum programInterface, const char* name);
+    GLint GetResourceLocationIndex(ProgramObject& program, GLenum programInterface, const char* name);
+} // namespace MobileGL::MG_Impl::GLImpl::ProgramInterface